katalog izlozbe

exhibition catalogue

Štrigova 2018.
 tko su bili ti „strašni hrvati”?
who were those “terrible croats”?
NAKLADNICI
PUBLISHERS
Državni arhiv za Međimurje, Štrigova
State Archives of Međimurje, Štrigova
Hrvatski državni arhiv, Zagreb
Croatian State Archives, Zagreb
ZA NAKLADNIKA
ON BEHALF OF THE PUBLISHER
Jurica Cesar
AUTOR KATALOGA
CATALOGUE WRITTEN BY
Damir Stanić
UREDNIK
EDITOR
Jurica Cesar
LEKTURA
COPY EDITING
Martina Kramarić
FOTOGRAFIJE
PHOTOGRAPHY
Hrvatski državni arhiv, Zagreb
Croatian State Archives, Zagreb
Hrvatski povijesni muzej, Zagreb
Croatian History Museum, Zagreb
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, Zagreb
Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, Zagreb
Austrijski državni arhiv, Beč
Austrian State Archives, Vienna
Vojnopovijesni muzej, Beč
Museum of Military History, Vienna
Vojni muzej, Stockholm
Military Museum, Stockholm
Arhiv Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana
Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana
DIZAJN KATALOGA, PLAKATA I POZIVNICE
DESIGN OF CATALOGUE, POSTER AND INVITATION
Ana Filep, Maja Karić, Maša Pokupčić
TISAK
PRINTED BY
Printex, d.o.o.
ovitak kataloga NAKLADA
CATALOGUE cover PRINT RUN
Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 48. Schlacht bei Lutzen, 16. November 1632. 300
AUTOR IZLOŽBE
EXHIBITION AUTHOR
Damir Stanić
STRUČNI SURADNIK
ASSOCIATE
Vladimir Brnardić
KARTE I KRONOLOGIJA
MAPS AND CHRONOLOGY
Filip Hren
PRIJEVOD S LATINSKOG
LATIN TRANSLATION
Maja Pajnić
PRIJEVOD NA ENGLESKI
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Marijan Bosnar
OBRADA FOTOGRAFIJA I FOTOGRAFIJE IZLOŽBE
PHOTOGRAPHY EDITING AND EXHIBITION PHOTOS
Ivana Asić
DIZAJN IZLOŽBE
EXHIBITION DESIGN
Ivana Asić
Ana Filep
Maja Karić
Maša Pokupčić
Hrvatski državni arhiv, Zagreb, 10. travnja - 7. lipnja 2018.
Croatian State Archives, Zagreb, 10 April - 7 June 2018
Dvorana Zrinski/Scheier, Čakovec, 8. - 22. lipnja 2018.
Zrinski/Scheier Hall, Čakovec, 8 - 22 June 2018
Copyright © Državni arhiv za Međimurje, 2018.
Copyright © State Archives of Međimurje, 2018
CIP ZAPIS DOSTUPAN U RAČUNALNOM KATALOGU NACIONALNE I SVEUČILIŠNE
KNJIŽNICE U ZAGREBU POD BROJEM 000998791.
ISBN 978-953-56071-6-8, ISBN 978-953-7659-51-6
A CIP CATALOGUE RECORD FOR THIS PUBLICATION IS AVAILABLE FROM THE
NATIONAL AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IN ZAGREB UNDER NO. 000998791.
ISBN 978-953-56071-6-8, ISBN 978-953-7659-51-6
KATALOG I IZLOŽBA FINANCIRANI SU SREDSTVIMA MINISTARSTVA KULTURE
REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE
THE CATALOGUE AND THE EXHIBITION HAVE BEEN FINANCED WITH FUNDING
FROM THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
 SADRZAJ
CONTENTS

Hrvati i Tridesetogodišnji 6 The Croats and the Thirty

rat (1618. – 1648.) Years’ War (1618-1648)

UVOD 14 INTRODUCTION

KRONOLOGIJA 18 chronology

ceška i Falacka faza 20 The Bohemian and the

(1618. – 1625.) Palatinate Phase (1618 – 1625)

Danska faza 1625. – 1629. 24 The Danish Phase 1625 – 1629

Švedska intervencija 26 The Swedish Intervention

1630. – 1635. 1630 – 1635

Francuska intervencija i 32 The French intervention and

nastavak Sukoba the continuation
1635. – 1648. of the conflict 1635 – 1648

Brojnost hrvatskih 36 The numerousness of

postrojbi Croatian troops

Djelovanje i izgled 38 Activities and appearance

Porijeklo „Hrvata“ 42 The descent of ‘Croats’

Nasilje „Hrvata“ 44 Violence of ‘the Croats’

tko je tko 48 who is who

Ratne zastave 58 war flags

4 5
 Hrvati i Tridesetogodišnji rat
(1618. – 1648.)
The Croats and the Thirty
Years’ War (1618-1648)
Tridesetogodišnji rat (1618. – 1648.) bio je veliki eu-
ropski sukob, koji je ostavio krucijalne posljedice na
političke odnose i društvenu strukturu europskih
država ranoga novoga vijeka. Iako iniciran sukobima
između katolika i protestanata u Svetome Rimskom
Carstvu Njemačke Narodnosti, rat je ubrzo poprimio
paneuropski karakter. No, zaraćene strane nije mobili-
zirao tek vjerski sentiment, koji je često služio primarno
kao motivacijsko sredstvo ili izgovor za intervenciju,
nego je ulazak u rat diktirao partikularni interes pojedi-
ne države sudionice. Ispod konfesionalne maske često
se skrivalo profano lice borbe za dominaciju na regio-
nalnoj, odnosno, u slučaju najvećih, i na kontinentalnoj
razini.
Hrvatski državni arhiv, izložba Tko su bili ti „strašni Hrvati”?
10. travnja - 7. lipnja 2018.
6 7
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was a great European
conflict that left crucial consequences on political relations
and the social structure of European states of the early
modern period. Even though it was initiated by the con-
flicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Ro-
man Empire of the German Nation, the war soon assumed
a pan-European character. However, the belligerent sides
were not mobilised only by the religious sentiment that of-
ten served primary as motivational means or an excuse for
intervention, but their joining the war was dictated by par-
ticular interest of each participant state. Under the confes-
sional guise the mundane face of fighting for dominance
on regional i.e. in case of the greatest, the continental level
as well, was often hidden.
Croatian State Archives, exhibition Who Were Those “Terrible Croats”?
10 April - 7 June 2018
Važnost Tridesetogodišnjega rata pokazuje već i sam
popis involviranih država – Sveto Rimsko Carstvo
Njemačke Narodnosti, Kraljevina Španjolska, Kraljevi-
na Danska, Kraljevina Švedska, Kraljevina Francuska,
Kraljevina Engleska, Kraljevina Škotska, Ujedinjene Pro-
vincije, Kneževina Erdelj, Ugarsko-hrvatsko Kraljevstvo
itd. Dakle, većina europskih država bila je, posredno i/
ili neposredno, involvirana u sukob koji je nakon deset-
ljeća nesuglasja i konfrontacija između katolika i pro-
testanata u Carstvu, eskalirao 23. svibnja 1618., kada su
pobunjeni protestantski češki staleži bacili kroz prozor
praškoga dvora trojicu carskih dužnosnika. Taj čin te
izbor falačkoga kneza izbornika Friedricha za češkoga
kralja pokrenuo je spiralu sukoba koja se ubrzo pret-
vorila u rat općih razmjera. Na katoličkoj strani sta-
jao je car, odnosno habsburška kuća potpomognuta
svojim habsburškim rođacima, vladarima Kraljevine
Španjolske, zatim bavarski vojvoda Maksimilijan kao
predvodnik Katoličke lige te katolički knezovi Carst-
va. S druge strane nalazili su se protestantski knezovi
u Carstvu te njihovi strani saveznici: Kneževina Erdelj,
Kraljevina Danska, Kraljevina Švedska, Kraljevina Engle-
ska, Ujedinjene Provincije, ali od sredine tridesetih go-
dina 17. stoljeća sasvim otvoreno i katolička Kraljevina
Francuska.
Vojni sukobi uglavnom su se odigravali na prostoru
središnje Europe, primarno na teritoriju Svetoga Rim-
skog Carstva Njemačke Narodnosti, iako se ulaskom
drugih država u rat sukob proširio i na susjedna pod-
ručja – Ugarsko-hrvatsko Kraljevstvo, Kraljevinu Fran-
cusku, Ujedinjene Pokrajine, sjevernu Italiju, pa čak i na
kolonijalne posjede zaraćenih strana.
Sam rat dijeli se na četiri faze – Češku i Falačku fazu
(1618. – 1625.), Dansku fazu (1625. – 1629.), Švedsku
fazu (1630. – 1635.) te Švedsko-francusku fazu (1635. –
1648.). Iako je carska strana trijumfirala u prvim dvjema
fazama ratovanja, tijekom Švedske faze protestantska
je strana bila poprilično uspješna na bojnome polju.
Nastavkom rata i ulaskom Kraljevine Francuske u sukob
te unatoč nekoliko velikih poraza carske strane, rat se
prometnuo u iscrpljivanje snaga.
Nakon desetljeća ratnih užasa, nakon teško zamislive
destrukcije i međusobnoga iscrpljivanja, Trideseto-
godišnji rat napokon je okončan potpisivanjem West-
falskoga mirovnog ugovora 1648., čime je na europskoj
političkoj pozornici etabliran novi politički poredak koji
će se održati sve do ratova s revolucionarnom Francus-
kom krajem 18. stoljeća.
Unatoč svojoj važnosti uloga hrvatskih postrojba u
Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu vrlo je slabo istražena. Pi-
tanje porijekla hrvatskih vojnika pa i časnika, njihove
biografije i ratni put, sociopolitički status i službe unu-
tar Hrvatsko-slavonskoga, odnosno Ugarskoga Kra-
ljevstva, broj unovačenih ili mobiliziranih vojnika s
The very list of the involved states demonstrates the signif-
icance of the Thirty Years’ War – the Holy Roman Empire of
the German Nation, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Den-
mark, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of
England, Kingdom of Scotland, United Provinces, Principality
of Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia etc. Hence,
the majority of European states were directly and/or indirect-
ly involved in the conflict that escalated on 23 May 1618 after
decades of discord and confrontations between Catholics
and Protestants in the Empire, when the rebelled Protestant
Boheminan Estates threw out of the window of the Prague
Castle three imperial officials. This act, as well as the election
of Frederick, the Prince-Elector of the Palatinate as King of Bo-
hemia, set in motion the chain of conflicts that soon turned
into a war of general proportions. On the Catholic side there
was the Emperor i.e. the Habsburg ruling house supported
by its Habsburg relatives, rulers of the Kingdom of Spain, to-
gether with the Bavarian duke Maximilian as the represen-
tative of the Catholic League, as well as the Catholic dukes
of the Empire. On the other side stood the Protestant dukes
in the Empire and their foreign allies: Principality of Transyl-
vania, Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom
of England, United Provinces, and from the mid-1630s quite
openly the Catholic Kingdom of France.
The military conflicts mostly took place on the territory of
Central Europe, primarily the territory of the Holy Roman
Empire of the German Nation, even though the conflict
widened on other areas as other countries joined the war –
the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, Kingdom of France,
United Provinces, northern Italy and even colonial posses-
sions of the belligerent parties.
The war itself is divided into four phases – the Bohemian
and the Palatinate Phase (1618 – 1625), the Danish Phase
(1625 – 1629), the Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635) and the
Swedish-French Phase (1635 – 1648). Even though the Im-
perial side was triumphant in the first two phases, during
the Swedish Phase the protestant side was quite success-
ful on the battlefield. The continuation of the war and the
entry of the Kingdom of France, despite several heavy de-
feats of the Imperial side, meant that conflict turned into
the war of attrition.
After decades of war-related horrors, after unimaginable
destruction and mutual attrition, the Thirty Years’War final-
ly came to an end with signing of the Peace of Westphalia
in 1648, which inaugurated a new political order on the
European political stage that will last until the wars with
revolutionary France at the end of the 18th century.
Despite its significance, the role of Croatian troops in the
Thirty Years’ War has been quite unresearched. The ques-
tion of the origin of Croatian soldiers’, as well as officers,
their biographies and war experience, socio-political sta-
tus and service within the Kingdom of Croatia and Sla-
vonia/Kingdom of Hungary, the number of recruited or
mobilised soldiers from the Croatian area, the national
hrvatskoga prostora, narodnosni sastav hrvatskih je-
dinica, problematika prenaglašenih optužaba za besti-
jalnost upućene „Hrvatima”, samo su neke teme koje
još uvijek nisu adekvatno rasvijetljene ili su pak sasvim
neistražene. Jednako tako, u domaćoj historiografiji, s
izuzetkom nekih područja i tema, 17. stoljeće relativno
je slabo istraženo, pa još uvijek nije poznato kakve su
zapravo bile sociopolitičke, ekonomske, demografske i
druge posljedice rata po Hrvatsko-slavonsko Kraljevst-
vo kao dio zemalja Krune Sv. Stjepana s habsburškim
kraljem kao vladarom.
Istraživanje uloge hrvatskih postrojba u Tridesetogo-
dišnjemu ratu otežava i činjenica kako je u relevantnim
domaćim arhivima relativno malo izvornoga gradiva o
toj temi. Rat se odvijao na širemu srednjoeuropskom
prostoru, i za ozbiljna istraživanja nužno je konzultirati
arhivsko gradivo koje se čuva u institucijama na pros-
toru Austrije, Češke, Slovenije, Madžarske, Njemačke,
Danske, Švedske, Francuske itd. – zapravo svim onim
teritorijima na kojima su hrvatske postrojbe djelovale.
A ratovali su zaista na praktički svim bojištima Tridese-
togodišnjega rata – od Baltika do Bavarske, od sjeverne
Italije do današnje Nizozemske, od ugarskog ratišta do
sjeveroistočne Francuske, pa čak i do predgrađa samo-
ga Pariza. Ipak, treba istaknuti kako su u borbama pro-
tiv ugarskih pobunjenika, inače osmanskih saveznika,
1619., dvadesetih i četrdesetih godina 17. stoljeća, vojne
postrojbe Hrvatsko-slavonskoga Kraljevstva sudjelova-
le masovno, ali unutar važećega institucionalnog okvira
Ugarsko-hrvatskog Kraljevstva. Jednako tako, krajišnici
iz Slavonske, Hrvatske i Primorske krajine masovno su
participirali u tim sukobima unutar specifičnoga krajiš-
kog institucionalnog okvira. U vojnim postrojbama koje
su se pak borile u Carstvu, odnosno diljem europskoga
kontinenta, oni su uglavnom stupali kao neka vrsta na-
jamnika, iako je bez dodatnih istraživanja za sada teško
precizno elaborirati njihov status, odnosno može li ih
se ili ne svrstavati u kategoriju plaćenika. No, u obama
slučajevima sudjelovali su vojnici s područja cijeloga
Hrvatsko-slavonskog Kraljevstva, uključujući i krajiški
prostor, bez obzira na etnokonfesionalnu pripadnost.
Kada je riječ o ratovanju izvan Ugarsko-hrvatskoga
Kraljevstva, koje je započelo vrlo brzo nakon završetka
Uskočkoga rata (1615. – 1617.), broj hrvatskih vojnika
eksponencijalno je rastao. Čini se kako je na samome
početku angažirano nekoliko stotina hrvatskih vojnika,
da bi već 1626., nakon što je minula prijetnja od ugar-
skih ustanika, u carskome logoru prisutno već 2400 hr-
vatskih konjanika. Njihov se broj do sredine tridesetih
godine 17. stoljeća povećao na oko desetak tisuća ko-
njanika. Također, treba napomenuti kako je, barem
u pojedinim fazama, u ratu sudjelovao i još uvijek
neutvrđen broj pješaka, kojih prema nekim indicijama
također nije bilo malo. Takvo masovno učešće s
jedne je strane posljedica intenzivnoga novačenja na
8 9
structure of the Croatian units and the issue of overem- hrvatskome prostoru, protiv čega je Hrvatsko-slavonski Parliament protested in 1632, 1633, 1634 and 1636, and on
phasized accusations of atrocities thrown at ‘Croats’ make sabor protestirao 1632., 1633., 1634. i 1636., a s druge the other hand of including soldiers of other nationalities
only few of the topics still not properly illuminated or com- strane uključivanja među „Hrvate” vojnika drugih narod- among ‘the Croats’ (Hungarians, Poles, Cossacks, Germans
pletely unresearched. In the same manner, due to the fact nosti (Ugra, Poljaka, Kozaka, Nijemca itd.). Kada je 1632. etc). When in 1632 Colonel Luka Hrastovački was sent to
that in the domestic historiography, with the exception of pukovnik Luka Hrastovački poslan da novači na hrvats- recruit on the Croatian territory, the Parliament protested
few areas and subjects, the 17th century has been fairly un- kome prostoru, Sabor je protestirao navodeći kako već by stating that thousands already are waging war outside
researched, it is still quite unknown what sort of political, tisuće ratuju izvan zemlje, koja je pak pogođena prošlo- the country, the latter itself being stricken with the last-
social, economic, demographic and other consequences godišnjom gladi i ugrožena od Osmanlija i Ugra. No, year famine and endangered from the Ottomans and the
occurred as the result of Thirty Years’ War in the Kingdom novačenje se nastavilo unatoč stalnoj osmanskoj prijetnji. Hungarians. Still, the recruitment continued despite the
of Croatia and Slavonia as part of Lands of the Crown of permanent Ottoman threat.
Saint Stephen with a Habsburg king as a ruler. Hrvatski vojnici ubrzo su se istaknuli specifičnim stilom
ratovanja koji se oblikovao u višestoljetnim sukobima, ali Soon the Croatian soldiers became renowned for their spe-
Research of the role of Croatian troops in the Thirty Years’ i interakcijama s Osmanlijama, pa su se postrojbe takva cific style of warfare that was formed during centuries of
War is also made more difficult by the fact that all relevant profila počele pojavljivati i u sastavu savezničkih, ali i u conflicts and also in interactions with the Ottomans, hence
domestic archives store relatively small amount of original sastavu neprijateljske francuske vojske. Štoviše, pojam troops of that kind began to appear as part of both the al-
records pertaining to this subject. The war took place on „Hrvat” sve je više mijenjao značenje – od oznake (samo) lied and the opposing French army. Moreover, the term
a wider middle-European area and for conducting serious za vojnike s hrvatskoga prostora, sve više prema generičkoj ‘Croat’ more and more changed its meaning – from des-
research it is necessary to consult archival records kept in oznaci za specifični rod vojske – laku konjicu. Čarkanje, ignating (only) the soldiers from the Croatian territory to
the institutions in Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hun- pustošenja, opstrukcije opskrbnih linija, izviđanje iza the more generic denotation for a specific service branch
gary, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, France etc. i.e. all the neprijateljskih linija, započinjanje sukoba ili njegovo – light cavalry. Skirmishing, devastations, obstructing the
territories where Croatian troops were active. okončavanje, bile su njihove primarne zadaće, koje su supply lines, going on patrol behind the enemy lines, start-
usavršili na vječno nemirnome osmanskom pograničju. ing conflicts or their termination, those were their primary
And they practically waged war on all battlefields of the war – Stoga možemo konstatirati kako su se pogranični principi tasks, which they perfected in the eternally unquiet Otto-
from Baltic to Bavaria, from northern Italy to the present-day ratovanja s velikim uspjehom i medijskim odjekom prese- man frontier area. Hence, we can claim that the frontier
Netherlands, from the Hungarian battlefield to north-east lili iz periferije u centralni europski prostor. principle of warfare moved with great and resounding
France, as far as the suburb of Paris itself. Still, it should be success from the fringes to central European area.
pointed out that in the 1619, the 1620s and the 1640is mil- Kuriozitet je izazivao i njihov izgled – odora, oprema,
itary troops of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia partici- oružje – koji se također formirao pod snažnim os- Their appearance also provoked curiosity – their uniform,
pated in great numbers and also within the valid institutional manskim utjecajem. Standardno su se nosili dugački baggage and weapon – also formed under the strong
framework of the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia against
the Hungarian rebels, the latter being Ottoman allies. In the
same manner, the frontier populace from the Slavonian,
Hrvatski državni arhiv, izložba Tko su bili ti „strašni Hrvati”?
Croatian and Littoral frontier massively participated in these 10. travnja - 7. lipnja 2018.
conflicts within the specific frontier- institutional framework.
As part of the military troops fighting in the Empire i.e. across Croatian State Archives, exhibition Who Were Those “Terrible Croats”?
10 April - 7 June 2018
the European continent they mostly went into service as a
sort of hired men, although it is difficult to precisely elaborate
on their status without further research i.e. whether they can
be put in the mercenary category or not. In both cases, how-
ever, despite their ethnic/confessional affiliation the soldiers
from the area of the entire Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia
participated, including the frontier area.
Regarding waging of war outside the Kingdom of Hunga-
ry and Croatia that began very soon after the end of the
Uskok War (1615-1617), the number of Croatian soldiers
grew exponentially. It appears that several hundred of Cro-
atian soldiers were engaged at the very beginning, where-
as already in 1626 there were already 2400 Croatian horse-
men present at the Imperial camp, after the threat from
the Hungarian rebels subsided. By the mid-1630s their
number expanded to around ten thousand horsemen.
It should also be mentioned that at least in some phases
of the war a still undetermined number of foot soldiers
participated, that number not being negligible according
to some estimates. This massive participation is on one
hand the consequence of the intensive recruitment on the
Croatian territory, against which the Croatian-Slavonian

kaputi obrubljeni krznom, jakne i modre, tamne ili
crvene dolame ispod kojih su nosili košulju i prsluk,
crvene hlače ukrašene srebrnim gumbima i srebrnim,
zlatnim i crnim gajtanima te crvenu ili crnu kabanicu.
Nadalje, nosili su krznene kape sa zataknutim perom
ili čelenke. Oko pasa nosili su kožne remene na koji
bi objesili sablju, a preko svileni ili platneni pojas. Što
se tiče oklopa i kaciga, njih su rjeđe nosili, iako se na
nekim prikazima pojavljuju i s kacigama na glavama.
Tijekom Tridesetogodišnjega rata bilo je zapravo malo
velikih bitaka jer zaraćene strane uglavnom nisu že-
ljele riskirati teške poraze, pa su se najčešće borile onda
kada bi imale jasnu brojčanu prednost ili čvrstu defen-
zivnu poziciju, odnosno kada bi na to bile primorane.
Između bitaka su se pak odvijali mnogobrojni manji
sukobi, prepadi, raznorazna čarkanja, što je bilo po-
godno tlo za nastanak fame o „Hrvatima”. Laka hrvatska
konjica terorizirala je lokalno stanovništvo pojavljujući
se iznenada i nestajući jednako brzo, pa je ubrzo naziv
„Hrvat” postao sinonimom za pljačku i nasilje.
Zaista, hrvatsko ime postalo je tada, kao rijetko kada
u našoj povijesti, prepoznatljivo na europskoj razini, te
su hrvatske postrojbe koje su, s dosta uspjeha ili barem
publiciteta krstarile Europom, otvorile vrata uvođe-
nju hrvatskih odreda na dvorove europskih vladara –
u Dresdenu, Münchenu, Parizu, da spomenemo naj-
poznatije. Kada tomu pridodamo kravatu, koja se s
pariškoga dvora proširila diljem svijeta, tada već i ove
kratke natuknice pokazuju na koliko je razina sudjelo-
vanje hrvatskih postrojba u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu
relevantno na međunarodnoj razini, što svakako treba
znati prezentirati i iskoristiti.
Tridesetogodišnji rat ulazi u red najbrutalnijih sukoba
koji su zadesili njemačke zemlje, a u kojemu je prema
suvremenim procjenama stradalo do dvadeset posto
ukupnoga stanovništva. Iako nisu svi krajevi bili jed-
nako pogođeni, dugotrajne ratne operacije ostavile su
dramatične društvene posljedice na njemačkome, ali
i širemu srednjoeuropskom prostoru. Onodobna svje-
dočanstva prepuna su slika ekstremnoga nasilja ko-
jemu je bilo izloženo civilno stanovništvo – koje je
bilo najviše pogođeno ratom. Upravo su hrvatski
10
Hrvatski državni arhiv, izložba Tko su bili ti „strašni Hrvati”?
10. travnja - 7. lipnja 2018.
Croatian State Archives, exhibition Who Were Those “Terrible Croats”?
10 April - 7 June 2018
Ottoman influence. Their standard uniform included long
coats edged with fur, jackets and blue, dark or red dolmans
under which they wore a shirt and a waistcoat, red trou-
sers adorned with silver buttons and silver, gold and black
braids, and red or black raincoats. Furthermore, they wore
fur hats with a feather or helmet plumes. Around their
waist they wore leather belts on which they would fasten
their sabres and over it silk or linen. Regarding their armour
and helmets, they did not use them often, even though
some depictions show them with helmets.
During the Thirty Years’ War there were few great battles,
because the belligerent sides mostly did not want to risk
heavy defeats, so they would more often fought when
they had clear numerical superiority or firm defensive po-
sition i.e. when they were forced to. Between battles there
were numerous minor conflicts, surprise attacks, various
skirmishes, which provided fertile ground for the creation
of the myth about ‘Croats’. The light Croatian cavalry ter-
rorized the local populace by appearing suddenly and
disappearing equally swiftly, hence soon the word ‘Croat’
became synonymous with pillaging and violence.
Indeed, the Croatian name became at that time, as rarely
before in our history, recognizable on the European level,
and the Croatian troops that were with lot of success or at
least publicity roaming Europe opened the door to intro-
ducing the Croatian detachments to courts of European
rulers – in Dresden, Munich and Paris, to name just the
best known. Adding the necktie to all this, which spread
from the Parisian court throughout the world, means that
even these short pointers demonstrate that the level of
participation of the Croatian troops in the Thirty Years’ War
was relevant on the international level, which we certainly
need to know how to present and use.
The Thirty Years’War is ranked as one of the most brutal con-
flicts to befall German lands, claiming the lives of up to twen-
ty percent of the total populace according to modern esti-
mates. Even though not all parts were equally affected, the
long-time war operations left behind dramatic consequenc-
es not only on German, but also on wider middle-European
area. The contemporary testimonies are filled with images of
extreme violence civilians were exposed to, being the part
of populace most affected by the war. It were the Croatian
vojnici bili na glasu kao vrlo okrutni, iako treba nagla-
siti kako je takva fama, odnosno izdvajanje „Hrvata”
između svih ostalih, u stanovitoj mjeri neopravdana
jer su i vojnici svih vojska bez obzira na porijeklo i
narodnost činili jednako okrutna djela. Onodobna
društva bila su ionako izložena raznim oblicima nasi-
lja, što se u ratnim okolnostima dodatno intenzivi-
ralo. Uostalom, s obzirom na to da je vojskama stal-
no nedostajalo vojnika, puno toga im se i toleriralo,
što pak nije imalo pozitivan učinak na vojničku stegu.
Ipak, hrvatski vojnici zaista jesu bili skloni pljački i pus-
tošenju, iako je svakako bilo mnogo pretjerivanja i/ili
generaliziranja kojim se difamiralo hrvatske vojnike. U
kontekstu protestantske propagandističke literature
osobito se ističe djelo Engleza Philipa Vincenta, The
Lamentations of Germany (London, 1638.), publikacija
prepuna primjera ekstremne brutalnosti i nečovječna
postupanja katoličke strane. To je djelo do krajnjih
granica demoniziralo katoličku stranu, među kojima
je posebno naglašen barbarizam i divljaštvo „Hrvata”.
Tako se u knjizi osobito ističe strahovit prikaz hrvat-
skoga vojnika koji jede dijete, čime se nastavlja
diskreditirati „Hrvate” optužujući ih za bešćutna uboj-
stva i kanibalizam. Ništa manje nije grozan opis hr-
vatskih konjanika – „koji su se trudili mnogo da nauče
svoje konje ne samo da ubijaju ljude, nego i da jedu
ljudsko i kršćansko meso, te su se savjetovali kako
pronaći što rjeđe, okrutnije i ekstremnije metode
mučenja.” Ipak, i autor je bio svjestan kako dobar dio
„Hrvata” uopće nije bio hrvatskoga porijekla, pa navo-
di kako „desetina ih nije iz te zemlje (Hrvatske op. a.),
nego su mješavina raznih stranih naroda, bez Boga,
bez vjere te posjeduju tek vanjštinu čovjeka, a i to
rijetko.”
Hrvatski vojnici apostrofirani su i kao glavni protago-
nisti destrukcije i pokolja stanovništva u prosperitet-
nome saskom gradu Magdeburgu u svibnju 1631.
U tome grozomornom činu, koji je stajao života do
Hrvatski državni arhiv, izložba Tko su bili ti „strašni Hrvati”?
10. travnja - 7. lipnja 2018.
Croatian State Archives, exhibition Who Were Those “Terrible Croats”?
10 April - 7 June 2018
11
soldiers who were said to be very cruel, however, it should
be emphasized that this myth i.e. isolating Croats among all
the rest is unjustified to a certain extent, because soldiers of
all armies, no matter what their descent and nationality was,
committed equal cruelties. Societies of the time were already
exposed to various forms of violence, which became more
intensified in wartime circumstances. In any case, bearing
in mind that armies were in constant lack of soldiers, it was
more than usual to turn a blind eye, which did not have a
positive effect on the military discipline. However, there is no
doubt that Croatian soldiers were indeed inclined to pillag-
ing and ravaging, even though there was certainly a lot of ex-
aggeration and/or generalization that defamed Croatian sol-
diers. In the context of the protestant propaganda literature
the work of the Englishman Philip Vincent, The Lamentations
of Germany (London, 1638) has a special place, being filled
with examples of extreme brutality and inhuman treatment
by the catholic side. This publication demonised the catholic
side to the utmost, among which barbarism and savagery of
‘Croats’ were particularly emphasized. Hence the book par-
ticularly emphasizes the dreadful depiction of a Croatian sol-
dier eating a baby, continuing in that way to discredit Croats,
accusing them for heartless murders and cannibalism. Every
bit as much ghastly is the description of Croatian horsmen
– ‘who very much tried to learn their horses not only to kill
people, but also to eat human and Christian flesh and they
conferred among themselves how to find the rarest, cruel-
lest, and the most extreme methods of torture.’ Still, the au-
thor himself was aware that a large number of ‘Croats’ were
not at all of Croatian descent, so he states that ‘one tenth is
not from that country (i.e. Croatia, author’s comment), but
are a mixture of various foreign nations, without a God, with-
out a religion and they only look human from the outside,
even that being rare.’
The Croatian soldiers were also singled out as main pro-
tagonists of the destruction and massacre of population
in the prosperous Saxon city of Magdeburg in May 1631.
In this monstrous act, which took the lives of as many as

20 000 ljudi, hrvatski su odredi činili tek mali dio od
dvadesetak tisuća vojnika katoličke strane, no upravo
je jedan hrvatski odred s kapetanom Šafarićem na čelu
preko rijeke Labe, a kroz jedna sporedna vrata, prvi
upao u grad i zatim otvorio druga veća vrata kroz koja
je nahrupio ostatak carske vojske.
Hrvatske postrojbe bile su savršeni primjer „drugo-
sti” – nemilosrdnih i neuobičajeno odjevenih stranaca
s europske periferije, koji su ne samo izgledali, nego su
se i ponašali gore nego „Turci”. Slika hrabrih, ali brutal-
nih vojnika duboko se utisnula u memoriju stradaloga
njemačkog stanovništva, ušavši u njihove predaje i re-
gionalne historije. Taj motiv pronašao je svoje mjesto
i u književnosti, pa i kod velikana pisane riječi, poput
Friedricha Schillera. Možda je stoga sada, četiristo godi-
na nakon početka ovoga dramatičnog sukoba, vrijeme
da hrvatska historiografija započne odgovarati na sva
ta pitanja koja su ostala nakon ove vrlo zanimljive i eu-
ropski relevantne epizode naše povijesti.
Na izložbi Tko su bili ti „strašni Hrvati”? izložen je repre-
zentativan izbor reprodukcija arhivskoga, bibliotečnoga
i likovnoga gradiva o hrvatskim postrojbama u Tridese-
togodišnjemu ratu, pohranjenoga u Hrvatskome držav-
nom arhivu u Zagrebu, Hrvatskom povijesnom muzeju
u Zagrebu, Metropolitanskoj knjižnici Zagrebačke Nad-
biskupije u Zagrebu, Austrijskome državnom arhivu u
Beču, Arhivu Republike Slovenije u Ljubljani, Vojnopo-
vijesnome muzeju u Beču i Vojnome muzeju u Stock-
holmu. Treba apostrofirati kako je zbog stanja istraženo-
sti i kompleksnosti teme rakurs primarno hrvatski, što
podrazumijeva da se nakon kratkoga uvoda u širi kon-
tekst, izloženi materijal ponajprije fokusira na hrvatsku
komponentu unutar Tridesetogodišnjega rata.
U konceptualnome pogledu izložbom su naglašena tri
aspekta sudjelovanja hrvatskih jedinica u navedenome
sukobu:
• vojni aspekt djelovanja hrvatskih jedinica
• društvene posljedice djelovanja hrvatskih jedini-
ca na prostoru zemalja Svetoga Rimskog Carstva
Njemačke Narodnosti, odnosno, pitanje nasilja iska-
zanoga prema lokalnome stanovništvu
• biografije pojedinih zapovjednika
12
Hrvatski državni arhiv, izložba Tko su bili ti „strašni Hrvati”?
10. travnja - 7. lipnja 2018.
Croatian State Archives, exhibition Who Were Those “Terrible Croats”?
10 April - 7 June 2018
20000 people, the Croatian troops were just one small part
of the twenty thousand soldiers on the Catholic side, but
it was a Croatian detachment headed by Captain Šafarić
that first invaded the city across the Elbe River and then
opened the second bigger door through which the rest of
the Imperial army burst in.
The Croatian troops were the perfect example of ‘other-
ness’ – merciless and unusually dressed foreigners from
the European fringes who not only looked but also acted
worse than ‘the Turks’. The image of brave, but also brutal
soldiers remained etched in the memory of the suffering
German populace, finding its way into their folk stories and
regional histories. This motif also found its place in litera-
ture, including the literary greats such as Friedrich Schiller.
Perhaps now, four hundred years after this dramatic con-
flict began, the time has come for the Croatian historiog-
raphy to start answering all those questions that remain
from this very interesting and on the level of Europe very
relevant episode of our history.
The exhibition Who Were Those “Terrible Croats”? presents
representative selection of reproductions of archival, li-
brary- and visual art records pertaining to the Croatian
troops in the Thirty Years’ War, stored at the Croatian State
Archives in Zagreb, the Croatian History Museum in Za-
greb, the Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Za-
greb iz Zagreb, the Austrian State Archives in Vienna, Ar-
chives of the Republic of Slovenia in Ljubljana, Museum
of Military History in Vienna and the Military Museum in
Stockholm. It should be emphasized that due to the state
of research and the complexity of the subject the view-
point is primarily a Croatian one, which means that after
a short introduction into the wider context the exhibited
material is primarily focused on the Croatian component
within the Thirty Years’ War.
Regarding the concept, the exhibition emphasizes three
aspects of the participation of Croatian units in this conflict:
• military aspect of participation of Croatian units
• social consequences of Croatian troops’ activities on the
territory of the lands of the Holy Roman Empire of the
German Nation i.e. the issue of violence shown towards
the local populace
• biographies of individual commanders
Nakon uvoda i kronologije slijede panoi koji donose
izbor gradiva o sudjelovanju hrvatskih jedinica u po-
jedinim fazama rata. Zatim slijede teme o problem-
atici brojnosti hrvatskih postrojbi, vojnim karakter-
istikama i izgledu, te kontroverzne teme o pitanju
porijekla „Hrvata” te nasilju i bestijalnosti hrvatskih voj-
nika. Uvriježenu predodžbu o „strašnim” i nasilnim Hr-
vatima svakako u budućnosti treba kontekstualizirati i
minuciozno analizirati. Zadnja tri panoa posvećena su
biografijama istaknutih pojedinaca koji su zapovijedali
ili služili u hrvatskim postrojbama.
Konačno, u vrtlogu svakoga povijesnog procesa
uvijek i svugdje prožimaju se bezbrojne ljudske sud-
bine, od kojih će buduća pokoljenja pamtiti tek vrlo
malen, gotovo neznatan broj. U hrvatskim postrojba-
ma služilo je na tisuće ljudi, domaćega i stranoga pori-
jekla, i njihove će osobne priče uglavnom zauvijek os-
tati skrivene pod nanosima povijesti. Čak i o nekolicini
odabranih koje je povijest prema već određenome
ključu upamtila, ostali su tek fragmenti osobne po-
vijesti na temelju kojih povjesničari konstruiraju priče.
A i ti su fragmenti kao uostalom i ljudi često kontra-
diktorni i višeznačni. Petar Keglević je jedan od onih
koji je već samim svojim statusom bio predodređen
za historiografsko istraživanje. Grof, vojskovođa, pri-
padnik elite koji je jedini, koliko znamo, ostavio za-
pis o sudjelovanju u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu – i to
vrlo šturo, u poslije sastavljenome ljetopisu. Nekoliko
rečenica, par zapovjednika i patenta za podizanje voj-
ske, odlazak pa povratak, pa ponovno odlazak, pokoje
mjesto i dva pod njime prostrijeljena konja. Vrlo sažet
upis o višegodišnjemu sudjelovanju u dramatičnome
europskom sukobu, koji je iza sebe ostavio more
stradalih. Što je Keglević bio njegovim vojnicima, što
je predstavljao njemačkomu stanovništvu, a što svo-
jim podanicima na zagorskim imanjima? Jedan te
isti čovjek može biti pukovnik i cijenjeni vojskovođa
u jednome trenutku, kukavica ili izdajnik u drugome,
jednom nemilosrdan, drugi put samilostan, može biti
jedva dočekan saveznik te tisuću puta prokleti okupa-
tor. Gradonačelnik jednoga njemačkog gradića, u ko-
jemu je između ostalih boravio i Keglević, piše kako
od toga barbarskog naroda, dakle Hrvata, nije bilo
pomoći. Kako su naricali za ubijenim ili zarobljenim
muževima i sinovima, odvedenim ženama, kćerima,
sestrama. Slika koju ta perspektiva pruža dijabolična
je, bez obzira na činjeničnost. Keglević je za to okvirno
razdoblje u svojemu ljetopisu pak zabilježio kako poče-
li su zidati v Loboru one nove hiže, pod kemi je odozdol
kuhinja, ka je z dreva prvlje bila, junačka, hiža. Poslije je
u svojemu zapisu naveo kako zgotovili su novo hižo, to
je to novi marof pod Oštrcom gradom. Slika koju na te-
melju Keglevića upisa stvaramo, slika je poduzetnoga
i odgovornoga vlastelina. Stvarne relacije između tih
oprečnih perspektiva možda nikada nećemo u pot-
punosti utvrditi, ali barem možemo pokušati. Ova je
izložba tek malen korak u tome smjeru.
13
The introduction and chronology are followed by boards
that show the selected records on participation of Croatian
units in individual war phases. This is followed by topics on
issues of numerosity of Croatian troops, military charac-
teristics and appearance, as well as controversial topics on
issues of origin of ‘the Croats’ and violence and bestiality of
Croatian soldiers. The inveterate image about ‘terrible’ and
violent Croats has to be contextualized and meticulously
analysed in the future. The last three boards are dedicated
to biographies of renowned individuals who commanded
or served in Croatian troops.
Finally, the whirlwind of each historical process is always
and everywhere imbued with numerous human fates, of
which the future generations will remember only a tiny,
almost negligible number. Thousands of people served
in Croatian troops, both of domestic and foreign origin
and their personal stories will mostly forever remain hid-
den under the detritus of history. Even the few selected
ones remembered by history according to the specific
rule remained nothing but fragments of personal history
upon which historians construct their stories. These frag-
ments, just like people themselves, are often contradic-
tory and ambiguous. Petar Keglević is one of those men
who were predestined for historiographical research by
their mere status. A count, military leader, member of
the elite, who, as far as we know, is the only one who
left written trace on his participation in the Thirty Years’
War, albeit a meagre one, in form of a later written chron-
icle. Several sentences, few commanders and patents to
raise the army, going away and returning afterwards,
few places and two horses that were shot underneath
him. A very short entry on many years of participation
in the dramatic European conflict that left behind a sea
of perished. What was Keglević to his soldiers, what did
he represent to the German populace and what to his
subjects on the estates in Zagorje? One and the same
individual can be a colonel and esteemed military leader
in one moment or a traitor in the next one, once merci-
less, the other time compassionate, he can be a barely
awaited ally and an occupier who had been cursed a
thousand times. The mayor of one small German town
where among others Keglević also stayed writes that
from that barbaric nation i.e. the Croats, there was no
help. How they lamented the husbands that were killed
or captured, wives, daughters and sisters that were tak-
en away. The image given by this perspective is diabol-
ical, regardless of its factuality. Keglević for this general
period wrote in his chronicle that they started to build
this new house in Lobor, the one that had a kitchen be-
neath it; the latter was first built from wood, a heroic house.
He stated later in his chronicle that They finished a new
house; that is a new farmstead beneath the town of Oštrc.
The image that we get based on Keglević’s entry is that
of the enterprising and responsible squire. The real rela-
tions between these different perspectives will perhaps
never be completely ascertained, but we can at least try.
This exhibition presents one small step in that direction.
 UVOD
Introduction
Tridesetogodišnji rat bio je veliki europski sukob koji je
trajao od 1618. do 1648., a u kojemu je posredno i nepo-
sredno sudjelovao niz onodobnih europskih država –
Sveto Rimsko Carstvo Njemačke Narodnosti, Kraljevina
Španjolska, Kneževina Erdelj, Kraljevina Danska, Kra-
ljevina Švedska, Kraljevina Francuska, Engleska, Ujedi-
njene Provincije, Ugarsko-hrvatsko Kraljevstvo itd. Rat
se u uglavnom vodio na prostoru središnje Europe, od-
nosno na prostoru Svetoga Rimskog Carstva Njemačke
Narodnosti, ali se ulaskom drugih država u rat sukob
proširio i na susjedna područja – Ugarsko Kraljevstvo,
Kraljevinu Francusku, Ujedinjene Pokrajine, sjevernu
Italiju, pa čak i na kolonijalne posjede zaraćenih strana.
Povod za rat načelno treba tražiti u antagonizmu između
katolika i protestanata unutar samoga Carstva, no stvar-
ni su uzroci puno kompleksniji te su povezani s različitim
interesima i odnosima između zaraćenih država te pita-
njima političke dominacije u širemu europskom okviru.
Nakon desetljeća nesuglasja i konfrontacija između
Neposredan povod ratu bila je na ovoj grafici prikazana tzv. (Druga) Praška
defenestracija od 23. svibnja 1618. kada su pobunjeni češki staleži bacili kroz
prozor dvora u Pragu trojicu carskih dužnosnika. Ipak, sva su trojica preživjela
pad s dvadesetak metara visine jer su pali u gradski jarak pun smeća, što je
ublažilo njihov pad. U naknadnim tumačenjima i propagandnim spisima to se
čudo pripisivalo intervenciji anđela koji su ih spustili sigurno na zemlju.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 18
14
The Thirty Years’ War was a great European conflict that took
place from 1618 to 1648, with the direct and indirect par-
ticipation of numerous European states of that time – Holy
Roman Empire of the German Nation, Kingdom of Spain,
Principality of Transylvania, Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom
of Sweden, Kingdom of France, England, United Provinces,
Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia etc. The war was mostly
waged in Central Europe i.e. the territory of the Holy Roman
Empire of the German Nation, but with the entry of other
states the conflict expanded to neighbouring areas – King-
dom of Hungary, Kingdom of France, United Provinces,
northern Italy and even colonies of the belligerent sides.
The cause of the war can be principally found in the antago-
nism between Catholics and Protestants within the Empire,
but the actual causes are more complex and connected
to various interests and relations between the belligerent
states, as well as to questions of political domination within
the wider European framework.
After a decade of discord and confrontation between
Suvremeni prikaz Europe u razdoblju Tridesetogodišnjega rata. The contemporary illustration of Europe in the period of the Thirty Years’War.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Thea- The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference num-
trum Europaeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., lit. A, str. 1 ber 9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, lit. A, p. 1
The direct cause of the war was the so-called (Second) Defenestration of Prague on
23 May 1618, shown on this graphic, when the rebelled Bohemian estates threw
three imperial officials out of the window of the Prague castle. Still, all three of them
survived the fall of 20 meters, because they fell in the town moat full of rubbish,
which broke their fall. Subsequent interpretations and propaganda documents
credited this miracle to angelic intervention putting them down safely to earth.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number 9322,
Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 18
Suvremeni prikaz srednje i istočne Europe u razdoblju Trideseto- The contemporary illustration of Middle and Eastern Europe in the
godišnjega rata. period of the Thirty Years’ War.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Thea- The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference num-
trum Europaeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., lit. A, str. 1 ber 9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, lit. A, p. 1
15

katolika i protestanata u Carstvu, oružani sukob eskali-
rao je u Češkome Kraljevstvu, gdje su pobunjeni pro-
testantski češki staleži, nezadovoljni postupanjem cara
u sukobima između katolika i protestanata u Češkoj,
bacili kroz prozor trojicu carskih dužnosnika. Taj čin te
izbor falačkoga kneza izbornika Friedricha za češkoga
kralja pokrenuo je spiralu sukoba koja se ubrzo pretvo-
rila u rat širokih razmjera.
S katoličke strane nalazio se car, odnosno Habsburška
kuća potpomognuta svojim habsburškim rođacima,
vladarima Kraljevine Španjolske, zatim bavarski voj-
voda Maksimilijan kao predvodnik Katoličke lige te
katolički knezovi Carstva. S druge strane stajali su pro-
testantski knezovi u Carstvu te njihovi strani saveznici:
Kneževina Erdelj, Kraljevina Danska, Kraljevina Šved-
ska, Kraljevina Engleska, Ujedinjene Provincije, ali i ka-
tolička Kraljevina Francuska.
Sam rat dijeli se na četiri faze – Češku i Falačku fazu
(1618. – 1625.), Dansku (1625. – 1629.), Švedsku fazu
(1630. – 1635.) te Švedsko-francusku fazu (1635. – 1648.).
U prvim dvjema fazama rata sukob je imao izraženiju
konfesionalnu dimenziju, ili barem pokriće, dok je od
tridesetih godina 17. stoljeća, odnosno nakon ulaska
Kraljevine Švedske, a osobito nakon stupanja u rat star-
oga habsburškog rivala, katoličke Kraljevine Francuske,
konfesionalni aspekt pao u drugi plan, ali i dalje ostaje
izrazito važno sredstvo mobiliziranja zaraćenih strana.
Iako je carska strana trijumfirala u prvim dvjema fazama
ratovanja, tijekom Švedske faze, protestantska je strana
bila poprilično uspješna na bojnome polju. Nastavkom
rata i ulaskom Kraljevine Francuske u sukob te unatoč
nekoliko velikih poraza carske strane, rat se prometnuo
u iscrpljivanje snaga. Konačno, nakon dugih pregovora
potpisan je Vestfalski mir 1648., čime je ustrojen novi
europski politički poredak, koji će potrajati sve do rato-
va s revolucionarnom Francuskom krajem 18. stoljeća.
Tridesetogodišnji rat bio je i jedan od najbrutalnijih
europskih sukoba. Stanovništvo je demografski teško
stradalo, cijele su regije devastirane, opetovano je
dolazilo do izbijanja gladi i raznih epidemija, nasilje je
bilo sveprisutno, a države su bankrotirale.
Na ovoj izložbi prezentirani su osnovni podatci te tre-
nutno dostupno arhivsko, bibliotečno, kartografsko i
slikovno gradivo o istaknutome sudjelovanju hrvat-
skih vojnika u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu. Izložba je
morala biti strukturirana na jednostavan i pregledan
način, ne samo radi primarnoga fokusa na izvorno
gradivo, nego i zbog činjenice kako je u hrvatskoj his-
toriografiji ova tema vrlo slabo istražena, pa su mnogi
aspekti djelovanja Hrvata u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu
još uvijek u uglavnom, pa čak i sasvim neistraženi. Ta
konstatacija odnosi se i na događaje i aktivnosti Hr-
vata na europskim ratištima, ali i na njihovu internu
problematiku. Pitanje porijekla hrvatskih vojnika pa
i časnika, njihove biografije i ratni put, sociopolitički
status i službe unutar Hrvatsko-slavonskoga, od-
nosno Ugarskoga Kraljevstva, broj unovačenih ili
16
Catholics and Protestants in the Empire, the armed conflict
escalated in the Kingdom of Bohemia, where the rebelled
protestant Bohemian estates, unsatisfied with the Emper-
or’s actions in the Catholic-Protestant conflict in Bohemia,
defenestrated three imperial officials. This act, together
with the election of Frederick V of the Palatinate as King of
Bohemia, set in motion the conflict that soon turned into a
war of wide proportions.
On the Catholic side there was the Emperor i.e. the
Habsburg ruling house supported by its Habsburg rela-
tives, rulers of the Kingdom of Spain, together with the Ba-
varian duke Maximilian as the representative of the Catho-
lic League, as well as the Catholic dukes of the Empire. On
the other side stood the Protestant dukes in the Empire and
their foreign allies: Principality of Transylvania, Kingdom of
Denmark, Kingdom of Sweden, England, United Provinces,
but also the Catholic Kingdom of France.
The war itself is divided into four phases – the Bohemian
and the Palatinate Phase (1618 – 1625), the Danish Phase
(1625 – 1629), the Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635) and the
Swedish-French Phase (1635 – 1648).
In the first two phases the war conflict had a more pro-
nounced confessional dimension or at least a cover, whereas
from the 1630is i.e. after the entry of the Kingdom of Sweden
and particularly after the entry of the old Catholic rival of the
Habsburgs, the Catholic Kingdom of France, the confessional
aspect ended up in the background, but remained a particu-
larly important instrument for mobilising the belligerent sides.
Even though the imperial side was triumphant in the first two
phases of the war, the protestant side was rather successful on
the battlefield during the Swedish Phase. The continuation
of the war and the entry of the Kingdom of France, despite
several heavy defeats of the imperial side, meant that conflict
turned into the war of attrition. Finally, the Peace of Westphalia
was signed after long negotiations in 1648, shaping the new
European order that will last until the wars with the revolution-
ary France at the end of the 18th century.
The Thirty Years’ War was also one of the most brutal Euro-
pean conflicts. The population took heavy demographical
casualties, the entire regions were devastated, famine and
various epidemics repeatedly occurred, violence was omni-
present and states went bankrupt.
This exhibition presents the basic information and cur-
rently available archival, library, cartographic and pictori-
al records about the prominent participation of Croatian
soldiers in the Thirty Years’ War. The exhibition had to be
structured in a simple and well laid out manner, not only
because of the primary focus on the original records,
but also due to the fact that this subject has been quite
unresearched by the Croatian historiography, and many
aspects of Croats’ activity in the Thirty Years’ War are still
mostly and even totally unresearched. This statement
concerns not only the events and the activities of Croats
on European battlefields, but also their intern problems.
The question of Croatian soldiers’ origin, as well as officers,
their biographies and war experience, socio-political sta-
tus and service within the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia/
Ferdinand II. (9. 7. 1578. – 15. 2. 1637.) Car Svetoga Rimskog Carstva Njemačke
Narodnosti (1619. – 1637.), češki kralj (1617. – 1619., 1620. – 1637.) i ugarsko-hr-
vatski kralj (1618. – 1625.). Ferdinand je bio gorljivi katolik, koji je nastojao suzbiti
protestantizam i obnoviti primat katoličanstva, što je pak dodatno raspirilo sukobe.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 187
Ferdinand II (9. 7. 1578 – 15. 2. 1637). Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the
German Nation (1619 – 1637), king of Bohemia (1617 – 1619, 1620 – 1637) and
king of Hungary and Croatia (1618 – 1625). Ferdinand was an ardent catho-
lic who tried to supress Protestantism and renew the primacy of Catholicism,
which additionally intensified the conflicts.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 187
mobiliziranih vojnika s hrvatskoga prostora, narodno-
sni sastav hrvatskih postrojbi, problematika prena-
glašenih optužaba za bestijalnost upućene „Hrvatima”,
samo su neke teme koje još uvijek nisu adekvatno ra-
svijetljene ili su pak sasvim neistražene. Jednako tako,
s obzirom na to da je u domaćoj historiografiji, s izu-
zetkom nekih područja i tema, 17. stoljeća dosta slabi-
je istraženo, još uvijek nije u dostatnoj mjeri poznato
kakve su zapravo bile političke, društvene, gospodar-
ske, demografske i druge posljedice Tridesetogodi-
šnjega rata na Hrvatsko-slavonsko Kraljevstvo, kao dio
zemalja Krune Sv. Stjepana s habsburškim kraljem kao
vladarom.
Kingdom of Hungary, the number of recruited or mobi-
lised soldiers from the Croatian area, the national struc-
ture of the Croatian units and the issue of overemphasized
accusations of atrocities thrown at ‘Croats’ make only few
of the topics still not properly illuminated or completely
unresearched. In the same manner, due to the fact that
in the domestic historiography, with the exception of few
areas and subjects, the 17th century has been fairly un-
researched, it is still quite unknown what sort of political,
social, economic, demographic and other consequences
occurred as the result of the Thirty Years’ War in the King-
dom of Croatia-Slavonia as part of Lands of the Crown of
Saint Stephen with a Habsburg king as a ruler.
Ferdinand III. (13. 7. 1608. – 2. 4. 1657.) Sin Ferdinanda II., car Svetoga Rimskog
Carstva Njemačke Narodnosti (1637. – 1657.), češki kralj (1627. – 1657.) te ugar-
sko-hrvatski kralj (1625. – 1657.). Nakon Wallensteinove smrti postaje nominal-
ni zapovjednik carske vojske, a sudjelovao je i u velikoj katoličkoj pobjedi kod
Nördlingena 1634. Ferdinand je vodio pomirljiviju politiku i nastojao okončati
sukobe, što je napokon učinjeno Westfalskim mirom 1648.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. VI, Frankfurt na Majni, 1663., str. 2
Ferdinand III (13. 7. 1608. – 2. 4. 1657). Son of Ferdinand II, emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire of the German Nation (1637 – 1657), king of Bohemia (1627 –
1657) and king of Hungary and Croatia (1625 – 1657). After Wallenstein’s death
he became the nominal commander of the imperial army and also participated
in the great catholic victory at Nördlingen in 1634. Ferdinand pursued a concil-
iatory policy and endeavoured to end conflicts, which was finally done by the
Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. VI, Frankfurt am Main, 1663, p. 2
17
 KRONOLOGIJA
chronology

Hrvatsko-slavonsko Kraljevstvo i The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia

hrvatske vojne postrojbe and Croatian military troops

1615. Započeo Uskočki rat; potvrđen Žitvanski mir 1615 The Uskok War began; confirmation of the Peace of Zsitvatorok
1617. Nikola Frankopan Tržački postaje hrvatsko-slavonskim ba- 1617 Nikola Frankopan of Tržac becomes ban (viceroy) of Croatia-Slavo-
nom, Madridski mir nia; the Treaty of Madrid
1618. Ferdinand II. postaje Ugarskim kraljem; Uskoci protjerani iz 1618 Ferdinand II becomes the king of Hungary; the Uskoks are ban-
Senja ished from Senj
1619. Bethlen ulazi u Požun i saziva zajednički Sabor Ugarskog 1619 Bethlen enters Pressburg and calls into session the joint Parliament
Kraljevstva; 16. listopada staleži odlučuju ostati vjerni kući of the Kingdom of Hungary; on 16 October the estates decide to
Habsburg i proglašavaju prvu insurekciju protiv Bethlena remain faithful to the House of Habsburg and proclaim the first in-
čime se Hrvatska i Slavonija uključuju u zbivanja Trideseto- surrection against Bethlen, with which Croatia and Slavonia join the
godišnjeg rata; jedno od prvih spomena hrvatskih postrojbi events of the Thirty Years’War; one of the first mentions of Croatian
u bitci kod Zablátha gdje u sastavu Bucquoyeve vojske po- troops in the Battle of Zablati, where as part of Bucquoye’s army
bjeđuju Mansfelda they beat Mansfeld
1620. Primirje između Bethlena i Ferdinanda II.; Bethlen okrunjen 1620 The truce between Bethlen and Ferdinand II, Bethlen crowned as
za kralja; prijedlog za sklapanje konfederacije između Štajer- king; the proposition to conduct a peace treaty between Styria,
ske, Koruške i Kranjske s Hrvatskom i Slavonijom: Bethlen s Carinthia and Carniola with Croatia and Slavonia; Bethlen and his
vojskom želi prezimiti u okolici Kaniže army want to spend the winter in the vicinity of Nagykanizsa
1621. Ban Frankopan Tržački osvaja utvrdu Greben; Juraj Zrinski 1621 Ban Frankopan of Tržac captures the fort of Greben; Juraj Zrinski
ratuje u Donjoj Austriji; pojačava se obrana na Dravi, a ban wages war in Lower Austria; defences at Drava are strengthened
u slučaju potrebe može odrediti gdje će se i kada sastati in- and if necessary the ban can set when and where the insurrection
surekcijska vojska; mir u Nikolsburgu između Ferdinanda II. i armies will meet; the Peace of Mikulov between Ferdinand II and
Bethlena; osmanske provale u Koprivničku kapetaniju Bethlen; the Ottoman invasions at the Captaincy of Koprivnica
1622. Hrvati se ističu pri opsadama Heidelberga, Frankenthala i 1622 The Croats are distinguished during sieges of Frankenthal and 1634. Sabor apelira protiv novačenja i određuje novu insurekciju a list of damages caused by the Ottoman subjects
Manheima; banom postaje Juraj Zrinski, pojačavaju se osman- Manheim; Juraj Zrinski becomes ban; Ottoman invasions become protiv Osmanlija; Žigmund Rattkay odlazi u rat 1634 The Croatian Parliament appeals against recruitments and pro-
ske provale; Osmanlije provaljuju i u Ivaničku kapetaniju frequenter; the Ottomans also invade the Captaincy of Ivanić 1635. Hrvati se pojavljuju u francuskoj službi claims a new insurrection against the Ottomans; Sigismund
1623. Bethlen ponovo diže oružje na Habsburgovce; Sabor zbog 1623 Bethlen again takes up arms against the Habsburgs; due to peril 1636. Sabor apelira protiv novačenja; Hrvati ratuju u Francuskoj Rattkay goes to war
opasnosti koje prijete od Erdelja i Osmanlija nalaže da se na coming from Transylvania and the Ottomans the Croatian Parlia- 1637. Petar Keglević posljednji puta služi u carskoj vojsci; umire 1635 The Croats appear in French service
banov poziv okupi insurekcijska vojska ment orders for a second insurrectional army to be assembled on Ferdinand II. 1636 The Croatian Parliament appeals against recruitment, the Croats
1624. Mir u Beču između Ferdinanda II. i Bethlena ban’s calling 1638. Hrvati se ističu u obrani Breisacha od sasko-weimarskog wage war in France
1625. Sabor nalaže da se na banov poziv mora okupiti insurekcijska 1624 Peace of Vienna between Ferdinand II and Bethlen kneza; Žumberčani dobivaju zapovijed da svaka kuća mora 1637 Peter Keglević serves in the Imperial Army for the last time; Ferdi-
vojska za obranu od Osmanlija; Bethlen posljednji put kreće 1625 The Croatian Parliament orders the insurrectional army to assem- opremiti jednog pješaka ili konjanika; izdana brošura The nand II dies
u rat protiv kuće Habsburg; oformljena regularna pukovnija ble on ban’s calling for defence against the Ottomans; Bethlen goes Lamentations of Germany 1638 The Croats are distinguished during the defence of Breisach from
Hrvata pod zapovjedništvom Isolana; Ferdinand III. postaje to war for the last time against the House of Habsburg; the regular 1639. Umire ban Žigmund Erdödy the Prince of Saxony and Weimar; the populace of Žumberak re-
Ugarskim kraljem; obnovljen Žitvanski mir; Žigmund Erdödy regiment of Croats is formed under Isolano’s command; Ferdinand 1640. Banom postaje Ivan Drašković; umire Isolano ceive an order that every house must assemble a horseman or a
postaje kraljevinskim kapetanom III becomes king of Hungary; the Peace of Zsitvatorok is renewed; 1642. Nikola Zrinski odlazi u rat; obnovljen Žitvanski mir foot soldier; the brochure The Lamentations of Germany is released
1626. Ban Juraj Zrinski i Franjo Orehovečki odlaze u rat; umire Ban Sigismund Erdödy becomes the captain of the Kingdom 1643. Hrvati u službi Francuske u bitci kod Rocroi 1639 Ban Sigismund Erdödy dies
Juraj Zrinski; mir u Požunu između Ferdinanda II. i Bethlena: 1626 The ban Juraj Zrinski and Franjo Orehovečki go to war; death of ban 1644. György Rákóczi pokreće napad na Habsburgovce; Sabor pozi- 1640 Ivan Drašković becomes ban; Isolano dies
Vuk Frankopan postaje generalom Hrvatske krajine Juraj Zrinski; Peace of Pressburg between Ferdinand II and Bethlen: va na insurekciju 1642 Nikola Zrinski goes to war; the Peace of Zsitvatorok is renewed
1627. Banom postaje Žigmund Erdödy; Vlasi dobili kraljevo Vuk Frankopan becomes general of the Croatian Military Frontier. 1645. Kralj traži 1000 konjanika, a Sabor odbija; mir u Linzu između 1643 The Croats in French service at the Battle of Rocroi
dopuštenje da ostanu na dotadašnjim posjedima; Ferdi- 1627 Sigismund Erdödy becomes ban; Vlachs gain King’s permission to Ferdinanda III. i Rákóczija, Nikola Zrinski ponovo odlazi u rat; 1644 György Rákóczi launches an attack on the Habsburgs; the Croatian
nand III. postaje češkim kraljem remain on their earlier properties: Ferdinand III becomes king of hrvatske postrojbe sudjeluju u kratkoj okupaciji Mainza Parliament proclaims an insurrection
1629. Umire Gábor Bethlen Bohemia 1646. Sabor nalaže da se u slučaju potrebe okupi insurekcijska voj- 1645 The King asks for another 1000 horsemen, which the Croatian Par-
1631. Hrvati sudjeluju u razaranju Magdeburga 1629 Gábor Bethlen dies ska; ban Ivan Drašković odlazi u rat liament refuses; Peace of Linz between Ferdinand III and Rákóczi;
1632. Petar Keglević se priključuje carskoj vojsci; Sabor moli kralja 1631 The Croats participate in the devastation of Magdeburg 1647. Petar Zrinski i Juraj Rattkay odlaze u rat; Nikola Zrinski ime- Nikola Zrinski once again goes to war; Croatian troops participate
da ne odvodi vojnike na europska bojišta i proglašava in- 1632 Petar Keglević joins the Imperial Army; the Croatian Parliament novan banom 1646 in the brief occupation of Mainz
surekciju za obranu protiv Osmanlija; novačenja u Vojnoj pleads the King not to take soldiers to battlefields of Europe and 1648. Westfalski mir The Croatian Parliament orders that if necessary the insurrectional
krajini it proclaims the insurrection for defence against the Ottomans; re- army is assembled; ban Ivan Drašković goes to war
1633. Sabor apelira protiv novačenja i sastavlja popis šteta što su cruiting at the Military Border 1647 Petar Zrinski and Juraj Rattkay go to war; Nikola Zrinski named ban
počinili osmanski podanici 1633 The Croatian Parliament appeals against recruitment and compiles 1648 Peace of Westphalia

18 19
ceška i Falacka faza (1618. – 1625.)
The Bohemian and the
Palatinate Phase (1618 – 1625)

U prvim godinama sukoba Habsburgovci su se na
širemu regionalnom prostoru našli pritisnuti sa svih
strana. Pobuna protestanata unutar zemalja Svetoga
Rimskog Carstva Njemačke Narodnosti, ustanak Gáb-
ora Bethlena na ugarskome prostoru, pa i vječito ne-
mirno pograničje prema Osmanlijama, sve su to silnice
koje su ugrožavale opstanak habsburške dinastije, i kao
careva i kao ugarskih i čeških kraljeva. U takvom nesi-
gurnom kontekstu hrvatsko-slavonski staleži pokazali
su se bezrezervno vjerni vladajućoj dinastiji.
Tridesetogodišnji rat nadovezao se na Uskočki rat
(1615. – 1617.), pa su mnogi istaknuti carski zapovjed-
nici sa svojim postrojbama nastavili ratovati za Habsbur-
govce na novim bojištima. Već u prvim sukobima u
Češkome Kraljevstvu sudjelovale su hrvatske postrojbe
–­konjanici pod zapovjedništvom talijanskoga plemića
Gioana Lodovica Hectora Isolana te pješaci pod Jo-
hanom Jakobom von Gallenbergom, Hanibalom
During the first years of the conflict everyone was closing
in on the Habsburgs on a wider regional area. The Protes-
tant rebellion within the lands of the Holy Roman Empire,
Gábor Bethlen’s insurrection in the Hungarian territory, as
well as the eternally uneasy border-area with the Ottoman
Empire; all these lines of force jeopardized the survival of
the Habsburg dynasty, both as emperors and as kings of
Hungary and Bohemia. In this perilous context the estates
of Croatia and Slavonia proved to be whole-heartedly
faithful to the ruling dynasty.
The Thirty Years’ War was a continuation of the Uskok War
(1615 – 1617), hence many distinguished imperial com-
manders continued to wage war with their units for the
Habsburgs on new battlefields. The Croatian units partici-
pated in the very first conflicts in the Kingdom of Bohemia
– horsemen under the command of the Italian nobleman
Gioano Ludovico Hector Isolano, as well as foot-soldiers
under Johan Jakob von Gallenberg, Hanibal Arnieri and

Prikaz rasporeda carske i protestantske vojske u bitci na Bijeloj Gori kod Pra-
ga u studenome 1620., u kojoj je carska vojska odnijela odlučujuću pobjedu.
U ovome prikazu bitke, u zadnjemu redu carske vojske, nalazi se formacija
od 1000 Hrvata i Ugara. Prema dostupnim izvorima hrvatskim postrojbama
zapovijedali su Hanibal Arnieri i Nikolaus de la Nave. Postoje indicije kako su
hrvatske postrojbe noć uoči bitke napale ugarski tabor i rastjerale konje.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 461
Outline of the line-up of the imperial and protestant army at the Battle of White Moun-
tain near Prague in November 1620, when the imperial army won a decisive victory. In
this outline of the battle, at the last row of the imperial army there is a formation of 100
Croats and Hungarians. According to available sources Hanibal Arnieri and Nikolaus de
la Nave commanded the Croatian forces. There are indications that the Croatian units
attacked the Hungarian camp the night before battle and dispelled their horses.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 461
Prikaz zauzimanja glasovitog grada Heidelberga 16. rujna 1622. pri čemu su
se istakli Hrvati, koji su na konjima preplivali rijeku Neckar i upali u grad. Sam
heidelberški dvorac zauzet je par dana kasnije.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 739
Arnierijem te Nikolausom de la Naveom. Hrvatske
postrojbe prvi se put spominju u bitci kod Záblata
kod Čeških Budjejovica u lipnju 1619., zatim sudjelu-
ju u pobjedi nad pobunjenicima kod Lackenbacha u
Gradišću krajem rujna 1619., a sudjeluju i u odlučujućoj
pobjedi carske vojske protiv protestantskih ustanika u
bitci na Bijeloj Gori kod Praga u studenome 1620.
Ipak, hrvatsko-slavonski staleži primarno su bili fo-
kusirani na neposrednu opasnost – ­protuhabsburšku
pobunu koja je buknula u Ugarskoj pod vodstvom er-
deljskoga vojvode Gábora Bethlena. Hrvatsko-slavon-
ski staleži odbili su stupiti u savez s Bethlenom, bez
obzira na to što je erdeljski vojvoda prijetio napadom
svojih saveznika i pokrovitelja Osmanlija. No, iako je u
nekoliko navrata došlo do ozbiljnih sukoba s osman-
skom vojskom, pograničje je, s obzirom na okolnosti,
ostalo relativno mirno.
Hrvatsko-slavonski sabor proglasio je opći ustanak
1619., a neki autori tvrde kako se upravo vojska iz toga
poziva borila u bitci kod Zabláta u lipnju 1619. Sljedeća
insurekcijska vojska podignuta je u kolovozu 1620.
kada se dio angažiranih snaga borio na ugarskome
prostoru pod Isolanom te ponovo u listopadu iste
Outline of capturing the renowned city of Heidelberg on 16 September 1622, during
which Croats were particularly distinguished, swimming on their horses across the Neck-
ar River and invading the city. The castle of Heidelberg was captured few days later.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 739
Nikolaus de la Nave. Croatian units are first mentioned in
June 1619 at the Battle of Sablat near Češke Budejovice
and they participated afterwards in the victory over the
rebels at Lackenbach in Burgenland at the end of Septem-
ber 1619. They also took part in the decisive victory of the
imperial army against the protestant rebels at the Battle of
White Mountain near Prague in November 1620.
Still, the Croatian-Slavonian estates were primarily focused
on the immediate danger – the anti-Habsburg rebellion
that broke out in Hungary under the leadership of Gábor
Bethlen, the prince of Transylvania. The Croatian-Slavoni-
an estates declined to create a pact with Bethlen, despite
the fact that the prince of Transylvania threatened them
with the attack of the Ottomans, who were his allies and
protectors. Even though there were serious conflicts with
the Ottoman army on several occasions, the border-area
remained relatively calm under the circumstances.
The Croatian-Slavonian Parliament proclaimed in 1619
the general insurrection and some authors claim that
that army fought at the battle of Sablat in June 1619. Au-
gust 1620 saw the rising of another insurrectional army,
a part of which fought in Hungary under Isolano and
again in October of the same year when the enemy army

20 21

godine kada je neprijateljska vojska zaprijetila samomu
Beču, a hrvatski staleži okupljeni na saboru u Šemovcu
na Dravi ponovo podižu insurekcijsku vojsku.
S druge pak strane, iako su blisko surađivali, a stoti-
njak godina ranije i sami ponudili sličan prijedlog, hr-
vatsko-slavonski staleži sada su odbili ponudu također
ugroženih staleža Unutrašnje Austrije (Štajerska, Kranj-
ska, Koruška i grofovija Gorica) za ulazak u neku vrstu
konfederacije. No, staleži Unutrašnje Austrije, koji su
dominirali u upravnim strukturama u krajini, i sami su
angažirali hrvatske vojnike ­– arkebuzire i haramije.
Godine 1621. zbio se jedini neposredni sukob Tride-
setogodišnjega rata na hrvatskome teritoriju. Banska
vojska opsjela je i zauzela utvrdu Greben na istočnim
obroncima Ivanščice –­posjed grofa Ferenca Batthyány-
ja, pristalice Gábora Bethlena. Hrvatski povjesničar
Juraj Rattkay navodi kako je ban Nikola Frankopan
Tržački:
„…primio naredbu od cara da silom i oružjem
osvoji Batthyányevu tvrđu Greben” jer se go-
vorilo kako će „…Batthyány zauzeti dravski
gaz, i da će malo po malo prevesti hajduke da
bi, smješteni u utvrdi, napadali cijelu Slavoniju
i pustošili ju, te da bi je uznemiravali svojim ne-
prijateljskim oružjem s nakanom da ju zauzmu.”
(Rattkay, Spomen na kraljeve i banove Kraljev-
stva Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije, Beč, 1652.
str. 249)
Utvrda je zaista zauzeta, ali je ubrzo ponovno vraćena u
posjed obitelji Batthyány.
22
Ernst von Mansfeld (oko 1580. – 29. 11. 1626.) Najvažniji vojskovođa protes-
tantske strane u prvim godinama rata. Unatoč teškoj situaciji u kojoj se na-
šla njegova vojska, iskazao je zavidan elan i upornost te je vještim manevrima
zadao puno poteškoća carskoj strani. I nakon poraza kod Dessauskoga mos-
ta 1626. uspio se probiti sve do Erdelja. No, kako je Bethlen započeo mirovne
pregovore s carem, Mansfeld se pokušao dokopati mletačkoga teritorija. Neg-
dje na hrvatskome ili bosanskohercegovačkome prostoru razbolio se i umro.
Navodno je pokopan na jednome otoku u okolici Splita.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 88
Ernst von Mansfeld (circa 1580 – 29. 11. 1626). The most important army leader
of the Protestant side during the first years of the war. Despite difficulties his
army was found in, he showed the enviable enthusiasm and persistence, cre-
ating numerous difficulties for the imperial side with his skilful manoeuvres.
Even after the defeat at the Dessau Bridge in 1626 he managed to get through
all the way to Transylvania. However, since Bethlen started peace negotiations
with the Emperor, Mansfeld tried to reach Venetian territory. He got sick and
died somewhere on the territory of Croatia or Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was
allegedly buried on an island in the vicinity of Split.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 88
threatened Vienna itself and the Croatian estates assem-
bled at the Parliament in Šemovec on Drava once again
gathered an insurrectional army.
On the other hand, despite their close collaboration and
the fact that they gave a similar proposition a hundred
years ago prior, the Croatian-Slavonian estates at that time
declined the offer of the equally endangered estates of
Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola, Carinthia and the Duchy of
Gorizia) to enter a kind of confederation. Yet, the estates of
Inner Austria, dominating the administrative structures in
the border, also engaged the services of Croatian soldiers
i.e. arquebusires and haramias.
The only direct conflict of the Thirty Years’ War on the Cro-
atian territory occurred in 1621. The Ban’s (viceroy’s) army
laid siege and captured the fortress of Greben on the east-
ern slopes of Ivanščica i.e. the estate of Count Ferenc Bat-
thyány, who was a supporter of Gábor Bethlen. The Croa-
tian historian Juraj Rattkay states that Nikola Frankopan of
Tržac (Ban of Croatia):
‘… received the order from the Emperor to
capture by means of force and weapons Bat-
thyány’s Greben fortress’ because it was said
that ‘Batthyány will capture the ford of Drava
and ferry across the bandits little by little, so
that they could from their fortress headquar-
ters attack and ravage the entire Slavonia,
perturb it with their enemy weapons with the
intention to capture it.’ (Rattkay, Memory of the
Kings and Bans of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Cro-
atia and Slavonia, Vienna, 1652, p. 249)
Gábor Bethlen, (15. 11. 1580. - 25. 11. 1629.). Erdeljski knez priključio se 1619.
protuhabsburškoj pobuni. Ugarski ga sabor proglašava kraljem 1620., ali se
nakon ponovnog sklapanja mira krajem prosinca 1621. Bethlen odrekao toga
naslova. Kalvinist i gorljivi habsburški oponent, saveznik pobunjenih protesta-
nata i drugih habsburških protivnika, ali i osmanski saveznik, Bethlen ponovo
1623. – 1624. te 1626. ratuje protiv Habsburgovaca. Iz hrvatske perspektive
Bethlenovi ustanci činili su primarnu opasnost, pa su i vojne odredbe Sabora i
usmjerene prema suzbijanju te prijetnje.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 241
Gábor Bethlen (15. 11. 1580 - 25. 11. 1629). The prince of Transylvania joined in
1619 the anti-Habsburg rebellion. The Hungarian Parliament proclaimed him
king in 1620, but after another peace treaty was concluded at the end of De-
cember 1621 Bethlen renounced this title. A Calvinist and a staunch Habsburg
opponent, an ally of the rebelled Protestants and other Habsburg adversaries,
but also the Ottoman ally, Bethlen waged war again against the Habsburgs in
1623 to 1624 and again in 1626. From the Croatian perspective Bethlen’s insur-
gents were a primary danger; hence the military provisions of the Parliament
were directed towards warding off this threat.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 241
Nakon gušenja ustanka u Češkome Kraljevstvu The fortress was indeed captured, but was soon returned
eskalirao je sukob u njemačkim zemljama, gdje su to the possession of the Batthyány family.
španjolsko-habsburške postrojbe provalile na pos- After the rebellion in the Kingdom of Bohemia was
jede poraženoga falačkog kneza izbornika i kratkotraj- crushed, the conflict in German lands escalated after the
noga češkog kralja Friedricha V. Španjolska vojska Spanish-Habsburg units broke into the estates of the de-
pod zapovjedništvom don Gonzala de Córdoba te feated Elector Palatine and short-lived Bohemian king
vojska Katoličke lige pod zapovjedništvom Johan- Frederick V. The Spanish army under the command of Don
na Tserclaesa, grofa Tillyja, od 1620. do 1622. zauzele Gonzalo de Córdoba and the army of the Catholic League
su Friedrichove posjede ­pobijedivši pritom protes- under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly,
tantsku vojsku u bitci kod Wimpfena u svibnju 1622., captured Frederick’s estates from 1620 to 1622 – by beat-
zatim kod Höchsta u lipnju 1622. te do kraja godine ing at the same time the protestant army at the Battle of
osvojivši Heidelberg i Mannheim. Hrvatske postrojbe Wimpfen in May 1622 and then Battle of Höchst in June
posebno su se istaknule pri zauzimanju Heidelberga 1622, capturing Heidelberg and Mannheim by the end of
kada su preplivale rijeku Neckar i napale podgrađe. the year. The Croatian units were particularly noteworthy
during the capture of Heidelberg when they swam over
the river Neckar and attacked the suburb.
23
 Danska faza 1625. – 1629.
The Danish Phase 1625 – 1629
Nakon što je habsburška/katolička strana uspješno
intervenirala protiv ustanika u Češkome Kraljevstvu i
na njemačkome prostoru, činilo se kako je protestant-
ska strana poražena. No, 1625. u rat na protestantsku
stranu ulazi danski kralj Christian IV., podržan od Eng-
leske i Ujedinjenih Provincija, ali i katoličke Francuske,
te udružen s pobunjenim njemačkim vladarima započi-
nje drugu – tkz. Dansku fazu Tridesetogodišnjega rata
(1625. – 1629.). Tada se pak imperijalna strana našla
pritisnuta između Danaca i njihovih saveznika u Carst-
vu te ponovna ustanka Gábora Bethlena u Ugarskoj.
Budući da se vojska Katoličke lige, pod zapovjedni-
štvom već ostarjela grofa Tillyja, nije sama mogla nositi
s novom prijetnjom, car Ferdinand II. angažirao je Al-
brechta von Wallensteina (Waldsteina), češkoga ple-
mića i vrlo sposobna vojnog poduzetnika da podigne
dodatnu vojsku – što je Wallenstein vrlo spretno i brzo
učinio te se s 50 000 ljudi priključio katoličkoj vojsci.
U Wallensteinovoj vojsci nalazile su se hrvatske čete pod
zapovjedništvom Gioana Ludovica Hectora Isolana, zatim
grofa Jurja Zrinskoga te Petra Galla. Istaknuli su se u bitci
Carska vojska zauzela je u prosincu 1627. dobro utvrđeni donjosaski grad
Wolffenbüttel tek nakon što je izgrađena brana na rijeci Oker s pomoću koje je
grad poplavljen i prisiljen na predaju.
Na prikazu možemo vidjeti hrvatski logor pukovnika Isolana.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 1110
24
After the Habsburg/catholic side successfully intervened
against the insurgents in the Kingdom of Bohemia and on
German territory, the protestant side appeared to be defeat-
ed. But in 1625 Danish king Christian IV joined the war on the
protestant side, supported by England and the United Prov-
inces, as well as the catholic France and joined by the rebelled
German rulers he started the second, so-called Danish Phase
of the Thirty Years’War (1625 – 1629). At that time the imperial
side found itself under pressure from the Danes and their allies
in the Empire, as well as from Gábor Bethlen’s new insurrection
in Hungary. Since the army of the Catholic League under the
command of then quite old Count Tilly was unable to cope
with this new threat, the emperor Ferdinand II engaged the
services of Albrecht von Wallenstein (Waldstein), a Bohemian
nobleman and a very capable military entrepreneur to raise
additional army, which Wallenstein did very skilfully and swiftly
and joined the catholic army with 50 000 men.
Croatian troops under the command of Gioano Ludovico
Hector Isolano, Count Juraj Zrinski and Petar Gall were part
of Wallenstein’s army. They stood out at the Battle at the Bat-
tle of Dessau Bridge in April 1626 when Wallenstein’s army
In December 1627 the imperial army captured Wolffenbüttel, the well-forti-
fied town in Lower Saxony, only after a dam was built on the Oker River, which
made it possible to flood the town and force it to surrender. The outline shows
Colonel Isolano’s Croatian camp.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 1110
kod Dessauskoga mosta u travnju 1626., u kojoj je Wallen-
steinova vojska porazila protestantsku vojsku grofa Erns-
ta von Mansfelda, te su sudjelovali u bitci kod Lutter am
Barenberga u kolovozu 1626., u kojoj je ponovno slavila
imperijalna strana. U godinama do danske kapitulacije
1629. hrvatske postrojbe sudjeluju u borbama u kojima
je carska vojska potpomognuta vojskom Katoličke lige is-
tjerala Dance iz Šleske, a zatim osvojila Mecklenburg, Hol-
stein i Schleswig – pokrajine na samome sjeveru današnje
Savezne Republike Njemačke.
1626. zadnji je put protiv Habsburgovaca ustao erde-
ljski vojvoda Gábor Bethlen, pa je na ugarsko ratište
ponovno masovnije angažirano hrvatsko plemstvo.
Već početkom 1626. ban Juraj Zrinski krenuo je s oko
1000 ljudi na ugarsko ratište. Rattkay piše kako je
„…s najvećom žudnjom Zrinski ugrabio priliku i
nije se dao zadržati na vlastitim posjedima ili na
čuvanju Kraljevstva, nego je skupivši najprobrani-
ju četu iliričkog imena pohitao voditi bitke od
većeg značenja, onako kako ga je vukla sudbina.”
(Rattkay, Spomen, str. 254)
No, Zrinski je poražen u bitci kod Körmenda, pri čemu
je poginuo Ivan Malagrudić, a zarobljeni su Gašpar
i Žigmund Orehovečki, Juraj Patačić i Stjepan Orgo-
van. Uz Zrinskoga su tada ratovali Vuk Erdödy, Franjo
Orehovečki, Juraj Dovolić, Žigmund Eörsi, Vladislav
Mikulić i Ivan Patačić. Franjo Orehovečki imao je pod
sobom 500, a ostali 100 vojnika. U sukobima u Ugarskoj
sudjelovao je i neizbježni Isolano sa svojim hrvatskim
postrojbama. No, taj je sukob okončan potpisivanjem
mira u Bratislavi 30. prosinca 1626.
25
Christian IV. (12. 4. 1577. – 28. 2. 1648.) Danski i norveški kralj te vojvoda Hol-
steina i Schleswiga. Vladao je dugih 59 godina, pokrenuo brojne reforme, ali
i sudjelovao u raznim sukobima. U Tridesetogodišnjem ratu inicirao je drugu
fazu sukoba, u kojoj je ipak izostao vojni uspjeh. Poražen na bojnome polju,
mirom u Lübecku 1629. Christian se obvezao dalje držati van rata, no nije pretr-
pio teritorijalne gubitke.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. II, Frankfurt na Majni, 1679., str. 73
Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648). King of Denmark and Norway
and duke of Holstein and Schleswig. He reigned for 59 years, introduced nu-
merous reforms and also participated in various conflicts. In the Thirty Years’
War he initiated the second phase of the conflict that still provided no military
success. Defeated on the battlefield, according to the peace treaty of Lübeck
in 1626 Christian pledged to stay out of the war from then on, but suffered no
territorial losses.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. II, Frankfurt am Main, 1679, p. 73
defeated the protestant army of Count Ernst von Mansfeld
and also took part in the Battle of Lutter in August 1626 that
was again won by the imperial side. In the years up to the
Danish capitulation in 1629 Croatian units participated in
combats in which the imperial army was helped by the army
of the Catholic League driving out the Danes from Silesia and
afterwards capturing Mecklenberg, Holstein and Schleswig
i.e. the provinces at the far north of the present-day Federal
Republic of Germany.
Gábor Bethlen, the prince of Transylvania, revolted against
the Habsburgs for the last time in 1626; hence the Croatian
nobility was again massively engaged on the Hungarian bat-
tlefield. Already at the beginning of 1626 ban Juraj Zrinski
went to the Hungarian battlefield with 1000 men. Rattkay
writes that
‘… Zrinski accepted the chance with the greatest of
yearnings and did not allow himself to be kept by his
own estates or the Kingdom, but instead after assem-
bling the most hand-picked troop of the Illyrian name
he rushed to fight battles of the greatest importance,
as he was drawn by his fate.’(Rattkay, Memory, p. 254)
However, Zrinski was defeated at the Battle of Körmend,
where Ivan Malagrudić perished and Gašpar and Žigmund
Orehovečki, Juraj Patačić and Stjepan Orgovan were cap-
tured. By Zrinski’s side in the war at that time were also Vuk
Erdödy, Franjo Orehovečki, Juraj Dovolić, Žigmund Eörsi,
Vladislav Mikulić and Ivan Patačić. Franjo Orehovečki com-
manded 500 and the others 100 soldiers. The inevitable
Isolano and his Croatian units also participated in conflicts
in Hungary. However, this conflict was resolved by the peace
treaty in Pressburg on 30 December 1626.
 Švedska intervencija 1630. – 1635. sukobu poginulo je do 200 vojnika), bili su prisiljeni
povući se prema glavnini vojske koju je švedska vojska
skirmishes against the invading Swedish army, but sin-
ce they suffered heavy losses (in just one of the conflicts

The Swedish Intervention ubrzano potiskivala prema jugu Carstva.

1630 – 1635
Uspješno ratovanje katoličke strane prisililo je dan-
skoga kralja na potpisivanje mirovnoga sporazuma u
Lübecku 1629., čime je eliminirana danska, a činilo se i
protestantska opasnost. Međutim, sredinom 1630. na
područje Carstva, a pod parolom zaštite protestantizma,
a zapravo potaknuta kombinacijom vjerskih i vlastitih
političko-gospodarskih razloga, provaljuje švedska voj-
ska pod zapovjedništvom vrlo sposobna vojskovođe,
kralja Gustava Adolfa II. Šveđani, uz svoje njemačke
saveznike te uz snažnu podršku drugih sila, prije svega
Kraljevine Francuske, uspješno ratuju na prostoru Carst-
va, osvajajući teritorije od sjeverne do južne Njemačke,
odnosno od Pomeranije i Brandenburga do Bavarske.
Čak i nakon pogibije kralja Gustava Adolfa II. u bitci kod
Lützena 1632., švedska je vojska vrlo uspješno ratovala
protiv katoličke strane sve do kraja rata 1648.
Hrvatske postrojbe susrele su se sa švedskom vojskom
vrlo brzo nakon njezina iskrcavanja na teritorij Carstva
u srpnju 1630. Pod zapovjedništvom Isolana ratuju na
sjeveru današnje Njemačke, a sudjeluju u opsadi otoka
Usedoma u pokrajini Mecklenburg ­– Zapadna Pomer-
anija na baltičkoj obali, kao i u sastavu carske vojske pri
zauzimanju Demina, Loiza, Malina, Treptova, Branden-
burga i Friedlanda te utvrda Klempenov i Pasevalk.
Bore se u nizu okršaja protiv nadiruće švedske vojske,
no kako su trpjeli prevelike gubitke (samo u jednome
Grafički prikaz tijeka bitke kod Lützena u kojoj su pod rednim brojevima 44.
i 62. na lijevoj strani grafike prikazane dvije velike hrvatske postrojbe koje su
napale švedsku prtljagu i kola sa streljivom. Švedska prtljaga, prikazana pod
slovom I., kao i neke konjičke postrojbe koje su se tamo nalazile, dovedeni su
u stanje konfuzije, ali kada je pristiglo pojačanje, ovdje prikazano pod rednim
brojevima 41.,42. i 43., napad je hrvatskih postrojbi zaustavljen te su se uz teške
gubitke morali povući.
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 82
The successful warfare of the Catholic side forced the
king of Denmark to accept the peace treaty of Lübeck in
1629, which eliminated the Danes and, it also appeared,
the protestant danger as well. However, in the middle of
1630 the Swedish army under the command of a very
capable commander, King Gustav II Adolph, invaded the
Empire under the slogan of protecting Protestantism, but
in reality encouraged by the combination of religious and
personal political-economic reasons. The Swedes, togeth-
er with their German allies and with the strong support
of other forces, first and foremost the Kingdom of France,
successfully waged war on Empire’s territory, conquering
territories from northern to southern Germany i.e. from
Pomerania and Brandenburg to Bavaria. Even after Gustav
II Adolph died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632, the Swedish
army led a very successful warfare against the Catholic
side until the end of the war in 1648.
The Croatian troops met the Swedish army very soon
after it landed in the Empire in July 1630. They waged
war under the command of Isolano at the north of
present-day Germany and they also participated in the
siege of the Usedom Island in Mecklenburg-West Po-
merania Province on Baltic coast, as well as in the im-
perial army when it captured Demmin, Loiz, Malin, Tre-
potow, Brandenburg and Friedland, as well as fortresses
Klempenow and Pasewalb. They fought in numerous
The graphical outline of the course of the Battle of Lützen shows at ordinal
numbers 44 and 62 on the left side of the graphics two big Croatian units that
attacked the Swedish luggage and munition cart. The Swedish luggage, under
the letter I., as well as some horse detachments that were there, were put in the
state of confusion, but with the arrival of reinforcements, here shown at ordinal
numbers 41, 42 and 43, the attack of Croatian units was halted and they had to
retreat with heavy losses.
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 82
U godinama koje su slijedile hrvatske postrojbe bore se
oko rijeke Rajne pod zapovjedništvom generala Tillyja,
sudjeluju u mnogobrojnim većim i manjim okršajima
u Bavarskoj, Falačkoj i Franačkoj, prisutni su u češkim
zemljama pod zapovjedništvom generala Gallasa, kao i
u sastavu španjolske vojske u Ujedinjenim Provincijama.
Pukovnije hrvatskih konjanika sudjeluju i u najvećim
bitkama toga razdoblja – kod Breitenfelda 1631., Lütze-
na 1632. i Nördlingena 1634.
Bitka kod Breitenfelda 1631.
U tzv. prvoj bitci kod Breitenfelda sukobile se 17. ruj-
na 1631. carska i združena švedsko-saska vojska. Iako
je carska vojska isprva izvela uspješan napad na desno
neprijateljsko krilo na kojemu se nalazila saska vojska,
iskusna i uvježbana švedska vojska uspjela je uzvratiti
udarac i razbiti lijevo krilo, a zatim i samo središte car-
ske vojske, čime je bitka odlučena u njihovu korist. Na-
kon bitke švedska je vojska zauzela sjeverne provincije
Carstva i otvorila put prema jugu.
U bitci je na desnome carskom krilu sudjelovalo pet
pukovnija hrvatskih konjanika pod zapovjedništvom
Isolana uz kojega su se nalazili i pukovnici Zaradetsky i
Forgach. Carsko desno krilo polučilo je inicijalni uspjeh
natjeravši u bijeg saske postrojbe. Hrvatski konjanici
zauzeli su saski tabor, a kao kuriozitet navodi se kako je
saski vojvoda bježeći izgubio i svoj šešir.
Saski mušketir Melchior Fröhner ovako je opisao svoje
iskustvo s Hrvatima u navedenoj bici, odnosno gubi-
tak jedne ratne zastave: „Da je zastavnik svoju zastavu
držao u jednoj ruci te je mnogo zapomagao. Da li je
bio nastrijeljen, nije mogao saznati. Časnici su od njih
tražili, da ustraju na svojim mjestima, ali su sami po-
bjegli. Neki Hrvat spopao je zastavu, te ju je otrgnuo i
savio sebi oko tijela“. (Ernest Bauer, Hrvati u Trideseto-
godišnjem ratu, Zagreb, 1941., str. 143, br. XXXIV).
Nakon poraza kod Breitenfelda neprijateljski su vojnici
navodno grofu Tillyju pjevali sljedeću rugalicu: „Bježi,
Tilly, bježi! Izgubio si svoje Hrvate. Obješenjacima smo
pravo pokazali. Bježi, Tilly, bježi!” (Bauer, Hrvati, str. 143,
br. XXXVII).
claimed lives of up to 200 soldiers); they were forced to
withdraw towards the main body of the army which was
pushed hurriedly by the Swedish army to the south of
the Empire.
In the years that followed Croatian units fought around
the Rhine River under the command of General Tilly, they
participated in numerous bigger and smaller skirmishes
in Bavaria, Palatinate and Francia, they were present in
Bohemian lands under the command of General Gallas,
as well as being the part of the Spanish army in the Unit-
ed Provinces (Holland).
The regiments of Croatian horsemen also participated in
the greatest battles of that era – of Breitenfeld in 1631,
Lützen in 1632 and Nördlingen in 1634.
The Battle of Breitenfeld, 1631
In the so-called First Battle of Breitenfeld on 17 Septem-
ber 1631 the imperial army came into conflict with the
joint Swedish-Saxon army. Even though at first the im-
perial army successfully attacked the right enemy flank
comprised of the Saxon army, the experienced and
trained Swedish army managed to fight back and smash
its left flank and afterwards the centre itself of the im-
perial army, which turned the tide of the battle to their
advance. After the battle the Swedish army captured the
northern provinces of the Empire and opened the way
to the south.
On the right imperial flank of the battle participated five
regiments of Croatian horsemen under the command of
Isolano; the latter was joined by colonels Zaradetsky and
Forgatsch. The imperial right flank initially succeeded by
sending the Saxon units running. Croatian horsemen cap-
tured the Saxon camp and there is a curiosity in the fact
that the Saxon duke lost his own hat while running away.
Here is how the Saxon Musketeer Mechior Fröh-
ner described his experience with Croats in
this battle i.e. the loss of one war banner: ‘The

Šveđani su u jednome okršaju kod Zedenika 1631. porazili pet hrvatskih sat-
nija, pri čemu je 150 ljudi stradalo, a zarobljenici su poslani u rudnike bakra u
Švedskoj. U izvorima je zabilježeno barem nekoliko primjera okrutna postu-
panja švedske vojske i njihovih saveznika prema hrvatskim vojnicima.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. II, Frankfurt na Majni, 1679., str. 349

In one skirmish at Zehdenick in 1631 the Swedes defeated five Croatian com-
panies, during which 150 men perished and captives were sent to copper
mines in Sweden. The sources indicate at least several examples of cruel treat-
ment of Croatian soldiers at the hands of the Swedish army and their allies.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. II, Frankfurt am Main, 1679, p. 349

26 27

Sine loco, sine dato. Nepotpisana kopija izvještaja o bici kod Nördlingena upu-
ćena caru.
U detaljnome opisu bitke autor navodi kako je neprijatelj pretrpio težak poraz i
izgubio oko 300 zastava te većinu svoje prtljage. Pri tome su se ponovno istak-
nuli Hrvati. Čak se navodi kako su pri progonu, neprijateljski konjanici masovno
padali s konja te klečeći i s visoko podignutim rukama molili čak i hrvatske no-
vake za milost.
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, k. 76, 1634 9 17III
Bitka kod Nördlingena 1634.
Bitka kod Nördlingena, gradića u Bavarskoj, vođena je
prijepodne 6. rujna 1634. između carsko-španjolske
te protestantske vojske sastavljane od švedskih i četa
njemačkih protestantskih saveznika. U bitci, koja se u
biti svodila na opetovane pokušaje švedske i vojske
saveznika da zauzmu brdo iznad grada na kojemu se
stacionirala carska vojska, protestantska vojska doži-
vjela je težak poraz.
Prije same bitke jedan dio hrvatskih četa pod zapo-
vjedništvom Isolana primio je naredbu da u jednome
obližnjem klancu uspore švedsku vojsku. Ipak, kako
je švedska vojska fingirala manevar povlačenja, pa se
onda pojavila na neočekivanome mjestu, krivilo se Hr-
vate da nisu osigurali točne obavijesti o njihovu kreta-
nju. Hrvatske postrojbe pod zapovjedništvom Johan-
na von Wertha i generala Isolana ipak su se istaknule
tijekom bitke. Budući da švedska vojska nije uspjela
potisnuti carsko pješaštvo sa svojih položaja, i to ponaj-
prije zahvaljujući odlučnosti španjolskih četa, pokušali
28
su na desnome krilu poslati nekoliko jakih odreda pre- above the town where the imperial army was stationed,
ma samome gradu. No, taj švedski manevar osujetili su ended with a heavy defeat for the protestant army.
hrvatski odredi na čelu s Johannom von Werthom, koji Before the battle one part of Croatian troops under the
su ih nakon dugoga okršaja potisnuli. command of Isolano was ordered to slow down the
Kada je naposljetku švedsko desno krilo popustilo, Swedish army at a nearby pass. Still, since the Swedish
carsko konjaništvo započelo je progon. Ubrzo se poče- army feigned the withdrawal manoeuvre and then unex-
la raspadati švedska bojna formacija. Pokretljivi i hitri pectedly appeared at an unexpected place, Croats were
hrvatski konjički odredi (nemilosrdno) su gonili razbije- blamed that they did not provide accurate information
noga neprijatelja nanoseći mu teške gubitke u ljudstvu on their movements. Croatian troops under the com-
i opremi. Hrvatskim odredima pod zapovjedništvom mand of Johann von Werth and General Isolano were still
generala Isolana i pukovnika Forgacha uspjelo je osvo- distinguished during the battle. Since the Swedish army
jiti veliki broj kola, oko 300 zastava i 1200 konja. did not manage to drive back the imperial infantry from
Nakon bitke general Isolano uzvišen je na grofovsku čast. their positions, mostly due to the decisiveness of Span-
ish troops, on the right flank they endeavoured to send
Bitka kod Lützena 1632. several strong detachments towards the town itself. This
Swedish manoeuvre, however, was prevented by Croatian
U bitci kod Lützena, jednoj od najpoznatijih bitaka detachments under the command of Johann von Werth,
Tridesetogodišnjega rata, sukobile su se suparničke voj- managing to drive them back after the second conflict.
ske pod neposrednim zapovjedništvom švedskog kralja When the Swedish right flank finally yielded, the imperial
Gustava Adolfa II. i carskoga vojskovođe Albrechta von cavalry started the pursuit. Soon the Swedish battle for-
Wallensteina. Iako ga je zbog internoga rivalstva otpu- mation started to fall apart. The mobile and swift Croatian
stio iz službe, ugrožen švedskim uspjesima i pogibijom cavalry detachments mercilessly pursued the dispelled
grofa Tillyja, car je ponovo angažirao Wallensteina, koji enemy, inflicting him great losses in men and equipment.
je u rekordnome roku podignuo vojsku od 50 000 lju- Croatian detachments under the command of General
di i istjerao Sase iz Češkoga Kraljevstva. Do odlučnog Isolano and Colonel Forgach managed to capture numer-
sukoba je došlo 16. studenoga u blizini grada Leipziga, ous carts, around 300 banners and 1200 horses.
u vrlo teškim uvjetima, pod gustom jesenskom mag- After the battle General Isolano was elevated to the title
lom. Wallenstein nije očekivao da će Gustav Adolf II. of count.
Sine loco, sine dato. The unsigned copy of the report on the Battle of Nördlingen sent
to the Emperor.
In this detailed description of the battle the author states that the enemy suffered
a heavy defeat and lost around 300 banners and the majority of his luggage. Once
Prikaz planiranoga rasporeda smještaja/pozicioniranja carskih postrojbi oko The outline of the planned line-up of positioning of imperial units around
again Croats were distinguished in the process. It is even stated that during the pur-
Leipziga pred bitku kod Lützena. Hrvatske postrojbe nalaze se pod Pappenhei- Leipzig before the Battle of Lützen. The Croatian units are under Pappenheim
suit the enemy horsemen fell from the horses in large numbers, even pleading for
mom (Batthyány/Budiany, zatim Horatio Pauli te još dvije hrvatske kompanije (Batthyány/Budiany, Horatio Pauli and two more Croatian companies – the to-
mercy the Croatian recruits while at their knees with their hands high up.
– ovdje sveukupno 20 pod hrvatskim imenom). Isolanove postrojbe navode se tal of 20 under the Croatian name). Isolano’s units are cited among those that
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, b. 76, 1634 9 17III
među onima koji su trebali biti u zalaznici, ali su tri kompanije pod Šafarićem should have been in the rear-guard, but the three companies under Šafarić
trebale biti smještene u Freybergu te dvije kompanije u Nossenu. Petar Keg- should have been placed in Freyburg and two in Nossen. Petar Keglević should
lević je sa svojim četirima kompanijama trebao biti u Meissenu, Marko von Cor- have been with his units in Meissen, Marcus von Corpes in Eileburg and Daniel
pes u Eileburgu, a Daniel Beygott u samome Leipzigu. Beygott in Leipzig itself.
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, k. 1632 11 ad94 OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, b. 1632 11 ad94
banner-bearer held his banner in one hand and
cried for help a lot. It was impossible to find out
if he was shot. The officers asked of them to pre-
serve their posts, yet they themselves ran away.
Some Croat got hold of the banner, tore it off and
put it around his body.’ (Ernest Bauer, Croats in the
Thirty Years War, Zagreb, 1941, p. 143, no. XXXIV)
‘After the defeat at Breitenfeld the enemy sol-
diers supposedly sang the following lampoon to
Count Tilly: ‘Run, Tilly, run! You lost your Croats.
We showed these rascals a thing or two. Run, Tilly,
run!’ (Bauer, Croats, p. 143, no. XXXVII)
The Battle of Nördlingen, 1634
The Battle of Nördlingen, a small town in Bavaria, was
fought before noon on 6 September 1634 between the
imperial-Spanish and the protestant army comprised of
Swedish troops and troops of German protestant allies.
The battle, which basically came down to repeated at-
tempts of the Swedish army and allies to capture the hill
29
napasti u tako nepovoljnim vremenskim uvjetima, pa
je poslao jedan dio svojih snaga pod grofom Pappen-
heimom prema Halleu, dok se sam namjeravao povući
prema Leipzigu. No, švedski je kralj odlučio iznenaditi
carsku vojsku, ali je potpuno iznenađenje propalo jer
je švedska vojska 15. studenoga naletjela na carsku/
hrvatsku zalaznicu na rijeci Rippach i time izgubila
moment iznenađenja i dragocjeno vrijeme. Naime, ne-
koliko hrvatskih kompanija pod zapovjedništvom Ru-
dolfa Colloreda trebalo je otpratiti jednu carsku posadu
sa svojega položaja kada su nenadano ugledali šved-
ske čete. Kada je švedska prethodnica napala hrvatske
vojnike, oni su se odlučili boriti, pri čemu su omogućili
Colloredu da se povuče prema glavnini vojske. U tim je
sukobima sudjelovalo 20 hrvatskih četa pod zapovjed-
ništvom Isolana, koje je mnogobrojnija švedska vojska
Prikaz rasporeda vojska zaraćenih strana u bici kod Lützena. Pod rednim broje-
vima 44. i 62. na lijevome carskom krilu (u donjemu lijevom kutu grafike) te pod
rednim brojem 57. na desnome krilu prikazane su hrvatske postrojbe.
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 81
30
The Battle of Lützen, 1632
The Battle of Lützen, one of the most famous battles in
the Thirty Year’s War, saw the clash of enemy armies un-
der the indirect command of the Swedish King Gustav II
Adolph and the imperial commander Albrecht von Wal-
lenstein. Although he sacked Wallenstein due to internal
rivalry, endangered by Swedish successes and the death
of Count Tilly the Emperor re-engaged him. Wallenstein
assembled an army of 50 000 men at a very short notice
and drew the Saxons out of the Kingdom of Bohemia.
The decisive conflict took place on 16 November in the
vicinity of the city of Leipzig, in very harsh conditions,
under the thick autumn fog. Wallenstein did not ex-
pect that Gustav II Adolph will attack in such unfavour-
able weather conditions, so he sent a part of his forces
The outline of the line-up of the armies of the belligerent sides at the Battle of
Lützen. Ordinal numbers 44 and 62 on the left imperial flank (the lower left corner
of the graphics) and the ordinal number 57 on the right flank show Croatian troops.
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 81
naposljetku potisnula s njihovih položaja. U tim bor-
bama Hrvati su izgubili nekoliko desetaka ljudi i jednu
zastavu. Na sam dan bitke hrvatske su postrojbe na
bojnome polju bile podzapovjedništvom Wallenstei-
novim, kao i u sastavu vojske grofa Pappeheima, koja je
sada iz Hallea jurila prema Lützenu.
Pod neposrednim Wallensteinovim zapovjedništvom
nalazili su se general Isolano s 250 konjanika, pukovnik
Daniel Beygott sa 100 konjanika, pukovnik Marcus von
Corpes s 200 konjanika te pukovnik Paul von Révay
s 250 konjanika. Pod Pappenheimovim zapovjedni-
štvom stajale su hrvatske postrojbe pukovnika grofa
Franza Batthyanya s 200 konjanika, pukovnika Paulusa
Orossyja s 450 konjanika te pukovnika Nicolasa For-
gacha sa 100 konjanika. Iz izvora se vidi kako je u bitci
sudjelovao i Petar Keglević s četirima hrvatskim kom-
panijama.
U samoj bitci hrvatski su odredi bili pozicionirani i na
lijevome i na desnome krilu. Švedska vojska prisilila je
carsko desno krilo na povlačenje, dok je carsko lijevo
krilo, na kojemu su stajale hrvatske čete pod Isolanom,
uspješno odolijevalo napadu weimarskoga vojvode
Bernharda. U jednome trenutku dva veća hrvatska
odreda s lijevoga krila probila su se na neprijateljskome
desnom krilu do švedske prtljage i kola sa streljivom, te
su čak raspršile neke konjičke odrede prije nego što su
potisnuti dolaskom švedskoga pojačanja.
U jeku bitke poginuo je i sam švedski kralj Gustav II.
Adolf, a budući da je, između ostalih rana koje je za-
dobio, uboden i mačem za probijanje oklopa koji su
nosili samo hrvatski konjanici, postoje mišljenja kako je
stradao u sukobu s Hrvatima.
Kada je bitka ušla u kritičnu fazu za carsku stranu, na
bojnome se polju pojavio iz Hallea pristigli Pappen-
heim te odmah napao švedsku vojsku, ali je u tome
napadu smrtno ranjen. Žestoka bitka nastavljena je do
večeri da bi se u toku noći Wallenstein povukao s boj-
noga polja.
Ipak, iako se carska vojska povukla, Wallenstein, koji je i
sam bio ranjen, na bojnome je polju ostavio (dio) hrvat-
skih četa pod Isolanom kako bi pokušali izvući/spasiti
topove i prtljagu.
31
under the command of Count Pappenheim towards
Halle, himself intending to withdraw towards Leipzig.
But the Swedish king decided to surprise the imperial
army, however, the element of the complete surprise
failed, because on 15 November the Swedish army ran
into the imperial/Croatian rear-guard on the Rippach
River and in that way lost its surprise moment, as well as
precious time. Namely, several Croatian companies un-
der the command of Rudolf Colloredo were supposed to
accompany one imperial unit from their position when
suddenly they noticed Swedish troops. When the Swed-
ish advance party attacked Croatian soldiers, they decid-
ed to fight, thus enabling Colloredo to withdraw towards
the main body of the army. 30 Croatian troops under the
command of Isolano participated in these conflicts and
in the end they were pushed back from their positions
outnumbered by the Swedish army. The Croats lost sev-
eral tenths of men and one flag.
On the eve of battle Croatian troops on the battlefield
were under the command of Wallenstein, as well as part
of Count Pappenheim’s army that rushed from Halle
back to Lützen.
Under the direct Wallenstein command were Gener-
al Isolano with 250 horsemen, Colonel Daniel Beygott
with 100 horsemen, Colonel Marcus von Corpes with
200 horsemen and Colonel Paul von Révay with 250
horsemen. Under Pappenheim’s command were Croa-
tian troops of Colonel Count Franz Batthyany with 200
horsemen, Colonel Paulus Orossy with 450 horsemen
and Colonel Nicolas Forgach with 100 horsemen. The
sources indicate that Petar Keglević also took part in the
battle with four Croatian companies.
During the battle the Croatian detachments were posi-
tioned both on the left and the right flanb. The Swedish
army made the right imperial flank to withdraw, where-
as the left imperial flank with the Croatian troops under
Isolano successfully resisted the attacks of the Weimar
duke Bernard. At one point two larger Croatian detach-
ments from the right flank got through on the enemy’s
right flank to Swedish baggage and ammunition cart,
even dispersing some horsemen detachments before
they were pushed back by Swedish reinforcements.
During the heat of the battle King Gustav II Adolph him-
self perished, and since among other wounds he was
also stabbed with an armour-piercing sword carried only
by Croatian horsemen, some think that he was killed
during a confrontation with Croats.
When the battle entered its critical phase for the imperi-
al side, Pappenheim arriving from Halle appeared on the
battlefield and instantly attacked the Swedish army, but
was mortally wounded during this attacb. The intense
battle continued until the evening and Wallenstein with-
drew from the battlefield during the night.
Still, even though the imperial army withdrew, Wallen-
stein, himself wounded, left on the battlefield part of
Croatian troops under Isolano in order to save cannons
and luggage.
 Francuska intervencija i
nastavak Sukoba 1635. – 1648.
The French intervention and
the continuation
of the conflict 1635 – 1648
Nakon teškoga poraza kod Nördlingena njemački pro-
testantski vladari potpisali su u Pragu 1635. mirovni
ugovor s carem, čime je švedska vojska dospjela u vrlo
težak položaj. I kada se činilo kako će katolička strana
prevagnuti, u rat se na protestantskoj strani uključio
stari habsburški protivnik ­Kraljevina Francuska. U svib-
nju 1635. obznanili su rat Kraljevini Španjolskoj, a u
kolovozu 1636. i Svetomu Rimskom Carstvu Njemačke
Narodnosti.
Hrvatske postrojbe ponovno su služile pod raznim
zapovjednicima ­carskim vojskovođama Johannom
von Werthom i Ottavijem Piccolominijem, kao i u špa-
njolskoj vojsci pod zapovjedništvom kardinala infan-
ta Ferdinanda. Ratovali su primarno u sjeveroistočnoj
Francuskoj, gdje je 1636. združena carsko-španjol-
ska vojska doprla do Pariza, odakle su potisnuti nakon
teških borbi iste te godine.
Francuski vojnik Henri de Campion ovako je opisao
jedan sukob s Hrvatima:
„Za dana svatko povlači svoju vojsku, a kako su
se naši rovovi tada nalazili u dosta dobrom sta-
nju da bi mogli zaustaviti neprijateljsku konjicu,
Hrvatske postrojbe bore se u bici kod Diedenhofena/Thionvilla u današnjoj
Francuskoj 7. lipnja 1639., gdje je španjolsko-carska vojska po zapovjedništ-
vom Ottavija Piccolominija porazila francusku vojsku koja je opsjedala grad.
Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 84. Schlacht bei Diedenhofen
(Thionville), 7. Juni 1639.: 3. Phase
32
After the heavy defeat at Nördlingen the German protes-
tant rulers signed with the Emperor in Prague in 1635 a
peace treaty, which put the Swedish army in a very difficult
position. Just when it seemed the Catholic side will prevail,
the old Habsburg foe i.e. the Kingdom of France joined the
war on the Protestant side. In May 1635 they declared war
on Kingdom of Spain and in August 1636 to Holy Roman
Empire of German Nation as well.
The Croatian units once again served under various
commanders – the Imperial army leaders Johann von
Werth and Ottavio Piccolomini, as well as in the Span-
ish army under the command of Cardinal Infanto Fer-
dinand. They waged war primarily in the north-east
France, where in 1636 the joint imperial-Spanish army
reached Paris, only to be driven back after heavy fight-
ing that same year.
This is how the French soldier Henri de Campion de-
scribed one conflict with Croats:
‘During the day each side withdraws its army,
and since our trenches were then in quite a
good shape to be able to stop the enemy caval-
ry, our army, secure to be able to withdraw, was
Croatian units fought at the Battle of Diedenhofen/Thionville in present-day
France on 7 June 1639, where the Spanish-imperial army under the command
of Ottavio Piccolomini defeated the French army that besieged the town.
Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 84. Schlacht bei Diedenhofen
(Thionville), 7. Juni 1639.: 3. Phase
Prikaz rasporeda španjolskih i francuskih postrojbi u bitci kod Rocroia 9. svibnja
1643. Hrvatski odredi pod rednim brojevima 20. i 21. nalazile su se na isture-
nome desnom krilu francuske vojske. Ovdje nenavedene hrvatske postrojbe u
sastavu španjolske vojske nalazile su se na dijametralno suprotnome, desnome
krilu te u bitci čini se nisu došli u neposredan sukob.
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 2192
naša se vojska, sigurna u povlačenje, više nije
bojala da će se kompromitirati te izađe u okršaj,
što neprijatelji nisu odbili, naročito Hrvati, koju
su silno voljeli tu vježbu. Naši su je ljudi zavoljeli
i mislim da su se kubure oglasile bar dvadeset
tisuća puta, a da su jedva možda ubijena tride-
setorica.“ (Vladimir Brnardić, Pukovnija kralje-
vskih Hrvata, Vojna povijest, br. 76, 2017., str. 13)
Grof Isolano uspješno ratuje u Picardiji i Champagni,
odnosi pobjedu nad francuskim generalima Mont-
basonom i Monstervinom, a kada je protiv hrvatskih
postrojbi poslan general Loison, uspjelo mu je tek iz hr-
vatskoga zarobljeništva vratiti neke francuske plemiće.
Uz Isolana hrvatskim postrojbama zapovijedali su grof
Franz Batthyany, Nicolas Forgach, Marcus von Corpus
te Menhard, o kome nažalost nemamo preciznije po-
datke. Pukovnije kojima su zapovijedali pukovnici For-
gach, Corpus i Menhard istaknule su se u osvajanju
gradića Héricourta kod Montbeliarda/Mömpelgarda
uz današnju francusko-švicarsku granicu. Također, oko
1500 Hrvata i Ugra dio je carske vojske generala Gal-
lasa, koja je s Rajne prodrla u Burgundiju. Kada su pak
carsko-španjolske postrojbe prisiljene na povlačenje s
francuskoga teritorija, hrvatske su postrojbe ponovno
na začelju, sa zadaćom zaustavljanja francuskih napa-
da. U toj fazi rata uz hrvatske vojnike tada masovno
sudjeluju i poljske čete, koje su slično djelovale. Ko-
njanici s granica prema Osmanskome Carstvu bili su
zaduženi za pustošenje francuskih krajeva, pa tako u
33
The outline of the line-up of the Spanish and French forces at the Battle of Ro-
croi on 9 May 1643. Croatian detachments at ordinal numbers 20 and 21 were
at the protruding right flank of the French army. Here unstated Croatian troops
in the Spanish army were placed on the diametrically opposite right flank and it
appears they did not come into a direct conflict during the battle.
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 2192
no longer afraid to be compromised and hence
went out for a conflict, which our enemies did
not refuse, particularly Croats, who very much
enjoyed this exercise. Our people had also grown
to like it and I think that flintlocks broke their si-
lence at least twenty thousand times and that
barely thirty men were killed, if that.’ (Vladimir
Brnardić, Military History, no. 76, 2017., p.13)
Count Isolano waged successful war in Picardy and
Champagne, gaining victories over French generals
Montbason and Monstervine and when General Loison
was sent against Croatian troops he only managed to
return from captivity some French noblemen. Besides
Isolano, the Croatian troops were commanded by
Count Franz Batthyany, Nicolas Forgach, Marcus von
Corpus and Menhard. Unfortunately, there is no precise
information about the latter. The regiments command-
ed by colonels Forgach, Corpus and Menhard were dis-
tinguished while capturing the small town of Héricourt
near Montbeliard/Mömpelgard by the present-day
French-Swiss border. Also, circa 1500 Croats and Hun-
garians were part of General Gallas’ imperial army that
invaded Burgundy from the Rhine. When the imperi-
al-Spanish units were forced to retreat from the French
territory, Croatian troops were again at the rear, with
the mission to stop French attacks. In this phase of the
war, by the side of Croatian troops were large numbers
of Polish troops whose line of activities was similar. The
horsemen from the borders to the Ottoman Empire

Manji odred hrvatskih konjanika sudjelovao je u prepadu carsko-bavarske
vojske na francusko-weimarski zimski logor kod Tuttlingena 24. studenoga
1643. Carska prethodnica, u kojoj se nalazio i jedan odred Hrvata pod zapo-
vjedništvom pukovnika Georga von Truckmüllera, iskoristila je snijeg za neču-
jan napad, iznenadila i potpuno porazila neprijatelja. U potjeri za zarobljenim
neprijateljem jedan je hrvatski rittmeister sa 130 konjanika zarobio preko 800
konja i ne puno manje ljudi.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. IV, Frankfurt na Majni, 1644., str. 191
jednome izvoru stoji da, ako se želi pustošiti naširoko
po Francuskoj i izazivati strah, treba angažirati 6000
Poljaka i barem polovinu toga broja Hrvata.
Do tridesetih godina 17. stoljeća hrvatske postrojbe
uživale su već toliki ugled da su se njima počeli koristiti
i u suparničkim vojskama. U francuskoj službi spominju
se već 1632., a ljeti 1635. formirane su i tri hrvatske pu-
kovnije ­D’Espenan, Sirot i Meilleraye, a zatim još dvije
pukovnije Hrvata Raab i pukovnija Hrvata Wumberg.
Prva konjička pukovnija s titulom „kraljevska” (Roy-
al-Cravattes) podignuta je 1643. pod zapovjedništvom
pukovnika grofa Johanna von Balthazara, a zanimljivo
je kako se godinama borila u Kataloniji.
U bitci kod Rocroia 1643. godine hrvatski su odredi u
sastavu obje sukobljene vojske. Hrvatske pukovnije
Raab i Schack bore se na francuskoj strani, dok se sa
34
španjolske strane nalazila hrvatska pukovnija Nagy Ist-
van. No, čini se da se nisu izravno sukobili jer su se nala-
zili na suprotnim krilima suprotstavljenih vojski.
Paralelno sa sukobima na zapadu Carstva i u Francuskoj,
hrvatske postrojbe ratuju s promjenjivim uspjehom i u
istočnim i sjeveroistočnim dijelovima Carstva. Tako su
hrvatske čete pod pukovnikom Trückmillerom u za-
sjedi kod Hallstadta u Saskoj švedskoj vojski nanijele
osjetne gubitke ­četiristotinjak poginulih, petstotinjak
zarobljenih, među kojima je bilo šest konjičkih kape-
tana te niz drugih časnika. Zarobljeno je tada i do 2000
konja, nekoliko kočija, kola i puno prtljage. S druge pak
strane, u brojnim su okršajima poraženi. U teškome po-
razu carske vojske u tzv. drugoj bitci kod Breitenfelda
1642. sudjelovalo je 14 hrvatskih „eskadrona” stacio-
niranih na desnome i lijevome krilu pod zapovjedni-
štvom generala Gonzage, Bruaya i Sojea.
Okolnosti su se dodano zakomplicirale kada se 1644.
protiv cara pobunio erdeljski vojvoda György I. Rakoczy,
koji ubrzo osvaja cijelu Gornju Ugarsku. Hrvatske
postrojbe sudjelju i u tim sukobima, a 1646. tamo ratu-
je velika vojna sila pod banom Ivanom Draškovićem ili
ju je on poslao. U njezinu je sastavu i grof Nikola Zrinski
s 300 vojnika, koji je za svoje zasluge imenovan „ge-
neralom svih Hrvata”. Sljedeće godine carskoj se vojsci
u češkim zemljama pridružio žumberački kapetan grof
Petar Zrinski sa šest satnija.
Osobito su se istaknuli kod Českih Budĕjovica 1647.,
kada je manji švedski odred zamalo na spavanju zaro-
bio samoga cara Ferdinanda III., kojega bi, kako navodi
Juraj Rattkay, i zarobili da:
„...brzo nisu dojurili hrvatski veterani, smješteni
u blizini na straži, jer ih je uznemirila nastala
A small detachment of the Croatian cavalry participated in the surprise attack of buka. A oni urođenim junaštvom i srčanošću
the imperial-Bavarian army on the French-Weimar winter camp at Tuttlingen on 24
November 1643. The imperial advance party contingent, in which there was also vrlo brzo smute i suzbiju ljuta neprijatelja koji je
one detachment of Croats under the command of Colonel Georg von Truckmüller, već spremao trijumf nad carem. Dok su zadrža-
used snow for a silent attack, took the enemy completely by surprise and com-
pletely defeated him. One Croatian rittmeister with 130 horsemen captured over vali neprijatelje, ispunjene neizrecivim strahom,
800 horses and about the same number of men during the pursuit for the captured dojuri Lebenstein s jednim odredom carskoga
enemy. The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. IV, Frankfurt am Main, 1644, p. 191
korpusa, predodređenim za obranu. Udruživši
snage s Hrvatima, on sasvim potuče Wranglera
s drugovima, dok ih je jedva nekolicina utekla
bijegom….” (Rattkay, Spomen, str. 283)
also had a task to ravage the French areas, hence, one
source states that if one wants to ravage far and wide
across France and cause fear, one should engage 6000
Poles and at least 3000 Croats.
By the 1630s Croatian units had such great reputation that
the enemy armies also started to engage them. They are
mentioned in French service as early as 1632 and in the
summer of 1635 three Croatian regiments were formed -
D’Espenan, Sirot and Meilleraye, and two more – the regi-
ment of Croats Raab and the regiment of Croats Wumberg.
The first cavalry regiment with the ‘royal’ title (Royal-Cra-
vattes) was assembled in 1643 under the command of
Colonel Johann von Balthazar and it is an interesting fact
it fought for years in Catalonia.
At the Battle of Rocroi in 1643 Croatian detachments
are part of both belligerent armies. The Croatian
35
regiments Raab and Shack fought on the French side,
whereas on the Spanish side there was the Croatian
regiment Nagy Istvan. But, it appears that they did not
come into direct conflict, because they were on the dif-
ferent wings of opposing armies.
Concurrently with the conflicts at the west of the Em-
pire and in France, Croatian troops also waged war with
different success in the eastern and north-eastern parts
of the Empire. Croatian troops under Colonel Trückmill-
er inflicted considerate losses to the Swedish Army at
an ambush at Hallstadt in Saxony – circa 400 dead, 500
captured, among which six cavalry captains and nu-
merous other officers. On the other hand, they were
defeated in numerous skirmishes. At the heavy defeat
of the imperial army in the so-called Second Battle of
Breitenfeld in 1642 participated 14 Croatian ‘squadrons’
stationed on the right and left flank under the com-
mand of generals Gonzaga, Bruay and Soje.
The circumstances were additionally complicated in
1644 when György I Rakoczy, prince of Transylvania, re-
belled against the Emperor, soon capturing the whole
Upper Hungary. Croatian troops also participate in
these conflicts and in 1646 a great military force waged
war there under viceroy (ban) Ivan Drašković, or was
sent there by him. Part of his line-up is formed by Count
Nikola Zrinski with 300 soldiers and for his services he
was named ‘the general of all Croats’. The imperial army
in Bohemia was joined next year by Count Peter Zrinski,
captain of Žumberak, with six companies.
They became particularly distinguished at Češke Budĕ-
jovice in 1647, when a small Swedish detachment near-
ly captured Emperor Ferdinand III himself while he was
sleeping and in the words of Juraj Rattkay they would
have done exactly that if:
‘… some Croatian veterans did not come rushing,
placed nearby on guard duty, because they were
disturbed by the resulting commotion. And with
their native bravery and daring they quickly per-
plexed and supressed the enemy who was already
preparing his triumph over the Emperor. While they
were holding back the enemy, the latter filled with
unspeakable fear; Lebenstein came rushing with
another detachment of the imperial corps predes-
tined for defence. Joining forces with Croats, he
completely defeated Wrangler and his comrades,
while only few managed to escape…’ (Rattkay,
Memory, p. 283)
 Brojnost hrvatskih postrojbi
The numerousness of Croatian
troops
Ukupan broj hrvatskih vojnika koji su sudjelovali u
raznim fazama Tridesetogodišnjega rata još uvijek
nije precizno utvrđen. Iako je odaziv hrvatskih vojnika
bez sumnje bio masovan, brojevi od 20 000 pa i više
hrvatskih vojnika/konjanika u carskoj vojsci tridesetih
godina 17. st. čine se ipak nerealnim. Naime, iako je
militarizacija hrvatskoga društva kroz dugogodišnje
ratovanje s Osmanlijama formirala jedan široki krug lju-
di vičnih ratu, tada reducirani hrvatski prostor („ostaci
ostataka” 17. stoljeća) teško je mogao osigurati tolik
broj vojnika. Tako velike brojke „Hrvata” u carskoj vojsci
posljedica su s jedne strane uključivanja među „Hrvate”
vojnika drugih naroda koji su jednako/slično ratovali
pa i izgledali (Ugri, Poljaci, Kozaci itd.), a s druge strane
(masovnoga) novačenja vojnika različita porijekla u hr-
vatske postrojbe. Pojam „hrvatska konjica” relativno je
brzo postao generički izraz kojim se referiralo na laku
konjicu sastavljenu kako od Hrvata tako i od Nijemaca,
Ugra, Poljaka, Kozaka itd.
Ipak, broj hrvatskih vojnika bio je zaista velik. Od evi-
dentiranih par stotina na početku rata, taj je broj 1632.
godine narastao na 6000 „Hrvata”. No, vrlo je brzo
general Isolano unovačio dodatnih 6000 ljudi da bi u
svibnju 1632. godine krajiški časnici Daniel Beygott
Prikaz okupljanja hrvatskih konjanika u Zagrebu 1639. godine.
Ljudevit Krmpotić, Izvještaji o utvrđivanju granica Hrvatskog kraljevstva od 16.
do 18. stoljeća, Hannover-Karlobag-Čakovec, Nakladni zavod Hrvatski zapisnik,
1997., str. 255
36
The total number of Croatian soldiers participating in vari-
ous phases of the Thirty Years’ War is has not yet been pre-
cisely determined. Although the response of Croatian sol-
diers was undoubtedly massive, the numbers of 20 000 or
even more Croatian soldiers/horsemen in the imperial army
during the 1630s seem rather unrealistic. Namely, even
though the militarisation of the Croatian society through-
out the long years of waging war with the Ottomans
formed a wide circle of people skilled to war, the reduced
Croatian territory of that time (‘remnants of the remnants’
of 17th century) could hardly produce such number of sol-
diers. Such large numbers of ‘Croats’ in the imperial army
are the consequence of including among ‘Croats’ soldiers of
other nationalities that waged war or had an appearance in
the equal/similar way (Hungarians, Poles, Cossacks etc.), as
well as of (massive) recruitment of soldiers of different de-
scent into Croatian troops. The term ‘Croatian cavalry’ rather
quickly became the generic term that referred to light cav-
alry comprised not only of Croats, but also Germans, Hun-
garians, Poles, Cossacks etc.
Despite that, the number of Croatian soldiers was indeed
large. From the recorded few hundreds at the outset of
the war, this number grew to 6000 ‘Croats’ in 1632. How-
ever, General Isolano very swiftly recruited additional
Outline of assembling the Croatian horsemen in Zagreb in 1639.
Ljudevit Krmpotić, Izvještaji o utvrđivanju granica Hrvatskog kraljevstva od 16.
do 18. stoljeća, Hannover-Karlobag-Čakovec, Nakladni zavod Hrvatski zapisnik,
1997, p. 255
i Gašpar Starešinić podignuli na krajiškome prosto-
ru još jednu pukovniju. Kada se pogledaju patenti za
novačenje, vidljivo je kako je 1632./1633. naređeno
podizanje najmanje 8500 hrvatskih arkebuzira, a do
1635. njih još 1600. Međutim, nisu svi morali biti cijelo
vrijeme u bojnome poretku, pa je pitanje koliko ih je
simultano bilo na bojnome polju. Koliko ih je pak bilo
baš s hrvatskoga prostora, za sada je teško dokučiti, ali
nema sumnje da je odaziv morao biti masovan. To se
ogleda i iz činjenice kako je Hrvatsko-slavonski sabor,
kada je krajem 1632. pukovnik Luka Hrastovački poslan
da novači nove postrojbe na hrvatskome prostoru, pro-
testirao protiv toga navodeći kako već tisuće ratuju iz-
van zemlje, koja je pak pogođena prošlogodišnjom gla-
di i ugrožena od Osmanlija i Ugra. No, novačenje nije
stalo, pa je Hrvatsko-slavonski sabor protiv te prakse
protestirao i 1633., 1634. i 1636. U tim godinama pod
Wallensteinovim nasljednikom na poziciji glavnoga
zapovjednika carske vojske, generalom Gallasom, koji
je zapovijedao vojnoj sili od 60 000 ljudi, nalazilo se 184
konjaničkih hrvatskih četa. Njima je zapovijedao ge-
neral Isolano. Iako su iz Hrvatske ubrzo pristignule nove
čete pod grofom Andrijom Palffyjem, čini se da se taj
broj, barem što se konjanika tiče, ustalio jer je počet-
kom svibnja 1634. u carskoj vojsci koja je kretala prema
Gornjoj Falačkoj, među 18 000 konjanika bilo ponovno
184 hrvatskih konjaničkih četa. Dakle, riječ je o barem
nekoliko tisuća hrvatskih konjanika koji sudjeluju u toj
fazi, a izgleda kako su se slične brojke zadržale do sve
do kraja rata. U Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu sudjelovale
su i pješačke postrojbe, iako na ovome stupnju is-
traženosti možemo navesti tek mjestimične podatke
koji pokazuju kako je i taj rod vojske u određenoj mjeri
sudjelovao u ratu. Na samome početku rata, odnosno
u bitci na Bijeloj Gori 1620., sudjeluje par stotina hrvat-
skih pješaka. U Theatrum Europaeumu navodi se kako
je pak početkom svibnja 1634. između 28 000 carskih
pješaka bilo „veoma mnogo Hrvata”.
37
Popis carskih i bavarskih postrojbi 1632. prema rodovima. Indikativna je pod-
jela vojnika u carskoj vojsci na zasebne rodove – konjanike, pješake, Hrvate i
dragune. Uz hrvatske zapovjednike naveden je broj kompanija kojima su raspo-
lagali, a osobito treba naglasiti kako su pod „Hrvatima” zavedeni i Ugri i Poljaci.
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, k. 69, 1632 13 ad81
The list of imperial and Bavarian troops from 1632 according to service branch-
es. The divide of soldiers in the imperial army on individual branches is indica-
tive: horsemen, foot soldiers, Croats and dragoons. Every Croatian commander
is assigned with the number of companies he had at his disposal and it should
be particularly noted that ‘Croats’ also encompassed Hungarians and Poles.
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, b. 69, 1632 13 ad81
6000 men and in May that same year the Military Frontier
officers Daniel Beygott and Gašpar Starešinić assembled
another regiment in the area of the Military Frontier. When
one examines the recruitment patents it is visible that in
1632/1633 it was ordered to assemble at least 8500 Croa-
tian arquebusirs and additional 1600 until 1635. However,
not all of them had to be in the battle array the entire time,
so the question remains how many of them were on the
battlefield at the same time. It is difficult to ascertain how
many of them came directly from the Croatian territory, but
there is no doubt that the response had to be massive. This
is also supported by the fact that the Parliament of Croa-
tia-Slavonia, at the time when at the end of 1632 Colonel
Luka Hrastovački was sent to recruit new units in the Croa-
tian territory, protested against it by stating that thousands
already wage war outside of the country that was stricken
by a five-year famine and endangered by Ottomans and
Hungarians. However, the recruitment did not stop, so the
Parliament protested again against such practice in 1633,
1634 and 1636. During those years when General Gal-
las succeeded Wallenstein as the commander-in-chief of
the imperial army that had a military force of 60 000 men,
there were 184 Croatian cavalry troops. Their commander
was General Isolano. Although new troops under the com-
mand of Count Andrija Palffy soon arrived from Croatia, it
appears that that number became settled, at least regard-
ing horsemen, since at the beginning of May 1634 among
18 000 horsemen there were again 184 Croatian cavalry
troops in the imperial army that was moving towards Up-
per Palatinate. Therefore, it is a question of at least several
thousand of Croatian horsemen participating in this phase
and it appears that similar numbers remained the same
until the end of the war. Infantry units also participated in
the Thirty Years’ War, even though at the current degree of
research we can only provide incomplete information that
show how this service branch also participated in the war to
a certain degree. At the very beginning of the war i.e. at the
Battle of White Mountain in 1620 around two hundred of
Croatian foot soldiers took part. Theatrum Europaeum states
that at the beginning of May 1634 there were ‘great many
Croats’ among 28 000 imperial foot soldiers.
 Djelovanje i izgled
Activities and appearance
Tijekom Tridesetogodišnjega rata zapravo je bilo malo
velikih bitaka jer zaraćene strane uglavnom nisu že-
ljele riskirati teške poraze, pa su se najčešće borile onda
kada bi imali jasnu brojčanu prednost ili čvrstu defen-
zivnu poziciju, odnosno kada bi na to bile primorane.
Između bitaka odvijali su se mnogobrojni manji sukobi,
prepadi, raznorazna čarkanja, što je bilo pogodno tlo za
nastanak fame o „Hrvatima”. Zadaća lakoga hrvatskog
konjaništva bila je izazivanje neprijatelja, prikupljanje
obavijesti, izviđanje terena, pronalaženje pogodnih
komunikacija i lokacija za logorovanje, držanje straža,
prikupljanje hrane itd. Nisu činili „temeljne” formacije,
nego su uglavnom započinjali sukobe čarkanjima i/ili
ih završavali proganjajući razbijenoga neprijatelja. U
tome su bili vrlo vješti i ekspeditivni. Takav profil vojnih
postrojbi najčešće je djelovao na isturenim položajima
prema neprijatelju, a često i iza samih neprijateljskih
linija – gdje su mogli najefikasnije obavljati zadaće
izviđanja i prikupljanja informacija. No, takvi položaji
i djelovanje bili su puno opasniji i izloženiji neprijate-
ljskim napadima. Laka hrvatska konjica terorizirala je
lokalno stanovništvo pojavljujući se iznenada i nesta-
jući jednako brzo, pa je ubrzo naziv „Hrvat” postao si-
nonimom za pljačku i nasilje. Stoga ne čudi što su vrlo
Na ovoj grafici prikazan je carski logor te švedska vojska krajem listopada 1635.
kod gradića Mesiers, St. Dieuze i Mörsberg u pokrajini Lorraine u Francuskoj.
Hrvatske čete prikazane su kako čuvaju stražu te se sukobljavaju sa švedskim
postrojbama koje prolaze drukčijom rutom od očekivane prema mjestu St.
Dieuzeu.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. III, Frankfurt na Majni, 1644., str. 570
38
During the Thirty Years’ War there were few great battles,
because the belligerent sides mostly did not want to risk
heavy defeats, so they would more often fought when
they had clear numerical superiority or firm defensive
position i.e. when they were forced to. Between battles
there were numerous minor conflicts, surprise attacks,
various skirmishes, which provided fertile ground for
the creation of the myth about ‘Croats’. Croatian light
cavalry’s task was to provoke the enemy, gather infor-
mation, go on patrol, find appropriate communications
and locations for setting up camps, guard duty, collect
food etc. They did not form ‘basic’ formations, but mostly
started conflicts by skirmishing and/or they ended them
by pursuing the shattered enemy. They were very skilled
and prompt in that. This sort of profile of military troops
was most often active on the protuberant positions to-
wards the enemy, and also often behind the enemy lines
– where they could perform their tasks of going on pa-
trol and gathering information most efficiently. Howev-
er, this sort of positions and activities were much more
dangerous and prone to enemy attacks. The light Croa-
tian cavalry terrorized the local populace by appearing
suddenly and disappearing equally swiftly, hence soon
the word ‘Croat’ became synonymous with pillaging
This graphics shows the imperial camp and the Swedish army at the end of
October 1635 near the small towns of Meisers, St. Dieuze and Mörsberg in the
Lorraine Province in France. Croatian troops are depicted on sentry duty and
conflicting with Swedish troops passing through a different route than the one
expected towards the town of St. Dieuze.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. III, Frankfurt am Main, 1644, p. 570
U nekoliko radova flamanskoga slikara Petera Snayersa (1592. – 1667.), pozna- Several works of the Flemish painter Peter Snayers (1592 – 1667), renowned
toga po panoramama bitaka, prikazima ratnih okršaja, pljačkanja itd., u pr- for battle landscapes, depicting war conflicts, pillaging etc. put in foreground
vome se planu nalaze između ostalih i hrvatske postrojbe. Na prikazu bitke kod among others Croatian troops as well. Depiction of the Battle of Lützen not only
Lützena ne samo da su hrvatske postrojbe, između ostalih, u prvome planu, shows Croatian troops in the foreground, but also the Croatian commander is
nego je zapovjednik hrvatskih postrojbi prikazan praktički en face – na konju, s shown practically en face – on the horse, with spread arms, holding a mace and
raširenim rukama u kojima drži buzdovan i pušku. a rifle.
Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 48. Schlacht bei Lutzen, Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 48. Schlacht bei Lutzen,
16. November 1632. 16 November 1632
brzo i druge vojske, savezničke i neprijateljske, uvele
slične postrojbe koje su nosile naziv „Hrvati”.
Jedan od bitnih elemenata fame o „Hrvatima” bio je
njihov izgled. Hrvatski vojnici nosili su odoru koja se
razvijala pod velikim osmanskim utjecajem, pa je na
europskome ratištu bila kuriozitet. Standardno su se
nosili dugački kaputi obrubljeni krznom, jakne i modre,
tamne ili crvene dolame ispod kojih su nosili košulju i
prsluk, crvene hlače ukrašene srebrnim gumbima i sre-
brnim, zlatnim i crnim gajtanima te crvenu ili crnu ka-
banicu. Nadalje, nosili su krznene kape sa zataknutim
perom ili čelenke. Oko pasa nosili su kožne remene na
koji bi objesili sablju, a preko svileni ili platneni pojas.
Što se tiče oklopa i kaciga, njih su rjeđe nosili, iako se
na nekim prikazima pojavljuju i s kacigama na glavama.
Od oružja uglavnom su nosili dva pištolja zataknuta
u toke obješene o unkaš sedla, pušku arkebuzu, a uz
sablje, obješene pod kolanom, dugi trobridni ili čet-
verobridni mač za probijanje oklopa (Panzerstecher) ili
jednobridni mač širokog sječiva (paloš) te koplje, buz-
dovane i sjekire. Treba napomenuti kako su hrvatski
vojnici, kao i pripadnici svih drugih vojska, svoje oružje
znali premazivati otrovom. Jedan suvremeni njemački
kroničar zapisao je kako su Hrvati „imali tako otrovano
39

Ipak, uz vojnu vještinu i priče o okrutnosti koje su se prenosile generacijama,
hrvatski su vojnici budućim pokoljenjima ostavili i jedan od najpopularnijih
odjevnih dodataka – kravatu. Francuski kralj Luj XIV. oformio je u proljeće 1667.
elitnu konjaničku Pukovniju kraljevskih Hrvata (Regiment Royal Cravates), a ubrzo
se pojavio s novim modnim dodatkom, rupcem zavezanim oko vrata u čvor kao
što su to nosili Hrvati. Na ovoj Snayersovoj slici u prednjemu su planu prikazana i
trojica hrvatskih časnika, od kojih jedan oko vrata nosi u čvor svezani bijeli rubac
– vjerojatno od svile, što pokazuje njegov viši hijerarhijski položaj.
Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 89. Gefecht bei Pressnitz,
27. Marz 1641.
40
and violence. It is no surprise therefore that other armies, oružje, da ako su nekoga i najmanje ozlijedili, taj je certain death.’ This was another aspect of warfare that
both allied and enemy, soon introduced similar unites morao umrijeti”. To je još jedan vid ratovanja koji je do- the domestic populace first and foremost connected
that were called ‘Croats.’ maći svijet prije svega povezivao s hrvatskim vojnicima with Croatian soldiers, although that was in no way com-
One of the important elements regarding the myth about iako to nikako nije bio samo njihov specifikum. Jahali mon only for Croats. They rode horses that were smaller,
‘Croats’ was their appearance. Croatian soldiers wore uni- su manje, brze, izdržljive i pokretljive konje. swifter, tougher and more mobile.
forms that developed under strong Ottoman influence,
so they were a curiosity at the European theatre. Their
standard uniform included long coats edged with fur,
jackets and blue, dark or red dolmans under which they Na ovoj kompoziciji hrvatski konjanici u svojim karakterističnim odorama
sprovode zarobljene neprijateljske vojnike. Ističe se prikaz dvojice konjanika u
wore a shirt and a waistcoat, red trousers adorned with crvenim kaputima i s crnim rupcima oko vrata – pretečama kravate.
silver buttons and silver, gold and black braids, and red Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 80. Uberfall bei Dachau,
5. Oktober 1648.
or black raincoats. Furthermore, they wore fur hats with a
feather or helmet plumes. Around their waist they wore In this composition Croatian horsemen in their characteristic uniforms are
conveying the captured enemy soldiers. Two horsemen are distinguishingly
leather belts on which they would fasten their sabres and depicted in red coats and with black scarves around their necks – predecessors
over it silk or linen. Regarding their armour and helmets, of cravats (neckties).
they did not use them often, even though some depic- Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 80. Uberfall bei Dachau,
5. October 1648
tions show them with helmets.
Their weaponry mostly included two pistols stuck in sil-
ver button plates hanging on the pommel of the saddle,
the arquebuse rifle, and besides sabres hanging under
the girth, the long three- or four-edged sword for pierc-
ing armours (Panzerstecher) or a single-edged sword with
the wide cutting edge (paloš), as well as lances, maces
and axes. It should be noted that Croatian soldiers, as
well as members of other armies, sometimes dipped
their weapons in poison. One contemporary German
chronicler wrote that Croats ‘had such poisonous weap-
ons that even the slightest wound from them meant
Still, besides their military skills and stories about cruelty being carried through gen-
erations, Croatian soldiers also left to the posterity one of the most popular fashion
accessories – the necktie. In the spring of 1667 the French king Louis XIV created
an elite cavalry Regiment of Royal Croats (Regiment Royal Cravates) and soon after-
wards appeared with a new fashion accessory, a scarf tied around his neck in a knot,
the way it was worn by Croats. This Snayers’ painting also shows three Croatian of-
ficers in the foreground, one of which has around his neck a white scarf tied in a knot
– probably made of silk, which shows his higher position in the hierarchy.
Das Heeresgeschitliches Museum, Peter Snayers, 89. Gefecht bei Pressnitz,
27 March 1641
41
 Porijeklo „Hrvata“
The descent of ‘Croats’
Hrvatske postrojbe, kao i sve ostale uključene u sukob, bile
su vrlo heterogenog sastava. Uz „prave“ Hrvate, njihovom
sastavu služili su i pripadnici raznih drugih naroda. Različi-
to porijeklo angažiranih vojnika lijepo pokazuje primjer
jedne bavarske pukovnije koja je 1644. u svojem sastavu
imala ljude s njemačkog, talijanskog, hrvatsko-dalma-
tinskog, poljskog, ugarskog, grčkog, francuskog, češkog,
škotskog prostora, zatim s područja Burgundije i pokra-
jine Lorraine te čak i 14 „Turaka“. Najnovija istraživanja po-
kazala su kako su čak i najelitnije švedske pukovnije, ono
koje su do sada smatrane etnički homogene, (velikim)
djelom sastavljene od plaćenika drugih narodnosti - prije
svega Nijemaca. Na žalost, do sada još nije poznat kakav
opširniji popis ljudstva u kojoj hrvatskoj pukovniji, pa se
moramo osloniti na raspoložive parcijalne popise. No, i ovi
U ovom navodu za 1620. vidimo kako se 1600 „Senjana i Hrvata“ u/oko Beča
priključilo vojsci od 2000 Kozaka, te kako je sve to među domaćim stanovništ-
vom izazvalo bojazan. Ovaj navod pokazuje kako su hrvatske postrojbe bile
barem djelomično sastavljene od vojnika s krajiškog prostora.
Metropolitanska knjižnica Zagrebačke Nadbiskupije, sig. 9322, Theatrum Euro-
paeum, sv. I, Frankfurt na Majni, 1635., str. 388
42
Croatian troops, like all the others in this conflict, were very
heterogeneous in their structure. Alongside ‘real’ Croats there
were members of other nations in their structure. Various de-
scent of the engaged soldiers is aptly shown by the example
of a Bavarian regiment that in 1644 had in its structure people
from German, Italian, Croatian-Dalmatian, Polish, Hungary,
Greek, French, Bohemian and Scottish territory, as well as from
the area of Burgundy and the Province of Lorraine, and even
14 ‘Turks’. The latest research showed that even the most elite
Swedish regiments that were so far thought as ethnically ho-
mogenous, were for the most part/partly comprised of merce-
naries of other nationalities – most of all German. Unfortunate-
ly, so far we do not possess an extensive list of people in one
of the Croatian regiments, so we have to rely on the available
partial lists. However, even this fragmentary data, as well as
This quotation shows that 1600 ‘people from Senj and Croatia’ joined the army
of 2000 Cossacks in/around Vienna and that it caused great concern among the
domestic populace. This quotation shows that the Croatian troops were at least
partly comprised of soldiers from the area of the border-land.
The Metropolitan Library of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, reference number
9322, Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 1635, p. 388
fragmentarni podaci, a onda i razni drugi izvori, jasno po-
kazuju kako su i hrvatske postrojbe popunjavane vojnici-
ma različitog etničkog porijekla.
Kada je riječ o „pravim“ hrvatskim vojnicima, na ovom
stupnju istraživanja nije lako detaljno prikazati njihovo
geografsko porijeklo. Na generalnoj razini nema osobitih
dilema - hrvatski vojnici dolazili su s kompletnog prosto-
ra Hrvatsko-slavonskog Kraljevstva - uključujući i prostor
Hrvatske i Primorske krajine te Slavonske krajine, koje još
uvijek nisu teritorijalizirane odnosno izdvojene iz prosto-
ra Kraljevstva. Precizirati njihovo porijeklo unutar granica
Kraljevine, na ovom stupnju istraženosti mnogo je teže.
Za sada je tek poznato kako je grof Juraj Zrinski počet-
kom 1626. novačio ljude za svoje postrojbe na području
Međimurja, a novačenje na vlastitim posjedima provodili
su vjerojatno i drugi plemići. Istovremeno kada i Zrinski,
Franjo Orehovečki unovačio je jednako brojnu četu od 500
konjanika oko Zagreba.
Paralelno s „civilnim“ prostorom, znatne snage za djelova-
nje na prostoru Carstva ili Ugarske podizane su i na kra-
jiškom prostoru. Već 1619. zapovjednik Slavonske krajine
Sigmund Friedrich von Trautmansdorff odveo je u Štajer-
sku mnogobrojne čete sa Slavonske krajine. Kako je to ne-
povoljno moglo utjecati na obranu od Osmanlija, Sabor
je već 1623. tražio od vladara da krajiške čete ne ratuju van
zemlje. Ipak, usprkos protivljenju hrvatskih staleža, no-
vačenje se nastavilo. U svibnju 1632. Daniel Beygott i Gašpar
Starešinić unovačili su jednu pukovniju na krajiškom pros-
toru. Nakon ulaska Francuske u rat 1636., naređeno je zapo-
vjedniku Slavonske krajine Ludwigu Georgu Schwarzenber-
gu da podigne nekoliko tisuća ljudi. Pod njegovim je zapo-
vjedništvo ratovalo u sjevernoj Njemačkoj 1637. - 1638. oko
2000 vojnika, od kojih vjerojatno ipak nisu svi s prostora kra-
jine. U svibnju 1638. žumberački uskoci dobili su zapovijed da
podignu jednog konjanika ili pješaka na vlastiti trošak, dok je
u svibnju 1644. senjskom kapetanu naređeno da polovicu
svojih snaga pošalje u Ugarsku u borbu protiv pobunjenog
erdeljskog kneza Györgya Rakoczya.
43
Popis časnika i vojnika neimenovane pukovnije u kojoj su očito služili (i) Hrvati.
Pojedincima su navedena samo imena, Luka (Lucaß), Wosche (Bože), Martin,
Wilhelm, Januš itd. dok su drugim pak navedena samo prezimena - Belošić
(Welloschitz), Miletić (Milleditz), Kordinić (Cordinitz), Benković (Bencowitz) i
Jurić (Juritz).
U istom izvoru nalazi se još jedan popis vojnika nesumnjivo hrvatskog porijek-
la. Tako se navode Bošnjak (Voßnackh), Gašpar, Martin, Jure, Ivan, Vinko, Januš,
Donat, Jurica, Janko te dvoje vojnika pod punim imenom – Ivan Budčić ili Butčić
(Iban Budzitsch/Buczitsch) i Andrija Vlah/Poljak (Andreas Vollackh)
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, k. 2514, 1635 Nachtrag 1
The list of officers and soldiers of the unnamed regiment where it is obvious
that Croats (among others) were in service. Some of them are listed by first
names only; Luka (Lucaß), Wosche (Bože), Martin, Wilhelm, Januš etc. while the
others only by surnames – Belošić (Welloschitz), Miletić (Milleditz), Kordinić
(Cordinitz), Benković (Bencowitz) i Jurić (Juritz).
The same source has another list of soldiers that are undoubtedly of Croatian
descent. It states Bošnjak (Voßnackh), Gašpar, Martin, Jure, Ivan, Vinko, Januš,
Donat, Jurica, Janko and two soldiers with their full names - Ivan Budčić ili
Butčić (Iban Budzitsch) and Andrija Vlah/Poljak (Andreas Vollackh).
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, b. 2514, 1635 Nachtrag 1
various other sources, clearly demonstrate that Croatian units
were also filled with soldiers of different ethnical descent.
Regarding the ‘real’ Croatian soldiers, it is not easy to show in
detail their geographical descent at the current degree of
research. There are no particular dilemmas on the general
level - Croatian soldiers came from a whole area of the King-
dom of Croatia-Slavonia – including the area of the Croatian
and Maritime border-land and Slavonian border-land, which
were still not non-territorial i.e. outside the Kingdom’s area. It
is much more difficult to be specific at this degree of research
about their decent within the Kingdom’s borders. So far it is
only known that at the beginning of 1626 Count Juraj Zrin-
ski recruited people for their troops in the area of Međimurje
and recruiting at their own estates was also probably done by
other nobles. At the same time as Zrinski, Franjo Orehovečki
recruited around Zagreb a troop with an equal number of 500
horsemen.
Concurrently with the ‘civilian’ area, considerable forces were
also assembled in the area of the Military Border to be active
in the area of the Empire or Hungary. Already in 1619 Sigmund
Friedrich von Trautmansdorff, the commander of the Slavoni-
an border-land took to Styria numerous troops from the Slavo-
nian border-land. Since this could have a negative effect on the
defence against the Ottomans, in 1623 the Parliament asked
the King not to send the border-land troops to wage war out-
side the country. Still, despite the objection of the Croatian es-
tates the recruitment continued. In May 1632 Daniel Beygott
and Gašpar Starešinić recruited a regiment in the border-land
area. After France entered the war in 1636 the commander
of the Slavonian border-land, Ludwig Georg Schwarzenberg,
was ordered to assemble several thousand men. Around 2000
soldiers waged war under his command in northern Germany
from 1637 to 1638, all of which most probably were not from
the border-land area. In May 1638 the Uskoks from Žumberak
were ordered to assemble one horsemen or a foot soldier at
their own expense, whereas in May 1644 the captain of Senj
was ordered to send half of his forces to Hungary to fight the
rebelled prince of Transylvania György Rakoczy.
 Nasilje „Hrvata“
Violence of ‘the Croats’
Tridesetogodišnji rat ulazi u red najbrutalnijih sukoba koji
su zadesili njemačke zemlje, a u kojemu je prema suvre-
menim procjenama stradalo do dvadeset posto uku-
pnoga stanovništva. Iako nisu svi krajevi bili jednako po-
gođeni, dugotrajne ratne operacije ostavile su dramatične
društvene posljedice na njemačkome, ali i širemu srednjo-
europskom prostoru. Onodobna svjedočanstva prepuna
su slika ekstremnoga nasilja kojemu je bilo izloženo civilno
stanovništvo – koje je ipak bilo najviše pogođeno ratom.
Ipak, treba napomenuti kako suvremeni povjesničari drže
da ekstremni primjeri nasilja nisu bili onoliko učestali kako
se ranije smatralo te da su veći teret bile financijske i op-
skrbne iznude koje su nametane lokalnom stanovništvu.
Naime, kako bi se suzbilo pljačkanje i nasilje, uveden je sus-
tav kontribucija, odnosno davanje dogovorenih novčanih
iznosa i/ili raznih namirnica, sijena itd. kako bi se određena
zajednica poštedjela od nasilja. No, i to se iskorištavalo pre-
ko svake mjere, pa je i takav vid nasilja devastirao gradske
i seoske zajednice. Smještaj stotina, odnosno tisuća voj-
nika unutar jednoga grada ili nekoga manjeg prostora,
Na ovoj zanimljivoj grafici grada Dornberga prikazan je jedan očito nesva-
kidašnji događaj – pad hrvatskih konjanika niz gradsku kapiju, odnosno
strminu prema rijeci Saale.
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 1730
44
The Thirty Years’ War is ranked as one of the most brutal con-
flicts to befall German lands, claiming the lives of up to twenty
percent of the total populace according to modern estimates.
Even though not all parts were equally affected, the long-time
war operations left behind dramatic consequences not only
on German, but also on wider middle-European area. The
contemporary testimonies are filled with images of extreme
violence civilians were exposed to, being the part of populace
most affected by the war. It should be noted though that mod-
ern historians think that the extreme examples of violence
were not as frequent as previously thought and that financial
and supply extortions imposed on the local populace proved
to be a much greater burden. Namely, in order to curb pillag-
ing and violence a system of contributions was introduced
i.e. giving agreed amounts of money and/or various supplies,
hay etc. in order for a community to be spared of violence. But
that too was used beyond measure; hence this kind of vio-
lence also devastated city and village communities. Accom-
modating hundreds or thousands of soldiers within a town
or a smaller space drained the local populace both financially
This interesting graphics of the town of Dornberg shows an obviously rare
event – the fall of Croatian horsemen down the city gate i.e. steep towards
the Saale River.
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 1730
Frizler, 7. Listopad 1647.
Vlastoručno potpisan izvještaj pukovnika Mirka Markovića upućen gene-
ral-feldmarschalu Matthiasu Gallasu u kojemu obećava kako će unatoč počet-
nomu neuspjehu i dalje pomno istražiti pozadinu pljačke imovine izbornoga
kneza Mainza, za koju se između ostaloga sumnjičilo i neke hrvatske vojni-
ke, te javiti rezultate istrage. Još jedan primjer nasilja carskih vojnika prema
saveznicima.
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, k. 125, 1647 12 5
financijski je i opskrbno iscrpljivao lokalno stanovništvo,
koje je vrlo često znalo biti pritisnuto pa i sasvim nereal-
nim zahtjevima ukonačenih zapovjednika koji su nastojali
profitirati na tuđi račun. Indikativan primjer takva vida jest
ukonačivanje hrvatskih vojnika pod zapovjedništvom pu-
kovnika Luke Hrastovačkoga u Wernigerodi 1628.
Upravo su hrvatski vojnici slovili su kao vrlo okrutni, jed-
ni od onih čiji je sam spomen često izazivao jezu među
lokalnim stanovništvom. Oko grada Wrocława/Breslaua
kružile su 1634. glasine kako su vojnici hrvatske pukovnije
Stjepana Petrovića žive ljude pekli i nasmrt ih mučili. No,
treba naglasiti kako je takva fama, odnosno izdvajanje „Hr-
vata” između svih ostalih, u stanovitoj mjeri neopravdana
jer su i vojnici svih vojska bez obzira na porijeklo i narod-
nost činili jednako okrutna djela. Onodobna društva bila
su ionako izložena raznim oblicima nasilja, što se u ratnim
okolnostima dodatno intenziviralo. Uostalom, s obzirom
na to da je vojskama stalno nedostajalo vojnika, puno toga
im se i toleriralo, što pak nije imalo pozitivan učinak na voj-
ničku stegu.
No, nema sumnje kako su hrvatski vojnici zaista bili skloni
pljački i pustošenju. Kada je švedska vojska kod Rostocka
45
Frizler, 7 October 1647
Personally signed report that Colonel Mirko Marković sent to General-Field
Marshal Matthias Gallas promising that despite initial failure he will contin-
ue to meticulously investigate the background of property robbery of the
Prince-Elector of Mainz, for which among others some Croatian soldiers were
suspected, and report the results. Another example of violence of imperial sol-
diers towards allies.
OeStA, KA, FA, AFA, b. 125, 1647 12 5
and in terms of supply, the populace often being also pressed
with totally unrealistic demands of the accommodated com-
manders who tried to profit on their expense. Indicative of this
is accommodating Croatian soldiers under the command of
Colonel Luka Hrastovački in Wernigeroda in 1628.
It was Croatian soldiers who were said to be very cruel; one
of those whose very mention often made the local populace
shudder. Around the town of Wrocław/Breslau there were
rumours in 1634 that soldiers of the Croatian regiment of
Stjepan Petrović baked living people and tortured them to
death. However, it should be emphasized that this myth i.e.
isolating Croats among all the rest is unjustified to a certain
extent, because soldiers of all armies, no matter what their de-
scent and nationality was, committed equal cruelties. Societies
of the time were already exposed to various forms of violence,
which became more intensified in wartime circumstances. In
any case, bearing in mind that armies were in constant lack of
soldiers, it was more than usual to turn a blind eye, which did
not have a positive effect on the military discipline.
However, there is no doubt that Croatian soldiers were in-
deed inclined to pillaging and ravaging. When in the 1630s a
Swedish army near Rostock smashed a Croatian troop, they

U djelu Engleza Phillipa Vincenta slikovito su prikazane strahote rata koje su za-
desile njemačke zemlje. Iako je Tridesetogodišnji rat bio vrlo nasilan, Vincetova
je publikacija prepuna primjera ekstremne brutalnosti i nečovječna postupa-
nja katoličke strane. Propaganda namijenjena engleskomu protestantskomu
stanovništvu, ta je publikacija do krajnjih granica demonizirala katoličku
stranu, među kojima je posebno naglašen barbarizam, divljaštvo, odnosno
nečovječnost Hrvata.
Tako se u knjizi osobito ističe strahovit prikaz hrvatskoga vojnika koji jede di-
jete, te time nastavlja diskreditirati Hrvate optužujući ih za bešćutna ubojstva
i kanibalizam. Ništa manje nije grozan opis hrvatskih konjanika – „koji su se
trudili mnogo da nauče svoje konje ne samo da ubijaju ljude, nego i da jedu
ljudsko i kršćansko meso, te su se savjetovali kako pronaći što rjeđe, okrutnije i
ekstremnije metode mučenja.”
Ipak, i autor je bio svjestan kako dobar dio „Hrvata” uopće nije bio hrvatskoga
porijekla, pa navodi kako „desetina ih nije iz te zemlje (Hrvatske op. a.), nego su
mješavina raznih stranih naroda, bez Boga, bez vjere te posjeduju tek vanjštinu
čovjeka, a i to rijetko.”
Phillip Vincent, The lamentations of Germany, wherein, as in a glasse, we may
behold her miserable condition, composed by Dr Vincent, Theo, London, 1638.,
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, Bi25 18.
tridesetih godina 17. st. razbila jednu hrvatsku četu, zapli-
jenjeno je puno zlata i srebra, a čak su im i staklenke i ču-
ture bile natrpane dukatima, zlatnim verigama i ostalim
dragocjenostima Od pljačke nisu bile pošteđene ni crkve,
ni župni domovi, pa čak ni grobovi koji su otvarani u potra-
zi za dragocjenostima.
Tako je gradonačelnik bavarskoga gradića Marktredwit-
za svjedočio kako su 1633. na kvartir pristigle hrvatske
čete pukovnika Nikole Forgacha, Daniela Beygotta, Paula
Orossija, Petra Keglevića te Marka von Corpesa. Budući da
ih je bilo puno, a prostora za smještaj i opskrbu malo, poče-
li su pustošiti okolicu tako da u krugu od 12 do 15 milja nit-
ko nije bio siguran. Pljačkali su gradove i trgovišta, odvodili
i muškarce i žene. „Nije bilo dana, a da nismo čuli kako je
ovdje i ondje netko upucan, sasječen i mučenički ubijen”,
zapisao je lokalni kroničar. Hrvatski zapovjednici tražili su
namirnice, novac, a čak su i čete koje su dobile premještaj
u Češku sa sobom odvele zarobljenoga gradskog suca,
koji se jedva poslije spasio. Ipak, stanovnici su ne štedeći
na troškovima, između ostaloga, angažirali kao zaštitu ne-
koliko Hrvata iz Corpesove pukovnije. Očito je zaista bilo
riječi o Hrvatima jer navode kako su se angažirani mogli
sporazumijevati s ostalim Hrvatima na njihovu jeziku.
Dodatan problem za lokalno stanovništvo jest činjenica
46
The work of Philip Vincent, the Englishman, picturesquely shows the horrors of war
that befell German lands. Although the Thirty Years’ War was very violent, Vincent’s
publication is filled with examples of extreme brutality and inhuman treatment of
the catholic side. As propaganda meant for the English protestant populace, this
publication demonised the catholic side to the utmost, among which barbarism,
savagery i.e. the inhumanity of Croats was particularly emphasized.
Hence the book particularly emphasizes the dreadful depiction of a Croatian
soldier eating a baby, continuing in that way to discredit Croats, accusing them
for heartless murders and cannibalism. Every bit as much ghastly is the de-
scription of Croatian horsemen – who “…have laboured much to teach their
horses not only to kil men, but to eate humane and Christian flesh, and have
consulted how to find out torments more rare, cruell, and exquisite than ever.“
Still, the author himself was aware that a large number of ‘Croats’ were not at all
of Croatian descent, so he states that „The tenth parth of them are not of that
Countrey: (i.e. Croatia, author’s comment) but are a miscellany of all strange
nations, without God, without religion, and have only the outsides of men, and
scarse that too.“
Phillip Vincent, The lamentations of Germany, wherein, as in a glasse, we may
behold her miserable condition, composed by Dr Vincent, Theo, London,
1638., Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, Bi25 p. 18
captured lot of gold and silver and even jars and water-bottles
were full of gold coins, gold manacles and other preciousness.
Not even churches and parish houses were spared of pillaging
and nor were graves, opened in search of valuable items.
The mayor of the small Bavarian town of Marktredwitz wit-
nessed something similar, when in 1633 Croatian troops of
colonels Nikola Forgach, Daniel Beygott, Paul Orossi, Petar
Keglević and Marcus von Corpes were accommodated in
the town. Since there were many of them and the space
for accommodation and supply was scarce, they started to
pillage the surrounding area so that no one in the radius
of 12 to 15 miles was safe. They pillaged towns and mar-
ket towns, and took away both men and women. The local
chronicle wrote: ‘Not a day went by that we did not hear
someone had been shot here and there, hacked to death
or killed like a martyr.’ Croatian commanders asked for pro-
visions, money and troops that got transferred to Bohemia
even took the captured town judge with then, who bare-
ly managed to save himself afterwards. Still, among other
things, the populace sparing no expense engaged several
Croats from Corpes’ regiment for protection. Apparently
they were indeed Croats, since they state that engaged
Croats could easily communicate with other Croats in their
own language.
kako su bili prisiljeni brinuti se o ranjenim i/ili bolesnim
vojnicima ­što je pak često rezultiralo epidemijama koje
su bez razlike kosile i vojnike i lokalno stanovništvo.
Glad i epidemije su pak, kao pravilo, nastupale iza rat-
nih pustošenja. U svibnju 1632. u bavarskome gradiću
Landshutu, netom zauzetom od Šveđana, izbila je epi-
demija ­tzv. ugarska groznica, za čije je širenje gradski
liječnik okrivio tamo smještene Hrvate.
Jedan od najpoznatijih i najdramatičnijih događaja
Tridesetogodišnjega rata jest zauzimanje prosperitet-
noga grada Magdeburga u današnjoj njemačkoj
saveznoj pokrajini Saska/Saksonija-Anhalt, od strane
carske vojske 20. svibnja 1631., pri čemu je, čak i su-
protno uobičajenim postupcima, uslijedio velik pokolj
u kojemu je stradalo do 20 000 ljudi. Grad su oko dva
mjeseca opsjedale carske postrojbe pod zapovjedni-
štvom grofa Tillyja i Pappenheima, a u čijemu je sas-
tavu bio i određen broj hrvatskih odreda. U konačni-
ci je tridesetak tisuća carskih vojnika zauzelo grad na
juriš, nakon čega je izbio veliki požar te uslijedili stra-
hovito pustošenje, pljačke i masovna ubojstva. Bogatiji
građani spašavali su živote svojom imovinom, nekoliko
tisuća ljudi spas je pronašlo u magdeburškoj katedrali,
no ostali su doživjeli sudbinu koja je potresla ondašnju
javnost te u sljedećim stoljećima ostala zapamćena kao
opće mjesto stradanja stanovništva u Tridesetogodi-
šnjemu ratu. Iako su se hrvatski vojnici i u tome slučaju
apostrofirali kao jedni od glavnih krivaca, nasilje je bilo
sveobuhvatno i u pustošenju su sudjelovali svi pripad-
nici carske vojske. No, upravo je jedan hrvatski odred
bio taj koji je preko rijeke Labe, a kroz jedna sporedna
vrata, prvi upao u grad i zatim otvorio druga veća vrata
kroz koja je nahrupio ostatak carske vojske. Zapovjed-
nik toga hrvatskog odreda bio je kapetan Šafarić.
I Hrvati stradaše…
Razmatrajući ulogu hrvatskih postrojbi u Trideseto-
godišnjemu ratu, nikako se ne smije zanemariti činjeni-
cu kako su tijekom toga dugotrajnog i krvavog sukoba
hrvatski vojnici doživjeli niz većih i manjih poraza, da
su bili izloženi gladi, nepovoljnim vremenskim uvjeti-
ma, epidemijama, osvetama lokalnoga stanovništva i
raznim drugim neprilikama.
47
The additional problem for the local populace was the fact
that they were forced to take care of the wounded and/or
sick soldiers – which often resulted in epidemics that made
no difference between wiping out both soldiers and the
local population. The famine and epidemics as a rule ap-
peared after war-related devastations. In May 1632 there
was an epidemic in the small Bavarian town of Landshut
after it was captured by the Swedes – the so-called Hungar-
ian fever and the local town physician blamed the Croats
accommodated there for its spreading.
One of the best known and most dramatic events of
the Thirty Years’ War was the capture of the prosperous
city of Magdeburg in the modern German federal state
of Saxony-Anhalt by the imperial army on 20 May 1631,
during which, contrary to the practice of the day, there
was a large massacre in which 20 000 people were killed.
For around two months the city was under siege by the
imperial units under the command of Count Tilly and
Pappenheim, in which there was a certain number of
Croatian detachments. In the end thirty thousand impe-
rial soldiers charged into the city, after which a great fire
broke out, followed by massive ravaging, pillaging, and
mass murder. Wealthy citizens saved their lives with their
property, several thousand took refuge in the Magdeburg
Cathedral, while the fate which befell the rest shook up
the public and was remembered in the coming centuries
as the general spot of public tribulation in the Thirty Years’
War. Although Croatian soldiers were on this occasion
also signalled out as one of the main culprits, the violence
was total and all the members of the imperial army took
part in devastations. However, it was indeed a Croatian
detachment that first invaded the city across the Elbe Riv-
er and through the secondary door and then opened the
other bigger door through which the rest of the imperial
army burst in. The commander of that Croatian detach-
ment was Captain Šafarić.
The Croats also perished…
Considering the role of Croatian units in the Thirty Years’
War, one should under no circumstances disregard the fact
that during this long-lasting and bloody conflict Croatian
soldiers suffered a sequence of bigger and smaller defeats,
that they were exposed to hunger, unfavourable weather
conditions, epidemics, revenges from local populace and
various other difficulties.
 tko je tko
who is who
casnici
Tijekom Tridesetogodišnjega rata hrvatske su postro-
jbe služile pod raznim zapovjednicima –­u carskoj vojsci
pod grofom Bucqouyjem na početku rata, zatim pod Al-
brechtom von Wallensteinom ili njegovim nasljednikom
Matthiasom Gallasom, kao i u vojsci Katoličke lige pod
grofom Tillyjem, te u redovima bavarske, španjolske, a
onda i suprotstavljene francuske vojske. U dugotrajnom
ratnom sukobu sudjelovalo je puno hrvatskih, ugar-
skih i osoba drugih narodnosti koje su ili neposredno
zapovijedale ili u čijoj su se službi isticali hrvatski vojnici.
No, dok za visoko rangirane zapovjednike s katoličke/
habsburške strane možemo pronaći biografske podat-
ke i barem elemente njihova ratnoga puta, za hrvatske
časnike to je uglavnom puno teže. To se odnosi ne samo
na niže časnike, nego i na pukovnike čije su biografije, s
izuzetkom pojedinih članova velikaških obitelji, još uvi-
jek nedostatno istražene. Stoga se na ovome stupnju is-
traženosti može prezentirati tek parcijalna slika o hrvat-
skim časnicima koji su hrvatsko ime istovremeno učinili
slavnim i strašnim na europskoj razini.
Joan Lodovico Hector Isolano
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 2674
48
Officers
During the Thirty Years’ War Croatian troops served under
various commanders – in the imperial army under Count
Bucqouy at the beginning of the war, under Albrecht von
Wallenstein or his successor Matthias Gallas, as well as in
the army of the Catholic League under Count Tilly and as
part of the Bavarian, Spanish and the opposed French army.
Many Croatian, Hungarian and persons of other national-
ities participated in this long-lasting war conflict, either as
direct commanders or individuals in whose service Cro-
atian soldiers were distinguished. But, while we can find
biographical information or at least elements of their war
service for the high ranking commanders on the Catholic/
Habsburg side, it mostly presents a much greater difficulty
when Croatian officers are concerned. This concerns not
only the lower officers, but also the colonels, whose biog-
raphies, with the exception of individual members of aris-
tocratic families, are still insufficiently researched. Hence,
at this degree of research it is possible to present only the
partial image about Croatian officers who on the European
level made the Croatian name both famous and terrifying.
Joan Lodovico Hector Isolano
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 2674
Joan Lodovico Hector Isolano (1584./1586. ­- ožujak 1640.). Isolano je vjero-
jatno najpoznatiji hrvatski zapovjednik u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu, u ko-
jemu je sudjelovao od samoga izbijanja pa do svoje smrti 1640. Rođen u
talijanskoj plemićkoj obitelji porijeklom navodno s otoka Cipra, Isolano već
na početku 17. stoljeća ratuje protiv Osmanlija na hrvatskome prostoru,
gdje 1603. biva zarobljen. Nakon izlaska iz zarobljeništva nastavlja ratovati
u Erdelju, a 1607. moli da mu se kao kapetanu carske vojske i članu zaslužne
časničke porodice udijeli neko imanje na hrvatskoj krajini. Istaknuo se tije-
kom Uskočkoga rata, u kojemu kao zapovjednik jedne hrvatske postrojbe
ratuje pod Albrechtom von Wallensteinom. Od početka Tridesetogodišnje-
ga rata u carskoj je službi te sudjeluje u borbama na svim bojišnicama.
Isolano je 22. lipnja 1625. primio patent za podizanje šest kompanija hr-
vatskih arkebuzira, koje su dvije godine kasnije ojačane na deset kom-
panija, a kada su im pridodane pukovnije Hrastovačkoga, broj je doseg-
nuo 14 kompanija. Godine 1631. primio je naredbu za podizanje 2000
hrvatskih arkebuzira. Godinu dana nakon njegove smrti, 1640., pukovnija
je raspuštena, a njezini su dijelovi inkorporirani u pukovnije Rajkovića,
Markovića i Földváryja.
Istaknuo su se u bitci kod Dessauskoga mosta 1626., sudjeluje u bitci kod
Lutzena 1632., kod Nordlingena 1634., u Saskoj, Češkoj, u sjeveroistočnoj
Francuskoj, a čini se da je čak sudjelovalo u borbama za Mantovu u Itali-
ji 1630. Unatoč porazu carske vojske istaknuo se u bitci kod Breitenfelda
1631., nakon koje je ubrzo imenovan generalom i zapovjednikom nad
svim hrvatskim postrojbama. Car Ferdinand II. dodijelio mu je zbog svojih
zasluga 1635. grofovski naslov te podijelio dva velika imanja u Češkoj i jed-
no imanje u Donjoj Austriji.
Isolano je govorio talijanski, njemački i hrvatski, a izgleda kako se spomi-
nje u memoarima francuskoga časnika grofa Chavagnaca, kojeg su 1637.
zarobili Hrvati. Naime, grof je naveo kako su ga odveli pred hrvatskoga voj-
skovođu Ludovika, „plemića čiju je naočitost naglasila tuđinska uniforma”,
a koji ih je „…primio krajnje uglađeno i, iako sam imao odijelo, naložio mi
je da prihvatim hrvatsko odijelo od crvena velura, podstavljeno skupo-
cjenim krznom.” Dvije godine poslije i jedan drugi francuski velikaš, čiji je
brat ubijen u sukobu s carskom vojskom, navodi kako je tijelo njegova
brata uz velike počasti dao pokopati hrvatski pukovnik Ludovik, koji pak
nije htio uzeti novac koji mu je poslao. Isolano je imao dvije kćeri i jedno-
ga sina, Ljudevita (Ludwiga), koji je smrtno ranjen u francuskoj kampanji
1636., zapovijedajući također hrvatskim četama. Umro je 1640. u Beču.
49
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 1054
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 1054
Joan Lodovico Hector Isolano (1584/1586 – March 1640). Isolano is probably
the best known Croatian commander in the Thirty Years’ War, in which he
participated from the very beginning until his death in 1640. Born into Italian
noble family supposedly descended from Cyprus, already at the beginning of
the 17th century Isolano waged war against the Ottomans on the Croatian
territory, where he was captured in 1603. After releasement from captivity he
continued to wage war in Transylvania and in 1607 requested as the captain
of the imperial army and member of the deserving officer-family to be gran-
ted an estate at the Croatian border. He became distinguished during the
Uskok War, in which he was waging war under Albrecht von Wallenstein as the
commander of a Croatian detachment. He was at imperial service from the
beginning of the Thirty Years’War and participated on fights on all battlefields.
On 22 June 1625 Isolano received the patent to assemble six companies of
Croatian arquebusirs that were strengthened to ten companies two years la-
ter and that number reached 14 companies when Hrastovački’s companies
were added to them. In 1631 he received the order to assemble 2000 Croatian
arquebusirs. The regiment was disbanded after his death – and its parts were
incorporated into regiments of Rajković, Marković and Földváry.
He was also distinguished at the Battle of Dessau Bridge in 1626, participated
in the Battle of Lützen in 1632, of Nördlingen in 1634, in Saxony, Bohemia, in
north-eastern France and it appears he also participated in fights for Mantua
in Italy in 1630. Despite the defeat of the imperial army he was distinguished at
the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631, after which he was soon made a general and
the commander of all Croatian troops. Emperor Ferdinand II gave him the title
of a count in 1635 due to his merits, as well as two large estates in Bohemia and
one in Lower Austria.
Isolano spoke Italian, German and Croatian and it appears he is mentioned in
the memoirs of Count Chavagnac, a French officer captured by Croats in 1637.
Namely, the Count states that he was taken before the Croatian army leader
Ludovik, ‘a nobleman whose handsomeness was emphasized by a foreign
uniform’ and who ‘received them with extreme kindness and, even though I
already had a suit, he suggested that I accept the Croatian suit made from red
velour and lined with expensive fur.’Two years later, another French aristocrat,
whose brother was killed in a conflict with the imperial army, states that Cro-
atian colonel Ludovik buried his brother’s body with full honours, without ta-
king the money that was sent to him. Isolano had two daughters and a son,
Ludwig, who was mortally wounded in the French campaign in 1636, while
also commanding Croatian troops. He died in Vienna in 1640.
 Nikola Zrinski (1. 5. 1620. – 18. 11. 1664.) Sin Jurja Zrinskoga i Mag-
dalene rođ. Szechy. Zrinski se istaknuo kao političar, ratnik, pjesnik i
književnik. Proslavio se u ratovima s Osmanlijama, od početka četrde-
setih godina 17. stoljeća sudjeluje u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu, u ko-
jemu je zbog zasluga 1647. imenovan generalom nad svim Hrvatima
(Croatorum omnium generalis) te hrvatskim banom.
Zrinski je zapravo već u rujnu 1642. na svoj trošak podignuo pukovni-
ju od 500 konjanika. Dvije godine poslije primio je patent za podiza-
nje 500 konjanika, a zatim je ta postrojba ojačana na 800 konjanika. Juraj Frankopan Tržački (oko 1620. – 13. 2. 1661.). Sin Vuka i grofice
Kada je ta pukovnija 1647. raspuštena, dvije kompanije pridružene Uršule Inhofer. Jedan od plejade hrvatskih plemića koji od mladosti
su pukovniji Petra Zrinskoga dok je ostatak ostao do sljedeće godine sudjeluju u ratovima protiv Osmanlija. Osim ratovanja bavio se gra-
pod zapovjedništvom obriestlieutenanta Paula Paraminskyja. diteljstvo, glazbom, slikarstvom i kiparstvom. Istaknuo se u vojnoj
službi, te je nakon okončanja Tridesetogodišnjega rata 1652. ime-
Nikola Zrinski (1 May 1620 – 18 November 1664). Son of Juraj Zrinski novan dozapovjednikom Hrvatske i Primorske krajine. U Trideseto-
and Magdalena nee Szechy. Zrinski was a renowned politician, warri- godišnjemu ratu služio je 1647. pod kapetanom žumberačkih uskoka
or, poet and writer. He became famous in wars with the Ottomans Petrom Zrinskim.
and from the early 1640s he participated in the Thirty Years’ War, in
which he was in 1647 appointed a general of all Croats (Croatorum Juraj Frankopan of Tržac (circa 1620 – 13 February 1661). Son of Vuk
omnium generlis) due to his services, as well as ban of Croatia. and Countess Uršula Inhofer. One of many of Croatian nobles who
Already in September 1642 Zrinski assembled a regiment of 500 hor- participated in wars against the Ottomans from their youth. Besides
semen at his own expense. Two years later he was granted a patent warfare, he pursued architecture, music, painting and sculpture. He
to assemble 500 horsemen and afterwards it was strengthened to was distinguished in military service and after the end of the Thirty
800 horsemen. When in 1647 this regiment was disbanded, two com- Years’ War was in 1652 named co-commander of the Croatian and
panies joined Petar Zrinski’s regiment, whereas the rest stayed until Maritime border. During the Thirty Years’ War he served in 1647 un-
next year under the command of obriestleutnant Paul Paraminsky. der Petar Zrinski, captain of Uskoks from Žumberak.

HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 958 HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 2310
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 958 HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 2310

Juraj Zrinski (31. 1. 1599. – 28. 12. 1626.) Grof Juraj Zrinski odrastao je kao luter-
an te je na katoličanstvo prešao početkom 1620ih. Istaknuti je protuosman-
ski ratnik, a od 15. 11. 1622. do svoje smrti obnaša dužnost hrvatskoga bana.
Njegovi sinovi iz braka s groficom Magdalenom Széchy, Nikola i Petar, također
su obnašali visoke vojno-političke funkcije te sudjelovali u Tridesetogodi-
šnjemu ratu. Zrinski je u veljači 1621. podignuo pukovniju od 500 konjanika
koja je djelovala na donjoaustrijskoj granici, a sljedeće godine raspuštena. U
travnju 1626., sada ban Juraj Zrinski, dobiva patent za podizanje pukovniju
od 500 konjanika, koja je 1628. raspuštena. Pod njegovim je zapovjedništvom
služio i njegov stariji brat Nikola Zrinski (nakon čije smrti 1625. nasljeđuje sve
obiteljske posjede) te časnici Erdödy, Grga Dovolić, Žigmund Eörsi i Ladislav
Mikulić. Uz sukobe protiv ugarskih pobunjenika ratovali su i na prostoru Carst-
Ivan Drašković (13. 3. 1595. / 1603. -­ 5. 8. 1648.) Sin Ivana i Eve rođene va, gdje su sudjelovali u poznatoj bitci kod Dessauskoga mosta 1626. Sljedeće
Istvánffy, stekao je vrlo dobro obrazovanje – školovao se na Isusovačkoj godine ratuju u Češkoj. Njegova smrti krajem prosinca 1626. u Bratislavi po-
gimnaziji u Zagrebu, zatim je studirao filozofiju u Grazu te pravo u Bo- praćena je ipak neutemeljenim sumnjama kako ga je dao otrovati zapovjed-
logni. Istaknuo se u protuosmanskim borbama, a obnašao je funkciju nik carske vojske Albrecht von Wallenstein.
konjičkoga kapetana, kraljevskoga komornika te tajnoga savjetnika.
Zbog zasluga članovima obitelji Drašković dodijeljen je 1631. gro- Juraj Zrinski (31 January 1599 – 28 December 1626). Count Juraj Zrinski grew
fovski naslov, dok je Ivan imenovan 1640. banom, a zatim 1646. i ugar- up as a Lutheran and converted to Catholicism in early 1620s. He was a distin-
skim palatinom. Tijekom Tridesetogodišnjega rata Ivan Drašković kao guished warrior against the Ottomans, and from 15 November 1622 until his
ban predvodio je hrvatske pukovnije koje su se borile na ugarskome death filled the post of ban of Croatia. Nikola and Petar, his sons by marriage
ratištu. to Countess Magdalena Széchy, also filled high military-political functions and
participated in the Thirty Years’ War. In February 1621 Zrinski assembled the
Ivan Drašković (13 March 1595 / 1603 – 5 August 1648). Son of Ivan army of 500 horsemen that was active on the border of Lower Austria and
and Eve nee Istvánffy. He was very well educated – he frequented the it was disbanded next year. In April 1626 as ban Juraj Zrinski got a patent to
Society of Jesus Gymnasium in Zagreb and afterwards studied philo- assemble a regiment of 500 horsemen that was disbanded in 1628. His old-
sophy in Graz and law in Bologna. He was distinguished in fighting er brother Nikola Zrinski also served under his command (after his death in
the Ottomans and filled a post of a cavalry captain, royal chamberlain 1625 Petar inherited all the family estates), as well as officers Vuk Erdödy, Grga
and secret advisor. Due to his services for members of the Drašković Dovolić, Žigmund Eörsi and Ladislav Mikulić. Besides in conflicts against Hun-
family in 1631 he was given the title of a count, whereas Ivan was garian rebels, they also waged war on the imperial territory, where they par-
named ban and then in 1646 palatine of Hungary. During the Thirty ticipated in the famous Battle of the Dessau Bridge in 1626. His death at the
Years’ War as ban of Croatia Ivan Drašković led Croatian regiments end of December 1626 was accompanied by unfounded rumours that he was
that fought on the Hungarian front. poisoned by Albrecht von Wallenstein, the commander of the imperial army.

HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 139 HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 967
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 139 HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 967

50 51
 Petar Zrinski (6. 6. 1621. – 30. 4. 1671.) Sin Jurja Zrinskoga i Magda-
lene rođ. Szechy, brat Nikole Zrinskoga. Grof Petar Zrinski podignuo
je 1643. osam kompanija koje su već sljedeće godine raspuštene.
Godine 1647. imenovan je kapetanom žumberačkih uskoka, a kra-
jem travnja iste godine prima patent za podizanje 1200 konjanika, a
priključio je i dvije kompanije koje su pripadale njegovu bratu Nikoli
te ih ojačao na šest kompanija. Pod njegovim zapovjedništvo bore
se i grof Juraj Frankopan te Toma Eszterházy. Postoje navodi kako je
zapovijedao i nad šest satnija kirasira – teško oklopljenih konjanika.
Postrojba je ratovala u Moravskoj, a raspuštena je 1648. Zapovjednik Slavonske krajine grof Georg Ludwig von Schwarzen-
berg podignuo je krajem 1636. čak 2000 hrvatskih arkebuzira, koji
Petar Zrinski (6 June 1621 – 30 April 1671). Son of Juraj Zrinski and su raspoređeni u trima pukovnijama ­crvenu, plavu i zelenu. Ratova-
Magdalena nee Szechy, brother of Nikola Zrinski. Count Petar Zrin- li su na prostoru sjeverne Njemačke. Dvije godine nakon podizanja
ski assembled in 1643 eight companies that were already disbanded postrojbe su raspuštene, a dvije kompanije priključene su pukovniji
next year. He was named captain of Uskoks from Žumberak in 1647 Rittberg.
and at the end of April of the same year he received a patent to as-
semble 1200 horsemen, while also attaching two companies that The commander of the Slavonian border land Count Georg Ludwig
belonged to his brother Nikola and strengthening them to six com- von Schwarzenberg assembled at the end of 1636 no less than 2000
panies. Count Juraj Frankopan and Toma Eszterházy also fought un- Croatian arquebusirs assigned to three regiments – red, blue and
der his command. There are indications that he also commanded six green. They waged war on the territory of north Germany. Two years
companies of cuirassiers – heavy-armoured cavalry. The unit waged after being assembled, the troops were disbanded and two compa-
ware in Moravia and was disbanded in 1648. nies joined the Rittberg regiment.

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HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 960 HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 740

Juraj Rattkay (22. 12. 1612. -­1. 9. 1666.). Sin Petra Rattkaya i Barbare
Erdödy. Od 1632. član je Isusovačkoga reda. 1640. postaje zagrebačkim,
1643. čazmanskim, 1644. kalničkim arhiđakonom te 1648. katedralnim ar-
hiđakonom i kanonikom lektorom. Studirao je filozofiju u Grazu i teologiju
u Beču. Bio je izaslanik hrvatskih staleža na Ugarskome saboru te kraljevski
povjerenik za vlaška pitanja. Autor je izrazito važnoga historiografskog dijela
„Spomen na kraljeve i banove Kraljevstva Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije”.
Sudjelovao je u protuosmanskim sukobim, a 1647. se borio na ugarskome
ratištu u završnoj fazi Tridesetogodišnjega rata, o čemu je u svojemu djelu os-
tavio svjedočanstva iz prve ruke.
U Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu sudjelovao je i bratić Jurjeva oca – Žigmund
Rattkay. Zanimljivo je kako je Žigmund zapovijedao odredom kirasira –
teško oklopljenih konjanika. Ratovao je u Saskoj, sudjelovao je u opsadi
Königshofena i bitci kod Wittstocka. U sastavu carske vojske bio je od 1634.
pa čini se do svoje smrti 1638.

Juraj Rattkay (22 December 1612 – 1 September 1666). Son of Petar Rattkay and
Barbara Erdödy. Member of the Society of Jesus since 1632. In 1640 he became
the archdeacon of Zagreb, in 1643 archdeacon of Čazma, in 1644 archdeacon of
Kalnik and in 1648 cathedral archdeacon and cannon lector. He studied philos-
ophy in Graz and theology in Vienna. He was the envoy of the Croatian estates
Marko Lubetić-Capilet jedan je od češće spominjanih hrvatskih in the Hungarian Parliament and the royal commissioner for issues regarding
zapovjednika o kome nemamo nikakvih biografskih podataka. Zna Vlachs. He is the author of extremely important history work “Spomen na kral-
se da je nakon pogibije pukovnika Nikole Rajkovića 1644. preuzeo jeve i banove Kraljevstva Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije”(“Memory of the Kings
zapovjedništvo nad njegovom pukovnijom, ali tek nakratko jer ga je and Bans of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia”).
već sljedeće godine na toj poziciji zamijenio pukovnik Giacomo de He participated in conflicts against the Ottomans, and in 1647 he fought at
Colombo. the Hungarian battlefield in the final phase of the Thirty Years’War, leaving his
first-hand testimony about it in the mentioned worb.
Marko Lubetić-Capilet is one of the more mentioned Croatian com- Žigmund Rattkay, the cousin of Juraj’s father, also participated in the Thirty
manders on which we have no biographical information. It is known Years’ War. It is an interesting fact that Žigmund commanded a detachment
that after Colonel Nikola Rajković perished in 1644 Lubetić took over of cuirassiers - heavy-armoured horsemen. He waged war in Saxony, partici-
the command of his regiment, but only briefly, since next year he was pated in the siege of Königshofen and at the Battle of Wittstock. He was part of
replaced with Colonel Giacomo de Colombo. the imperial army from 1634 and probably until he died in 1638.

HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 84 HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 711
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 84 HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 711

52 53

Nikola Rajković jedan je od važnijih hrvatskih zapovjednika Tridese-
togodišnjega rata. Rajković je kao pukovnik i vlasnik pukovnije 1633.
naslijedio pukovnika Veita Caspara von Dornberga, s kojim je ratovao
u Češkoj i njemačkim zemljama.
Poginuo je 17. travnja 1644. u sukobu sa švedskim generalom von
Königsmarckom kod mjesta Zeitz u istočnoj Njemačkoj. I izvori i
ovaj navod iz Theatrum Europaeum navode kako je švedski zapo-
vjednik (neopaženo) pristigao s 1500 ljudi pod navedeno mjesto te
kako je pukovnik Rajković tu noć proveo na banketu s kojeg je po-
prilično pijan otišao na počinak. Kada je pak Rajković saznao za von
Königsmarckov napad, suprotstavio mu se odmah na čelu čete od
400 hrvatskih konjanika. U bitci je prvo stradao Rajkovićev konj,
a onda i sam pukovnik koji je ustrijeljen u glavu. S hrvatske strane
poginulo je preko stotinu ljudi, preko stotinu zarobljeno, a plijen je
uključivao i 155 osedlanih konja.
Međutim, u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu čuva se grafika hrvatskog
pukovnika Petra Rajkovića za koga trenutno nije jasno u kakvoj je
vezi s Nikolom. Možemo pretpostaviti kako je riječ o braći, iako ne
treba isključiti da je riječ o jednoj osobi s krivo upisanim imenom.
54
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 701
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 701
Nikola Rajković is one of the more important Croatian commanders
in the Thirty Years’ War. As colonel and owner of a regiment Rajković
inherited Colonel Veit Caspar von Dornberg in 1633, with which he
waged war in Bohemia and German lands.
He perished on 17 April 1644 in the conflict with the Swedish gen-
eral von Königsmarck near the town of Zeitz in East Germany. Both
the sources and this statement from Theatrum Europaeum state that
the Swedish commander (imperceptibly) arrived with 1500 men at
the specified place and that Colonel Rajković spent that night on a
banquet and went to bed drunk. When Rajković found out about von
Königsmarck’s attack, he opposed him immediately, leading a troop
of 400 Croatian horsemen. Rajković’s horse was the first to perish
in the battle, followed by Rajković himself, shot in the head. Over a
hundred men perished on the Croatian side, another hundred was
captured and the booty included 155 saddled horses.
However, the Croatian State Archives stores the graphics of the Croatian
colonel Petar Rajković, whose nature of relationship to Nikola has so far
not been clear. One can assume they were brothers, although there is
a possibility that it is the same person, with name mistakenly written.
HR-HDA-903. Grafička zbirka, inv. br. 552
HR-HDA-903. Graphic Collection, reference number 552
Iako je Mirko Marković bio je jedan od najvažnijih zapovjednika nad
hrvatskim pukovnijama u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu, biografski po-
datci o njemu, slično kao i kod ostalih hrvatskih zapovjednika, goto-
vo su nepostojeći, odnosno u najmanju ruku neistraženi. Marković
je prema raspoloživim podatcima započeo svoju službu najkasnije 1.
ožujka 1636. kada je primio carski patent za podizanje šestero kom-
panija konjanika. No, kao što je to često bio slučaj, već sljedeće godine
zapovijeđeno je da se broj njemu podređenih kompanija, zajedno s
pukovnijama Rajkovića, Draghija, Trgovč(š)ića i Tischlera, reducira. Go-
dine 1641. primio je patent za podizanje 800 konjanika. Marković ispr-
va sudjeluje u sukobima oko rijeke Rajne i Elzasa, a zatim i na brojnim
drugim ratištima sve do okončanja rata 1648. Izvori pokazuju kako je
teško ranjen u jednome napadu na švedsku vojsku da bi u zadnjoj go-
dini rata u bitkama za Prag pao u švedsko zarobljeništvo.
Budući da se ponekad pojavljuju, odnosno mješaju imena Mir-
ka Markovića i Marka Mirkovića, još nije jasno da li se radi o dvije
različite ili o jednoj te istoj osobi. Stoga je ovdje prezentirana grafika
pukovnika Marka Mirkovića.
55
Although Mirko Marković was one of the most important commanders of
Croatian regiments in the Thirty Years’ War, his biographical information is
almost non-existent, like in the case of the rest of Croatian commanders
i.e. they are at the very least unresearched. According to available infor-
mation Marković began his service on 1 March 1636 at the latest, when
he received the imperial patent to assemble six companies of horsemen.
But as it was often the case, it was ordered next year that companies under
his command are reduced, together with regiments of Rajković, Draghi, Tr-
govč(š)ić and Tischler. In 1641 he received a patent to assemble 800 horse-
men. At first Marković participated in conflicts around the Rhine River and
Alsace and afterwards in numerous other fronts until the war was over in
1648. The sources indicate that he was heavily wounded during the attack
on the Swedish army and in the course of the last year of the war during
battles for Prague he fell into Swedish captivity.
Since sometimes the names of Mirko Marković and Marko Mirković appear
and are mixed up, it is still uncertain whether it is the case of two different or
one and the same person. Hence the graphics of Colonel Marko Mirković is
presented here.

Petar Keglević (23. 1. 1603. – 1665.). Keglević je studirao pravo u
Bologni te kasnije bio član saborskih i kraljevskih povjerenstva te
kraljev povjerenik. Istaknuo se u borbama s Osmanlijama, a obnašao
je dužnost vrhovnoga kapetana Egerszega. Sastavio je ljetopis u ko-
jemu donosi podatke o sudjelovanju u Tridesetogodišnjemu ratu, u
kojemu je, čini se, služio u carskoj vojsci u četiri ili pet navrata. Prema
patentu od 1. svibnja 1632. podignuo je 1000 hrvatskih arkebuzira ko-
jima je zapovijedao do 1633. kada zapovjedništvo preuzima Stjepan
Petrošić. Sudjelovao je velikoj operaciji pustošenja po Saskoj, koju je
1632. poduzeo Holk. Sudjeluje u raznim pohodima sve do 1637. kada
je zapovijedao „zelenom pukovnijom” pod vrhovnim zapovjedni-
štvom Georga von Schwarzenberga u sjevernoj Njemačkoj.
U svom ljetopisu/dnevničkom zapisu Keglević je, doduše vrlo šturo,
spomenuo svoje sudjelovanje u Tridesetogodišnjem ratu.
Anno 1631.
Calendarium huius anni non extat, quod evenit nescio, quia hoc
anno iveram ad bellum sive armadam suae maiestatis cum colo-
nello Hraztovachki.
Godine 1631.
Nema kalendara za ovu godinu; ne znam što se dogodilo, jer sam
ove godine s pukovnikom Hrastovačkim otišao u rat ili armadu
Njegova Veličanstva.
Slijedeće godine upisao je
Anno 1632.
4. februarii uzel sam na moj regiment 10 patentov pro conducen-
dis 10 companiis, factus colonellus campestris suae maiestatis
sacratissimae in armada. 11. februarii veni domum et incoepi
statim conducere militem.
Godine 1632.
4. veljače uzel sam na moj regiment 10 patentov za sabiranje 10 sat-
nija, postavši pukovnikom Njegova Presvetog Veličanstva u arma-
di. 11. veljače došao sam kući i započeo sam odmah sabirati vojnike.
56
Hrvatski povijesni muzej, HPM/PMH-3370
Croatian History Museum, HPM/PMH-3370
Petar Keglević (23 January 1603 – 1665). Keglević studied law in Bo-
logna and was later a member of Parliamentarian and Royal com-
mittees, as well as King’s Commissioner. He became distinguished
while fighting the Ottomans, and also filled the post of the Supreme
Captain of Zalaegerszeg. He wrote a chronicle in which he gives in-
formation about participating in the Thirty Years’ War during which, it
appears, he served in the imperial army four or five times. According
to the patent from 1 May 1632 he assembled 1000 Croatian arque-
busires, who were under his command until 1633 when it was taken
over by Stjepan Petrošić. He participated in the big ravaging opera-
tion in Saxony led by Holk in 1632. He took part in various campaigns
until 1637 when he commanded ‘the green regiment’ under the su-
preme command of Georg von Schwarzenberg in northern Germany.
In his chronicle Keglević mentioned his participation in the Thirty
Years’ War, albeit very meagrely.
Anno 1631.
Calendarium huius anni non extat, quod evenit nescio, quia hoc
anno iveram ad bellum sive armadam suae maiestatis cum colo-
nello Hraztovachki.
The year 1631
There is no calendar for this year; I do not know what has occurred,
since this year I went to war or His Majesty’s armada together with
Colonel Hrastovački.
His entry next year was
Anno 1632.
4. februarii uzel sam na moj regiment 10 patentov pro conducen-
dis 10 companiis, factus colonellus campestris suae maiestatis
sacratissimae in armada. 11. februarii veni domum et incoepi
statim conducere militem.
The year 1632
4 February I took 10 patents for my regiment to assemble 10 compa-
nies, becoming a Colonel in the armada of His Holy Majesty. I came
12. aprilis prosal sam v armado z mojim regimentom.
Anno 1633.
24. februarii veni ex armada suae maiestatis ex civitate Eger, ubi
graviter decubui; i prijel sam v Ljubljane peneze s čim sem regi-
ment štrkal, sto se zove recruten-geld; i bil sam gore pošal i došal
nazad, i pak gore prošal v armado 22. Octobris
Godine 1633.
24. veljače došao sam iz armade Njegova Veličanstva iz grada
Egera, gdje sam se teško razbolio; i prijel sam v Ljubljane peneze
s čim sem regiment štrkal, sto se zove recruten-geld; i bil sam gore
pošal i došal nazad, i pak gore prošal v armado 22. Octobris
Anno 1634.
1. ianuarii veni domum ex armada, gore prvlje regiment resignavši.
1. siječnja došao sam kući iz armade, gore prvlje regiment resignavši.
Anno 1637.
1. maii iz Firstenfelda, kade sam imal moje quartire, ganul sam se
četrti put v armado suae maiestatis (Njegova Veličanstva). Gospo-
din general Schwarzburger (!) je nad nami imel commando, a bilo
nas je 3 regimenti; Schwartzburger, Galler — on šantavi — ki je bil
v Križevce kapitan, i ja Keglević Petar.
6. iulii konj duratast jedan streljan je pod manom pri varošu
nedaleko od njega, koji se zove Švedn, od vojske Panierove i Fran-
glinove. I gda sam još prvlje bil v armade, konj jedan beli streljan
je pod manomblizo Dražena. Toga napisal nisam prvo, ar dneva
nisam znal.
8. septembris veni ultima vice domum ex suae maiestatis armada.
8. rujna došao sam po posljednji put kući iz armade Njegova Veličan-
stva.
57
home on 11 February and right away began assembling soldiers.
12 April I went to armada with my regiment.
The year 1633
24 February I came from the armada of His Majesty from the
town of Eger, where I became gravely ill and I received money
from Ljubljana with which I paid the regiment; this is called re-
cruten-geld and I went up there and came back and yet again
went with the armada 22 October.
The year 1634
1 January I came home from the armada, but first dispended my
regiment.
The year 1637
1 May from Firstenfeld, where I was accomodated, I went for
the fourth time to His Majesty’s armada. General Scharzburg-
er (!) had the command and there were three regiments of us:
Schwartzburger, Galler – the lame one – who was a captain in
Križevci and me i.e. Keglević Petar.
6 July a horse sorrel was shot under me near the village called
Švedn, by Panier and Frangelin’s army. And when I was in the ar-
mada before, one white horse was shot under me near Dražen.
I did not write about this at the beginning, since I did not know
the date.
8 September I came home for the last time from His Majesty’s
army.
 Ratne zastave war flags

Zastava je predstavljala izrazito bitan element svake vojne postrojbe. Zastava je u bitci služila kao oznaka The standard was a very important element of each military unit. In battle the standard was used as a sign of
raspoznavanja, orijentir i mjesto okupljanja. Pod zastavom su se formirane jedinice uvodile u vojnu službu i recognition, an identification mark and a gathering place. Under the standard the units were introduced into
davale zakletvu. Stoga ne čudi da se gubitak zastave smatrao teškom sramotom koja je čak podrazumijevala military service and gave an oath. Therefore, it is no surprise that the loss of the standard was considered a serious
prelazak u redove pobjednika. shame that even meant transfer to the winner’s side.

Autor: Olof Hoffman (oko 1640.-1709.) švedski slikar kojeg je švedski kralj Karlo Author: Olof Hoffman (around 1640.-1709.), Swedish painter who on the behalf Autor: Olof Hoffman (oko 1640.-1709.) švedski slikar kojeg je švedski kralj Karlo Author: Olof Hoffman (around 1640.-1709.), Swedish painter who on the behalf
XI. angažirao da naslika zastave iz trofejne zbirke. of Swedish king Charles XI. painted the flags from the trophy collection. XI. angažirao da naslika zastave iz trofejne zbirke. of Swedish king Charles XI. painted the flags from the trophy collection.
Izvornik: Armémuseum Stockholm, ST 13:612 Original: Armémuseum Stockholm, ST 13:612 Izvornik: Armémuseum Stockholm, ST 13:615 Original: Armémuseum Stockholm, ST 13:615

CARSKA KONJANICKA ZASTAVA IMPERIAL CAVALRY PENNON FROM KONJANICKA ZASTAVA HRVATSKE IMPERIAL CAVALRY PENNON FROM
HRVATSKE PUKOVNIJE STJEPANA CROAT REGIMENT OF STJEPAN PUKOVNIJE STEPHANA THE CROAT REGIMENT OF STEPHAN
PETROŠICA PETROŠIC DRAGHIJA DRAGHI

Carska konjanička zastava hrvatske pukovnije Stjepana
Petrošića (ranije Petra Keglevića), napravljena 1632., a
zarobljena od Šveđana u travnju 1634. S jedne strane,
okružen palminim vijencem, nalazi se motiv Sv. Juraj
koji ubija zmaja, dok princeza kleči u molitvi na brdu
u pozadini. Iznad je moto S. GEORGIJ ADIUUA NOS –
„Sveti Jurje pomogni nas”. Na drugoj strani, nalazi se
zlatna carska kruna i slovo „F” (Ferdinand II.), s bočno
postavljenim kresivima s plamenovima.
The Imperial cavalry pennon from the Croat regiment of
Stjepan Petrošić (previoulsy Keglević) regiment, made
in 1632., and captured by Swedes in April 1634. On
one side, encircled by a palm wreath, is the motif of St.
George slaying the dragon, with the princess kneeling in
prayer on a hill in the background. Above is the moto -
S. GEORGIJ ADIUUA NOS – “St. George help us”. On the re-
verse are a golden Imperial crown and a letter “F” (Ferdi-
nand II), flanked by fire-striking steels.
Carska konjanička zastava hrvatske pukovnije Ste-
phana Draghija koju su Šveđani zarobili 1630ih. S
jedne strane, nalazi se prikaz broda na navozu, iznad
sidra, konopa i zastave. Preko snasta razvučen je svi-
tak s motom SPES.MEA.IN.DEO.EST – „Moja nada
je u Bogu“. Također je prikazan obiteljski grb Drag-
hija – zmaj sa tri zlatne kugle. Na pozadini, na kojoj su
rasuti plamičci, nalazi se carska kruna i slovo „F” (Ferdi-
nand II.), okruženo s dvije grančice lovora.
The Imperial cavalry pennon from the Croat regiment of
Stephan Draghi, captured by Swedes in the 1630s. On one
side is a medallion with an image of a ship on a slipway,
above an anchor, cables and a flag. Across the rigging is a
scroll with the motto SPES.MEA.IN.DEO.EST – “In God I place
my hope”. There is also a coat of arms of the Draghi family
– a dragon with three gold spheres. The reverse is scattered
with flames and bears the gold Imperial crown and a letter
“F” (Ferdinand II), surrounded by two sprays of laurel.

58 59
 Izložba je organizirana u sklopu konferencije
kronike Placenika,
LEGENDe i STEREOTipi
MeÐunarodna konferencija u povodu
400. godišnjice pocetka Tridesetogodišnjeg rata
Zagreb, 9. – 10. travnja 2018.

The exhibition was organised within the Conference

CHRONICLES OF MERCENARIES,
LEGENDS AND STEREOTYPES
international Conference on the Occasion of the 400th
Anniversary of the Beginning of the Thirty Years’ War
Zagreb, 9–10 April 2018