Vass FLUID MECHANICS CONTENTS Chapters Fundamentals and properties of fluids Fluid Statics Buoyancy and Metacentric height Liquids in relative equilibrium Fluid Kinematics Energy Equation and its application Impulse Momentum Equation Flow Through Pipes Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Boundary Layer Theory Force on submerged bodies Dimensional Analysis Keys For GATE & IES &j Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy j Managing DirectorGATE ~ SYLLABUS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties, fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy, control-volume analysts of ‘mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum Bemoulli’s equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary wurbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends ete. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING : Fluid Machines; fluid statics; Bemoulli’s equation, flow through pipes, equations of continuity and ‘momentum. CIVIL ENGINEERING : Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Hydrostatics, applications of Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow in pipes. pipe networks; concept of boundary layer and its growth; uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concepts, hydraulic jump; forces ‘on immersed bodies; flow measurement in channels; tanks and pipes; dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Application of momentum equation, potential flow, kinematics of flow; velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines. | = IES — SYLLABUS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING : Properties and classification of fluids, manometry, forces on immersed surfaces, center of pressure, buoyancy, elements of stability of floating bodies. Kinematics and dynamics irrotational and incompressible, inviscid flow, velocity potential, pressure field and forces on immersed bodies Bemoulli’s equation. Fully developed flow through pipes. Pressure drop calculations, measurement of flow rate and pressure drop, elements of boundary layer theory, integral approach, laminar and {turbulent flow, separations. Flow over weirs and notches, open channel flows, hydraulic jump dimensions numbers, dimensional analysis, similitude and modeling. One dimensional isentrople flow, normal shock wave, flow through convergent — divergent ducts. Performance, operation and control of hydraulic pump and impulse and reaction turbines, specific speed, classification. Energy transfer, coupling, power transmission, turbines, velocity diagrams. Reciprocating, governance. cv INEERING Fluid properties, pressure, thrust, buoyancy, flow kinematics: Integration of flow equations; flow ‘measurement; relative motion; moment of momentum; viscosity, boundary layer and control, drag, lift, dimensional analysis, modeling; cavitation ; momentum and energy principles in open channel flow, flow controls, Hydraulic jumps, flow sections and properties, normal flow, gradually varies flow, surges, flow development and losses in pipe flows; measurements; siphons, surges and water hammer, delivery of power, pipe networks. Centrifugal pump, types, performances parameters, scaling pumps in parallel, reciprocating pumps, air vessels, performance parameters. Hydraulic ram; hydraulic turbines, types, performance parameters, controls, choice; power houses; classification and layout storage, pondage, control of supply.SY ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY FLUID MECHANICS fianter | Fundamentals and properties of fluids éSynopsis) 4. Fu Mechanics : Pwo MECHA rics of liquids and gases and is based on same fundamental principles that are nployed in the mechanics of solids. “Diviged into three branches : i) Fluid statics : Study of fluids at rest ji) Kinematics : Deals with velocities and accelerations without considering the forces or energy. an re aca Concerned wilt the relations between velociies, accelerations ang the forces exerted upon fd In mation 2. FLUO T Defined as a substance which deforms continuously even with a small amount of shear force exerts on it. «A solid offers resistance to the force because very strong intermolecular altraction exists in I. + Both liquids and Gases come under-the category 3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIQUID AND GAS : i) Liquid fhas definite volume but no shape for ail practical purposes “incompressible i) Gas has no shape and volume highly compressible ii) Vapour ‘A gas whose temperature and pressure are such that its very near to the liquid phase Eg: Steam ‘4, Fuuio ConriNuoUS CONCEPT = ‘Mean tree path: Statistical average distance, which molecules of the same fluid travel between collisions. A * Any fluid can be treated as continuous medium when Mean free path <1% Characteristic length of flow + When a fluid ceases to be continuous medium the fluid characteristics (p,v,p) abruptly change from fone point to another. Eg: gases at low pressure. 5, IDEAL AND REAL FLUIDS : }) Ideal Fluid or Perfect Fluid : = Non viscous ({rictionless) and incompressible * Used in the mathematical analysis of flow problems * Does not exist in reality * Does not offer shear resistance when fluid is in motion. i) Real Fluid : * possess the properties such as viscosity, surface tension and compressibility * Resistance is offered when they are set in motion. 6. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS sss Density P * Mass per unit volume * Si units : kg/m? (Dimensions enw + Absolute quantity ie. does not change with location “As pressure increases mass density increases (ds large no of molecules are forced into a given volume) ii) Specific Weight ( 7) : + Weight ofthe substance per unit volume. * Also represents force exerted by gravy on a unit volume fluid * Mass density and specific weight of a fluid are related as: y =-p9 : ‘where g = acceleration due to gravity. * Units : N/m’ : Dimensions : ML-?T~? or FL~ *, * Is not absolute quantity : Varies from place to place ‘as of varies with location, primarily latitude and elevation above M.S. + Speciic weight of water 7 = 1000 kg/m? x 9.81 m/sec = 9810 Nim (Conts...2) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY