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2010 a'guf

ckESpwf? mÓPf [derf;vwf


pmayAd mefpmrlqk ta0;oifuynma&;
2012 ckESpf? yxrtB drf? tkyfa& - 2000
bmomjyefpmayqk? yxrqk

ta0;oifynma&;
a'gufwmÓPf[ed ;f vwf

wnf;jzwfol - a':wifwif0if; ('DZifbmrGef;) wefzdk; ( 500 ) usyf


D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (1)

pmwnf; (wm0efcH)
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; - cifMunfjzL

Extracts from
DISTANCE EDUCATION
By V.K. RAO

yHkESdyfa&;ESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;
pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rSL;csKyfu
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 07492 jzifh yHkESdyfí
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 03911 jzifhxkwfa0onf/
pmayAdrmefxw
k f jynfov
Yl ufppJG mpOf
atmif q ef ; yH k E S d y f p uf ½ H k w G i f yH k E S d y f o nf /
'dw
hk m0efta&;oH;k yg;
Ä jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
Ä wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
Ä tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&; 'dkYta&;
EdkifiHa&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
Ä Edik if aH wmfwnfNidraf &;? &yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf w&m;Oya' pd;k rk;d a&;/
Ä trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI ckdifrma&;/
Ä pnf;urf;jynf0h aom 'Dru kd a&pDpepf &Siof efcikd rf matmif wnfaqmufa&;/
Ä zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESiht f nD acwfrDzGHUNzdK; wk;d wufaom Edkiif Hawmfopf
wnfaqmufa&;/
pD;yGm;a&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
Ä pdkuyf sK;d a&;udk ykrd kzd GHUNzKd;wk;d wufatmif aqmif&GuNf yD; acwfrDpufrIEkid if H
xlaxmifa&;ESihf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;ukv d nf; bufpkHzHYGNzKd; wk;d wuf
atmif wnfaqmufa&;/
Ä aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;/
Ä jynfwGi;f jynfyrS twwfynmESihf t&if;tESD;rsm; zdwaf c:í pD;yGm;a&;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/
Ä Edkiif aH wmf\ pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvk;H udk zefw;D Edkirf pI rG ;f tm;onf Edkiif aH wmfEiS hf
wkdif;&if;om;jynfolwkdY\ vuf0,fwGif&Sda&;/
vlrIa&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
Ä wpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dwå jrifhrm;a&;/
Ä trsK;d *kP?f Zmwd*kPf jrifrh m;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESprf sm;? trsK;d om;
a&; vu©Pmrsm; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;/
Ä ppfrSefaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfjzpfonfh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf &Sifoef
xufjrufa&;/
Ä wpfrsKd;om;vHk; usef;rmBuHhckdifa&;ESifh ynm&nf jrifhrm;a&;/
a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&;
trSmpm
þpmtkyo f nf tdE´, d Edkiif HrS ynma&;okawoD pma&;q&m
a'gufwm V. K. RAO a&;om;onfh Distance Education pmtkyf
rS tcef;ESpcf ef;udk xkwEf kwv f suf bmomjyefqkx d m;jcif; jzpfonf/
uREfkyw f k\
Yd jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkiif w H iG f avhvmoif,l
aeaom vlYtzGJYtpnf; (Learning Society) udk wnfaqmufvsuf
vlwikd ;f twGuf ynma&; (Education for All) pepfukd taumiftxnf
azmf usio hf k;H aeonft h csed jf zpfonf/ Edkiif \ H vlrpI ;D yGm;zHG YNzdK;rItwGuf
vlUprG ;f tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xufjrufatmif avhusi&hf ef ynma&;
u@ jrifrh m;atmif azmfaqmif&efvt kd yfygonf/ ynma&;\ ta&;yg
onfhu@wpf&yfjzpfonfh ta0;oifynma&;pepf\ taMumif;udk
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (3)

þpmtkyw f Gif wifjya&;om;xm;ygonf/


rl&if;pmtkyrf Sm Edkiif HwumwGif aqmif&u G af eonfh ta0;oif
ynma&;pepftaMumif;udk *CePpHkvifpmG axmifah phatmif wifjy
xm;onfh vufpo JG zG,f pmtkyjf zpfonf/ ,ck xkwaf 0onfph mtkyf
wGif ,if;pmtkyt f wGi;f rS ta0;oifynma&;pepfESihf wuúokdvf
tqifh ta0;oifynma&;[lonfh tcef;ESpcf ef;udk wifjyxm;yg
onf/ ta0;oifynma&; oif½kd;ñTe;f wrf;? aygif;pnf;ta0;oif
ynma&;? tzGJUvkduf ta0;oifynma&;? bGJUBudKbGJUvGef ta0;oif
ausmif;om;rsm; ponfhu@rsm;udk &Sif;vif;vsuf ta0;oif
ynma&;taMumif; waphwapmif; wifjyxm;onf/
jrefrmEdkiif H ynma&;u@jrifrh m;a&;udk OD;aqmifO;D &Guf yg0if
aqmif&u G af eMuonfh ynma&;qdki&f m0efxrf;rsm;? oif½k;d ñTe;f wrf;
a&;qGJonfhynm&Sifrsm;? ynma&;okawoDrsm;? oifMum;a&;
e,fy,fü vufawGUoifMum;ydkYcsvsu&f So d nfh q&m? q&mrrsm;?
ynmoif,laeMuonfh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;twGuf A[kokw
jzpfz,G f zwf½I&ef pmtkyaf umif;wpftkyjf zpfygonf/
pmayAd r mef
a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&;

rmwdum

tcef ; taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m


- trSmpm
1/ ta0;oif ynma&;pepf 1
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (4)

- ta0;oifynma&; oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf; 21

2/ wuúov kd t f qifh ta0;oifynma&; 76


- aygif;pnf; ta0;oifynma&; 78
- tzGUJ vdu k f ta0;oifynma&; 78
- bGUJ BuKd ta0;oifausmif;om;rsm; 79
- tcsed yf ikd ;f ta0;oifausmif;omrsm; 79
- bGUJ vGef ta0;oifausmif;om;rsm; 80
a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&;

tcef; (1)
ta0;oif ynma&;pepf
ta0;oifynma&;qdkonfrSm tav;teufajym&vQif
ynma&;qdkif&m enf;empkwpf&yf jzpffygonf/ ynma&;ESifh
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (5)

qufo, G af &;qdik &f m oDt&kd oD abmw&m;rsm;jzifh ta0;oif


ynma&;taMumif; &Si;f jyí&Edik yf gonf/ ta0;oifynma&;
qdik &f m oDt&kd w D pf&yf azmfxw k Ef idk &f eftwGuf vuf&ydS nma&;
qdik &f m 'óersm;? qufo, G af &; (odrYk [kw)f ysUH ESaYH &;qdik &f m
oDt&kd o D abmw&m;rsm;tay:tajccH&ygvdrrhf nf/ ta0;oif
ynma&;udk topfxGifxm;onfh t,ltqwpf&yftaeESifh
azmfñTef;r&paumif;yg/
xdok uYkd efo
Y wfrEI iS t
hf wl oDt&kd w D pfcuk kd OD;pGm azmfjyvdyk g
onf/ tpOftvmESiv hf nf; uduk n f aD p&ef? trsm;wumvnf;
a0zefaxmufjyEdkif&eftwGuf xdkoDtdk&Dudk tqdkjyKcsuf
odrYk [kwf ,lqcsuaf ygif; 14 csujf zifw h ifjyygrnf/ ,if; tqdk
jyKcsufrsm;onf EdkifiHa&; tjrift&vnf;aumif;? 'óedu
aA' tjrift&vnf;aumif; ynma&;tay: ½Ijrifcsurf sm;udk
tajccHxm;ygonf/ ]]wwd,urÇm}} Edik if rH sm;twGuf oifah wmf
2 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 3
aom ta0;oifynma&;qdkonfudk wefZef;eD;,m;EdkifiHa&; tac:rsm;om jzpfoifyh gonf/ xdt Yk wl ynma&;aMumifh wwf
okcrdef an&D;,f (Nyerere) \ pum;jzifhyPmr &nfñTef; ajrmufomG ;onfh uRr;f usiw f wfyeG rf w
I o Ykd nfvnf; vGwv f yfpmG
vdkygonf/ usio Yf ;kH Edik af om uRr;f usirf rI sm;om jzpfoifyY gonf/ xdrk w S pfyg;
]]vlom;onf vGwv f yfrt I wGujf zpfap? zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrI tjcm;t&m[lorQ ynma&;[k ac:EdkifpGrf;tHh rxifyg/
twGujf zpfap olu, kd w f ikd yf if vkyaf qmif&ygonf/ jyify þae&mwGif tqdjk yKvo kd nfrmS ª
ya,m* wpfcck ak Mumifh vGwaf jrmufr?I zGUH NzKd ;rIwYkd r&&Sd wpfenf;qdak omf ynma&;onf cGet f m;yg0gom jzpfav
Edkifyg/ rnfolrjyK rdrdrIom jzpfygonf/ vlESifh tjcm; onf/ ynmrJo h o l nf ynmwwfou l jyKorSsE&k onfb h 0
wd&pämefrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;aponfrSmvnf; udk,fydkif odYk a&mufygonf/ ynma&;onf trsm;xufomaponfh
qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd vGwfvyfpGm vkyf enf;vrf;wpf&yfjzpfum? todÓPfy&kd o dS nfh vltenf;pk
aqmifEdkifonfh vl\ pGrf;yum;omvSsif jzpfygonf/ \ tcGifhxl;oufoufr[kwfay/ odkYjzpfonfhtwGuf
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (6)

ud, k yf ikd of jd rifpwd ?f ud, k yf ikd t f pGr;f tpwdjYk zifh rdrEd iS whf uG ynma&;udk omwlnDrQ jzefYa0Edkif&rnfjzpfayonf/
rdryd wf0ef;usi?f vlrt I odik ;f tydik ;f wGif 0ifqjhH cif;onfom ynmoifMum;rIonf q&moifjyay;rS? jy|mef;pmtkyrf sm;
zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrq I okd nfh t"dymÜ ,fukd jynfjh ynf0h 0 azmfusL; ausnufpGmzwf½IrS? vkHYv0D&d,jzifhav;av;pm;pm; emcH
Edkifrnfjzpfygonf}} rSwof m;rS tusKd ;&SEd ikd rf nfh &wemwpfyg;tjzpf oabmxm;um
xdt k qdt k wdik ;f yif ynma&;twGuv f nf; csed x f ;kd MunfEh ikd f pmoifausmif;rsm;udk wd;k csUJ aernfqv kd Qif xifoavmuf rxd
ygonf/ ynma&;\&nf&, G cf surf mS vlom;wd\ Yk tawGUtBuKH a&mufEdkifao;yg/ ydkrkdxda&mufap&eftwGuf q&m? q&mr
ruRrf;usif em;rvnfrI? tjcm;olrsm;tay: wnfrSDae&rI trsm;tjym;jzifh tjyeftvSef qufo, G af jymqdrk u I kd uREyfk w
f uYkd
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jzpfygonf/ vltjzpf rdrb d 0ESiYf ywf0ef;usiw f u Ykd kd xde;f odr;f qdkif&m oDtdk&Dr@dKifwpfcktjzpf owfrSwf&mü aumif;ªqdk;
0ifqHhEdkifaprnfh udk,f? pdwf vGwfvyfcGifhudk jr§ifhwifay;&ef ESpw
f ef trSeyf if&ydS gonf/ tqd;k bufuakd jym&vQif &Si;f vif;
ynma&;ydkif;u wm0ef&Sdaeygonf/ azmfjyrIonf ynmoifMum;rIukd taxmuftul jyKaMumif;ESiYf
odkYjzpf&m ynmoifMum;rIaMumifh &&Sdvmrnfh tawG; aEG;axG;azmfa&GpmG tjyeftvSef qufo, G af jymqdrk o
I nf ynm
tc:ESihf pdwaf eoabmxm;wdo Yk nf vGwv f yfaom tawG; oifMum;rIudk tm;ay;aMumif; azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
4 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 5
q&mESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,fajymqdkrIrSwpfqifh xdk;jyEkdif&ef vdktyfygonf/ ta0;a&muf oifMum;rIqdkif&m
wynfhonf rdrd\&Sd&if;pGJ todynmESifh ywf0ef;usifwdkYu enf;vrf;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIwt Ykd ay: wnfraDS e
ynm&yftopfEiS hf rnforYkd nfyq kH ufpyfaMumif; oabmayguf onfrmS rSeyf gonf/ Oyrmqd&k vSsif atmifrw S af umif;a&;ESihf
&ef vdt k yfygonf/ odrYk o S m ynmoifMum;rIonf ydrk x kd ad &muf atmif v uf r S w f & a&;ud k t½l ; trl ; wef z d k ; xm;aom vl Y
rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyeftvSef qufoG,fajymqdkjcif;tm;jzifh todu k tf 0ef;ü ta0;oifynma&;onf xdt k csuu f kd vspvf sL
q&monf wynfhausmif;om;\ wdk;wufrItajctaeudk ½Iír&yg/
tuJjzwfí&onf/ wynfh\ em;vnfoabmaygufyHkudk ruúqu D Ekd ikd if u
H kd om"ujyvdyk gonf/ xdEk ikd if w H iG f ½kyjf rif
Munfu h m oifMum;enf; xda&mufrI &S?d r&Sd tuJjzwfEikd o f nf/ oHMum;ESihf yHEk ydS rf 'D , D mwduYk kd toH;k jyKyyhH ;kd xm;onfh ynma&;
wynfhuvnf; q&mudk jyefvnfaxmufjycGifh &apygonf/ (Telesecundaria) onf txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJ
txufygtqdk\ aumif;uGufudkajym&vSsif ynma&;onf atmif&ef rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKcyYJ gonf/ odaYk omf xdt k cgwGif
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (7)

OD;aESmufxJ twif;oGwfoGif;onfhyHkpH rjzpf&atmif tjyef NrKd Ujyrsm;odYk a&TUajymif;rIEiS hf NrKd Ujytvkyv f ufrOhJ ;D a& wd;k yGm;vm
tvSef qufo, G af jymqdrk uI kd tav;ay;&rnf[k qdx k m;jcif; rIjyóemwdkY aemufuvdkufvmovdk &Sdygonf/ ta0;oif
jzpfygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af jymqdrk [
I ol nf wuúov kd rf sm;rSm vlryI wf0ef;usi\ f EIe;f pHwefz;kd rsm;udk rjzpf
ynma&;qdik &f m vdt k yfcsuw f pf&yf jzpfyg\/ odrYk v S nf; q&m? rae xif[yfygonf/ txufyg enf;ynmom"utjyif
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ygrnf/ pk½;kH rvmatmif umuG,o f nf,h EÅ&m;tjzpf ½IjrifcMhJ uonf)h
ausmif;jyify ynma&;rsm;udk Munfv Y sS iv f nf; þtcsuf tcrJhwuúodkvfwdkYonf wefZef;eD;,m; jynfaxmifpkor®w
u rSeu f efaeygonf/ ausmif;om;onf rdrBd u;D jyif;&m avmu EdkifiHu a&'D,dkppfqifa&;rsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/ xdk
rS todynmtajccHjzifo h mvSsif q&moifMum;jyoaom txl; ppfqifa&;rsm;rSm vlxyk ;l aygif;yg0ifrjI zifh BuKd ;yrf;onfh TANU
jyKynm&yftay: tav;xm; tm½Hpk u kd Ef ikd yf gonf/ uREyfk w f \
Ykd ac: EdkifiHa&;oDtdk&Dudk xif[yfaeygonf/
&nf&G,fcsufonf ynma&;udk vufvSrf;rDap&efESifh tjyef odq Yk v
kd sS if ta0;oifynma&; pDru H ed ;f wpf&yf taumif
tvSef qufo, G af jymqdrk uI kd OD;pm;ay;&efjzpf&um;? ta0;oif txnfay:rIonf oifMum;enf;pepfyidk ;f t& ta&;ygovkyd if
ynma&;qdik &f m oDt&kd w D pf&yfonf xdt k csurf sm;udk rD;armif; EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; wef;wlta&;ygaeygonf/ enf;pepfESifh
6 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 7
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avmurSwpfqifh uREyfk w f oYkd nf tqdjk yKcsuif g;&yfukd azmfxw k f vuf v S r f ; rD r I u d k uef Y o wf & ma&muf y gonf / xd k Y a Mumif Y
Edik cf yYJ gonf/ ynma&;udk twwfEikd q f ;kH vufvrS ;f rDvma&; ta0;oifynma&;wGif xdkpnf;rsOf;udk xnfhwGufp&m rvdk
twGuf ta0;oifynma&;qdkif&m yxrqHk; ]]tqdkjyKcsuf tyfay/ tpOftvmt&qdv k Qif ynma&; vufvrS ;f rDapvdk
ig;&yf}} jzpfygonf/ ygu ausmif;q&mtiftm;rsm;rsm;vkdygrnf/ tu,fíom
uREkfyfwdkYtzGJYrS ynma&;okawoD csL; (Chu)ESifY &Sm&rf ta0;oifynma&;jzifh xdt k csuu f kd ajz&Si;f Ekid v f Qif ynma&;
(Schramm) wdE Yk pS Of ;D onf oifMum;rIMum;cHr'D , D m enf;vrf;rsKd ;pHk vufvrS ;f rDaprnfh &nfreS ;f csuyf g ydrk akd tmifjrifygrnf/ a&S;½d;k
taMumif;udk BuKd ;pm;yrf;pm; EdiI ;f ,SOaf vhvmcJyh gonf/ yHEk ydS ?f tpOftvm oifMum;rIxuf ta0;oifynma&;u ydrk u kd ek uf s
a&'D,dk? ½kyf&Sif? ½kyfjrifoHMum;? pmoifcef;rSq&m ponfh rI r&S&d efawmh vdt k yfayrnf/
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (8)

oifMum;a&; Mum;cHrD'D,mrsdK;pHk\ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udk


tu,fírsm; ta0;oifynma&;u a&S;½d;k tpOftvm
qef;ppfcJhMuygonf/ xdkavhvmrItrsm;pkt& tqdkygrD'D,m
oifMum;rIxuf p&dwfpu ydkrdkrsm;jym;rnfqdkygvQif tvm;
rsm;onf ynma&;qdik &f m xda&mufrt I ydik ;f wGif odoo d mom
tvm odyfraumif;Edkifawmhyg/ toHk;p&dwfoufomrIcsif;
ruGjJ ym;vSaMumif; od&cdS yhJ gonf/ xdw Yk l okawoD x&Demref
(Trenaman) uvnf; ]]a&'D,?kd yHE k yS Ef iS ½hf yk jf rifoMH um; paom EdiI ;f ,SOuf m ausmif;ESiahf umvdyrf sm; ydrk jkd zefMY uufwnfaqmuf
rD'D,moHk;ckpvHk;onf ypönf;ud&d,mtoHk;jyKrI uGJjym;aomf &ef tqdkjyKrnfholrsm; ay:vmEdkifygonf/ aocsmonfum;
vnf; xda&mufrItydkif;wGif tMurf;tm;jzifh wlnDonf}}[k ta0;oifynma&;twGuf toH;k p&dwrf mS trSeyf if oufom
tvm;wlawGY&SdcJhygonf/ ynm&yfavhvm& vG,fulrIonf Edik rf nfjzpfygonf/ rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f oifMum;rIEiS , hf OS v
f Qif yHEk ydS f
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rlwnfjcif; r&SdvSyg/ qdkEdkifygonf/
odjYk zpf&m tqdjk yKcsuf wpft& q&monf ausmif;om;ESiYf vufawGt Y axmuftxm;rsm;t&vnf; aiGaMu; trSef
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f rjzpfraeoifMum;&ef rvdt k yfaMumif; wifjy wu,f oufomaMumif; awGU&S&d yg\/ uREyfk w f t Ykd zGUJ rS ynm&Sif
ygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh q&mudk z,fxm;Edik o f nf/ oifMum;a&; a*srq D ef (Jamison)ESiYf atmf&AD ,f (Orivel)wdq Yk vkd sS if ta0;oif
8 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 9
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azmfxkwfwifjyygonf/ twGuf ukeu f srt
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xdaYk emuf tqdjk yKcsuf oH;k udk wifjycsiyf gonf/ xdt k qdk Edkifygonf/ tqdkjyKcsuf av;t& ta0;oifynma&;wGif
t& a&muf&EdS ikd o f nfh y&dowfjzifjh zpfap? oifMum;rIjzifjh zpfap toHk;p&dwfoufom&rIonf ynma&;tqifh? oifwef;om;
wdkif;xGmygu ta0;oifenf;pepfonf a&S;½dk;tpOftvm OD;a&? a&G;cs,fonfhrD'D,mESifh oifaxmufulypönf;acwfrDrI
oifMum;enf;pepfxuf aiGukefoufomygonf/ ta0;oif ponfwEYkd iS o hf ufqikd yf gonf/ tu,fí txufyg tqdjk yKcsuf
ynma&; enf;vrf;onf tNrw J rf; oufomrnfeh nf;vrf;[k rsm; rSeu f efygvQif ta0;oifynma&;onf xda&mufonf[k
rqdv k akd y/ rlvwef;tqifw h iG f q&mtrsm;pkukd vcenf;enf; vnf;aumif;? a&S;½d;k tpOftvm ynma&;xuf toH;k p&dwf
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (9)

om ay;&ojzifh uav;i,frsm;udk wjcm;enf;jzifh ynmoif ydkrdkoufomonf[kvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwdkYowfrSwfxm;


ay;ygu p&dwfpu ydkrsm;rnfomjzpfygonf/ ygonf/
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tus tvGerf sm;av&m ydrk o kd ufomrnfh tpm;xd;k enf;vrf; ynma&;udk ydkrdkvufvSrf;rDvmMurnfhoabm &Sdygonf/
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jzpfvmygonf/ ausmif ; om;xk y &d o wf x H o d k Y v nf ; a&muf & S d E d k i f y gonf /
xdkYjyif rnfonfhtqifh ynma&;jzpfap? oifMum;a&; xdaYk Mumifh ta0;oifynma&;onf uREyfk w f \ Ykd yxr&nfreS ;f
rD', D m a&G;cs,&f mwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,muftwGuf ukeu f s csufudk taumiftxnfazmfapEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ 'kwd,
10 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 11
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toHviT Ehf iS hf yHEk ydS rf 'D , D mrsm;rS oifMum;jcif;udk rsuEf mS vlBuD;olrrsm;onf uav;rsm;udk pmoifMum;&mwGif
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oifMum;rItydkif;wGif tjyeftvSefoifMum;jcif; (Dialogue) tzGUJ rsm;onfvnf; olwo Ykd ifay;onft Y wdik ;f v,form;rsm;u
xnfo h iG ;f Ekid af cs &Syd gonf/ ynma&;okcrdef z&D,m (Freire) vku d ef m&rnf[k ,lqxm;Muonf/ vufawGUwGif uREyfk w f oYkd nf
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onf yHEk ydS Ef iS t hf oHviT jYf cif;xuf ydrk í kd (Dialogue) qefygonf/ tvSefqufoG,fajymqdkrI ponfht&mtm;vHk;udk roifMum;
ynmonfq&mrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm uREkfyfwdkYonf Edkifay/ odkYjzpf&m ta0;oifynma&;twGuf tBuD;rm;qHk;
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (10)

ta0;oifynma&;wGif rsuEf mS csi;f qdik o f ifMum;rIukd aygif;pyf aom pdefac:rIrSm a&S;½dk;tpOftvmoifMum;rIxuf renf;
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12 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 13
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uREkfyfxH a&;om;vmjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf pmay;pm,l wifjyvdkygonf/
oifwef;trsm;pkonf NAdwdoSstdk;yif;wuúodkvfrSmjzpfap? 'dkif,mavmhonf pm&Gufay:rSmvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
tjcm; rnfonfah e&mrSmyif jzpfap? 'dik , f mavmhac: tjyef q&mESiw hf ynfh rMumcPawGUqHo k nfh rsuEf mS csi;f qkid f ajymqdk
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (11)

a&; tzG0YJ ifrsm;ESiYf tpd;k &ydik ;f rSq&mrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSef &yHkrsdK; r[kwfawmhyg/ ta0;oifq&monf oifcef;pmrsm;
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14 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 15
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (12)

onf/ us,fus,fjyefYjyefY avYvmawGY&SdrIrsm;t& ta0;oif ESpq f ifo h t D &kd ED iS hf tqifq h ifyh g0ifaom oDt&dk w D w Ykd iG f uREyfk wf Ykd
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16 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 17
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (13)

pDrHudef;trsm;tjym;rS tawGYtMuHKt& vltzGJUtpnf; toH;k jyKjcif;u wpfrsKd ;wnf; toH;k jyKjcif;xuf xda&mufrnf[k
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (14)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (15)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (16)

onft h jrifukd ysKd ;axmifay;oifo h nf[v k nf;aumif; em;vnf ausmf q,fpEk pS af ESmif;ydik ;f ESiYf 1980 jynfEh pS af usmf q,fpEk pS f
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (17)

,if;rSm uREyfk w f o Ykd ifMum;rnfb h mom&yfonf oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf; ydkrdkcsJUxGif&Sif;jyonfh rufwmªoDtdk&D (Meta-theory) tjzpf
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (18)

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jzpfap? ay:xGufvmonYf tqdkygoif½dk;qdkif&moDtdk&Drsm;udk


ausmif;wGi;f oifMum;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf aygif;pyfrnfqykd gu onf/ þtjrifonf bGv YJ eG of ifwef; trsm;tjym;\ vu©Pm
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jzpfygonf/ 1981ª1982 ynmoifEpS w f iG f ]]oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf; vufpGJjyK&ef tav;ay;xm;ygonf/
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holm Institute of Education) ? ynma&;ok a woeXmerS bmom&yfoifMum;rIü xdt k ueft Y owfrhJ ynm&yfe,fy,frS
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (20)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (22)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (23)

xdkYaemuf oif½dk;oDtdk&Dudk azmfxkwf? usifhoHk;rnfh rsdK;quf


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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (24)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (25)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (26)

ap&ef aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIudkyif vdk&mqGJ OD;wnfxm;wwfMu cdkif;ygrnf/ aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk&ef tav;xm;jcif;rSm vufawGU


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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (27)

oifwef;om;xHodkY oufqdkif&mtaMumif;&yfudk &Sif;vif;pGm &nfñeT ;f p&m jzpfvmygonf/ 1983 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f wGif
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(4) wGif vmrnfEh pS rf sm;twGi;f ½kyv f ;kH ay:vmrnfh trsm;BuKd uf abmifESifh oifMum;enf;pepfwdkYtwGuf pOf;pm;p&mrsm;
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ywfoufí ]],ckbmom&yfwiG f ydrk t kd m;pdu
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qdkif&mudpö jzpfygonf/
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (28)

'óeqdik &f mtajccHrsm;ESihf t"duqufpyfaeum atmufyg


oif½;kd a&;qGaJ &;tzGEYJ iS Yf bmom&yfqikd &f moufqikd o f rl sm;
twdik ;f qdyk gonf/
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tqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf tqdkyg'óeudk rSef? rrSefwkHYjyef taoG;udk wpfajy;nD vufcMH uonfr[kwyf g/
csuftay: tajccH&ygrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; yxrqHk; 1985 ckEpS ?f aemufyikd ;f umvwGif bmom&yfukd jyefveS f
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tajccHta&;tom;rsm; xif&Sm;aeum? rmhufpf½kyf0g' tDAefpf (Terry Evans)u wm0ef,yl gonf/ xdt k uJjzwfraI Mumifh
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48 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 49
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rsm;ESifhqdkifonfh wpfckwnf;aom ta&;tBuD;qHk;tcsufrSm xdkvkyfief;pOfonf yHkrSefpDrHaeonfhwkdif tvG,fwul
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rarQmfrSef;cJhMujcif;yifwnf;/}} trsm;pku ta0;a&mufaeMuonf/ pmrlukd bmom&yf vdt k yf
ol Y t jrif t & xd k o d k Y e m;vnf r I ½I y f a xG ; uk e f o nf r S m csuEf iS hf wdu k q
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r&if;ESD;í jzpfygonf/ xdktcsufonf vef*&efpmwrf;udk &ef qdyk gu pmtkyzf UJG pnf;rI&uf a&TU&jyefonf/ xdjYk yif wuúov kd f
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (29)

vufudkifjyKoifMum;&mü todomqHk;jzpfygonf/ yHkESdyfXme odkYr[kwf pmydkYpepfrsm;u tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD


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50 51
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aMumif;ajymonf/ wpfa,mufu qdv k Qif ]]bmom&yf\ qdo k nfrmS ... Edik if aH &;udprö sm;jzpfum t&if;&Siq f efonfh
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (30)

txD ; usef r I } } yif cH p m;&onf q d k y gonf / od k Y a omf ydrk ukd s,jf yefaY om? ydrk ykd sUH ESaYH om vlro I tD &kd w
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52 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 53
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (31)

pHonf todu k t f 0ef;rS vltcsi;f csi;f rsuEf mS csi;f qdik ?f tjyeftvSef oDt&kd ED iS hf vufawGUuGm[rIwpf&yf[k apmapmydik ;f umvrsm;
qufo, G rf &I o dS nfh pdwu f ;l tay: tajccHxm;avh&ydS gonf/ avmufwiG f jrifcsijf rifygvdrrhf nf/ xdu k mG [rIt& oDt&kd u D
xdktajccH,lqcsufudk ta0;oifynma&;u jiif;y,f wpfjcm;? vufawGUuwpfbmom jzpfaeygonf/ tcsKd Uuvnf;
xm;ygonf/ tm;enf;onfh? taumiftxnf rjyEdkifonfh? þjyóemudk twwfynmydik ;f qdik &f mtjzpf ½Ijrifayrnf/ xdk
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54 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 55
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (32)

bmom&yf*sme,f pmrsuEf mS rsm;xufu jiif;cHak qG;aEG;rI þ'kw, d vrf;ñTepf mwrf;wGif Ny;D cJo h nfh tESpf 40 twGi;f
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (33)

bmom&yfonf oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;qdik &f m a&S;usonft h jrifEiS hf ygonf/ þtajymif;tvJtwGuf avsmfnDrnfh ]]oif½dk;
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (34)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (35)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (36)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (37)

tav;xm;pOfu vltrsm;onf rdru d ,kd uf kd tjyKcrH sm; (zefw;D ygonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS -


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u odpw d Ef iS hf tusiphf ½du k qf ikd &f m acwfopfAsL½du k &ufwpfypkH H bHktpOftvmESifh
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wGif ]]uREkfyfwdkYrSDwif; aexdkifaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif AsL½dk raoonfhoabmyg0ifaom vlom;b0udk jyef
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tjrif r&Sad wmhaMumif; qdv k u kd yf gonf/ ajymygonf/ AsL½du k a&pDqikd &f m oDt&kd aD zmfxw k o f l emrnfausmf
uREyfk w f \Ykd todynmESihf pm&dwq å ikd &f m jiif;cHak qG;aEG;rI vlraI A'ynm&Sif rufp0f b D m (Max Weber) udk ud;k um;vsuf
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66 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 67
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vuf&Sd ynma&;usifhoHk;rIrsm;\ zGJYpnf;yHk? taMumif;t&m xkwfa0NyD; *sme,frsm;wGif azmfjyyg&Sdonfh aqmif;yg;
qdik &f m jiif;cHak qG;aEG;rIrsm;onf vuf&v dS rl b
I 0 tajymif;tvJ trsm;tjym;wGif þta&TUtajymif;\ ta&;ygrIukd tom;ay;
udk em;vnfrIvGJjcif;? udk,fpm;jyKrIvGJjcif;wdkYESifh ywfouf azmfjycJyh gonf/ vufawGUtvkyjf zpfonfh ,kwt då jriftopfukd
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a&;twGuf vuf&SdaqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIrsm;onf a&S;½dk;qefonfh uREyfk w f \ Ykd t,ltqESihf jyóemtoD;oD;u uREyfk w f Ykd
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (38)

ta0;oifynma&;taMumif; ydkrdkí tckdiftrmajym&vSsif tjrifwpfcu k kd ay;pGr;f Edik yf gonf/ þodYk a0zefqef;ppfaom


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taMumif;&yfESifh oifMum;enf;tydkif;wGifvnf; vufawGY vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; ajymif;vJaeaom pdwful;rsm;?
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q&mu tqifoifh azmfxkwfay;&rnf qdkonfudkvnf; ]]oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;oDtdk&D}} bmom&yfxJwGif tjcm;vlrIb0
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68 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 69
tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;ESirhf l tenf;i,f uGv J EJG ikd yf gonf/ oif½;kd ESihf wpfESpfav;Budrf *sme,f xkwfa0rIonf tjyeftvSef
oifMum;enf;rsm;tay: yHak o,lqcsut f csKd Utm; jiif;y,fchJ qufo, G rf u I kd cdik rf mapovd?k pepfwusvnf; jzpfapygonf/
aMumif;udkvnf; xnfhajymzdkYvdktyfygrnf/ Oyrm- q&m\ xdq k ufo, G rf o
I nf a0zefqef;ppfreI nf;vrf;rsm;wGif ,HMk unfrI
tcef;u@ ajymif;vJy?kH bmom&yf*sme,f rD', D mrSwpfqifh ESihf usio hf m;&rIukd tav;xm;onfh ]]tvGwu f suNf y;D jyefajz
ausmif;om;rsm;tMum; wdkuf½dkuful;vl;qufoG,frI &&SdyHk? Munf}h } onfeh nf;vrf;rS zJMuOfomG ;apygonf/ ]]oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;
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pdwu f ;l rsm;twGuf a0zefqef;ppfrrI sm; tqifq h ifv
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odaYk omf bmom&yf\qufo, G rf yI pkH rH sm;onf tcsi;f csi;f qifhuJxkwfvkyfrItwGufvnf; tajctaersm; zefwD;ay;yg
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (39)

qufoG,frIESifh pdwful;rsm;j'yfrJhqefrItygt0if acwfopf onf/ atmifjrifrItwdkif;twmt&MunfhvQif ta0;a&muf


vlrIb0udk ½IyfaxG;Edkifaponfhtydkif;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ qufqHa&;rsm;onf rsufESmcsif;qdkif qufqHa&;rsm;vdkyif
ta0;oifynma&;twGuf vdt k yfcsu?f jznfq h nf;csurf sm;udk ]]rlrSefaom}}? ]]vufawGYqefaom}}? ]]a0zefqef;ppfaom}}
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rlrrSef[k xifMujcif;jzpfygonf/ tqdyk gqufqaH &;rsm;onf acwfopfvt Yl odik ;f t0dik ;f \
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k efvmonfrmS ,Hrk mS ;p&mr&Syd g/ odaYk omfvnf; bmom&yfonf
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70 a'gufwmÓPf[def;vwf ta0;oifynma&; 71
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ynma&;ESifh ausmif;ynmudk yHkazmfcJhonfh vlrIb0yHkpHrsm;
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (40)

qefaom todu k t
f 0ef;rsm;ü ckid rf monfh vlrq I ufqaH &;rsm;
&&SdapEdkifygrnfvm;/ odkYr[kwf ,if;vlrItodkuft0ef;rsdK; odomvSpGm ajymif;vJoGm;NyDjzpfonf[k qdkcsifygonf/
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&nf&, G o f nfh ]]owif;tcsut f vuf todik ;f t0dik ;f }} jzpfvm
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (41)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (42)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (43)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (44)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (45)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (46)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (47)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (48)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (49)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (50)

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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (51)

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wpfrsKd ; jzpfvmygonf/ Oyrm? tar&duefwuúov kd rf sm;u tvm;wlyif wuúodkvfjyify pmay;pm,loifwef;udk
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þonfrSm ta0;oifynma&;\ ta&;BuD;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh jzpfygonf/ xdt k cg ta0;oifynma&;onf wpfom;wnf;
D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (52)

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ta0;oifrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifygonf/ xdkjrifuGif;rsdK;udk tav;rxm;awmhyg/
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (53)

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ynma&;twGuf oD;oefo Y ifcef;pmrsm; *½kwpdu k zf efw;D rIEiS hf tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;csed Ef iS hf wuúov
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D/TT/Naing Public Hand Books/ Doctor Nyan Hein Latt (54)

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