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    History PDF

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    History PDF

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    2reir2019 ‘The Holocaust - Wikipedia WikiepiA The Holocaust “The Holocaust, also known asthe Shoal asa genase in which Nari Germany, side by its collaborators, ‘stematiallymrdered some sx milion European Jews-around wo-thirés ofthe Jewish population of Farope— Between 1941 and 645, during Worl War IL Jews were targeted for extermination as art of larger evest luring the Holocaust er, in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered other groups, including Slve (hi ethnic Poles, Soviet prisoners of wa, and Soviet cen; the Roma; the “incurbly sik’ ltl and telighusdeseners such as communists and Jehovah's Witnesses; and gay men, resulting in wp to 37 ullon deaths vers) ‘Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Wier’ ise to power in 199, the goverinent took steps to exclude Jews fom civil ait, which chided organising &boyot of Jew businesses and pasting ‘he Nucembeg Laws ia 1995 Starting in 193, the Nels bllt a network of coucntation eamps ia Germany for poll opponents and people deemed "undesirable", Aer the invasion of Poland in 2995, the regime set up stot o segregate Jews. Over 42,000 camps, ghey, and other detention ses wen establihed aero cceuped Europe! barope The deportation of Jews tothe ghettos culminated in the poly of extermination the Nels called the "Waal Solution othe Jewish Question’, digeussed by senior Na ficial at the Wanssee Conference in erin in Janoary 19a. As German foros captured teitores in the Eas, all antewish measures were radialzd. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions fom the highest leadership ofthe Nasi Party, kiliags were commited within Germany isl, oroaghowt ocspiedRarope, and across all ertries controled by the Axis powers Paramiltary death squads called Binsategruppen, i coopertion with Wehrmacht police bataions and lea callaborstors, murdered around 1. milion Jews mas shootings between i943 and 1945. By mid-949,veims ‘were being deported from the ghettos in seled journey they were kid in gas chambers. The Killing continued unt the end of World War I! in Europe in May ight ain o extermination camps where i they survived the Contents Terminology and scope Terminlogy Desirton (Genocide state Medial experiments Anisemitsm and th volscn movement ‘Germany ater Wold Wa Hil’s wot vow Dictators ad rpresion (1933-1939) Storteaton Ln Aiton 4 uromberg Laws, Jowsn amgeation Terral sohton and resatoment ‘German-scupid Pola Other occupied counties CConcentaton and labor amps Ghote Programs Final Solution Extermaation camps, gas chamaers Flow ofnformaton aout the mass murder (Chima, Hlocaua in Hungary LUberaton Victims and death ot ‘Overview ni Poles hitpsilen wikipedia orghik/The_ Holocaust The Holocaust Part of World Wa Hungarian Jews ariving at AuschwtI Bikonau in Gorman-cccupied Poland, May 1944, Most were “selected to go straight to the 92s chambers. hom tte Asstt Abr Location Nazi Germany and Geran: ‘euped Europa Date 96119452 tack type Genocide, ethnic cleansing Deaths Around 6 millon European sows using broadest defen, 7 mlon vies Perpetrators. Nazi Germany and its ales Motive Anson 2reir2019 ‘The Holocaust - Wikipedia Pott opponents Gay men ehovans Witnesees Persons of color Motivation ‘Motvation of perpatatrs (Garman public Aftermath “ale opeatons| Univeness question Terminology and scope Terminology “The ters holo, at wed in 1895 to deseribe the massacre of Armenians come rom the Gree: iat, want olausto; Sg lo, whol” » xaos aust, "brat offering” 81° The Century ietionary defined it in 1904 a6" Sceiie or ofering entirely consumed by fie, in use among the Jews and some pagan atone ‘The biblical term shook (Hebrow ny), mening "destruton* became the standard Hebrew erm for he morder ofthe Earopes Jews fie sed a pamphlet in 1640, ‘Sho'at Yehudet Plin *Sboah of Polish Jews", published by the United Aié Commie forthe Jews in Poland! In October 1941 the magarne The American “Hebrew asd the phrase "before the Holocaust, apareniy to rele to the situation in Europe") and in May 94 The New York Tin, discussing the Bermuda Confrence, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of Buropean Jews stil surviving the Nazi Holocaust! In 2968 the Library of Congress creatd a new category “olocauet Jewish (595-1945)" the tera was popalaiedin the United Stats bythe NBC min-seres Holocaust (978), about «tional anil of Geman Jews" [As non-Jewish groups begun to count themselves as Vins of the Holocaust to, many Jews chose tous the terms hogar Chuva instead 08) The Nais used the ‘Phase "inal Suton tothe Jewish Question" (German: dle Ending der Judenfage)") Definition Most Holocaust historians define the Holocaust asthe enactment, between 941 sb 945, fhe German state policy to exterminate the Huropean Jews a Teaching the Holocaust (201), Michael Gay, a specialist n Holocaust eduction a igh schoo, oles thee defisiions: a) "he persecution and murder of Jews by the Nis and ‘heir alaborator between 1993 snd 1945, which views the evets of Kristallacht in Germany in 1998 a an early phase ofthe Holocaust (b) "he sytem nase murder ofthe Jews bythe Nazi regime and it eoliaborators between 194 and 1948, whieh acknowledges the si in German policy in 961 toward the extecrisatin of ‘he Jewish people in Europe; and (0 "the peeseuton and murder of various groups by the Nai regime anit collaborators between 1933 and 1945, whieh neds all ‘he Nazis itis. The third definition fils, Gray writes, to acknowledge hat only the Jewish people were singled cut for anniiation*1 Hier came to see the Jews as “uniquely dsngerous to Germany’ according to Peter Hayes, and therfore nique destined to disappear completely from the Rech and all terstries subordinate toi”. The persecution and murder of other groups was much es consistent For example, he writes, the Nazis regarded the Slavs a "sb human, bo her rextment consisted of enslavement and pal attrition’, wile "some Slive—Slvaks, Croats, Bulgarians, sme Ukranian (were allotted a favored lace in Hiter’s Neve Orde" 29! Dan Stone, spelt ia the hisorigeaphy of the Holocaust, sts elhnie Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet petoners af war, Jehovah's Witnesses, black Germans, and homosexual among the groups persecuted hy the Nai; he writes that he occupation af eastern urpe cn ls be viewed as geocidal™ But the German atiude toward the Jews ws different in Kind, he args. The Nai regarded the Jews nota racially inferior, deviant, or enemy national, a hey aid ater groups! but ay 8 \Gegenrose:"x‘counterrae tht to say, not relly human at al’. The Holoeast, fr Stone, therefore define as he eno ofthe Jews, hough he arpacs hat it cannot be “propery trill sted withoot understanding the ‘Nasi empire’ with its grandiose demographic plane) Donsld Newland Francis Nios in The Columbia Oude tothe Holocaust (2000), favour a defriton that focuses on the Jews, Roma and ARtion T vit: "The Holocanst—tat is, Nazi genovide—as the _stemati state-sponsored murder of ene groups determined by heredity This applied to Jews, Gypsies, and the handicapped! ‘The United States Holocaust Memoria] Muzeum defines the Holocaust asthe “systema, bareacrati, tat-

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