MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

~Kelompok 3~
(San Juan Island)

Nama :
 Muhammad Akbar Wibowo
 Aisyah Mutiara Sari
 Harianti Rukmana
 Noer Zakiah DS
 Sri Wulandari
 Nasrifa

SMAN 1 POLEWALI
Tahun Ajaran 2018/2019
PREFACE

Thank to Almighty God who has given His bless to the writer for finishing the English paper

assignment entitled “San Juan Island”. The writer also wish to express his deep and sincere

gratitude for those who have guided in completing this paper.

Polewali, August 23th, 2018

Author
 SAN JUAN ISLAND

HISTORY

Archaeologists use the term "Gulf of Georgia Culture Area" to refer to the San Juan and Gulf

Islands, the whole of which shows many archaeological commonalities. The San Juan Islands

were part of the traditional area of various peoples of the Coast Salish ethnolinguistic group.

Linguistically, Coast Salish groups in the area consist of the Nooksack, Northern Straits

(which includes the Lummi, Klallam, Saanich, Samish and Songhees dialects). Exploration

and settlement by Europeans brought smallpox to the area by the 1770s.

The explorations of 1791 were carried out in partnership with the Royal Navy ships under the

command of George Vancouver, while American explorations were led by Charles Wilkes.

Despite having colonized the area entirely, the British and Americans retained many of the

Spanish names which survive today.

The name "San Juan" was given to the islands by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Eliza,

who charted the islands in 1791, naming them Isla y Archiepelago de San Juan. The

expedition sailed under the authority of the Viceroy of Mexico, Juan Vicente de Güemes
Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo and Eliza named several places for

him, including the San Juan Islands, Orcas Island (short for "Horcasitas") and Guemes Island.

San Juan Island's first European discoverer was one of the officers under Eliza's command,

Gonzalo López de Haro, for whom Haro Strait is named. The Spanish had found the islands a

year earlier during the exploring voyage of Manuel Quimper on the Princesa Real, but it was

not clear to them that they were islands.

Vancouver's expedition occurred within a year of Eliza's, and Vancouver encountered other

Spanish ships and traded information. Thus Vancouver knew of the names given by Eliza's

expedition and tended to keep them, although he renamed some features, like the Strait of

Georgia. Wilkes, sailing in 1841, had some British charts, but may not have been aware of

the Spanish names and charts. He liberally gave new names to nearly every coastal feature

not already named on the charts he had. The names that Wilkes gave tended to be

patriotically American (heroes of the War of 1812 for example), or to honor members of his

crew.

In 1847, due to the confusion of multiple names on different charts, the British Admiralty

reorganized the official charts of the region. The project, led by Henry Kellett, applied only to

British territory, which at the time included the San Juan Islands, but not Puget Sound. Kellett

systematically kept the British and Spanish names and removed nearly all of Wilkes' names.

In some cases Kellett moved Spanish names around to replace names given by Wilkes. Thus,

in Puget Sound, the names given by Wilkes are common and Spanish names rare, while the

reverse is true for the San Juan and Gulf Islands, although the Spanish did not explore Puget

Sound as thoroughly as the British and Americans, resulting in fewer Spanish names at the

outset. Wilkes had given the name Navy Archipelago to the San Juan Islands, and named

individual islands for distinguished officers of the US Navy, such as Rodgers Island for San
Juan Island, and Hull Island for Orcas Island. Some of his names survived the editing of

Kellett, such as Chauncey, Shaw, Decatur, Jones, Blakely, Perry, Sinclair, Lawrence,

Gordon, and Percival, all named after American naval officers.

Ecology
The islands were heavily logged in the nineteenth century, but now have an extensive second-

growth coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), Pasific madrone (Arbutus

menziesii), red alder (Alnus rubra) and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) forest. There are

rare stands of old-growth Douglas fir and western redcedar (Thuja plicata). In the highlands

one also find grand fir (Abies grandis), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and other

subalpine trees.

The San Juan Islands host the greatest concentration of bald eagles (Haliaeetus

leucocephalus) in the contiguous United States. Great blue herons (Ardea herodias), black

oystercatchers (Haematopus bachman), and numerous shorebirds are found along the shore

and in winter, the islands are home to trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator), Canada goose

(Branta canadensis) and other waterfowl. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), northern

harriers (Circus cyaneus), barred owls (Strix varia) and other birds of prey are found. In

addition diving birds such as rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), pigeon guillemots

(Cepphus columba) and endangered marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) frequent

the surrounding seas. Western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), which were eliminated from the

islands 50 years ago because of competition for nesting sites by non-native European

starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), were recently restored to San Juan Island thanks to the efforts of

volunteers and conservation organizations.

The islands are famous for their resident pods of orcas (Orcinus orca). There are three

resident pods that eat salmon, but also some transient orcas that come to take harbor seals
(Phoca vitulina). Other marine mammals include the river otter (Lontra canadensis), Steller

sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Dall's

porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) and other cetaceans.

Columbia black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) are the largest mammals on

the San Juan Islands, which are unusual in their historic absence of large carnivores, except

for wolves (Canis lupus) which were extirpated in the 1860s. Dr. Caleb B. R. Kennerly,

surgeon and naturalist, collected a wolf specimen on Lopez Island, which is now in the

National Museum of Natural History, probably during the Northwest Boundary Survey from

1857 to 1861. Also, there is a specimen of elk in the Slater Museum of Natural History at the

University of Puget Sound that was collected on Orcas Island, and old-timers report finding

elk antlers on both Lopez and Orcas Islands.

Before 1850, most of the freshwater on the islands was held in beaver (Castor canadensis)

ponds, although the aquatic mammal was extirpated by Hudson's Bay Company fur stations

at Fort Langley and San Juan Island. Remnants of beaver dams number in the hundreds

across the archipelago. Gnawed stumps and beaver sign are now seen on Orcas and other

islands, and recolonization by this keystone species is likely to lead to increased abundance

and diversity of birds, amphibians, reptiles and plants. In spring, 2011 a pair of beaver

appeared at Killebrew Lake on Orcas Island, but were killed to avoid flooding a phone

company switch box buried under Dolphin Bay Road. These beaver likely swam from the

mainland and could have recolonized the islands.

Northern sea otter (Enhydra lutis kenyoni) remains are documented on Sucia Island in the San

Juan Islands archipelago. In 1790, Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper traded copper sheets for

sea otter pelts at Discovery Bay, for live sea otters captured north of the bay in the "interior"

of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Although historical records of sea otter in the San Juan Islands
are sparse, there is a sea otter specimen collected in 1897 in the "Strait of Fuca" in the

National When the sea otter finally received federal protection in 1911, Washington's sea

otter had been hunted to extinction, and although a small remnant population still existed in

British Columbia, it soon died out. Fifty-nine sea otters were re-introduced to the Washington

coast from Amchitka Island, Alaska in the summers of 1969 and 1970 and these have

expanded by 8% per year, mainly along the outer west and northwest coast of the Olympic

Peninsula. Professional marine mammal biologists verified a single sea otter observed near

Cattle Point, San Juan Island in October 1996. Although the historical numbers of sea otter in

the San Juan Islands is not known, the habitat for them may have once been ideal.

In the 1890s non-native European rabbits, an exotic invasive species, began to infest the

islands as the result of the release of domestic rabbits on Smith Island. Rabbits from the San

Juan Islands were used later for several introductions of European rabbits into other, usually

Midwestern, states. The rabbits are pursued by Eurasian red fox (Vulpes vulpes), another non-

native species introduced intermittently through the twentieth century.

On the islands is the San Juan Islands National Monument with 75 sections.

Geology

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the San Juan Islands as the archipelago

north of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, west of Rosario Strait, east of Haro Strait, and south of

Boundary Pass. To the north lie the open waters of the Strait of Georgia. All these waters are

within the Salish Sea. The USGS definition of the San Juan archipelago coincides with San

Juan County. Islands not in San Juan County are not part of the San Juan Islands, according

to the USGS.
Transportation

There are no bridges to the San Juan Islands; therefore, all travel from the mainland is either

by water or by air.

Water

Four ferry systems serve some of the San Juan Islands.

 Washington State Ferries serves Lopez Island, Shaw Island, Orcas Island, and San

Juan Island from terminals in Anacortes, Washington and Sidney, British Columbia.

 Puget Sound Express provides passenger-only service from Port Townsend, on the

northeast corner of the Olympic Peninsula, to Friday Harbor, San Juan Island.

 Clipper Navigation's Victoria Clipper provides ferry service to Friday Harbor.

 Guemes Island Ferry provides service from Anacortes to Guemes Island.

Passenger-only ferries serve more islands. Passenger-only ferry service is usually seasonal

and offered by private business.

 San Juan Cruises offers charter service to Eliza Island, Sinclair Island, Blakely Island,

Orcas Island, Lopez Island and daily seasonal service to San Juan Island from the

Bellingham Cruise Terminal in Bellingham, Washington.

 North Shore Charters provides high-speed water taxi service to all of the San Juan

Islands.

Air

Air service to the San Juan Islands is provided by the following:

  Kenmore Air (to and from Roche Harbor, Orcas Island, Seattle/Boeing Field,

Seattle/Lake Union)

 San Juan Airlines (to and from Anacortes, Bellingham, Eastsound (Orcas Island),

Lopez Island, Blakely, Decatur). They merged Northwest Sky Ferry, an inter-island

carrier serving: Bellingham, Anacortes, Friday and Roche Harbors (San Juan Island),

Eastsound (Orcas Island) and Lopez, Waldron, Shaw, Stuart, Blakely, Center, Crane,

Decatur and Eliza Islands, and also Seattle.

Shipping

The San Juan Islands are surrounded by major shipping channels. Haro Strait, along with

Boundary Pass, is the westernmost and most heavily used channel connecting the Strait of

Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia. It is the main route connecting the Port of Vancouver

and other ports around the Strait of Georgia with the Pacific Ocean. Haro Strait joins

Boundary Pass at Turn Point on Stuart Island, where a major navigation beacon, Turn Point

Light, is located. Strong, dangerous rip tides occur near Turn Point, as well as near the

northern end of Boundary Pass, between Patos Island Light on Patos Island and East Point on

Saturna Island.

Rosario Strait is also a major shipping channel. More than 500 oil tankers pass through the

strait each year, to and from the Cherry Point Refinery and refineries near Anacortes. The

strait is in constant use by vessels bound for Cherry Point, Bellingham, Anacortes, and the

San Juan Islands. Vessels bound for British Columbia or Alaska also frequently use it in

preference to the passages farther west, when greater advantage can be taken of the tidal

currents.

List of islands
This list includes only those islands that are part of San Juan County as defined by the USGS,

bounded by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait, Rosario Strait, Boundary Pass, and the

Strait of Georgia.

 Adolphus Island (historical)

 Aleck Rocks

 Alegria Island (aka Little Double Island)

 Armitage Island

 Bare Island

 Barnes Island

 Barren Island

 Battleship Island

 Bell Island

 Big Rock

 Bird Rock

 Bird Rocks

 Black Rock

 Blakely Island

 Blind Island (Lopez)

 Blind Island (Shaw)

 Boulder Island

 Brown Island

 Buck Island

 Cactus Islands

 Canoe Island

 Castle Island
 Cayou Island (aka Rum Island)

 Cemetery Island

 Center Island

 Charles Island

 Clark Island

 Cliff Island

 Cluster Islands

 Colville Island

 Coon Island

 Crab Island

 Crane Island

 Deadman Island

 Decatur Island

 Dinner Island

 Doe Island

 Double Island

 Ewing Island

 Fawn Island

 Flattop Island

 Flower Island

 Fortress Island

 Freeman Island

 Frost Island

 Geese Islets

 Giffin Rocks
 Goose Island

 Gossip Island

 Gossip Islands (historical)

 Gull Rock

 Guss Island

 Hall Island

 Harnden Island

 Henry Island

 Iceberg Island

 Iowa Rock

 James Island

 Johns Island

 Jones Island

 Justice Island

 Little Double Island (aka Alegria Island)

 Little Patos Island

 Little Sister Island

 Little Sucia Island

 Lone Tree Island

 Long Island

 Lopez Island

 Low Island

 Matia Island

 McConnell Island

 Mummy Rocks
 Nob Island

 North Finger Island

 North Peapod Island

 O'Neal Island

 Oak Island

 Obstruction Island

 Orcas Island

 Patos Island

 Peapod Rocks

 Pearl Island

 Picnic Island

 Pointer Island

 Pole Island

 Posey Island

 Puffin Island

 Ram Island

 Reads Bay Island

 Reef Island

 Reef Point Island

 Richardson Rock

 Rim Island

 Ripple Island

 Rum Island (aka Cayou Island)

 San Juan Island

 Satellite Island
 Secar Rock

 Sentinel Island

 Shag Rock

 Shaw Island

 Skipjack Island

 Skull Island (Lopez)

 Skull Island (Orcas)

 Small Island

 South Finger Island

 South Peapod Island

 Spieden Island

 Stuart Island

 Sucia Island

 Swirl Island

 The Pointers (historical group)

 The Sisters

 Tift Rocks

 Trump Island

 Turn Island

 Twin Rocks

 Victim Island

 Waldron Island

 Wasp Islands (historical)

 Whale Rocks

 White Rocks
 Willow Island

 Yellow Island