Pr

inc
ipl
eso
fManage
mentandOr
gani
zat
ionBSOAIJ
une2
6,2
019

Ev
olu
tio
nofManage
mentTho
ught

Ch
apt
er2

Me
eti
ngt
heChal
le
nge
soft
he2
1stCe
ntu
ry

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES

Whe
nyo
uhav
efi
nis
heds
tudyi
ngt
hisc
hap
ter
,yo
usho
uldbeabl
etoe
xpl
ain
:

1
. Themaj
ori
nfl
uenc
eso
nthede
vel
opme
nto
fman
age
mentt
hou
ght
.

2
. Thefi
vemaj
orp
ers
pec
tiv
eso
fman
age
mentt
hou
ghtt
hathav
eev
olv
edo
vert
heye
ars
.

3
. Thedi
ffe
rents
ubfi
el
dst
hate
xis
tint
hec
las
sic
alp
ers
pec
tiv
eofmanage
mentandt
hec
ent
ral
foc
us
ofeac
h.

4
. Thet
heo
rie
soft
hemaj
orc
ont
ribu
tor
stot
hebe
hav
ior
alp
ers
pec
tiv
eofmanage
ment
.

5
. Thec
har
act
eri
sti
cso
fthequ
ant
itat
ivep
ers
pec
tiv
eofmanage
ment
.

6
. Thes
yst
emsp
ers
pec
tiv
ebu
il
dingbl
ock
sandt
hei
rint
erac
tio
ns.

7
. Thenat
ureo
fthec
ont
inge
ncyp
ers
pec
tiv
eofmanage
ment
.

8
. Thefu
tur
eis
sue
sth
atwi
llaffe
ctt
hefu
rthe
rde
vel
opme
nto
fmanage
mentt
hou
ght
.

Env
iro
nment
alFac
tor
sInfl
uenc
ingManagementTho
ught

•Ec
ono
micI
nfl
uenc
esTheav
ail
abi
li
ty,
pro
duc
tio
n,anddi
str
ibu
tio
nofr
eso
urc
eswi
thi
nas
oci
ety.

•So
cialI
nfl
uenc
esTheas
pec
tso
fac
ult
uret
hati
nfl
uenc
eint
erp
ers
onal
rel
ati
ons
hip
s.

•Po
li
ti
calI
nfl
uenc
esThei
mpac
tofp
oli
ti
cali
nst
itu
tio
nso
nindi
vi
dual
sando
rgani
zat
ions
.

•Techno
logi
calInfl
uenc
esTheadv anc
esandr
efi
neme
ntsi
nanyo
fthede
vic
est
hatar
eus
edi
n
conj
uncti
onwithc o
nduc
tingbu
sine
ss.

•Glo
balInfl
uenc
esThepr
essur
estoimp
rov
equ
ali
ty,
pro
duc
tiv
ity,
andc
ost
saso
rgani
zat
ionsat
temp
tto
compet
eintheworl
dwi
demark
etplac
e.

Themaj
ori
nfl
uenc
eso
nthedev
elo
pmento
fmanagementt
hought
.

Th
efi
vemaj
orp
ers
pec
tiv
eso
fman
age
mentt
hou
ghtt
hathav
eev
olv
edo
vert
heye
ars
.

 Cl
ass
icalp
ers
pec
tiv
es

 Be
hav
ior
alp
ers
pec
tiv
es

 Qu
ant
itat
ivep
ers
pec
tiv
es
  Sys
temp
ers
pec
tiv
e

 Co
nti
nge
ncyp
ers
pec
tiv
e

Thedi
ffe
rents
ubfi
el
dst
hate
xis
tint
hec
las
sic
alp
ers
pec
tiv
eofmanage
mentandt
hec
ent
ral
foc
uso
f
e
ach.

Fi
gur
e2.
2Subfi
eldso
ftheCl
ass
icalPe
rspec
tiv
eonManagement

Sc
ient
ifi
cManagement-Fo
cus
eso
nthei
ndi
vi
dualwo
rke
r’sp
rodu
cti
vi
ty

Admi
nis
trat
iveManagement-Fo
cus
eso
nthefu
nct
ionso
fmanage
ment

Bur
eauc
rat
icManagement-Fo
cus
eso
ntheo
ver
allo
rgani
zat
ional
sys
tem

Sc
ient
ifi
cManage
ment
:Tayl
or

Fr
ede
ric
kW.
Tayl
or(
185
6-1
915
)

 Fat
hero
f“Sc
ient
ifi
cMana
geme
nt.

o att
empte
dtodefi
ne“theonebestway”t
ope
rfo
rme
ver
ytas
kthr
oughs
yst
emat
ic
st
udyandot
hersc
ient
ifi
cme t
hods.

o be
li
eve
dthati
mpr
ove
dmanage
mentp
rac
tic
esl
eadt
oimp
rov
edp
rodu
cti
vi
ty.

 Thr
eear
easo
ffo
cus
:

o Tas
kPe
rfo
rmanc
e

o Su
per
vis
ion

o Mo
tiv
ati
on

Ta
skPe
rfo
rmanc
e

•Sc
ient
ifi
cma
nage
menti
nco
rpo
rat
esbas
ice
xpe
ctat
ionso
fmanage
ment
,inc
ludi
ng:

 De
vel
opme
nto
fwo
rks
tandar
ds

 Se
lec
tio
nofwo
rke
rs

 Tr
aini
ngo
fwo
rke
rs

 Su
ppo
rto
fwo
rke
rs

Mo
tiv
ati
on

•Tayl
orbe
li
eve
dmo
neywast
hewayt
omo
tiv
atewo
rke
rst
othe
irfu
ll
estc
apabi
li
ti
es.
  Headv
ocat
edap
iec
ewo
rks
yst
emi
nwhi
chwo
rke
r’sp
aywast
iedt
othe
iro
utp
ut.

o Wo
rke
rswhome
tas
tandar
dle
velo
fpr
odu
cti
onwe
rep
aidas
tandar
dwager
ate
.

o Wor
kerswhoseprodu
ctione
xce
ede
dthes
tandar
dwe
rep
aidatahi
ghe
rra
tefo
ral
l
ofthe
irpro
du c
tio
no ut
put.

Su
per
vis
ion

•Tayl
orfe
ltt
hatas
ingl
esu
per
vis
orc
oul
dno
tbeane
xpe
rtatal
ltas
ks.

 Asar
esul
t,e
achfirs
t-leve
lsupe
rviso
rshoul
dber
esp
ons
ibl
eonl
ywo
rke
rswhop
erfo
rma
co
mmonfunct
ionfamil
iartot
hes u
pervi
sor
.

 Thi
sbe
camek
nownas“
Func
tio
nalFo
remans
hip
.”

Sc
ient
ifi
cManagement
:TheGi
lbr
eths

•Fr
ankGi
lbr
eth

 Speci
ali
zedi
nti
meandmo
tio
nst
udi
est
ode
ter
minet
hemo
ste
ffi
ci
entwayt
ope
rfo
rm
tas
ks.

 Usedmoti
onpict
ure
sofbr
ick
laye
rst
oide
nti
fie
dwo
rke
leme
nts(
the
rbl
igs
)su
chasl
ift
ing
andgras
ping.

•Li
ll
ianGi
lbr
eth

 Astr
ongpropo
nento
fbe
tte
rwo
rki
ngc
ondi
ti
onsasame
anso
fimp
rov
inge
ffi
ci
enc
yand
pr
oduct
ivi
ty.

o Fav
ore
dst
andar
ddayswi
ths
che
dul
edl
unc
hbr
eak
sandr
estp
eri
odsfo
rwo
rke
rs.

o St
riv
edfo
rre
mov
alo
funs
afewo
rki
ngc
ondi
ti
onsandt
heabo
li
ti
ono
fchi
ldl
abo
r

Admi
nis
trat
iveManagement
:Fayo
l

•He
nriFayo
l(1
841
–19
25)

 Fi
rstr
eco
gni
zedt
hats
ucc
ess
fulmanage
rshadt
ounde
rst
andt
hebas
icmanage
rial
func
tio
ns.

 De
vel
ope
das
eto
f14ge
ner
alp
rinc
ipl
eso
fmanage
ment
.

 Fayol
’smanager
ialfunct
ionsofp
lanni
ng,
leadi
ng,
organi
zi
ngandc
ont
rol
li
ngar
ero
uti
nel
y
usedi
nmo dernorgani
zat
ions.
 

Tabl
e2.
1Fayo
l’
sGener
alPr
inc
ipl
eso
fManagement

1
.Di
vi
si
ono
fwo
rk
8
.Ce
ntr
ali
zat
ion
2
.Au
tho
rit
yandr
esp
ons
ibi
li
ty
9
.Sc
alarc
hai
n
3
.Di
sci
pl
ine
1
0.Or
der
4
.Uni
tyo
fco
mmand
1
1.Equ
ity
5
.Uni
tyo
fdi
rec
tio
n
1
2.St
abi
li
ty
6.
Subo
rdi
nat
iono
findi
vi
dua
lint
ere
stt
othec
ommo
n
go
od 1
3.I
nit
iat
ive

7
.Re
mune
rat
iono
fpe
rso
nne
l 1
4.Es
pri
tdec
orp
s

Bur
eauc
rat
icManagement

•Fo
cus
eso
nth
eov
eral
lor
gani
zat
ionals
yst
em.

•Bu
reau
crat
icmanage
menti
sbas
edu
pon:

 Fi
rmr
ule
s

 Po
li
ci
esandp
roc
edu
res

 Afi
xedhi
erar
chy

 Ac
leardi
vi
si
ono
flabo
r

Bur
eauc
rat
icManagement
:Weber

•MaxWe
ber(
186
4–1
920
)

 AGe r
mansoci
ologi
standhis
tori
anwhoe
nvi
si
onedasyst
emo fmanagementthatwo
uldbebas
ed
upo
nimpers
onalandrati
onalbe
havi
or—t
heappr
oachtomanage
me ntnowreferr
edtoas
“bu
reauc
racy.
”

o Di
vi
si
ono
flabo
r

o Hi
era
rchyo
fau
tho
rit
y

o Ru
lesandp
roc
edu
res
 o I
mpe
rso
nal
it
y

o Emp
loye
ese
lec
tio
nandp
romo
tio
n

Weber
’sFo
rmso
fAut
hor
ity

•Tr
adi
ti
onalau
tho
rit
y

 Su
bor
dinat
eobe
die
ncebas
edu
ponc
ust
omo
rtr
adi
ti
on(
e.g.
,ki
ngs
,qu
eens
,chi
efs
).

Char
ismat
ica
utho
rit
y

 Subor
dinat
esvol
unt
ari
lycomp
lywit
haleaderbe
cau
seo
fhi
sorhe
rsp
eci
alp
ers
onal
qua
lit
ieso
r
abi
li
ti
es(e.
g.,
Marti
nLuthe
rKing,
Gandhi)
.

•Rat
ional
-le
galau
tho
rit
y

 Subor
dinateo
bedi
encebasedupo
nthep
osi
ti
onhe
ldbys
upe
rio
rswi
thi
ntheo
rgani
zat
ion(
e.g.
,po
li
ce
offi
cers,e
xec
uti
ves
,super
viso
rs)
.

Bu
reau
crat
icHi
erar
chi
calPo
werSt
ruc
tur
e

Cl
ass
icalv
ers
usBe
hav
ior
alPe
rsp
ect
ive

Cl
ass
icalPe
rsp
ect
ive

Fo
cus
edo
nrat
ionalbe
hav
ior

Be
hav
ior
alPe
rsp
ect
ive

Ac
kno
wle
dge
dthei
mpo
rtanc
eofhu
manbe
hav
ior

Behav
ior
alPer
spec
tiv
e

•Fo
ll
owe
dthec
las
sic
alp
ers
pec
tiv
eint
hede
vel
opme
nto
fmanage
mentt
hou
ght
.

Ac
kno
wle
dge
dthei
mpo
rtanc
eofhu
manbe
hav
iori
nshap
ingmanage
ments
tyl
e

I
sas
soc
iat
edwi
th:

 Mar
yPar
kerFo
ll
ett

 El
tonMayo
  Do
ugl
asMc
Gre
gor

 Che
ste
rBar
nar
d

Mar
yPar
kerFo
ll
ett

•Co
ncl
ude
dthatak
eyt
oeffe
cti
vema
nage
mentwasc
oor
dinat
ion
.

•Fe
ltt
hatmanage
rsne
ede
dtoc
oor
dinat
eandh
armo
niz
egr
oupe
ffo
rtr
athe
rthanfo
rceandc
oer
cep
eop
le.

•Be
li
eve
dthatmanage
menti
sac
ont
inu
ous
,dynami
cpr
oce
ss.

•Fe
ltt
hatt
hebe
stde
cis
ionswo
uldbemadebyp
eop
lewhowe
rec
los
estt
othes
itu
ati
on.

Fo
ll
etto
nEffec
tiv
eWo
rkGr
oups

•Fo
urp
rinc
ipl
eso
fco
ordi
nat
iont
opr
omo
tee
ffe
cti
vewo
rkgr
oup
s:

1
. Co
ordi
nat
ionr
equ
ire
sthatp
eop
lebei
ndi
rec
tco
ntac
twi
tho
neano
the
r.

2
. Co
ordi
nat
ioni
ses
sent
ialdu
ringt
hei
nit
ials
tage
sofanye
nde
avo
r.

3
. Co
ordi
nat
ionmu
staddr
essal
lfac
tor
sandp
has
eso
fanye
nde
avo
r.

4
. Co
ordi
nat
ioni
sac
ont
inu
ous
,ongo
ingp
roc
ess
.

El
tonMayo

•Co
ndu
cte
dthefamo
usHawt
hor
neEx
per
ime
nts
.

 “
Hawt
hor
neEffe
ct”

o Pr
odu
cti
vi
tyi
ncr
eas
edbe
cau
seat
tent
ionwasp
aidt
othewo
rke
rsi
nthee
xpe
rime
nt.

o Phenomeno
nwhe
rebyi
ndi
vi
dualo
rgr
oupp
erfo
rmanc
eisi
nfl
uenc
edbyhu
manbe
hav
ior
fac
t o
rs.

•Hi
swo
rkr
epr
ese
ntst
het
rans
iti
onfr
oms
cie
nti
ficmanage
mentt
othee
arl
yhu
manr
elat
ionsmo
veme
nt.

Do
ugl
asMc
Grego
r

•Pr
opo
sedt
heThe
oryXandThe
oryYs
tyl
eso
fmanage
ment
.

 The
oryXmanagersp
erc
eiv
ethatt
hei
rsu
bor
din
ate
shav
eani
nhe
rentdi
sl
ik
eofwo
rkandwi
llav
oid
i
tifatal
lpo
ssi
ble
.

 Theor
yYmanager
sperc
eiv
et h
att
hei
rsu
bor
dinat
ese
njo
ywo
rkandt
hatt
heywi
llgai
nsat
isfac
tio
n
fro
mp er
for
mingthe
irj
obs.

Co
mpar
iso
nofThe
oryXandTheo
ryYAs
sumpt
ions

Fac
tor Theo
ryXAs
sumpt
ions Theo
ryYAs
sumpt
ions
Empl
oyeeatt
itude Emp l
oyeesdi
sl
ikewor
kand. Emp l
oyeesenj
oyworkand
to
wardwork wi
llavoi
ditifatal
lposs
ibl
e. wi
llacti
velyse
ekit
.

Managementv
iew Employee
smu stbedire
c t
ed, Empl
oyeesaresel
f-moti
vated
ofdir
ecti
on coe
rced,cont
r o
ll
ed,o
rt hreat
ened ands
elf-di
rect
edt o
wardachi
eving
togetthemt oputfor
thade quat
eeffo
rt. o
rganiz
ati
onalgo
als.
Ches
terBar
nar
d

•Fe
ltt
hate
xec
uti
vess
erv
etwop
rimar
yfu
nct
ions
:

 Mu
ste
stabl
is
handmai
ntai
nac
ommu
nic
ati
onss
yst
emamo
nge
mpl
oye
es.

 Mu
ste
stabl
is
htheo
bje
cti
veso
ftheo
rgani
zat
ionandmo
tiv
atee
mpl
oye
es.

•De
vel
ope
danac
cep
tanc
ethe
oryo
fau
tho
rit
y:

 Autho
rit
yofamanagerfl
owsfr
omt
heabi
li
tyo
fsu
bor
dinat
est
oac
cep
torr
eje
ctano
rde
rfr
om
themanage
ronc
ethey:

o Co
mpr
ehe
ndwhatt
heo
rde
rre
qui
reso
fthe
m.

o Re
vie
wtheo
rde
r’sc
ons
ist
enc
ywi
tho
rgani
zat
iongo
als
.

o Pe
rce
iveap
ers
onalbe
nefi
tino
beyi
ngt
heo
rde
r.

TheQuant
itat
ivePer
spec
tiv
e

 Charac
ter
ize
dbyitsus
eofmathe
mat i
cs,
stati
sti
cs,
ando
the
rqu
ant
itat
ivet
echni
que
sfo
r
manage
mentdec
isi
onmaki
ngandpro
blemsolv
ing.

 Thi
sap
pro
achhasfo
urbas
icc
har
act
eri
sti
cs:

o 1
.Ade
cis
ion-mak
ingfo
cus

o 2
.De
vel
opme
nto
fme
asu
rabl
ecr
ite
ria

o 3
.Fo
rmu
lat
iono
faqu
ant
itat
ivemo
del

o 4
.Theu
seo
fco
mpu
ter
s

Th
eQu
ant
itat
ivePe
rsp
ect
ive(
cont
’d)

•De
cis
ion-Mak
ingFo
cus

 Thepri
maryfo
cusofthequ
anti
tat
iveappro
achiso
npr
obl
emso
rsi
tuat
ionst
hatr
equ
iredi
rec
t
act
ion,
oradeci
si
on,
onthepar
tofman age
me nt
.

Me
asu
rabl
eCr
ite
ria

 Thedeci
si
on-mak
ingp
roc
essr
equ
ire
sthatt
hede
cis
ionmak
ers
ele
cts
omeal
ter
nat
ivec
our
seo
f
act
ion.

 r
ight
sre
ser
ved.
2–3
5TheQu
ant
itat
ivePe
rsp
ect
ive(
cont
’d)
•Qu
ant
itat
iveMo
del

 Toass
essthel
ikel
yimpac
tofeac
halte
rnat
iveo
nthes
tat
edc
rit
eri
a,aqu
ant
itat
ivemo
del
oft
he
dec
isi
onsi
tuat
ionmustbefo
rmul
ate
d.

Co
mpu
ter
s

 Co
mpu
ter
sar
equ
iteu
sefu
lint
hep
robl
em-s
olv
ingp
roc
ess
.

Fi
gur
e2.
4Bas
icSt
ruc
tur
eofSys
tems

Sys
temsPe
rsp
ect
ive

•Anap
pro
acht
opr
obl
ems
olv
ingbas
edo
nanu
nde
rst
andi
ngo
fthebas
ics
tru
ctu
reo
fsys
tems
.

 Env
iro
nme
ntali
nte
rac
tio
n

o Op
ens
yst
emsmu
sti
nte
rac
twi
tht
hee
xte
rnal
env
iro
nme
ntt
osu
rvi
ve.

o Cl
ose
dsys
temsdono
tint
erac
twi
tht
hee
nvi
ronme
nt.

 Syne
rgy:whe
nal
lsu
bsys
temswo
rkt
oge
the
rmak
ingt
hewho
legr
eat
ert
hant
hes
umo
fit
spar
ts.

 En
tro
py:t
het
ende
ncyfo
rsys
temst
ode
cayo
vert
ime
.

Th
eCo
nti
nge
ncyPe
rsp
ect
ive

•Av
iewt
hatp
rop
ose
sthatt
her
eisnoo
nebe
stap
pro
acht
omanage
mentfo
ral
lsi
tuat
ions
.

 As
sert
sthatmanage
rsareresp
onsi
blefo
rde
ter
mini
ngwhi
chmanage
rial
app
roac
hisl
ik
elyt
obe
mos
teffect
ivei
nagive
ns i
tuat
ion.

 Thi
sre
qui
resmanage
rst
oide
nti
fyt
hek
eyc
ont
inge
nci
esi
nagi
vens
itu
ati
on.
 Bl
endi
ngCo
mpo
nent
sint
oaCo
nti
nge
ncyPe
rsp
ect
ive

AnEx
amp
leo
ftheCo
nti
nge
ncyPe
rsp
ect
ive

•J
oanWo
odwa
rd’
sRe
sear
ch

 Di
sco
ver
edt
hatap
art
icu
larma
nage
ments
tyl
eisaffe
cte
dbyt
heo
rgani
zat
ion
’st
echno
logy.

 I
dent
ifi
edandde
scr
ibe
dthr
eedi
ffe
rentt
ype
soft
echno
logy:

o Smal
l-bat
cht
echno
logy

o Mas
s-p
rodu
cti
ont
echno
logy

o Co
nti
nuo
us-p
roc
esst
echno
logy

Pr
odu
cti
onTe
chno
logyEx
amp
les
Pr
oduc
tio
nTe
chno
logy Ex
ampl
es

Small
-batc
h Custo
mfabricati
onmac hi
neshop,
tec
hnolo
gy manufac
turerofne o
nadv er
tisi
ngsigns,
pri
ntsho
pspecial
iz
inginpersonalbu
s i
ness
car
ds,tr
ophy-engravi
ng s
hop

Mass-produc
tio
n Manufactu
rerofauto
mo bi
le
s,manu
factu
rer
tec
hno l
ogy ofre
fr i
gerato
rs,
manufacture
rofhai
rdrye
rs,
manufactur
erofpenci
ls

Continuous
-pr
oces
s Oi
lre
finer
y,fl
ourmil
l
,softdr
inkbo
ttl
er,
technolo
gy chemi
calpr
ocess
or
I
nfo
rmat
ionTe
chno
logyandManage
mentSt
yle

•I
nfo
rmat
iont
echno
logyc
anfac
il
it
atet
heu
seo
fap
art
icu
larmanage
ments
tyl
e.
Quant
itat
ive/Sys
temsPer
spec
tiv
es-Fac
il
it
ate
dbyadv
anc
edc
omp
ute
rs(
ERP)

Cl
ass
icalPer
spec
tiv
e-Fac
il
it
ate
dbyc
ommu
nic
ati
onse
qui
pme
nt

Fut
ureI
ssues
:Di
ver
sit
y,Gl
obal
iz
ati
on,
Qual
it
y,andSu
stai
nabi
li
ty

•He
ight
ene
dco
nce
rnfo
rdi
ver
sit
yini
ti
ati
veswi
thi
nthewo
rkp
lac
eandwi
thi
nmanage
ment

•Ado
pti
ono
fthec
onc
epto
fwo
rke
rsasde
cis
ionmak
ers
,pr
obl
ems
olv
ers
,andt
eamp
laye
rs

•Creat
ionofafocu
sonandcommi
tmenttothec
onc
epto
fqu
ali
ty(
Thes
ucc
ess
eso
ftheJ
apane
se
managementst
yle–to
talqu
ali
tyc
ont
r o
l).

•Co
ncer
no v
erthedepl
eti
onofnatur
alr
eso
urcesandthede
gradat
ionofe
nvi
ronme
nt,
res
ulti
nthep
rac
tic
e
ofcr
eati
ngles
swast
eandr e
cycl
ingmat
eri
alswhenandwhe
reposs
ibl
e.

Managementi
nthe21s
tCent
ury

•Wi
ll
iamOu
chi
’sTh
eor
yZ

o J
apane
se-s
tyl
eap
pro
acht
omanage
mentde
vel
ope
dbyWi
ll
iamOu
chi

 Adv
ocat
est
rus
tinge
mpl
oye
esandmak
ingt
hemfe
ell
ik
eani
nte
gral
par
toft
heo
rgani
zat
ion.

 Basedo
nt heass
umpti
onthato
nceat
rus
tingr
elat
ions
hipwi
thwo
rke
rsi
ses
tabl
is
hed,
pro
duct
ionwil
li
ncre
ase.

Fu
tur
eLeader
sMus
t:

 Bet
hor
oughl
ysc
hoo
ledi
nthedi
ffe
ren
tmanage
mentp
ers
pec
tiv
es.

• Understandthev
ari
ousi
nfl
uenc
est hatwil
lhaveaconti
nui
ngeffecto
nmanage
ment
think
ing•Beawareofho
wkeybu s
inessenvi
ronmentvari
abl
esrel
atetot
hei
r
organi
zatio
n.

• Knowwhi
chele
mentst
ose l
ectfr
omt
hev
ari
ousmanage
mentp
ers
pec
tiv
est
hatar
e
app
ropri
atefo
rthe
irsi
tuati
on.

• Beadap
t abl
etochangesuc
hthatfutu
rec o
ndi
ti
onsandde
vel
opme
ntsdono
tqu
ick
ly
re
ndertheirch
osenappr
oache
sobso
lete.