PEACEMAKING IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT METHODS & TECHNIQUES Revised Edition |. William Zartman Editor [UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE ‘Weshington, 0.The views expressed in this book are those of the authors alone. They do not neces- sarily reflect views ofthe United States Institute of Peace. UNITED Srares INSTITUTE CF PEACE 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200 ‘Washington, DC 20036-3011 ww wcusip.org ‘© 2007 by the Endowment ofthe United States Institue of Peace. All rights reserved Firs edition 1997, revised edition 2007 Princed in the United States of America ‘The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239 48.1984 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peacemaking in intemational conic: methods and techniques /1. William, Zartman, editor. ~ Rev. ed. pom. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-929225-66-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-929223-65-7 (cloth all paper) 1. Pacific settlement of international disputes. 2. Diplomatic negotiations sn incemational disputes... Mediation, International. 4. Arbitration, interna tional. 5. Conflict nanagement—Methodology. I. Zartman, I. William. ¥26010.P42 2007 327.172 —de22SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT Herbert C. Kelman Social-psychological concepts and findings have entered the mainstream of theory and research in international relations. Explorations of the social- peychotogical dimensions of international politics go back at least to the early 1930s (see Kelman 1965 fora review of the earlier history and a series of con- tributed chapters on various topics in the field; see also Kelman and Bloom 1973; Kelman 1991; Tetlock 1998 for reviews of later developments). Research ‘on foreign policy decision making and the cognitive, group, and oxganiza- tional factors that help to shape it (see Holsti 1989; Fischhoff 1991; Farnham. 1992), negotiation and bargaining (see Druckman ard Hopmann 1989; Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim 1994), enemy images (see Holt and Silverstein 1989), public ‘opinion in the foreign policy process (see Russett 1989), deterrence and other forms of influence in international politics (see Stein 1991), and reconcilia- tion (see Bar-Siman-Tov 2004) draws extensively on social-psychological research and theory. Paralleling these theoretical and empirical developments, a new form of Practice of international conflict resolution, anchored in social-psychological principles, has evolved over the past forty years. The approach derives from the pioneering work of John Burton (1969, 1979, 1984). My colleagues and I have used the term ieractve problem solving to describe the approach (Kelman 1986, 1992a, 1996; Rouhana and Kelman 1994). Ronald Fisher and other scholars in the fleld have referred to it as chid-parey consultation (e.g, Fisher 1983, 1989) and more recently as interactive conflict resolution (Fisher 1997). a