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Smoking Typewriters

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

The Sixties Underground Press

and the Rise of
Alternative Media in America

John McMillian

OXFORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Library of Congress Caraloging*in-Publicarion Data

McMillIan, John CampbelL
Smoking cypewritcrs : rhe SixTies underground press
and rhe rise of alrernative media in America I John McMillian.
p em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-531992-7
L Underground press publicatiorlS-Uojred Srares-HistotY-lorh cenrury.

2. Radicalism-Un iced Scares-HisrorY-2och a'mury"

.?" Press and politics-Uniced St!lces-HisrorY-2orh cenrury. L Tide'"

P~4888.U5M35 201 r

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 r

Prinred In the UnHed Scares of America

on acid-free paper
For Harry Reed
Contents

Acknowledgments IX

A Note on Sources xm

Introduction I

I
"Our Founder, the Mimeograph Machine":

Print Culture in Students for a Democratic

Society 13

2
A Hundred Blooming Papers: Culture and

Community in the 1960s Underground Press 31

3
"Electrical Bananas": The Underground Press
and the Great Banana Hoax of 1967 66

4
"All the Protest Fit to Print": The Rise of

Liberation News Service 82

5
"Either We Have Freedom of the Press ...
or We Don't Have Freedom of the Press":
Thomas King Forcade and the War against
Underground Newspapers I I 5

6
Questioning Who Decides: Participatory

Democracy in the Underground Press 140

7
"From Underground to Everywhere":
Alternative Media Trends since the Sixties 172

 Afterword 186

Notes 191

Bibliography 249

Index 261

Vl11 I CONTENTS
Acknowledgments

IT'S A THRILL to be able to finally acknowledge the many people who have
helped with this book. Let me first thank Alan Brinkley, my graduate advisor
at Columbia University, who has done a wonderful job of helping me to shape
this project from its beginning. Eric Foner has likewise provided wise and
trusted counsel during my graduate career at Columbia and beyond. I am so
fortunate to have worked work under the supervision of these two distin­
guished historians. I would also like to thank Todd Gitlin, Casey Blake, and
James Miller for generously serving on my dissertation committee. Manning
Marable likewise provided valuable feedback, as well as indispensable finan­
cial assistance through Columbia's Institute for Research in African-American
Studies.
Going back further, I had some truly outstanding professors at Michi­
gan State University, without whom I would not have acquired the skills or
the confidence necessary to pursue a scholarly career. They include James
Madison College professors Ken Waltzer, Katherine O'Sullivan See, and
history department professors David Bailey, Christine Daniels, and Mark
Kornbluh. The same must be said about John VanLooy, my high school
English teacher. I was very sad to learn, recently, that Professor Doug Hoek­
stra, another great influence on me, passed away in 2006. I'm pleased that
the James Madison College has established an endowment in his name.
More than any of my past teachers, though, Harry Reed has been an inspi­
ration, friend and mentor. Had we not crossed paths during my sophomore
year at MSU, my life might have taken a different and far less rewarding
path. A long time ago, I declared that I would dedicate my first scholarly
monograph to Dr. Reed, and I am happy to at last fulfill that promise.
 I would also like to thank my editor, Susan Ferber, who has lived up to her
legendary reputation. She read every page of this manuscript with an eagle
eye and provided valuable suggestions about how it could be improved. Plus,
her patience rivals Job's. I am also grateful for the stellar feedback that was
provided by my three peer reviewers, one of whom later identified himself to
me as Professor Jeremi Suri. And I was the recipient of some truly top-notch
copyediting from Ben Sadock.
Many people helped with the research for this book. I would like to
thank Chip Berlet, at the Political Research Association in Somerville, Mas­
sachusetts; Ron Grele and Mary Marshall Clark at Columbia's Oral History
Research Office; and Brett Eynon, for letting me examine his oral history
interviews at the Bentley Historical Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. I had
a great time meeting John Holmstrom in NYC's East Village, where he
provided me with a trove of papers that helped me to write Chapter 5. Sim­
ilarly, Rob Chalfen lent me some material from his private archives that
contributed to my analysis in Chapter 7. As this project was nearing com­
pletion, Harvard's Division of Continuing Education provided me with a
fabulous and energetic research assistant, Arwen Downs. And when the
book was in its copyediting phase, Ridhi Kashyap helped me tidy up some
stubborn footnotes. Cherie Braden did the outstanding index for this book.
I owe a big thanks to everyone who agreed to be interviewed. But I am
especially grateful to Allen Young, Thorne Dreyer, and Clif Garboden, who
all took a special interest in this project and helped by answering questions,
supplying me with contact information, and occasionally putting in some
good words on my behalf. Thorne and Clif also contributed some excellent
photos. Photographer David Fenton was exceedingly generous with me,
and I likewise appreciate the friendly help I received from his assistant, Lely
Constantinople. I also received assistance with photographs from Tom Fels,
Chris Green, Leni Sinclair, Mark Goff, Dustin Byerly, David Buehrens,
John Wilcock, Andy Marx, Peter Simon, and Robert Altman. Allen Gins­
berg (R.I.P.) provided me with this book's title.
This book was written while I was teaching virtually full time at Harvard
University, mostly in the Committee on Degrees in History and Literature,
where Steve Biel and Jeanne Follansbee Quinn cheerfully extended me every
consideration. It was also a pleasure to briefly work with Tom Jehn and Karen
Heath in Harvard's Expository Writing Program. Living in Quincy House
for seven years was a great blessing of my life, and I am grateful to House
masters Lee and Deb Gehrke for their tremendous support. The same goes for
residential dean Judith Flynn-Chapman, Sue Watts, Larry Peterson, and
Susan Hamel, all good friends. As this book was going into production, I was

X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
warmly welcomed into the history department at Georgia State University,
and I'm thrilled to be here.
So many others have been supportive, whether by reading parts of this
manuscript, helping me out with favors, or otherwise extending their friend­
ship. They include: Zoe Trodd, Stuart Perkins, Richard Griffin,Jesse Lemisch,
Richard Karpel, Ben Mathis-Lilley, Chris Parris-Lamb, Marc Favreau, Frank
Rich, Lizzie Simon and her wonderful parents, Toby and Peter Simon, Gus­
tavo Turner, David McBride, Brendan O'Malley, Jeremy Galen, Daniel Liss,
Mana Kia, Dan Sullivan, Ben and Jane Ebert, Nick Bromell, Paul Barksdale,
Alex Burns, Fotini Christia, H. M. Naqvi, Jason Appelman, Eddie Stern,
Rich Van Tol, Matt Holcomb and Kari Zimmerman, Caitlin Casey, Bill Hig­
gins, Paul Buhle, Bob Kirschner and Jayne Loader, Andrea Mainguy, Renne
Richardson Gosline, Jeff Janowick, Richard and Robin Parker, the Wesche
family, the Campbells, Leon Neyfahk, Katy Cox, Heidi Julavits, Ariane
Tschumi, Zach Stone (computer genius), Elaine Mar (MS Word expert), and
my dear friend Rebecca O'Brien. When this project was in its dissertation
phase, Carolyn Rathjen provided crucial support. (Pablo S. Torre, I am
pleased to acknowledge you, too.) Extra special thanks go to my buddies
Nick Meunier, Aaron Buchner, and Brandon Tilley, all of whom would occa­
sionally pry me from my desk in order to provide such wholesome recrea­
tional opportunities.
I have three comrades in this profession, however, who have been helpful
above all. In addition to often providing cogent readings of my work, Tim
McCarthy, Mike Foley, and Jeremy Varon have greatly enriched my life with
their trustworthy support, rich humor, and abiding friendship. Jeremy, espe­
cially, labored over almost every page of the manuscript, and has helped me
to navigate some intellectual, personal, and professional challenges. Whitney
Hoke has likewise been a tremendous source of love and encouragement for
which I shall always be very grateful.
Finally, I'm happy to pay special thanks to my wonderful parents, Harlon
and Judy McMillian. It is safe to say that neither of them feels very favorably
toward radical youth culture or political protest in the I9605, and yet they
have always been wonderfully supportive of my academic endeavors. I am so
grateful for all they have done for me.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI
A Note on Sources

A FEW THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND: Throughout this book, when I write

about "the Sixties" (spelled out, capital "S") I'm talking about the Sixties as
an era, or historical period, with all of its implied associations. When I refer
to the "19605," I'm referencing the actual decade. Also, when quoting texts

from the 19605 and I970s, I typically render passages that originally were
underlined in italics. It looks better this way. Careful readers of footnotes
should also bear in mind that when it came to putting dates on issues, or
numbers on pages, some underground newspaper staffs were very sloppy.
And sometimes in archives, I came actoss undated clippings or documents.
If, in a very few instances, I'm missing some information about my sources,
it may not be my fauk
This book would not be possible without BeU & HoweU's Undergtound
Press CoUecrion on microfilm, and virtually all of the underground newspa­
pers and Liberation News Service (LNS) news packets that I draw from can be
found there, Recently, however, some LNS veterans have begun establishing
a web archive that promises to digitize every LNS news packet from 1968
through 198 I; it can be found at http://www.lns-archive.org. Meanwhile,
people associated with some of the underground newspapers that are dis­
cussed in this study, including Austin's Rag, Boston's AtJatar, and Atlanta's
Great Speckled Bird, are likewise beginning to make back issues available on
the web.
Hopefully, others will follow their lead. In addition to learning some­
thing about the underground press, I hope readers of this book will come to
understand that the New Left's tabloids comprise an amazing trove of pri­
mary-source material, capable of affording insight into a wide range of issues.
Way back in 1968, Allan Katzman, a cofounder of the East Village Other
(EVa), said as much: "in the future," he remarked, "people will be able to
look back and understand this period, get a good feel for what it must have
been like, by reading the EVO,"l Later, literary critic Morris Dickstein wrote,
"The history of the sixties was writren as much in the Berkeley Barb as in the
New York Times,"2
As Mary Ryan has pointed out in Civic Wars, her study of American public
culture in the nineteenth century, newspapers can by read as "the printed
nexus of an extended, multivoiced conversation," and as a result, they may be
"as close as historians can get to the voice of the public."3 This observation
would seem to carry special force vis-a-vis the hundreds of youth-oriented
papers of the I 960s, which were so much a product of the grass roots, Again
and again, the fullest and most revealing record of the behaviors, manners,
and beliefs of New Leftists can be found in the pages of the underground
press.

XIV I A NOTE ON $OL'RCES

Smoking Typewriters
Introduction

"STONES CONCERT ENDS IT," blared the front-page headline of the

underground Berkeley Tribe, dated December 12-19, 1969. "America Now
Up for Grabs."
The Rolling Stones concert that the Tribe described was supposed to have
been a triumphant affair. Coming just four months after half a million hippie
youths drew international attention by gathering peaceably at Max Yasgur's
farm, some had even hyped the free, day-long event-which was held at
Altamont Speedway, some sixty miles east of San Francisco, and which also
featured Santana, the Jefferson Airplane, and the Flying Burrito Brothers­
as "Woodstock West."
But this was no festival of peace and love. As almost everyone knew, the
idea for the free show only came about after the Stones were nettled by criti­
cisms that they had alienated fans with exorbitant ticket prices and arrogant
behavior on their 1969 American tour. What's more, Altamont proved to be
a dirty, bleak space for a rock festival, almost completely lacking in amenities
for the 300,000 concertgoers. People practically clambered over each other to
get near the hastily built, three-foot-high stage, and by almost every account,
"bad vibes" were regnant among the concertgoers. Asked to guard the
performers-allegedly in exchange for a truckload of beer I-the Hell's
Angels motOrcycle gang went on a drug-and-booze soaked rampage, assault­
ing countless hippies with weighted pool cues and kicks to the head.
When the Stones finally started their set after sundown, they found it
impossible to gain momentum; they could only play in fits and starts, as the
Angels roughed up spectatOrs and commotion swirled around them. Albert
and David Maysles' classic concert documentary, Gimme Shelter, captured
Mick Jagger nervously trying to soothe the crowd: "Brothers and sisters,
come on now. That means everybocZy-just coot out." "All I can do is ask you­
you-to keep it together. It's within your power." "If we are all one, let's
fucking well show we're all one!"
But Jagger's entreaties were in vain. JUSt as the Stones were starting
"Under My Thumb," the Angels set their sights on an African American
teenager in a flashy lime-green suit: Meredith Hunter. By one eyewitness
account, the whole thing began when a heavyset Angel was toying with
Hunter, laughing as he yanked him by the ear and by the hair. Then, when
'Hunter pulled himself away, he ran into a pack of perhaps four more Angels,
who started punching him, Trying to escape, Hunter whipped out a long­
barreled revolver and held it high over his head; in an instant, an Angel
plunged a knife between his neck and shoulder. Autopsy reports confirmed
that Hunter was tweaking on methamphetamines when he was killed. His
last words, supposedly, were: "I wasn't going to shoot you.""
Ever since, writers and historians have found it tempting to describe
Altamont as a generation-shattering event, the proverbial "end of an era.'" If
the early Sixties was a time of gauzy idealism, characterized by JFKs youthful
vigor, righteous lunch-counter sit-ins, and the first flush of Beatlemania,
then the Altamont disaster ranks alongside the 1968 Democratic National
Convention riots, the Manson Family murders, and the Weather Under­
ground's townhouse explosion as evidence of the era's swift decline.
Less well known, however, is that the trope arose in the underground
press.~ "Altamont ... exploded the myth of innocence for a section of America,"
wrote twenty-one-year-old George Paul Csicsery (now a respected filmmaker)
in the Tribe's lead article. Just a little while earlier, he said, it had been "cool"
for large groups of youths to assemble at parks and rock festivals. "People
would play together, performing, participating, sharing and going home
with a feeling that somehow the communal idea would replace the grim iso­
lation wrought on us by a jealous competitive mother culture." But on the
bleak, dry hills around Altamont, the feeling was entirely different: "Our
one-day micro society was bound to the death-throes of capitalist greed." The
Angels' violence had "united the crowd in fear" while Jagger strutted on the
stage like a "diabolical prince." To Csiscery, the concert was a metaphor for a
society on the brink: "Clearly, nobody is in control. Not the Angels, not the
people. Not Richard Nixon, or his pigs. Nobody."5
Elsewhere in the Tribe, readers could find several more pieces on the
Altamont debacle, all of them written by participant-observers, all of them
done in a familiar, even informal style. Several writers made liberal use of the
editorial "we" (as in, "We're turning into a generation whose thing is to be an

2 I SMOKI:<JG TYPEWRITERS
Audience, whose life-style is the mass get-together for 'good vibes.''') Others
sprinkled their reports with song lyrics, hallucinatory images, or whimsical
asides. The Tribe also featured an elliptical poem about the Altamont debacle,
as well as a comic strip by the artist Greg Irons that skewered a local radio
station for irresponsibly hyping the event and then fulminating against it
after things went bad. Almost all of this material struck a portentous tone;
the Tribe's radical politicos and youth-culture aficionados who caravan ned
to Altamont came away feeling grubby, mortified, and concerned. "I realize
some people just had a good time," said one writer. "Me, I saw a guy get
killed.""
Altamont received front-page attention in the San Francisro Examiner, too,
bue nothing like the blanket coverage that was found in the Tribe, and besides,
the Bay Area's leading evening paper completely missed the concert's signif­
icance; its reports and analysis could not have been more wrong-headed. 7 On
December 6, the Examiner stressed that the biggest problem associated
with the concert was the traffic headache it caused on Interstate 5/580; it
specifically added that police reported "no violence."8 The next day, the paper
mentioned that one person had been killed, but in fact four people died: two
were run over by a car while sitting at a campfire, and another drowned in a
swift-moving irrigation canal while zonked out on drugs. "But for the
stabbing," the Examiner reported, "all appeared peaceful at the concert ....
The record-breaking crowd was for the most part orderly, but enthusiastic.
The listeners heeded the advice of the Jefferson Airplane: 'We should be
together. "'9
Then on December 9, the paper's editorial writers fumbled to explain why
300,000 youths would even want to attend a free rock festival headlined by

the Rolling Stones in the first place. They literally could not come up with
an explanation that they deemed fully satisfactory.lo Finally, on December
14, Dick Nolan, an op-ed columnist, stressed that the event had been a disas­
ter for the counterculture, but his tone was so priggish and excoriating that
it's hard to imagine very many younger readers taking him seriously. "Maybe
it's wishful thinking," he wrote. "But to me that Altamont rock fiasco looked
very much like the last gasp of the whole hippie-drug thing." There were the
Stones, he said, "peddling their idiot doggerel and primitive beat," before
"that most mindless of animals, the human mob." Altamont was JUSt another
manifestation "of the rock-drug-slobbery cult," to which Nolan could only
say good riddance.
This is not a book about Altamont, of course. But by quickly glancing at
how twO local newssheets covered the Stones concert, we can begin appre­
hending the powerful appeal of the underground press in the late 19605 and

INTRODUCTION 3
early 1970s. Amateurishly produced by a collective of unabashed radicals,
the Berkeley Tribe had a fleet of reporters who actively participated in the events
they covered. Lacking any pretense of objectivity, they put across forcefully
opinionated accounts of events that mattered deeply to them-that grew out
of their culture-and they used a language and sensibility of their own fash­
ioning; their hip vernacular was something they shared with most of their
readership. By contrast, the professionals who staffed the Examiner-the flag­
ship of the Hearst newspaper chain-approached Altamont with a prefabri­
cated template. Their first instinct was to cloak the free concert in gooey,
Woodstock-style sentimentalism. Then after that proved untenable, their
editorialists proved totally uncomprehending of the rock and youth cultures
they sought to explain.
It is little wonder, then, that many New Leftists never bothered to read
daily newspapers, at least not when they wanted to know what was going on
in their own milieu. Instead, beginning in the mid-I960s, in cities and
campuses across the country, they began creating and distributing their own
radical community newssheets, with which they aimed to promote avant-
sensibilities and inspire political tumult. Amplitude and conviction
were hallmarks of the underground press: this is where they set forth their
guiding principles concerning the unfairness of racism, the moral and polit­
ical tragedy of the Vietnam War, the need to make leaders and institutions
democratically accountable, and the existential rewards of a committed life.
And their success was astonishing. According to cultural critic Louis Menand,
underground newspapers "were one of the most spontaneous and aggressive
growths in publishing history."il In 1965, the New Left could claim only five
such newspapers, mostly in large cities; within a few years, several hundred
papers were in circulation, with a combined readership that stretched into
the millions. 12
In addition to trying to build an intellectual framework for the Move­
ment's expansion, New Leftists imbued their newspapers with an ethos that
socialized people into the Movement, fostered a spirit of mutuality among
them, and raised theif democratic expectations. The community-building
work that New Leftists brought about in this way was neither incidental nor
marginal. Instead, it played a ctucial role in helping youths to break away
from the complacency and resignation that prevailed in postwar America, in
order to build an indigenous, highly stylized protest culture. Given the
obstacles confronting those who have attempted to build mass democratic
movements in the United States, this was a considerable achievement. 13
Simply put, much of what we associate with the late I960s youth rebellion­
its intensity, and contrapuntal expressions of furious anger and joyful

4 I SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
bliss-might not have been possible without the advent of new printing
technologies that PUt the cost of newspaper production within reach of most
activists, or without the institutions they built that allowed their press to
flourish.

WE HAVE NO SHORTAGE OF BOOKS seeking to explain how so many

American youths grew restless and dissatisfied with their COUntry in the early
1960s and why they became so intensely radical in the mid-1960s. Surely,
demographics can account for part of the answer. Growing up in a time of
unprecedented prosperity, baby boomers developed a keen sense of their own
generational potency, a confident "can-do" attitude that inspired them to
tackle the problems troubling public life. The civil rights movement was
also pivotal. When African Americans bravely stood up against attack dogs,
cattle prods, fire hoses, and lynch mobs, they dramatically demonstrated the
power of collective action to foster social change. Meanwhile, the sterile cul­
ture that the Cold War helped to produce, in which middle-class youths were
expected to march lockstep into impersonal bureaucracies and circumscribed
gender roles, prompted some to reflect critically upon the supposed promises
of the American Dream. The escalation of the Vietnam War, the draft, and
the gtuesome images that were transmitted from Southeast Asia's jungles
into American living rooms led many activists to ramp up their protest
activities. So too did the era's frightening urban unrest, which some traced
back to the federal government's unwillingness to address the more
far-reaching demands of the civil rights movement. The fact that it was lib­
erals, rather than conservatives, who presided over the catastrophic war, and
who failed to bring about genuine racial equality, prompted some youths to
direct indiscriminate animus against "the Establishment,"
The New Left's development, however, can't be accounted for by these
factors alone; it has also been necessary for scholars to examine the internal
dynamics that propelled the Movement. In the late 19805, a small corpus of
books arrived that greatly shaped thinking on this subject. Foremost among
them are James Miller's Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege
ofChicago, and Todd Gitlin's The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days ofRage. l ) Both of
these penetrating and beautifully written works helped to establish what I
have elsewhere called "the New consensus"-the reigning narrative
explaining the intellectual and sociocultural forces that account for the Move­
ment's rapid rise and precipitous decline. l6 Both studies, however, focus
heavily upon the institutional history of SDS--especially in its early years­
when in fact much of the decade's political energy arose from the grass roots,
and it wasn't until the mid and late 1960s that the New Left became a mass

INTRODCCTION 5
movement." As a result, these books shaped the research designs of an even
more recent body of scholarship, which has begun to present a fuller histor­
ical accounting of the youth rebellion by de-centering SDS, examining the
Movement at the local level, and exploring other groups within the orga­
nized Left. IS
By showing how underground newspapers educated, politicized, and
built communities among disaffected youths in every region of the country,
this book contributes to a broader revisionist effort. SDS played a major role
in the Sixties, but the strategic and intellectual debates that preoccupied
its national officers must have seemed removed from the concerns of many
grassroots activists. By contrast, radical newspapers engaged local, hot-button
issues, and sometimes inspired devoted regional followings. Moreover, since
most of these papers were interconnected-whether through a loose confed­
eration called the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) or a radical news
agency called Liberation News Service (LNS)--they also became the Move­
ment's primary means of internal communication. Absent such newspapers
and organizations, the New Left could not have circulated its news,
trends, opinions, and strategies without having them "strained through a
mainstream filter."19
Unlike, say, the covert and highly illegal newspapers attacking the Nazi
occupation of France and the Netherlands during World War II, the vast
majority of radical papers produced during the Vietnam era circulated
openly.20 The "underground" moniker arose because some of the first of
them-including the Los Angeles Free Press (established in 1964), the Berkeley
Barb, and New York City's East Vittage Other (both established in
appealed to self-styled cultural outlaws: freelance intellectuals, dissenters,
artists, and folk and jazz musicians, who clustered in taverns and espresso
houses in low-rent neighborhoods. Many of these papers, however, could
seem genuinely subversive, openly flouting society's conventions and, by the
late I960s, championing the revolutionary overthrow of the United States
government. Also, many of those who produced and sold such newspapers
became targets of harassment from federal and local authorities.
A writer for Vancouver's Georgia Straight observed in 1968 that although
underground papers were highly critical of capitalism, they represented
"some of the greatest examples of practical free enterprise."21 Before the
I 9605, newspaper copy had to be set in hot type on a Linotype machine­
a procedure that was both costly and difficult. But with the advent of
photo-offset printing, newspaper production suddenly became cheap and
easy. All one needed was a competent typist, a pair of scissors, and a jar of
tubber cement with which to paste copy onto a backing sheet, which was

6 SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
(hen photographed and reproduced exactly as it was set. For just a couple
hundred dollars, one could print several thousand copies of an eight- or six­
teen-page tabloid. 22 The Offset Revolution also allowed for creatively
designed layouts, whereby prose could be fitted around swirling drawings
and photo collages. Some of the more mystically oriented papers, like the San
Francisco Oracle-which was rumored to receive funding from Owsley
Stanley, the famous underground LSD chemist-pioneered split-fountain
printing techniques that allowed them to blend colorful inks and create
beautiful rainbow effects on their pages, no two of which were ever exactly
alike.
As newspaper production suddenly became more accessible, amateurs
filled the staffs of most of the papers, learning the mechanics of layout,
distribution, sales, and advertising as they went along. Though they worked
feverishly, most of them were jaundiced to the very idea of profit making;
according to a 1969 survey, 72 percent of underground papers reported they
made no profit whatsoever. "Financially, it is nearly impossible to expect a
small underground publication to pay for itself," one radical editor observed.
By the late I960s, however, a few well-made tabloids in radical hotbeds like
Los Angeles and Northern California did quite well.
Even when they were only barely solvent, the papers were often highly
visible in their communities. They lined the shelves of head shops and offbeat
bookstores, and street vendors sold them in hip neighborhoods or at public
gatherings: "poetry readings, political meetings, art gallery openings, light­
shows and other freakouts-anywhere (there was] a captive audience. "25 Most
underground papers also had back-page calendars that alerted people to such
events. Especially in smaller communities, which lacked the pageantry and
intellectual ferment that accompanied the youth revolt in urban areas, under­
ground papers could impart to their readers a sense of connection and
belonging to the New Left. Thomas King Forcade, who would become some­
thing of a legend in underground publishing, nuttured his early fascination
with the Movement through underground newspapers he was able to obtain
while living in right-wing Phoenix, Arizona. David Armstrong, who later
wrote a book about alternative media, recalled an epiphanic moment when,
as an undergraduate at Syracuse University, he picked up "a thin weekly pub­
lished on the West Coast called the Berkeley Barb." It was the first paper he'd
ever seen that covered things like the Vietnam War, the draft, and the Black
Power Movement "with anything approaching the intensity and urgency"
that he and his friends felt.
The failure of the nation'S glossy magazines and daily newspapers to cover
the youth rebellion adequately also helped to fuel the subterranean press. By

INTRODUCTION 7
the early 1960s, newspaper ownership, once diverse, had become highly con­
centrated, mainly because newspapers were such valuable properties. Those
who could afford to buy them up and consolidate them-the Hearsts, the
Annenbergs, the Chandlers--did so. By 1962 twelve managements con­
trolled one-third of the circulation of newspapers in the United States. Large
cities that could earlier boast of having multiple newspapers began to have
only one or two. Furthermore, the corporate structures that girded these
newspapers (and also television news programs, which in 196r became the
main source of news for most Americans) favored employees who were better
educated and more "sophisticated" than previous generations of writers and
editors. 27 The result, in this new era of consensus and conformity, was a
ubiquity of increasingly bland, cautious, and professionally balanced journalism.
Angry and iconoclastic opinions, which flourished in a formerly diverse
world of newspapers, were largely restricted from the news diets fed to most
Americans.
This helps to explain why the underground's media activists were united
in their disdain for Establishment journalists-those who resided, as Hunter
S. Thompson combatively put it, "way out there on the puzzled, mastur­
bating edge, peering through the keyhole and selling what they see to the big
wide world."21i By contrast, New Leftists claimed for themselves a kind of
epistemic privilege, arguing that only those from within the Movement
could take its true measure. Typically, underground press writers actively
participated in the events they wrote about, sometimes with considerable
fervor. By coloring their stories with their subjective responses, they pio­
neered a literary style closely resembling that of the era's celebrated New
Journalists. 2Y Commenting on the underground press's widespread appeal in
I968, writers Joan Didion and John Gregory Dunne remarked, "It is the
genius of these papers that they talk directly to their readers. They assume
that the reader is a friend, that he is disturbed about something, and that he
will understand if they talk to him straight; this assumption of a shared
language and a common ethic lends their reports a considerable cogency of
style."<o
Numerous successful journalists working today gOt their start with
underground papers. Among them are the celebrated investigative reporters
Lowell Bergman (formerly of60 Minutes, currently of PBS's Frontline) and Jeff
Gerth (formerly of the New York Times), and foreign correspondent Mike
Shuster (of NPR). Columnist Joe Conason (New York Observer and Salon)
edited a monthly underground-style paper when he was still in high school.
The work of Hunter S. Thompson and humorist P. J. O'Rourke appeared in
underground newspapers before they became famous, and the same is true for

8 SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
novelists Tom Robbins, Ishmael Reed, Charles Bukowski, rock critic Lester
Bangs, and sex educator Susie Bright. Some esteemed poets occasionally con­
tributed to underground papers, including Diane DiPrima, d. a. levy, Gary
Snyder, and Allen Ginsberg, and some of today's best-known graphic artists,
including Robert Crumb and Art Spiegelman, launched their careers writing
underground "comix." The list of notable left-wing scholars who edited or
regularly contributed to underground rags includes Maurice Isserman, Todd
Gitlin, Paul Buhle, Chip Berlet, Michael Kazin, Jon Wiener, Clayborne
Carson, and Ann Gordon. Sometimes unlikely voices appear in the radical
news sheets, like Jon Landau (Bruce Springsteen's manager), David Stockman
(Ronald Reagan's budget director), and Cameron Crowe (the Hollywood
director who referenced the underground press in his loosely autobiographical
film Almost FamouJ).
However compelling underground papers could seem, by conventional
standards they usually weren't of very high quality. "People involved with
movement papers generally see themselves as activists or organizers first, and
journalists second," observed Thorne Dreyer and Victoria Smith, both radical
journalists themselves. Nor is it surprising that, amid the great rush of
events that characterized the 1960s, New Leftists had such little use for bel­
lettists. As Tocqueville remarked, it is a rare thing when the "the literature
of democracy" exhibits "the order, regularity, skill and art characteristic of an
aristocratic" (or professional) literature. More commonly, writers "will be
more anxious to work quickly than to perfect details .... Authors will s([ive
more to astonish than to please, to stir passions than to charm taste."i2
Certainly underground journalists could be fiercely polemical, and some
critics easily dismissed the overzealous tones favored by some newspapers.
But it bears remembering that young radicals hardly cornered the market on
highly ideological agendas. In 1970, Allen Ginsberg stressed this point in a
letter to PEN American Center president Thomas Fleming, who had recently
released a statement condemning the attempts of authorities to suppress
underground newspapers. Fleming hadn't risen to the New Left's defense
because he was a fan of the radical tabloids (he was not); he was simply
defending their right to speech. And although Ginsberg was grateful for
Fleming's statement, he couldn't help bUt add,

I would've taken exceprion, were it my place, to [the} adjective

"inflammatory" applied wholesale to "New Left" literature oUtside
the context of equally inflammatory ideology displayed in, say, Read­
erj' Digest with its historically inflammatory cold war fury or odd
language about "dope fiends"; or NY Daily Neu'J which in editorials

I!'iTRODUCTIOO: 9
 has proposed atom bombing China counting 200 million persons at
their own estimate as reasonable; or for that matter the Nell' York Times
whose business-as-usual reportage in this era of planetary ecological
crisis occasionally inflames my own heart to fantasies of arson. Be that
as it may it's a minor quibble with your text. Merely to say that I find
"aboveground" language as often inflammatory as I find "New Left"
underground rheroric, as [would} W. C. Fields.

Furthermore, most New Leftists understOod that even the rude and untu­
tOred papers still brought people into the Movement's fold, shored up polit­
ical communities, and inspired organizing efforts and militant actions. In
some instances, newspapers played this role in areas that previously had not
seen much radical activity. By welcoming rank-and-file participation in all
aspects of newspaper production, and by generally opening their pages to
whoever wanted ro air their left-wing views, they helped to bring radicals
and bohemians into communion with one another. "For writers, editors, pho­
tOgraphers, [and} artists," Todd Gitlin recollects, the underground press "was
a marvelous adventure, full of infectious enthusiasm:';)
Oftentimes, street-corner papers drew attention to issues, inflamed opin­
ions, and fomented dissent through heated prose and old-fashioned muckrak-
In some instances, they were so provocative, inflammatory, or "obscene"
that they became targets of censorship or harassment, thereby becoming local
callses dlebres. Because these were often the only newspapers that radicals
identified with, they were read with unusual intensity.;(' Sometimes the com­
munal homes or offices where the papers were produced doubled as meeting
spots for local activists, or sropping-off points for hippie travelers. Barry
Miles, who helped launch Europe's first underground paper, International
Times (abbreviated as either IT or it), recalled that his most enduring mem­
ories of the underground press have to do with the "warmth and camaraderie"
of the people who worked within it. "I remember arriving in Los Angeles in
January 1969 and walking unannounced into the offices of Open City, and
saying I was from it," Miles recalled. "Immediately I was offered a place to
stay and more invitations to events and meals than I could hope to use."p In
a few robust youth culture enclaves, enterprising hippies could nearly earn a
living by hawking underground newspapers.'~
No doubt because they were so effective, underground newspapers were
targeted by the FBI, as well as by local authorities, campus administrators,
and even a few vigilante groups, sometimes with devastating effect. As
appendages of the New Left, the radical newssheets could not have outlived
ot surpassed the youth rebellion anyhow; their fate was always intertwined

10 I SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
\\ith that of the larger Movement (and when they labored to win the affection
!)f the broader left, or purged their ranks of amateurs, they ceased being
underground"). BlIt they might have been even more effective, or lasted a
bit longer, if they'd constituted themselves a Ii tde difIerendy.
Many papers functioned as collectives, in which entire newspaper staffs
l'<micipated in all levels of decision making. Initially these decentralized
working environments must have held a certain appeal, bur most people who
toiled within them eventually discovered they could also be burdensome,
mefficient, and alienating. And when the papers were exceedi11gly coarse,
hrash, or harshly militant-that is, when they violated even the countercul­
ture's loose standards of civility and propriety-they gave people good cause
to turn their noses up at the Movement. Finally, in their organization and

content, most underground newspapers mirrored the sexism and homophobia

of the dominant culture. As a result, they caused unnecessary divisions and
deprived themselves of valuable talent. When the gay and women's libera­
tion movements hit full force in the very late 19605 and early 19705, no one
should have been surprised when some New leftists lit our for new ideolog­
ical territory and quickly established their own formidable network of more
narrowly focused publications.

\X'HEN DISCUSSING THE SOCIAL REBELLIONS of the 19605, it is sometimes

necessary to draw distinctions between the strategically oriented New left,
which was made lip of "politicos" who wanted to change society, and the
counterculture, which consisted of lifestyle radicals, or "hippies," who self­
segregated from society. Although the two groups shared certain obvious
commonalities, including a basic skepticism toward the dominant culture
and a yearning for "authenticity" in personal relations, the underground press
sometimes underscored their differences. Papers like San Francisco's Orade
and New York's East Village Other, which promoted psychedelic drugs with
millenarian intensity, were probably not so compelling co activists who were
consumed with finding the right formulas for halting the Viernam \X'ar,
fighting racism, and restructuring American universities. However, just as
most of those who contributed to the 1960s youth rebellion didn't operate
exclusively at one or the other end of this spectrum, most of the era's under­
ground newspapers presented an intermingling of aesthetic and tactical
radicalism. '" This became increasingly (fue in the late I 960s, when it became
harder to distinguish precisely between the New left and the counterculture,
and when many formerly hippie-oriented papers began adding more specifi­
cally political content co their pages. ! \X'hen the term "New left" appears
4

in this study, it is used maximally, co describe the whole constellation of

I:-;TRODCCTIO~ 1 1
predominately white, nonconformist, college-aged youths of the 1960s
who rebelled against American racism, imperialism, and bourgeois social
relations. 42
While some might be troubled by the lumping together of hippies and
politicos, others may object that this definition of the New Left is too narrow,
since it doesn't include many African Americans, multicultural activists, or
feminists. 4i The New Left's relationship to these groups demands special
comment. Without a doubt, activists of color were potent sources of inspira­
tion for New Leftists, and combating racism was a central component of their
politics. The United States in the 19605, however, was culturally and politi­
cally segregated to an enormous degree, and black and white radicals often
operated on parallel tracks. Even as white militants labored to win the trust
of African Americans, they freguently acknowledged and lamented the exclu­
sivity of their activism. And although second-wave feminism was among
the most important protest traditions to emerge from the 19605, strictly
speaking, it was not part of the New Left. Very few male radicals developed
progressive gender politics in the 19605. In fact, much of the energy that
fueled the women's liberation movement arose in response to the patriarchy
and sexism they encountered in the New Left-and, especially, in its under­
ground newspapers. In this book, I've tried to present the New Left accu­
rately, as a largely white, broad-based, and male-dominated movement, while
nevertheless recognizing the crucial influence of the civil rights movement
and the important contributions of womenY
For some scholars, it has also been a matter of concern that the most influ­
ential writing on the New Left has been produced by Sixties veterans who
have remained basically sympathetic to the lofty idealism that anchored their
activism in the Port Huron Era. 46 By lack of birthright, I am not capable of
having participated in the New Left, but I will cop to sharing the assump­
tions of some of its activists-particularly those who believed (as goes the
cliche) that a genuine democracy is not possible in the absence of an informed,
engaged citizenry. I also won't mind if this book helps to remind people that
there was a time in recent American history when the political left soared
with confidence. Whatever the New Left's deficiencies, the underground
newspapers they left behind breathe of a more hopeful time, when the prob­
lems troubling American public life were addressed by a great mass of young
citizens who thrust themselves into the public discourse, and who ached with
ethical worry about the society in which they lived. Today, it seems necessary
to recapture that spirit. Nevertheless, I hope my distance from the material
that I analyze will be clear.

12 I SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
1

"Our Founder, the Mimeograph

Machine"
Print Culture in Students for a Democratic
Society

IT SCARCELY MATTERED whether it was day or night-people just kept

coming and going. Amid the frequently ringing phones, the tap-tap-tap of
perhaps a dozen typewriters, and the periodic rumble of a nearby elevated
train, they worked, ate, and talked in dimly lit rooms, perched on wobbly
chairs, surrounded by sheaves of paper and battered desks.! Flyers, posters,
and newspaper photographs nearly papered over the chipped plaster walls.
Some of the wall decorations-a charcoal drawing of Eugene Debs, stickers
from the Induscrial Workers of the World, and a prim by the social-realist
artist Ben Shahn-represented the American left of previous years. But ocher
ephemera-a photograph of Bob Dylan, a political cartoon from the Village
'.loire by Jules Feiffer, and the bumper-sticker slogan "Make Love, Noc War"­
gave the headquarters of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) a sense of
political currency. One journalist who visited its national office, which in the
mid-I96os was at the edge of Chicago's West Side ghetto, described it as
something between a newsroom and a flophouse, drawing attention to "an
unmade cot, several laundry bags, a jar of instant coffee, and a half-eaten
chocolate bar." But one artifact, above all, caught his attention. Taped to one
of the walls was a picture of a mimeograph machine. JUSt beneath it someone
had written the words "Our Founder.
 SOS leaders were nothing if not irreverent, but here we find a metaphor
that volumes about how they conceived of themselves, their history,
and their mission. Seeing as it was not unusual for SOS organizers to imagine
themselves working in the reflected glow of the left-wing luminaries they
pasted on their walls, they could scarcely afford to be anything but confident
about the agency of the written word and the power and authority of fresh
ideas. Various and multihued pamphlets and fiyers, densely printed newspa­
pers, crude bulletins, circular letters, and delicate, smudgy carbons--this
was the stuff through which SOS aimed ro change the world.
On the whole, members of SOS wrote easily. Throughout the organiza­
tion's various permutations, melodramatic zeal was rarely in short supply;
reticence was. Even in SOS's earliest years, when it was a more intellectually
minded organization than it became, the group's frustrations with American
society sometimes registered awkwardly in print. Increasingly braying tones
became more familiar toward the mid-1960s, and by about 1968 its litera­
ture frequently displayed such a violence of feeling that writers literally took
ro calling their pamphlets "shotguns." (As in, "My first project was to write
a shotgun on political prisoners.") j From this perspective, an analysis ofSOS's
published writings could easily replicate, and even amplify, the familiar story
line about how the New Left betrayed its roots in liberalism and participa­
tory democracy and eventually self-destructed. 5
Through an examination ofSOS's internal printed communications, how­
ever, we can tell an altogether different story, one that helps us understand
how SOS established itself as a community of participatory democrats and, in
the process, fashioned a political style that ended up greatly influencing the
underground press of the late 1960s and early 1970s. This point has not
quite been made before. Typically, people argue that underground papers
owed much of their inspiration to liberal and satirical publications that came
before them: the Village Voice, Paul Krassner's Realist, and even, to some
degree, Mad magazine." Though there is some truth to this, SOS needs to be
brought into the discussion as well. This was the organization that set the
template for underground newspapers that functioned as open forums, to
which virtually anyone could contribute. Many underground rags likewise
functioned as democratic collectives; the people who staffed the papers were
also the ones that determined how they should be run. In professionaliour­
nalism, there was little, if any, precedent for these approaches. It was SOS
that helped ro make them seem atuactive.
Efforts to explain SOS's wide-ranging appeal have sometimes touched
upon its highly rerbal culture-its seemingly endless meetings and debates
and late-night bull sessions, inspired by the existential politics of the civil

14 I SMOKj~G TYPEWRITERS
rIghts movement, as well as C. Wright Mills's famous dictum that "personal
:roubles , , , must be understood in terms of public issues.'" SDS's meetings,
however, frequently left much to be desired. Some people loved them, but
()tilers found them tedious, windy, unfocused, cliquish, sexist, and prone to
commandeered by whoever was most charismatic and articulate.
Written conversations could be similarly skewed, but overall, SDS's print
culture may have been better suited to its goal of eliciting genuine member­
,hip participation and reinforcing its inclusive and deliberative ethos.
To be sure, this spirit was sometimes strained. Resources in SDS were con­
~tantly stretched thin, the federal government waged a relentless dirty-tricks
campaign against the group, and certain internal debates--<:oncerning SDS's
s[[ucture, strategy, and programs-were all too predictable. s But even amid
all of this, SDS never lacked various internal newsletters that helped to raise
people's stakes in the organization. Although a few New Leftists tried to reach
a wide public audience with their writings, in scrutinizing SDS through the
lens of print culture, our attention turns not just to ideas set forth in the SDS's
published works, but also to the cultural U'ork they accomplished through their
printed materials. In addition to trying to build an intellectual framework for
the Movement's expansion, SDS created an ethos surrounding its printed com­
munications that welcomed people into the movement and encouraged their
democratic activity. This was no small thing; before long, underground news­
papers in every region of the country began playing a similar role.

STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY was officially founded in 1960, but

for all intents and purposes, the group launched itself in June 1962 at a
United Auto Workers camp in Port Huron, Michigan, when fifty-nine of its
members gathered there to complete the Port Huron Statement-a twenty­
four-thousand-word manifesto that was originally drafted by Tom Hayden."
Today a certain mystique surrounds the document, some of which is deserved,
some perhaps not. 1O On the one hand, only a cynic would deny the romantic
appeal of young intellectuals writing a political cri de c9eur from the edges of
a Michigan forest. But the popular notion that the Port Huron Statement
rekindled a moribund left is overblown. I I It actually appeared during a rising
tide of political activism and cultural nonconformity among young people,
and while the new student radicalism was a fertile topic for journalists in the
early 19605, few of them regarded SDS's manifesto as especially important. I ]
Finally, while more rhan a few 19605 veterans claim that their readings of rhe
Port Huron Statement provoked a certain frisson, others found it rather dull.
Those SDS leaders who have admitted that they found secrions of it "tedious"
or "boring" are probably more representarive of the New Lefr as a whole. l i

OUR FOl'KDER, THe MI.'>IEOGRAPH MACHI~E- 15

 But if it is true that an essential ingredient of politics is timing, then the
Port Huron Statement's authors were maestros. The manifesto's celebrated
opening salvo-"\Ve are people of this generation, bred in at least modest
comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world
we inherit"-put into prose the smoldering discontent of countless
students in the Cold War era. I·, Its dour conclusion-"lf we appear to
seek the unattainable ... then let it be known that we do so to avoid the
unimaginable"-captured a sense of moral urgency among young leftists.l~
Its impertinence-the notion that it represented an "agenda for a genera­
tion"-reflected the outsized ambitions of many baby-boomers idealists, 16 Its
strategic call for "realignment" (which meant replacing the Democratic
Party's Dixiecrats with left-liberals) struck a familiar chord, but its sugges­
tion that students themselves could be the driving forces for social change
was novel.
Finally, the POrt Huron Statement popularized participatory democracy,
the idea that people should have some say over the decisions that affect their
c
lives.: Participatory democracy did not originate in the New Left; many
whites gleaned the concept from the civil rights movement, particularly the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's emphasis on consensus
building and "group-centered leadership."IH Others had been educated in the
virtues and pleasures of civic engagement through their encounters with the­
orists like Arnold Kaufman and C. Wright Mills, As SDS biographer James
Miller argues, participatory democracy was never adequately defined, and
eventually the concept became hopelessly tangled up with the New Left's
calls for direct action and personal "authenticity."19 Nevertheless, it provided
a rationale for any number of left-inflected political activities in the T960s,
and it offered a simple way of critiquing all sorts of existing institutions.
Equally important, it promised to frame social relations within the New
Left itselflo Whatever different shades of meaning participatory democracy
may have had in the I9605, on this point the Port Huron Statement seems
reasonably clear. One of the "roOt principles" of participatory democracy, it
said, was the idea that "decision making of basic social consequence [must}
be carried on by public groupings." Furthermore, politics should be "seen
positively, as the art of collectively creating an acceptable pattern of social
relations" and bringing people "out of isolation and into community."21 If
participatory democracy remained rather vague as a macropolitical analysis,
as a basic interactional model within SDS it was easily understood and imple­
mented. Of course, people could (and did) quibble about the details: Did
participatory democracy mean that decisions should be made by consensus,
or simply by consensus-building methods!' Should leadership positions be

I6 I SMOKI~G TYPEWRITERS
frequently rotated, or abolished altogether? Who knew? But participatory
democracy did not need to be crisply formulated to function effectively as a
bedrock ideal; certainly very few New Leftists ever called for centralized
decision making, entrenched leadership, or rigid hierarchies.
Members of SDS gathered in small groups to refine various sections of
the Port Huron Statement that Hayden had already drafted with help from
others, and they finished their work in three days. For decades afterward,
many of those who collaborated on the project retained glowing memories
of the whole experience. Dorothy Burlage recalled, "People kept operating
out of idealism and their instincts about what would create a better world.
It was a rare moment in history, and we were blessed to be given that
opporrunity.'"2J Barbara Jacobs (later Barbara Haber) remembered feeling
"like the luckiest person on earth for having had either the good luck or the
good sense" to have made it to Port Huron; the conference, she said, was
"dazzlingly exciting. "24 An often-overlooked preface to the Port Huron
Statement underscores its democratic spirit. "This document represents the
results of several months of writing and discussion among the member­
ship," it begins. The preface goes on to explain that the manifesto should
not be regarded as the final word on SDS's ideology, but rather as "a living
document open to change with our times and experiences. It is a beginning:
in our own debate and education, (and] in our dialogue with society."25 In
other words, the Porr Huron Statement was itself a product of the collabo­
rative ethos that it championed in its text. It offered a critique of society
and specific strategies for change, as well as being a symbol and an embodi­
ment of participatory democracy itself.
Although SDS began establishing a democratic print culture with the
Port Huron Statement, the ethos they built around their printed communi­
cations did not become a pronounced force in the organization right away.
Instead, it evolved gradually, over the course of several years, in an effort to
retain the harmonious social relations that characterized SDS when it was
founded. To understand how this happened, it is necessary to briefly examine
SDS's institutional history in the period following the Port Huron conference,
as it began growing into a larger, more heterogeneous organization.
For a time, the same sense of camaraderie that marked the group's retreat
to the Michigan woodlands continued to propel SDS. As one former member
recalled, Tom Hayden and Al Haber personally drew many people into their
fold. "They would go find people they ... connected with on a gut level. It
wasn't 'Do you believe in the principles of unity)' It was, 'You feel good to
me. I have the feeling you're very bright and you're spirited and we see things
basically the same way.' So this was a hand-recruited bunch of people who

"OUR FOVNDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE" 17

really wanted to use their lives to change the world, and who loved finding
each orher."26 Frithjof Bergmann, a professor at the University of Michigan
in the early 19605, said much the same thing: "The nucleus attracted good
people."r Most were high achievers-student government leaders, editors of
campus newspapers, and precocious intel1ects~-who were united by friend­
ship and mutual admirationY As a result, dialogue was eased by a "mutual
awareness." As ~ick Flacks put "You could trust each other, even if you
disagreed.
SOS meetings were typically thorough and intensive. Jeremy Brecher,
who attended his first SOS National Council meeting in New York City in
1963 while he was an undergraduate at Reed College, found himself
enthralled by the group's "freewheeling discussions," not least because they
seemed scrubbed clean of the Old Left's sectarianism. "They weren't talking
about the history of Soviet-American relations and who was right in 1956,"
he said. Instead, meetings provoked "emotional and political responses that
were relevant" to people's lived experience. \0 Alan Haber's influence seemed
particularly notable. According to Brecher, Haber "was the one who taught
{SOS activists) to be thoughtful and argumentative without being sec­
tarian.... He had set the tone of a place that was committed to open discus­
sion and yet also politically committed."\!
Moreover, so long as SOS remained very small, there was room for deeply
felt personal conversations. Ann Arbor peace acrivist Elise Boulding recalled
one memorable evening when "eight or ten" SOSers attended a New Year's
party at her home one year. After her husband, the economist Kenneth Bould­
ing, read aloud Alfred Lord Tennyson's "Ring Out Wild Bells" at the stroke of
midnight, a group gathered on the living room floor in front of the fireplace:

They began asking each other how they might have dealt with situa­
tions each had faced, like having police dogs unleashed on them. How
do you protect yourself from a police dog that is taught to leap at your
throat? ... For middle class students who had come from protected
families, this was the first time they had faced raw violence. They were
totally unprepared for it. This was a time for them to share with each
other what it meant to them, how much it had hurt them inside­
much more than the outside hurt-and what it meant to feel afraid.
The tone of the dialogue impressed me profoundly, because there
wasn't a trace of defensiveness or even hostility. It was beyond all
that. . . . Their conversation went on for hours. I just sat, barely
breathing. I felt I was tapping another dimension of human experience
that was very rare. One just didn't hear people sharing at that level.

18 i SMOKISG TYPEWRITER,
 This very same group, however, could also appear cliquish and self-absorbed.
Looking back, one SDS veteran even characterized himself this way: "I honestly
walked around wirh the feeling, as narrow and group-cenrered as it was, that if
.ou weren't in SDS your life was empty and you were not perceiving what was
~'J.lly happening," he said. i ) Another former member, Barry Bluestone, said
,hat his first impression of SOS was that it was dominated by "purely political
people [who} had no other interests at alL" When he attended an SDS retreat
In 1962, it only seemed to confirm his negative assessment. "It seemed co me

there was more ro life than debating ... infinitely derailed political nuances,"
he recalled. Only later did he learn that "you could get intensely involved
,md entwined with political struggle and yet still lead a full and active and
enjoyable life."'~
Another problem arose from the fact that although elitism was officially
discouraged in SDS, the group maintained an obvious internal pecking order.
According to Brecher, while "there was no intimidation aboUt arguing" with
the so-called "heavies" in the organization-people like Tom Hayden, Al
Haber, Dick Flacks, Paul Potter, "and to some degree Steve Max"-it was
often a foregone conclusion that "obviously their rap was going to take the
way [and} your rap wasn'r."l) Moreover, no maner how inclusive SDS aimed
ro be, some members were intimidated, simply because others shined so
brightly. Jacobs recalled a summer afternoon when Hayden-in many
respects the early New Left's beau ideal-cockily announced (with his feet
on the desk, while reading the Neu' }Tork Times) that the Democratic Parry's
"realignment" was all but imminent, "and [so} it was time for him and Al
[Haber} and Casey (Hayden} [Q get in the car and drive down to Washington."
When Jacobs read the same newspaper article withoUt managing to reach a
similar conclusion, she thought to herself, "'Boy, he's a genius and I'm dumb.
He knows how [Q read the New York Times and then he has the guts to go
down and talk to congressmen,' which I never would have the guts to dO,"i6
Another SOS veteran, looking back with almost twO decades of hindsight,
said, "I still consider (SDS's founders} to be some of the most brilliant people
of our generation, and I still, in some ways, idolize those folks."'­
Finally, although the issue of sexism within the New Left had yet to
emerge as a topic of conversation, women generally took secondary toles in
SOS. Today, SDS veterans sometimes disagree over whether women were
muscled aside or simply acquiesced to prevailing gender stereotypes, but
almost everyone acknowledges that that they were less vocal than men,
and that they handled the great majority of what the New Left called "shit­
work" (which could include anything from routine office tasks to cooking
and cleaning). Cathy Wilkerson recalled that she "first became conscious of

'OCR FO!;~DER, THE MIMEOGRAPH ~IACHI:'>lE" 19

the issues around men and women" at the SDS meetings she attended at
Swarthmore College in 1963. "I noticed that no women were in leadership
positions. No women were really listened to . . . . I realized that to be
accepted, you had to date one of the men.'·'9 Another woman who says she
belonged to "a very typical chapter of SDS," recalled that "men tended to
dominate all the discussions and women tended to run the mimeograph
machine, and would sort of be expected to screw and make meals.""o
In December 1962, Al Haber and his fiancee, Barbara Jacobs-who, per­
haps not coincidentally, was among the women who felt her talents were not
being recognized----expressed some of these concerns in a Cassandra-like
letter that they distributed among the SDS inner circle. "We have, each in
different ways, felt isolated, missed communication from the national office
or from projects, missed a sense of membership activity and elan, and
squirmed with a feeling of in-groupishness," they said. SDS was "still an
association of friends, and not yet an organization where the individual mem­
ber has dignity and respect and is the concern of the 'leadership."'" Although
a few SDSers resented the letter's tone, its general thrust was hard to refute.
SDS may have described itself as a "national" organization in 1962-63, but
this was an obvious conceit: It was barely solvent and basically jerry-built,
with only four hundred members and nine chapters rigged together through
a combination of meetings, conferences, and occasional visits from field
secretary Steve Max.41
Moreover, the Haber-Jacobs missive arrived at a propitious moment, as
the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis had had a truly unsettling effect on
SDS-most obviously because it raised the horrible specter of nuclear war,
but also because it threw into sharp relief the enormous chasm between SDS's
oursized ambitions and its organizational capabilities. In New York City,
SDS activists could do little more than greet the nuclear standoff with mor­
dant humof."' In Ann Arbor, students responded by converging on Tom and
Casey Hayden's home, where they ran up a massive phone bill trying to keep
tabs on protest activity that unfolded elsewhere; all they accomplished
locally was to organize a tiny demonstration at the University of Michigan,
where they were pelted with eggs and tomatoes by an opposing group of
students. 44
Much of what SDS required in this period was obvious: "A lot of plain
dirty fundraising and a lot of laborious chapter organizing. "I) But SDS leaders
also recognized that if their group was to grow stronger and more cohesive,
it would need to experiment with new approaches. 46 The democratic idealism
that fueled the POft Huron Statement would not be enough. As a result, they
began promoting new ways of communicating with the membership through

20 I SMOKING TYPEWIUTERS
['rint. In short, they tried to replicate on paper what was attractive about
SDS meetings (the warm, honest, probing discussions that helped to build
.1 store of truSt and a sense of community), while mitigating those qualities

that hampered the organization (its ineffectuality, clannishness, and unequal

participation). SDS may have been infused with a collaborative spirit from
the beginning, but the values and assumptions that governed many of its
communications, and that in turn bonded many people to SDS, evolved out
of a painful recognition that participatory democracy-like any form of
Jemocracy-did not unfold naturally. It would have to be promoted and
protected.

To A CONSIDERABLE DEGREE, SDS expressed its egalitarian social theories

through its attitudes toward written correspondence. Although we fre­
quently think of letters as among the most private of communications, in
SDS epistolary exchanges were shared liberally. This was true from the begin­
ning, when Tom Hayden sent the very first drafts of the Port Huron State­
ment to a selecr group of colleagues, who in turn mailed back their responses,
which he retyped, mimeographed, and distributed to the entire group "for
the purposes of dialogue and cross fertilization. ".jC In subsequent years,
however, lerrers carried on and informed SDS conversations in such unusual
ways that Arthur Waskow, a prominent peace activist, asked a friend
whether anyone had ever considered the possibility that the New Left was
inventing a "new literary form."-l8
Sometimes, SDSers passed letters around by hand (and since they were
frequently typed with carbons, multiple copies abounded). National secre­
tary Clark Kissinger once acknowledged that unless his missives from the
Chicago national office were marked "personal," he expected them to be cir­
culated in this way. ,9 On other occasions, New Leftists orchestrated an
exchange ofletters on a particular issue, intending their correspondence to be
distributed to others, so as to expose the student community to differing
points of view. At Swarthmore College, which had a strong SDS chapter,
activists launched a small, mimeographed magazine called Albatross that was
made up entirely of letters that students had also sent to campus and public
officials "on such matters as the Cuban situation, the Un-American Activities
Committee, the Peace Corps, foreign policy in Africa, and the sit-ins."
Recipients of these letters were told that duplicate copies were slated to be
reprinted in Albatross, a magazine read by "several thousand students and
adults." The idea "was not only to make Congressmen attentive to the letters
but to inform and consolidate student opinion. "50 Similarly, New Leftists
sometimes used the epistolary form when writing for a larger audience, say

"OUR FOUSllER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE" 2 I

by publishing dispatches from their travels or open letters to the SDS com­
munity.)l Finally, letters originally intended as private exchanges sometimes
appeared in print later on, in one of SDS's various newsletters, or in its official
newspaper, New Left Notes.)2
Usually this happened with the author's blessings, but not always. The
democratic sensibilities of some New Leftists were such that they could be
remarkably casual about copyrights, permissions, and rights of privacy.H
Occasionally, letter writers even took special care to indicate that they did not
want to see their correspondence published. 51 Certainly Steve Max was not
pleased when, on several occasions, SDS officers published his private letters.
The final straw came when someone at Neu' Left Notes tOok the liberty of
printing a personal letter sharply critical of a recent essay by someone Max
admired-the distinguished author and labor activist Sidney Lens. "Listen
you sons of bitches, if I wanted my letter on the Sid Lens piece printed, I
would have asked to have it printed," Max exclaimed. "Unlike some people
in SDS there is nothing wrong with my toilet training and I don't feel the
need to communicate my every thought to the entire world. When I write
for publication, I try to write in a bit more reasoned and careful way than
when I dash a note to you screwups," (To Sidney Lens, Max added, "I must
apologize ... for my unfortunate use of the word 'didleywack."'))5
The question of just how much confidentiality SDS's letter writers
could expect provoked a revealing discussion at a 1964 National Council
meeting. The issue came up when Vernon Grizzard, head of one of SDS's
Economic Research and Action Projects, suggested that certain sensitive
correspondence relating to their work should be stored in locked file cabi­
nets. 56 But others strenuously disagreed; Shelly Blum worried that the pro­
posal made SDS look like an "autocracy" and argued that "there should be
some leniency in who sees what." Robert Ross was even more adamant:
"Any dues paying member should be able to see all [SDS} correspondence,"
he said. "As soon as confidential files not open to all are established, a new
elite is set up. People should feel that they know what is happening in the
organization.
When someone else noted that there were important security consider­
ations to take into account, Doug Ireland dismissed the claim as "old left con­
spiratorialism." "The FBI won't be prevented from getting information from a
locked file," he scoffed. Another member suggested the gtoup should simply
rely on the good judgment of SDS's elected officers to decide which letters
should be kept confidential, but added that, of course, the files should be left
"fairly open." Only Todd Gitlin said flatly, "It should be the right of a member
to decide who will read what he writes." When Dickie Magidoff argued that

22 SMOKlNG TYPEWRITERS
':ie case for confidentiality should not hinge on political considerations, but
-,lther upon "pragmatic and functional" ones (apparently having to do with
:hat fact that a few "nuts" were beginning to hang around the office), Ross
,:mplified his argument that the very idea of holding letters in locked file
<lbinets was antithetical to SDS values. SDS would not be treating people
~qually if the National Council allowed one group of people to see its letters,
:1ut not others. "We're like people who attach more importance to
.mle things without some concern for the way we do business," he added. The
Jiscussion finally wound down when the group settled on a compromise:
::-'DS's files would be left open to the membership, except for certain sensitive
materials that could be stored elsewhere "at the discretion of the president and
national secretary." Although Ross's position didn't fully carry the day, the
:--Jational Council clearly took special care to protect SDS's reputation as a
Jemocratic community.
The National Council also helped to establish SDS's print culture at a
meeting in Columbus, Ohio, in 1962, when it voted to launch a newsletter
called the Discussion Bul/etin. Unlike SDS's Afembership Bulletin, which aimed
to keep people up to date on SDS's activities, the Discussion Bulletin--Dften
called the "DB" for short-was designed to stimulate discussion on the POft
Huron Statement, although it soon opened itself up to a much wider range of
concerns.)- The National Council charged the group's indefatigable assistant
national secretary, Don McKelvey, with putting the DB in motion. oR Having
graduated from Haverford College in 1960, McKelvey was slightly older
than most of SDS's members, and as a former National Secretary for the Stu­
dent Peace Union, he had prior experience working in a highly democratic
organization. At the same time, he had an almost sentimental attachment
to the DiJCIlSJion Bulletin, and in his frequent correspondence with new and
prospective members he promoted it zealously. Later, the Membership and Dis­
cuJJion Bulletins were streamlined into a single SDS Bulletin, and Helen Garvy
and then Jeff Shero took turns as editors, until the entire operation was
scrapped in 1966 to make room for SDS's tabloid newspaper, Neu' Left Notes.
Regardless of who was at the helm, these newsletters welcomed input from
anyone who wanted to contribute, even if they were not SDS members.Go This
easygoing editorial policy aimed to generate a steady Bow of ideas in SDS,
but it served another important purpose as well; as McKelvey put it at the
time, people's written contributions were thought to facilitate the "creation
of community."r,! Garvy agreed, but added that the Bulletin likewise func­
tioned as a countervailing force against SDS's testosterone-fueled meetings.
"1 saw it as an equalizer," she recalled. "Sometimes meetings were dominated
by whoever talked the loudest,"62 and from her perspective, the Bulletin

·'OUR ,oeNDER, THE MIMeOGRAPH MACHiNE·' 23

represented a way "to members into the mainstream of the
into its thoughts and discussions,"'"
The Dismssion Bulletin appeared irregularly, and no one expended much
effort on its design. At first McKelvey printed it from SDS's headquarters on
East 19th Street in New York City on a hand-cranked mimeograph machine;
later, Garvy produced it on colored paper through an offset printer after SDS
moved its operations to Chicago. Only when JeffShero took over in late 1965
did the Bltlletin begin featuring a few photographs, illustrations, and side­
bars. (Later Schero became heavily involved in the underground press, and
from I968 to 1970 he edited New York City's second major underground
paper, the Rat.) One gets a sense of the special role it played by how the SDS
faithful described it-almost never as a newsletter, but rather as an of
imellectual exchange," a "dialogue," a "forum," or a "medium. Just as it
was an article of faith in SDS that politics grew out of personal
rather than entrenched ideologies, the Bulletin was spurred on by the notion
that the very process of writing--of sitting down, laboring over one's prose,
and putting ink to paper-often helped people ro sharpen thinking,
lize viewpoints, and generate new discoveries.!.) When a student from Geor­
gia State University inquired about how to go about building an SDS chapter
there, McKelvey suggested he might begin by asking new members ro write
critiques of the Port Huron Statement. This was "most important," he said,
because "those who write ... are, hopefully, stimulated ro thinking and
writing on their own."6610 a student at Rutgers University, he underscored
"the importance to you and others ... of examining what you're doing in
order ro articulate your thoughts about it."r,­
The opinions of newcomers were particularly welcomed. As McKelvey
told one student, "We especially need the comments of people who were not
involved in the writing of the [Port Huron Statemem]."r,H Similarly, edirors
took special care ro solicit commentary from grassroots members, reminding
them that they, too, had a stake in the SDS's future. When Garvy rook over
the Blllletin in October 1964, one of the first things she did was draft an
editorial announcing, "The SDS program and analysis are neither static nor
complete. There is a continuing dialogue within SDS and it should not be
limited to ... members who are active at the national level. "69 The Bulletin
also sometimes published local chapter reports, which gave members an idea
of the scope of SDS's activity and a sense of connection to a larger movement.
But the Bulletin's editors especially prized dissenting opinions, icono­
clastic proposals, and sharply argued theories-anything at all, in fact, to
keep SDS ideas from calcifying into orthodoxy.7 0 As McKelvey said at the
time, SDS must avoid presenting itself "as a package of set ideas and dictated

24 ~MOKl"'G TYPEWRlTERS
_,:rions."-l When a student wrote to ask whether SOS had any connections to
. he Communist Party, McKelvey answered that it did not, but he added
:hdt he worried that "overconcern with communism ... contributes to an
_,rmosphere in which young people ... fear to inquire in 'unsafe' ways."-2 By
_ontrast, SOS depended on its vigorous spirit of inquiry. When another
,rudent wrote in announcing he would like to join SOS, but that he didn't
Jlways see eye-to-eye with everyone in the organization, he might have
~)een surprised at McKelvey's reply: "I am more than glad to hear that you
Jisagree with several of our members' published opinions," he said. The student
was encouraged to give full vent to his disagreements in the Bulletin.-'
So accessible were the Bulletin's pages that its editors rarely fulfilled all of
rhe duties their titles implied. "I really ain't no editor," McKelvey once
confessed. "In fact, one of the reasons the SDS Bulletin has gotten so big ...
has been my general refusal to edit things, to cut things out, my desire to
include everything. I have compiled an increasingly good-and now excellent­
Bulletin; I've edited nothing, really."-~ Shero, a colorful activist (who once
campaigned for an end to segregated toilets at the University of Texas at
Austin under the slogan "Let My People Go") proved equally reticent to
exercise his editorial hand. 'Tve no fixed policy on editing copy, but tend to
want to edit as little as possible," he wrote. "I conceive [of the Bulletin} as a
democratic publication growing from the membership's concerns rather than
a news magazine [coming} from the national office." When on one occasion
an especially prolix letter arrived, Shero asked its author for permission to
pare it down, adding humorously, "[t}his confronts my budding neo anar­
chist tendencies with severe and difficult mental problems."-s
Shero recognized the obvious dilemma that arose from such a laissez-faire
editorial approach: "A democratic publication sacrifices professionalism so
that all the voices, even the halting and poorly expressed, can be heard, yet
at the same time a shoddy production will not serve the needs of the
membership."-(' Most of the Bulletin's contributors were college aged, and
while some were very talented, it was rare that their work would not have
profited from an editor's red pen. With such minimal editorial oversight, the
Bulletin always had a certain stitched-together quality. One typical issue cov­
ered an ongoing New York City newspaper strike, U.S. relations with China
and Cuba, the peace movement, and the McCarren Internal Security Act of
1950.-- Another issue ran an analysis of the 1964 congressional elections, a
debate on SOS's Peace and Research Education Project, correspondence
between two SOSers about how to organize the unemployed, and a news
report about a misadventure that Tom Hayden had with the Newark Police
Department. -H

"OCR FOU!,;DER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE" 25

 Another persistem problem that the Bulletin's editOrs grappled with was
that in spite of their eagerness to accommodate SDS writers, they frequently
had difficulty getting rank-and-file members to comribure the kinds of
material they hoped for. During their tenures, all three of the Bulletin's
editors-McKelvey, Garvy, and Shero-made urgent appeals for more
writing, and sometimes they seemed convinced that printed discourse was as
essential to SDS's survival as food and water are to living creatures. In one
unsigned editorial, someone said that writing "substantive pieces" for the
Bulletin was as important as attending SDS's upcoming national convention,
for without such writings "SDS cannot build the politically and socially con­
scious base on campuses which it must build in order to attain even the most
modest success,"7 9 Around the same time, McKelvey circulated a memo flatly
telling SDS organizers that if they didn't participate in conversations through
the Bulletin, "the organization won't grow and be cohesive. "HO Garvy simi­
larly pleaded with SDS's inner circle to produce copy for the Bulletin. "I really
feel strongly [that} there should be more discussion-and in a public way,
involving as many members as possible.... And I'm really at a loss as to how
to get this going."81
The editors may well have been laboring under unduly high expectations,
since during most of the time that the Bulletin was in operation SDS remained
relatively quiescent. This changed rather quickly the Berkeley free
speech movement got under way in September 1964. Then in March 1965,
students and faculty at the University of Michigan organized an all-night
teach-in against the Vietnam War that attracted some three thousand
students. Similar events were soon replicated on dozens of campuses. The
following April, SDS spearheaded the first national rally against the Vietnam
War in WashingtOn, DC. Expecting a turnout of about five thousand, orga­
nizers were amazed when the gathering, on a balmy afternoon, attracted
upwards of twenty thousand. Meanwhile, several major magazines and news­
papers published long articles describing the new student intelligentsia. H2 As
a result, membership in SDS swelled from 29 chapters and just one thousand
members in June 1964 to 124 chapters and more than four thousand official
members by the end of 1965.83
From SDS's perspective, the only problem with this upsurge was that it
came on so suddenly that it proved difficult to manage. To cite but one telling
anecdote, when former SDS president Todd Gitlin embarked on a speaking
tour through several Great Plains states in the fall of 1965, he discovered
three functioning SDS chapters that no one in the national office even
knew existed. H4 Brecher summed up the exigencies SDS faced in an internal
memorandum:

26 ! SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
 From an organization almost non-existent outside of the East Coast
and Middle West, we have become an outfit with a severe case of
national sprawl-so spread out we can hardly keep in touch across the
continent. We have grown so much in size that whereas less than two
years ago almost everybody knew everybody else, now hardly anybody
but the "old gang" knows anybody else. Our function has grown from
an organization where people got together to talk about the things
they were doing in various movements to one (that} has its own
extended program on half-a-dozen fronts, involving wildly different
kinds of people and approaches. Hs

Implied, but unstated, was the widely shared sense that the influx of these
wildly different kinds of people" had produced a Kulturkampf in SDS. Far
removed in both temperament and background from the doughty, often
well-heeled progressives who helped found SDS, this new generation of
radicals-sometimes called the "prairie power" faction of SDS because many
of them came from the South and the West-were mainly novices. More
likely to be guided by urgent moral considerations than by any ideological
traditions, some among them lacked the old guard's sophistication, urbanity,
and sal'oir faire. HA Many years later, former SDS national secretary Greg
Calvert, who was closely aligned with the prairie-power faction, still bristled
at the memory of being treated by some of SDS's old guard with "upper
middle class arrogance," as ifhe were "some sort of ignorant bum"-a galling
experience for anyone, but especially so for Calvert, who grew up in severe
rural poverty but held a PhD in history from Cornell University.H-
In a surprisingly unguarded letter to SDS benefactors, national secretary
Paul Booth pointed out the shift in member profile:

From a movement of theorists we have become largely a movement of

activists .... Where two years ago, the model SDS personality was
someone doing a master's thesis on C. Wright Mills, today he is a
college dropout. Where we used to spend months prior to an SDS
convention debating the preparation of a document of political analysis
and strategy, today ... activists with radical humanist values imple­
ment whatever analysis strikes them as appropriate. 88

Booth's letter injected a dose of hyperbole in the situation, for at no point was
SDS ever in jeopardy of being overrun by a scrum of college dropouts. 89 But
others echoed his concern that the new members who were surging into SDS
might have something of the effect of a downhill stream, loosening its agenda
and carrying its nonhierarchical tendencies into uncharted waters. In a

"OCR FOCNDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE" 27

National Guardian article, Steve Max grumbled that SDS's "fantastic growth"
and heterogeneity carried a hidden cost: an "anything goes" ethos that
threatened to undermine its political coherence. A "high degree of program­
matic consensus" in the POrt Huron Era had given way, he said, to a "Pan­
dora's Box of theories of social change."9o
SDS's disastrous national convention at Kewadin, Michigan, inJune 1965
stoked Max's fear; by almost all accounts, newcomers felt excluded, old
guarders were threatened, and discussions proved tedious. Robert Pard un-a
fresh arrival w SDS-recalled the Kewadin meetings "tended to be domi­
nated by a few articulate men who spoke often and seemed to enjoy the
political bantering," This might have been tolerable enough, but Pardun also
found something discrepant about the fact that these old guarders were so
concerned with "winning" their various debates. By this time, Pardun had
already reached an understanding-strongly encouraged in SDS writings­
that "democracy and winning aren't the same thing. Winning is about over­
whelming the opposition while democracy, as we defined it, encouraged
everyone to participate in making collective decisions,""l
The sudden upsurge in SDS also put a new strain on the Bulletin. Origi­
nally designed to promote membership participation and organizational dia­
logue, it now tried to keep tabs on the widening range of SDS activities; to
function, in short, much more like a traditional news bulletin. Complaints
that SDS wasn't keeping its members up to date were particularly pointed
when coming from members who lived in regions where SDS had yet to gain
a significant toehold, As one letter writer put it, "Being Out in the wilderness
like this makes one feel lost to the national tone of SDS. Similarly, a
regional organizer from San Francisco complained, "The longer I am on the
West Coast the more I become concerned over the lack of communication
between the [national office} and SDS in generaL. , . I am completely in the
dark as to what has been happening in the East over the last two or three
weeks."~i

The National Council responded to these concerns by revamping the Bul­

letin so that it would appear weekly rather than monthly, In the summer of
1965, Shero was elected vice president of SDS largely on the basis of his
pledges to do just this. 94 Shortly thereafter, he sent out a note promising that
the "new" Bulletin would give "the widest possible view" of recent SDS
activity. Here again we see evidence of SDS's confidence in the power of
printed material, but as sociologist Francesca Polletta points out, with hind­
sight, this may seem a rather small-scale solution to the divisions that were
plaguing SDS,96 Besides, even the "new and improved" Bulletin failed to meet
everyone's expectations. One supposedly lackluster issue prompted a reader

28 I SMOKJ"IG TYPE\X'RlTERS
to snap, "People's literature isn't sacred merely because it comes from the
people's [sid! .. , If SDS is growing as rapidly as everything we read would
have us believe, why the hell isn't there more substantive news about the
chapters?"')' In this same period, the national office received at least two more
letters from members who claimed they learned more about what was
happening in SDS from major newspapers and magazines than from SDS
itself'"
After only a few more months, the Bulletin folded, this time for good.
(Most members learned of its demise in January 1966 when its tabloid
replacement, Neu Left Notes, arrived in their mailboxes with a front-page
headline reading "SURPRISE!")~Y As the chief means of internal communi,
cation among the growing number of chapters that were operating more or
less independently, Nell Left Note.> marked a turn in the history ofSDS's print
culture, Whereas SDS had once relied on printed dialogues as a way ofshoring
up its identity as a democratic organization, by the mid'I96os its character
and temperament were no longer in question, The new challenge for the
national office was simply to keep tabs on SDS as it outgrew its cosseted
childhood to become an established force in the organized Left. Nevertheless,
Neu' Left Notes still bore more than a passing resemblance to its predecessor.
Edited at first by Shero, it featured on its masthead the old Economic Research
and Action Project slogan, "Let the People Decide," in its masthead, and, as
SDS historian Kirkpatrick Sale quipped, "In terms of how the paper presented
itself that is exactly how it was edited, Almost any scrap of news, any letter,
any essay or comment that came into the paper found its way into print. "!OO
In this way, SDS was living up to its democratic promise. The group never
quite had a fixed identity-its own members sometimes described it as
amoeba-like, as an "organislil as well as an organization"jOI-but in its early
years, the social processes that guided SDS's printed communications con­
tributed to its reputation as an accessible, egalitarian New Left organization.
True, this spirit was present at SDS's founding, when fifty-nine of its charter
members contributed to the redrafting of Tom Hayden's Port Huron State­
ment. Not only was the manifesto written collectively; its supple-minded
authors also conceived of it as a "living document," subject to future deliber­
ations by SDS's membership, But it was only later, in response to specific
exigencies, that SDS fashioned a culture of print that granted liberal access to
its records, in which letters were freely circulated, editors deferred to writers,
and newsletters were regarded not as official organs but as running dialogues
to which everyone was welcome to contribute,
Of course, this ethos carried its own built-in biases; just as not everyone
had the force of personality or "mystique" that was required to be an SDS

"Ol'R FOt:NDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE" 29

leader, not everyone in the New Left had the wherewithal to capably express
themselves in print. Nevertheless, by the mid-I96os, SDS was known on the
Left as a group that "passed the charisma around."lOc Its print culture is
part of the reason why. Soon, underground newspapers would begin playing
a very similar role, affording a basis for community among activists and
avant-gardists, and helping to democratize the youth rebellion. With this in
mind, the notion that the New Left was founded not by any individual, nor
even by any group of persons, but rather by SDS's mimeograph machine, is
so rich a metaphor that if it hadn't already been suggested, one would almost
feel compelled to invent it.

30 I SMOKlNG TYPEW'RlTERS
2

А Hundred Blooming Papers

Cu/ture and Community in the 79605
Underground Рге55

METAPHORS, OF COURSE, are supposed [о Ье revealing, and when raclical

journalist Walt Crowley observed tl1at Ьу the summer of 1966, underground
newssheets were "popping ир ... like mushrooms after а spring rain," he was
по doubc aiming [о convey his enthusiasm for the undergrol1nd press. l Sim­
ilarly, Time magazine revealed someching аЬош ics scandpoinr when ic сот­
menred оп precisely the same phenomenon in July I966, only ic had che
papers "popping ир like weeds."2 Either way, ic's clear chac Ьу che mid-196os,
che climace for youch-oriented, antiestablishment newspapers had guickly
Ьесоте fertile. Although these papers varied widely in terms of cheir quality,
size, and style, together chey documenred rhe New Lefr's eff!orescence and
subjected defenders of the established culture to unprecedenred levels of
scrutiny and ridicule. Along with the new gravitas in rock and roll, the rising
tide of campus-based activism, and the outre counretcultutal scyle, under­
ground newspapers began conrributing mighcily со the New Left's sense chat
it stood ас the heart of а new society.
Ап examination of che early histories of three of the New "prototyp­
ical" newspapers-the Los Ange/es Free Pre.rs, East Lansing, Michigan's, The
Paper, and the Rag, from Austin, Texas (established in 1964, 1965, and 1966,
respectively)---.reveals some of the ways that they emboldened activisrs and
clissenrers in their own communities, Each of these tabloids grew ош of rel­
atively isolated regional subcultures, and chey originally presenced chemselves
 ,

as (ormmmit)' ne\vspapers, almшg to defend local avant-gardists, provide

forums for пеighЬогlюоd activists, and irritate campus administrators ог
munici раl officials. Ironically, their provincialism was the main source ot' their
influence and prestige. As SDS officer Jeff Shero remarked, the "early under­
ground papers were уегу powerful because tlley \vere generally started locally
and dealt а lot with \vhat people knew, that electrified people.'" Вш their
bloom was brief; after playing а vital role Ьу strengt11ening the accivist тоуе­
menrs in theirown backyards, тапу underground newspapers Ьесате mошh­
pieces [ог militanr New Leftisrs and third-world геvоlшiопагiеs, and in гщп
lost mucll of their distinctive 'осаl flavor. Having hitched rheir fortunes to the
national youth rebellion, they could пос survive its collapse, and Ьу the early
I970$ the narion's underground newspapers melted away with аВ the sound
and fщу of а fading Во\уег. The metaphor is deliberate; as goes ап апсiепс
Chinese ргоуегЬ, ас the peak of а blossom's Ьеашу сотб ап intimation of the
beginning of its decline.

lJNDERGROUND )OURNALISTS of the 1960s sometimes dre\v self-serving

comparisons bet\veen themselves and tl1eir earliest forebears, the ратрЫе­
teers of the American Revolution. Pamphlets had сl1е virtue of flexibility­
George Orwell опсе quipped that they need only Ье "topical, polemical, and
shorr"'-and сЬе Port Ншоп Statement, тапу тоге New Left рат­
pl1lets found tl1eir way into print. Вщ they were usually written Ьу individ­
uals гасl1ег than groups, and they were пос al\vays the preferred literary form
among young people aiming (о build а movement based оп cooperarion and
democratic partici pation.
Another comparison сап Ье drawn between the underground press and
the very first types of dissident newspapers in American history--tl1e labor­
movement weeklies сl1ас appeared during сЬе market геvоlшiоп and гЬе cel­
ebrated abolitionist papers of the апсеЬеllит period. As media historian
Roger Sпеitmаttег suggests, pioneering organs like Philadelphia's Лfесhаniсs
Free Press, New York's \'(Torking Лfаn:r Advocate, and Boston's Liberator аН faced
obstacles that radical papers of the I960s grappled \vith, including severe
financial hardship and unvamisl1ed hostility from сЬе mаiпsпеаm press. ТЬе
underground newspapers also generally regarded their papers as ап ореп
forum, as l1ad tl1eir radical ancestors. "Having themselves Ьееп denied access
to mainstream papers," Streitmatter writes, "rhe earliesr dissidепс editors
were committed со publishing пос only tl1eir own ideas Ьш also those of their
readers-including ideas in direct conflict \vith tl1eir own. "6
In сЬе early twentieth сепсuгу, the counrry's mosr widely read radical
newspaper was Арреа/ [о Reason, а Kansas-based socialisr organ сl1ас ас опе

32 I SMOKI:-JG TYPE""[{HERS
point boasted а paid circulation оЕ over 750,000, thanks largely (о the еffопs
оЕ its massive "salesman army" оЕ volunteers who doggedly peddled the paper
in public meeting places, parks, and оп street corners-the same types оЕ
places where hippies and activists later hawked their underground newspa­
pers.- Meanwhile, ош ofNew York City's Greenwich Village сате the Малеs,
а sophisticated monthly journal edited Ьу Мах Eastman tl1at advertised the
styles and sensibilities оЕ the pre-World War 1 avant-garde.~
The journalistic guerillas оЕ the 1960s, however, had more direct inflll­
ences than the tradesmen and abolitionists оЕ the nineteenth centllry, or the
lyrical left оЕ the early twentieth century. First, there were those outspoken
thinkers and writers who directly challenged American culture and vallles in
the 1950S and early 1960s: beat-generation scribes, trenchant social critics
like С. Wright Mills and Paul Goodman, satirical novelists likeJoseph Heller
and Kurt Vonnegut J [., dramatists like Lorraine Hansberry and Leroi J ones
(later Amiri Baraka), and writer-activists like James Baldwin, each оЕ whom
prodllced work that rested lIneasily alongside poplllar characterizations оЕ the
Eisenhower era as опе оЕ tranguility, optimism, and innocence.
Existential literature also сате into voglle in the late 1950S and early
1960s, as disaffected youths wrestled witl1 shallowness, boredom, competi­
tion, the struggle for meaning and purpose, and other cOnllndfllms оЕ mod­
еrn liviпg Ч In 1953 maverick journalist 1. F. Stone lallnched 1. F Stone's
Weekly, his own muckraking newsletter. Instead оЕ attending press briefings
or cllltivating high-powered sources, Stone meticulously scoured pllblic doc­
lIments in order (о lIncover official hypocrisy, mendacity, and variollS abllSes
оЕ the public trust, all hidden in plain sight. The next year, Irving Howe and
Le\vis Coser began рuЫishiпgDiшnt, а guапегlу journal popular with New
York intellectllals that aimed to combat what the editors called "the bleak
atmosphere оЕ conformism that pervades the political and intellectuallife оЕ
the United States."11I Meanwhile, the artists and writers who put together the
satirical comic book Лlаd formed а kind оЕ "alternative
New York intellectllal
circle" that presaged the 1960s cOllnterclllture. 11
Вш more than апу other publications, lower Manhattan's Village Voice and

Paul Krassner's satirical magazine, the Realist, helped to pioneer the kind оЕ
offbeat and sllbversive approaches that youthful journalists оЕ the 1960s
mimicked and amplified. The Voice сате first. FOllnded Ьу Ed Fancher, Dan
Wol( and Norman Mailer in 1955, the liberal weekly sold for five cents and
\vas at first only available downtown. Few would have predicted its SlICCesS;
Fancher was the only опе оЕ the three who had ever dabbled in journalism,
Ьш he'd never соте close to managing or publishing а newspaper. Wolf was
ап lInaccomplished forty-one-year-old, known throughout Greenwich Village

л HL'-';DRED BLOOMI'o;C; РлРЕRS 33

as а brilliant conversac!onalisc, Ьш clearly lacking lП marketable 5kills. And
though Mailer was famous for writing ТЬе Naked аml (Ье Dead in 1948, his
two subsequent novels were poorly reviewed fIОР5, hi5 second marriage was
fIoundering, and hi5 per50nality was becoming increasingly erratic fгom hi5
overconslImption of alcohol, marijllana, ЬагЫtшаtеs, and amphetamines.
According со VШаgе VQice h15(Orian Kevin McAuliffe, попе of сЬе сЬгее had а
clear idea "of what сЬе hell сЬеу were doing ог what сЬеу were getting сЬет­
5elves 1псо,,': 2 ТЬеу аН agreed, however, that сЬе Voia would Ье а uTiter's
раре,-. That is, сЬеу wOllld simply pllblish the best material they received,
with minima! editorial oversight ог 1пtегfегепсе. 1 ; Wo!f "was а brilliant ed­
itor Ьесапsе Ье didn't edit," а friend recalled. "Еуегу writer was crazy аЬош
him."14 According со Wo!f, сЬе paper's аmаtешish qlla!ity refIected its mis­
siоп. "ТЬе \lillage \loi(e was originally conceived as а liviпg, Ьгеаthiпg ассетрс
со demolish сЬе notion сЬас опе needs to Ье а professional to accomplish
something in а he!d as ршрогtеdlу technical as jошпаlism. Iс was а philo­
sophical position."lj
ТЬе Voice's news coverage sometimes what could Ье fоuпd iп сЬе
suЬшЬап press, bllt its "back of the book" pages-which fеаtшеd сЬеасег,
Ыт, and book reviews-attracted nllmerollS talented writers who turned the
рарег into ап acknowledged [огсе .Iб То some who were sепsitivе to сЬе clll­
щгаl narrowness of сЬе Cold War ега, it was like таппа [гот Ьеауеп. Опе
reader later described it as а "gоdsепd .. а weekly hint that there existed а
геаl place ... [иН of people who wOllldn't thiпk 1 was а Commie weirdo еуегу
time 1 opened ту mouth."l" Also noteworthy was сЬе "letters" section, which
drew [гот сЬе Village's reservoir of well-educated, colorfully орiпiопаtеd
l1аышеs. Ву сЬе paper's third питЬег, McAllliffe writes, НА whole пеw па­
dition had Ьееп born-the ViIlage Voice letter colllmn as community sоuпdiпg
board, as exchange of dialoglle апd dialectic with its \vriters, as а repository
[ог гапdоm outrageous opinion."IH Finally, Mailer's darkly comic weekly col­
uтпs-full of parenthetical asides, personal digгеssiопs, and vituperative
attacks оп his readers-gave сЬе рарег ап edgy qllality сЬас distingllished it
[гот previolls Village week!ies. 19 Mailer stayed опlу аЬош fош топths ас сЬе
Voice, however, before storming off, ostensibly becallse of several sреlliпg and
tуреsеttiпg errors in his colllmns; in fact, сЬе геаl callse of his dерагшге was
his different vision of what сЬе Voice ShOllld Ьесоте.
Althollgh сЬе Voice in its early years had тапу qllalities that under­
grollnd newspapers later replicated-a light editorial hапd, ап interest in
the сu!tшаl fringes, and а close гарроп with its readers-both сетрега­
тепtаllу and politically, it was always а liberal рарег гасЬег сЬап а radical
опе, а home to some eccentric thinkers and top-notch Ьис пеуег ап

34 I SMOкr~G TYPEWRJТERS
outpost for subversives. Mailer, оп the o(her hand, sald Ье wanted ш "reach
ап audienee in whieh по newspaper Ьаа yet Ьееп incerested. In опе of 1115
last VfJice eolumns, he professed (hat "after years of (Ье most intense pessi­
mism," Ье felt "(Ье runrs, the elues, the whispers of а new time eoming."
Aeeordingly, he \уапсеа со align rumself with "the deStfllctive, the liberaring,
the erearive nil1ilism of Hip, the franrie seare11 for potenr Change {rhat} тау
break il1to the ореп."21 lп short, Mailer wrote, 'They wish rrus newspaper со
Ье more eonservative, more Sqllare-I \vish it со Ье more Hip.
Ас rhe ot11er extreme from the Voice's hidebound liL)eralism was Krassner's
Realist, ап irreverent lштог magazine that fashioned itself as а kind of adlllt
alrernarive to Л!аd. For someone who would later Ье inducted into the
Соuпtегculшге НаН of Fame (at the СаппаЫs Сир festival in Amsterdam in
200r) Кгаssпег's Ьаеkgгоuпd was unusual. А viоliп prodigy, he Ьееате at the

age of six (Ье уоuпgеst еопееп arrist ever to play Сашеgiе НаН. Whеп Ье
tirst srarred ргiпtiпg сЬе Rea/iJt iп I958, he was twепtу-siх years оЫ, still
living \vith his parents, and still а viгgiп-аlthоugh as Ье роiпts out in Ы;;
autobiograp11y, Ьу гhеп he' d ae(luired епопgh experienee \у! th сЬе fогmпlагiеs
of "heavy реttiпg" to write а very funny sex тапuаl for teenagers-it was
ealled Cui!t u'itlJlJIit Sex.c-I Novelisr Кеп Kesey опее said of Krassner, "{Не}
doesn't imbibe. Not IП alcohol, eaffeine, ог пiеогiпе апу\vау. Kor have 1 еvеп
kпоwп rum to рор ап aspirin, drop а downer, or plop-plop ап Alka-Seltzer. "1)
Вш like Ы;; friend and fellow comedian Lеппу Вгиее, Krassner had а реп­
chant for Ыtiпg political hпmor. С (' His goal with сЬе Rea!ist, 11е said, \vas со
"combine entertainment with (Ье First Amendment," thereby helping to
break the "shaekles" that eonscrained humorisrs dшiпg сЬе Cold War. Маа­
ison Ауепие рitеhтеп, геligiопs zealots, white supremaeists, апd MeCarthy­
ites \уеге frequenc targers of Krassner's wicked humor, Ьш rus tasre for the
аЬsшd теаl1t that people оп bfJth sides of ап issue were ofren made to seem
гidiепlоus. Around the time of the СпЬап Missile Crisis, Кга5sпег [ап а саг­
шоп оп the cover of the Rea/iJt that рiеtшеd а gогgеопs ппdе woman lуiпg
seductively before two unattractive теп; the woman was dгаwп со represenr
сЬе globe (with lопgiшdiпа! and lагiгпdiпаlliпеs across Ьег rouпd buttocks)
\vhile the теп were stand-in5 for the United States апа the Soviet Union; as
сЬе American gestures roward rhe Russian, Ье tells her, "lt'5 Ыs tпш now апd
сЬеп те "2Н Another rime Кгаssпег simulraneous!y offended prudish
conservatives and doctrinaire leftists Ьу princing а 5rar-spangled poster
bearing сЬе unlikely s!ogan: "Fuck Communism."29
ТЬе Rea!ist fеашгеd inrerviews witl1 people who were popular атопg dis­
affected уошhs, in wЫеЬ Kras5ner ппfаiliпglу broached concroversial or
taboo topics. lс а150 сап fake interviews апd imaginary dialogues bet\veen

л Hl NDl(ED fН.oOMI~G РЛРI'RS 35

Еатоиs people that were sometimes hard to recognize as satire-the idea
being to prompt readers into reexamining what passes for "normal" in every­
day life.\O Humorous commentary оп а wide range оЕ current еvешs and
controversies likewise helped def1ne the magazine. And as the parameters
goveming what was acceptable humor loosened in rhe middle and late I960s,
rhe Realist continued со press beyond them, sometimes with flagrantly оЕЕеп­
sive and crlldely sexist material.\l Although some radicals later complained
that Krassner's "satirizing everything" approach "lacked the commirment
and advocacy" that the underground press movement required, the magazine
grew in popularity through most оЕ the 1960s, and ас опе point its sllbscrib­
ership reached 100,000. Вщ its inflllence extended еуеп beyond its own
readership, Еог Ьу then counrless underground press writers had already set
оЕЕ оп their own аdvепturеs, looking to explode pieties, conf01.1nd ехресса­
rions, and knock over sacred cows. Мапу years later, when People magazine
гап а flattering profile idешifyiпg Кгаssпег as the "father оЕ rhe underground
press," he replied, "1 demand а blood rest.""

Iт CA:-J ВЕ TEMPTl:-JG со regard аН оЕ this social criticism and arristic Еегтеnr

as а kind оЕ nebulous intellecrual phenomenon, as if the sentiments and vallles
that nourished the llndergrollnd press simply drifted оуег сЬе landscape in ап
ethereal mist. In fact, тапу оЕ the ideas that gave rise ro New Left journalism
had ап important material context-they were generated in шЬап spaces.
Iconoclastic thinkers, subversive hllmorists, and cllltural cгitics in the back
pages оЕ сЬе Village Voice lived and fОllпd rheir aнdience in оЕЕЬеас neighbor­
hoods where like-minded people clllstered together. Iп New York City, Green­
wich Village was the magnet Еог romantics, politicos, artists, and freelance
intellecruals (although low rents in the East Village wOllld 50ОП ехегс а Рllll оЕ
their own).'4 San Francisco's hip district was in North ВеасЬ; in Los Angele5,
it was Venice. "Other ciries," Rlls5ell Jacoby writes, "boasted small, some­
times tiny and ephemeral, bohemian sections сЬас 5erved as way stations for
YOllng iшеllесruаls."\) ОЕсеп, these settlements-later called "hip zones" (or,
in а тоге extreme formlllation, "liberated terrirories")36-sprang llр alongside
college campllses, which СОllЫ also Ье welcoming епviroпmешs Еог brighr
and CuriOllS young people who weren't necessarily stlldents. Their infrastruc­
tllres were nothing тоге than places where people соиЫ hang Ollt and mingle
with опе another-pllblic areas like parks ог qlladrangles, ог commercial
estabIishment5, sllch as bookstores, taverns, mllsic halls, and соЕЕее shops.
Мапу оЕ сЬе New Left's leading writers апа activisrs had their f1rst inklings
that society was heading toward а period оЕ increased emotional and iшеllес­
tual vitality through their exposure to these hip zones. Several years ЬеЕоге Ье

з6 1 SMOKING TYPcWRIТERS
11elped со drafi: rhe Роп Ншоп Sraremenr, Dick Flacks recalled rhar he spent
considerable time reading and lingering ас ап independent booksrore in Апп
АгЬог, Micl1igan, which specialized iп highbrow paperbacks (а new phenom­
епоп iп rl1e 1950s) and seemed far removed from the beer-swilling, sропs­
loving fraternity cultше that prevailed оп campus. 'S "People of ош cu!tша!
суре would always Ье there," Flacks said. "1 felt that the атоипс of talk iп the
Ьоhеmiап world аЬОllС the hypocrisy of Аmегiсап life соuldп't just go ОП
witlюш rhere Ьеiпg some ехргеssiоп of this, besides juSt talk, or sitting
around iп coffee houses. 1 соuldп't figure ош what it ,vould Ье, Ьш 1 Ьеgап
ro change ту fееliпgs that norhing \vould сhапgе in rhe Lпitеd States."'~
Jim O'Brien, ап SDS activist ас the Uпivегsitу of Wisсопsiп who Ьесате
iпvоlvеd \vith several radical рubliсаtiопs, поtеd thar before his сатрш wit­
Пе5sеd апу activism, tl1ere was "а сhапgе in lifestyle апd mood of а critical
mass of srudешs" thar banded rogerher in а three- ос fош-Ыосk агеа along
Mifflin Street-a veritable "сепtег of попсопfогmist youth сultше.'ЧU \'Qhile
visiting New York City from the Midwesr in 1965, Radical America founder
Раи! Buhle encountered several small, quirky srorefronts оп St, Mark's Place
сЬас sold political buttons and were "in some vaglle way forегuппегs of {the]
соuщегсulгurе .. , jUSt liпlе glimpses of somerhing.";1
Вш it wasn't just that tl1ese шр zones exposed fшurе uпdегgrouпd press
writers (о пе\у ideas ог social styles; as they increased in пumЬег and visi­
bility in the 1960s, (Ьеу also provided the main imperus {ог the underground
press itsel[ They supplied ап audience rhat allo\ved сЬе papers со grow and
Ношi5h, and (о сЬе ехгещ сЬас rhese communiries reHecred а new mood апd
а ne\v tonality among уоuпg people-who were unfulfilled Ьу mainstream
American life, lщt Ьу their political commitments and the promise
of а greater personal freedom-they gave the underground press something
го write аЬош. А glance ас the early histories of three of the "original" under­
ground newspapers-the LOJ AngeleJ Free Press, East Lапsiпg's Рареу, and Aus­
tiП'5 Rag-illustrates the mшuаllу dерепdепt relationships they had with
rheir local commllnities. Iп each instance, а nascent lеft-wiпg or avant-garde
соmmuпitу provided сЬе гаtiопаlе for а [оса! radical рарес. In гшп, the рарег
accelerated the growth and clevelopment of the community that birthed it.

FОU!':ПЕП ВУ ART KC~КIN in 1964, the Los Angeles Free Рrел (often called
the Fr~ep) i5 widely considered to Ье the уошh movement's firsr underground
newspaper. Certainly it wa5 among rhe most StJCcessful. Whereas mosr
underground rags were of rhe "here today and gone tomorrow" variery, rhe
Freep гап steadily and remained sоlvещ until August 1969, when Kunkin
unwisely published the names, addresses, and home telephone numbers of

л HC:-'OH~O BLOOMI:--;G PAPICRS 37

eighty undercover narcotics agents employed Ьу сЬе state оС California as а
"pllblic service аIШОllпсеmеnt." ТЬе predictable legal wrangling [Ьас enslled
sепг сЬе Fr'ee Pms into а tailspin, ыlr at its peak it was [Ье leading radical
paper 1П сЬе city сЬас some felt had сЬе liveliest undergrollnd newspaper
trade in сЬе соuпtгуУ In 1967 а Neu' YOl'ker jошпаlist wепt so Саг as со саН
it "the ne\vspaper оС сЬе New Left. ТЬе following уеаг, а West Coast record
ехесшivе WllO did bнsiness with Кuпkiп suggested сЬе Руеер was berrer сЬаг­
acterized as а 'OЬarely above-gГОllпd" newspaper. 4, Ву the decade's end it
boasted пеагlу 100,000 paid subscribers and а readership said to Ье тоге
than dOllble that ПllтЬегУ lпitiаllу, thOllgh, the Рm: Руен appealed mostly
со L.A.'s шр cognoscenti, and its survival was Саг Сгот certain. It won its
wider readership Ьу simllltaneoнsly сhаmрiопiпg the lоса! movement's
artistic prOdllctions (mainly rock music), filling gaps iп local news coverage,
and allying itself with уошhs who made claims оп contested public space.
"А great рагс ОС [its} sllccess," а 'оса! scenesrer remembered, "сате Сгот сЬе
presence ОС long-haired teenagers everywhere оп the Sunset Strip. ",­
Dшiпg сЬе Sixties, Kllnkin was а [аге суре: half-Marxist, l1alf-hippie. А
writer [ог Esqllire magazine опсе described l1im as "stocky, with а \vorkman's
thick-fingered hands, and ... horn-rimmed glasses. Тl1е overall impression
Ье makes is сЬас of а dedicated, strong-willed, slightly harried German music
professor.'·'~ Воrn in New York City in Т928, where Ье attended сl1е presti­
gious Вгопх 11igh Scl1001 of Science, Ье 'асег worked as а machinist and
Ьесате а devoted Trorskyite, joining the Sосiаliя Workers Рапу and тап­
aging its newspaper, сl1е A1ilitant. Не was al50 а тетЬег оС rhe Congress of
Racial Equality, al1d he occasiol1ally wrote Сог two other small labor papers,
Nешs and Letters and COr/·esponderzce. Вш his first experiel1ce with а locally ori­
ented l1ewssheet сате аСсег he moved со L05 Angeles, \vhere I1е started
writing Сог сЬе Mexical1 American Еай 1~.A. А!таnас il1 сЬе early 19605. "Рог
the first time in ту Не, I was writing аЬош garbage colleetion and аН kinds
of commllniry problems," 11е recalled. 49 As appealing as СЫ5 work seemed,
Kunkin was also аtпасгеd to rl1e srreer life in Venice, а neighborhood rhar
was said со have anricipared San Francisco's "Sllmmer оС Love" Ьу almost а
decade, thanks in раге со Lawrence Lipron's The Но!у Barbarians, а poplllar
gllide со rhe 'оса! Ьеас scene rhat was pllblished in 1959.50
In addition со his prinr jошпаlism, Kllnkin also reglllarly delivered radio
commentaries {ог KPFK, а beloved commllniry radio scarion ГllП Ьу сl1е
Pacif1ca FOllndarion, wшсh broadcasr eclecric programming and lefc-wing
viewpoints throughour rhe region. Since сЬе station sшvivеd оп financial
supporr [гот locallisreners, Kllnkin was well аtшпеd ro rhe climare ОС opin­
ion among Sourhern California's liberal popularion. (larer оп, опе of rhe

з8 SMOKI'iG ТПЕWRIТЕRS
"major arguments" Ье used ro аспасс invesrors со сЬе Free Руен drew анеп­
cion со rhe Еасс сЬас "KPFK managec! ro рау ics bills while broadcascing
programs оЕ li((le тоге rhan 'underground' inreresc.,,),j Meanwhile, Kunkin
Ьесате а fruscraced reader оЕ СЬе Vi//age Voice. Alchough Ье admired ics inves­
rigacive journalism and culшгаl commenrary, as а refugee from сЬе 01d Left,
he loathed its reflexive support of liberal Democra(s. То his mind, this made
it ап "Establishmen(" рарег-Ьш it а150 convinced him оЕ сЬе need for а
radical altemative. 52 Orhers agreed. Lionel Rolfe, а Los Angeles \vrirer who
has documenred сЬе area's bohemian scenes, recalls freguently garhering wirh
friends ас сЬе Xanadu coffeehouse in сЬе early 19605 "ю complain аЬоис how
badly а new newspaper was needed."'j "ТЬе difference between Kunkin and
everyone else ас [Ье Xanadu," Rolfe adds, "was rhar Kunkin асшаllу wenr
ош and srarred сЬе paper the rest of и$ just talked аЬош."jj
ТЬе Freep, сЬеп,
\vas simply а $tripped-down, radicalized version of [Ье
~!olce, geared toward Sошhеrn Califomians, which Kunkin launched
witЬ just а few hundred dollars that he rounded ир Еroт friends (in contrast
to rhe S50,000 that Мааег supposedly рш ир Еог the Voice).j) "1 wanted а
paper rhat would draw юgеthег а11 сЬе diverse еlетешs in rhe community,
сЬас \vould Ье пос only political, Ьис cultшаl as well," Kunkin lа(ег remarked.
"1 had Ьееп hanging around the coffee houses and the роесгу group$, the
$ffiall tl1eater5 and $0 forth, 50 1 knew there wa5 а whole life there."% Others,
though, were les$ optimisric, telling Kunkin that L.A. "was соо spread оис,
al1d unlike ffiOSt осЬег large cities, had по closely knit Bohemian neighbor­
hood that would immediately supporr шсЬ а vепшге."S- Acrempting ю
prove othenvise, Kllnkin distribll(ed rhe very first isslles ас а KPFK-spon­
sored fesrival kl10wn as сЬе Renaissance Рlеаsше Faire, ас which some rhree
rhollsand revelers converged оп а fairgrolll1d in San Bernardil10 со rake рап
in hisrorical reenacrmel1rs celebraring Ешореап Сllltше while dril1king
COpiOllS gllanriries of old English ale. Althollgh rhe Faire was l1ever billed as
а political е"'еш, its co-creator, Phyllis Раш:гsоп, ackno\vledged rhar it
attracted а liberal and socially consciollS crowd. Whel1 Klll1kil1 asked Рассег­
5011 for permissiol1 (о hawk the first iSSlles оЕ his paper rhere, she cOl1sel1red,
ul1der [Ье condirion сЬас rhe рарег wOllld пос Ье "controversial." "1 was пос
inreresred il1 ап iS$lle [оЕ the paper) chat was making isslles," Patrerson
recalled.
То Ьег аl1110уаl1се, Kllnkin didn'r gllite keep llр his el1d оЕ the bargail1. At
first glal1ce, the Free Руел looked like а simple spoof of а рарег from (he
Middle Ages. l(s masthead ргеsещеd (he paper as the Faire Free Рут, and irs
humoГOlls front-page апiсlеs were all datelil1ed as if they had Ьееl1 wrietel1 il1
che siхсеещh сепгшу, (For il1stance, опе апiсlе described ап obscel1ity charge

А HL':'-1jЖЕD Вl.OOM!:"G PAPl'RS 39

agains( а "self-styled poet" named "\'Villiam Shakspur. Вщ inside the (аЬ­
loid, readers found the [еа! Free Pres.r masthead and logo, along \vi(h а note
announcing that the пе,у рарег aimed (о help unify L05 Angeles's "liberal­
intellecrual population," and а sllbscription bIank сЬас basically saicl, "if уои
wanr а рарег like (his, send llS топеу."6" Kllnkin's рrosресшs for the рарес
was ambitious: Не promised а weekly ca!endar of events, coverage оЕ left­
wing political mоvеmепts, muckraking articles оп iSSlIes of !оса! сопсегп,
апd "а full weekly [eport оп the new productions in small theater, рое t гу,
experimental cinema, painting, music and sculpture." Last, апd seemingly
most imрогtащ, Kunkin pledged that his рарес wOllld "provide а pJace for
free exptr!JJion and critical СО1ll!llen! and Еог diаlоgпеs Ье[\уееп creative figures
who have pertinent and !шmоrous things (о say аЬош everything and апу­
thing ... but who present!y l1ave по !оса! outlet in which to print such рсо­
vocative writing."bl
Рш anotl1er \уау, Kunkin aimed to attract \vriters and build а fo!lowing
from L.A.'s nascent underground scene. ТЬе longest article in the first iS5ue,
headlined "Puritanism Scores а Victory," discussed ап оЬsсепitу conv1ction
against а twешу-fivе-уеаг-оld theater manager \vho screened Кеппеtl1
Anger's Scorpio RiJing, а 110moerotic biker Ыт. 62 Kunkin also reprinted а
letter tl1at the folksinger Joan Baez wrote (о the Internal Revenue Service
explaining her refusa! to рау 60 регсещ of l1er I96з federal income taxes­
the portion, she said, that goes toward military expendirures. ("\ХТе 50rt оЕ
stole [that item] from а small college ne\vspaper," Kunkin later admirred.)64
Ап оЫшагу for а local jazz musician and ап anguisl1ed article describing ап
African American's daily encounters \vith racism borh signaled Kunkin'5
determination to cover issue5 оЕ сопсеrn (о L.A.·5 black population, \ушсЬ
was isolated Ьу the city's tangled freeway system and largely ignored Ьу (Ье
mainstream press.
In the second issue, Kunkin stressed сl1е paper's democratic mission,
pledging "that if апуопе has anything to say оп ап important community
issue and сап say it well and with documenration, l1е ог she will ha"e tl1eir
day in print. That is \vhy we call ourselves сl1е Fm Рt'Ш." And \vhile Ье prom­
ised to рготосе а clima(e of journa!istic integrity, 11е understood this as some­
tl1ing more (Ьап simp!y hiring 110nest and fair \vriters; Free Рrщ staffers could
a!so Ье expected to oppose racism and support freedom оЕ speech and expres­
sion. 1п !anguage redo!ent оЕ (l1е Роп Ншоп Statement, Кuпkiп proc!aimed
himse!f "committed со tl1e princip!es inherenr in сЬе democratic ordering of
society wherein аН citizens have сl1е right to meaningfully participare iп
community po!itica! and socia! !ife." 1п сЬас spirit, Ье said сЬе рарег wou!d
avoid becoming ап organ оЕ апу particu!ar group. "As а public ne\vspaper Егее

40 I SMOKING T)'P['X'RIТEI,S
of organizational commitment, we are going ro print сЬе shots аБ ош writers
саН сЬет , , . and сЬеп invite соттепс and rebuttal"-the appropriare Бсапсе
for what Ье said was "fundamentally а community newspaper."66
This wasn't just lip service. From сЬе beginning, Kunkin anchored сЬе
Free Руен in L.A.'s underground community, in рагс Ьу locating сЬе newspa­
per's ofn'ces in сЬе ЬаБетепс of сЬе "notorious" Fifth ЕБсасе coffeehouse оп
Sunser Strip. АБ historian David McBride explains, the Srrip was ас rhe уегу
"heart of rhe ciry's coalescing hippie Bohemia," and rhe Fifrh ЕБсасе in раг­
ticular was "а сеnrсаl garhering poinr for culшгаl rebels. "6"' Ir opened еасЬ
evening ас 7 РМ and closed сЬе following moming ас 6 АМ; it regularly hosted
folk musicians and hootenannies, screened classic films, and displayed аПБ
and crafts. With the purchase of just а single сир of coffee, cuscomers could
stay аН nighr. Meanwhile, КРРК and rhe Free Руел were closely connected,
with broadcasters doubIing as columnists and vice уеГБа. 68 Finally, rhe Freep
had friendly interactions with сЬе bookstore Рара Bach, which was known as
"а meering place and а cultural institution in its own right."69 EstabIished in
1964, Рара Bach sold пос jusr books, Ьие also esoreric records, pipes, and
imporced соЬассо. ТЬе bookstore regularly аdvепisеd in Kunkin's paper; in
rurn, the Freep sometimes reviewed high-qualiry rrade paperbacks of rhe суре
сЬас Рара Bach specialized in.
Although тапу сате со regard Southern California аБ а hippie тесса, in
сЬе early 1960s it was still а bastion of what McBride саllБ 'Ъigh" bohemi­
anism. "Signin'cantly, the Free Руен , , . hardly ever discussed youth-oriented
popular culture ас n'rst." Dиeing its n'rsr уеас ос БО, "culrural critics focused оп
little-known and 'challenging' works, especially modem jazz and art, Euro­
реап Ыт, and avant-garde composers. Among тапу arricles оп these subjects
were pieces onJohn Cage, сЬе west СОаБС jazz 'сооl school,' and Italian director
[Michelangelo} Anronioni." ТЬе paper also sponsored several avant-garde
concerts and exhibirs, "including опе devoted со the archetypical 'difficult'
composer, Arnold Schoenberg," aimed ас democratizing сЬе аvапt-gагdе. 7О

This is по[ to suggesr, however, that L.A.'s esoteric underground Бсепе

lacked political direcrion. Аl Mirchell, owner of сЬе Fifth Estate, made ас
least two agirprop Ыm documentaries, опе of which was а polemic againsr rhe
L05 Angeles Police Departmenr called Blue Fas{islll. 71 Meanwhile, Рара Bach's
owner, John Harris, сие ШБ polirical teeth working for а federal job-training
program and, like Mitchell, regularly allowed acrivisrs со рОБС lirerarure and
hold meerings оп his рroрегсу. Kunkin was а devoted Marxisr, ап ardenr
civil-rights Бирропег, and ап early criric of rhe Viernam War, аБ апуопе who
read сЬе Free Press would have known. 73 "For аН its "countercultural bIuster,"
McBride writes, сЬе Freep was "essenrially сЬе local New Left рарег. АБ а

А HL:NDRED BLOOMI:-lG PAPERS 41

source of informarion оп racial injusrice, SDS, local Ne\v Left schools, demon­
srrarions, and anci\var activiries, иг} \vas al1thoritative."'4 Early issl1es dre\v
fюm KPFK radio commentaries and gave special emphasis [о tl1e Berkeley
free speech геЬеШоп, which l1shered in а new ега of campнs-based activism
[hat, from Kunkin's perspective, was forruitoнsly timed."~ Had he launched
the Free Рrел $ix months earlier, he later said, it might пог have $шvivеd; as it
happened, the sensational story coming оиг of Berkeley gave the Free Рген а
cruciallift."(,
Its piece de though, was its coverage of the Watts rior, whic11
exploded оп Augllsr 1 I, I965, after а police officer clubbed а black bysrancler
during а Юlltiпе traffic stop; in the resulting mayhem, which lasted for nearly
а \veek, thirty-four people were killed, four thousand тоге \vere arrested, and
some $200 million worth of property was destfoyed. Hardly апуопе olltside
Watts saw the violence coming. According to опе historian, опе of the геа­
$OnS that 50 тапу Americans regarded L.A. а5 а рагаьоп of рюsрегitу in the
I950S and I960$ is because its impoverished black and Hispanic residents
were left Оllt of its carefully construcred, mass-mediated image (and \уеге in
fact literally shielded fюm rhe view of motorists Ьу railings along the city's
expansive highways). А pair of sociologists who analyzed L.A.'5 two dai1y
newspaper5, the [o.r AngeleJ Тime! and the [О! AngeleJ Негаld-ЕхclflJiпег, dis­
covered the 1осаl press gave scant attencion to 10саl blacks, and its coverage
of African Americans had аСГllаllу diminished in the years leading ир to the
Watts ret)ellion."~ Ву concrast, the Fm РI'I::Л covered civil-righrs issue5 from
its inception and strongly opposed Proposition 14, а 1964 Califomia Ьаllос
iniriative that repealed а state la,v prohibiting hou5ing discrimination.
"1 bllilr ир personal capiral in tl1e black comml1nity," Kl1nkin гетет­
bered, "50 as soon а5 Watts happened there were people there writing for the
рарег."НII While пос qllire condoning the rebellion, Kunkin's post-rior
analysis srressed its sociopolitical significance. Whereas mainstream media
organizarions described а week of riorous anarchy in Wаги, Kunkin referred
ro the lIprising as "demonstrations in the srreers" rhar 'Ъаvе complerely
ended rhe тусЬ rl1ar rhe Negroes of Los Angeles аге rhe happiesr in the
whole СОlШГГУ." Не went оп:

lг has Ьееп ап election wjrhour ballot boxes and rhe Negroes have casr
their votes. Whether ог not the \vhite majority likes this vote, it is
time for rhe analysis [rhar} follows every elecrion. It is time to lisren
to the Negro.
Attempcs со simply establish "law and order," (о simply esrablisl1
the pre-demonstration statнs q110, are doomed СО failure. Апуопе who

42 i S~10KI ~(i TYPE\);,'RITERS

 chinks in these cerms is fuпdатепсаllу апсi-Nеgro and will Ье under­
scood as such Ьу the vast majority of Negroes,

The [еа! "tragedy," Kunkin added, was that "governmenr officials and the
major news media have пос undersrood what has happened," Rarher сЬап
addressing rhe rebellion's under!ying causes, he said, сЬе srage ,vas being ser
"for reprisals аgаiпst сЬе Negro соттuпitу,"Яl Ву contrast, а Los Ange!eJ
Тiтe! editorial called сЬе riors "criminal terrorism" and dismissed even the
"jпfегепсе" сЬас jr was ап "jnevitable resulr of economic and sociological
pressures. In addition со taking а charirabIe scance to\vard rhe riocers, сЬе
Руеер ргеsещеd ап шЬап black perspective сЬас was sorely lacking in orЬег
media ouclets. si То cite Ьис опе example, ВоЬ Freeman, а local CORE acrivist,
wrote а fiгst-регsоп ассоuщ of walking through Watts during сЬе riot, where
Ье talked with residencs who described сЬе anger сЬас had Ьееп festering in
С!1е community as а result of longstanding poverty and po!ice bruraliry.
"Мапу of сЬе young теп со \уЬот 1 spoke said if сЬеу must БО со Viernam tO
fight for freedom, they might as well fight and die in WattS [ог freedom," he
геропеd. "1п еуегуопе 1 spoke со 1 saw ап undaunted сошабе and fearless
determination со make their desires known to сЬе officia!s of tl1is city."O i
Discussing the Freep's Watts coverage, опе writer credited сЬе рарег with
!aying Ьаге "сЬе оЬшsепеss of lоса! officials, сЬе insensitivity of the po!ice
and the iпаЫlitу of rhe major news media tO grasp the seriousness of rhe
еуепс."О5 "Watts proved rhat this was а serious paper, пос а sheet аЬоис Нар­
penings attended Ьу two hundred people," Kunkin boasted. R6 In subsequent
years Kunkin's рарег \vas сЬе place со сиrn [ог coverage of ghetto unrest,
black nationa!ism, and сЬе multicultural Left. H­
1п сЬе months after Watts, the Руее Рут \vas also саиБЬС ир in сЬе Sunset
Strip's transformation [roт а bland corridor of fast food joints, сЬеар motels,
and tacky billboards into а ЬиЬ of Ыр bohemia. 88 Several forward-looking
сауеrn owners 5ес сЬе change in motion Ьу persuading L05 Angele5 Соипсу tO
let сЬет make rock and dance clubs more accessible со baby-boomer yourhs.
Several such venues opened near the Strip in сЬе early 1960s, beginning with
P.J.'s in 1961 ("ап еуеnr with which апу [ерисаЫе [исше hiscorian has got to
mark the beginning of Renaissance Hip in L05 Angeles," а !осаl \vriter
орiпеd,)Я~ Before long, youth-orienred clubs like сЬе Hullabaloo, сЬе Acrion,
and rhe Trip were nurruring а Ьеуу of sophisricated rock acts-including сЬе
Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, Love, сЬе Doors, and сЬе Seeds-whose songs
were far removed [гот сЬе Ьоипсу, angst-free hymns to surfing and cruising
гЬас гЬе Beach Boys and Jan and Dean popularized jUSt а few years earlier.~iI
Meanwhile, mororcycle groups started prowling аrotшd [Ье Srrip's congesred

А HL:"-JDR!CD HLOOMII';(; PAPI;RS 43

srreers, modisll reens Ггаrегпizеd \vith "serious longhairs" along rhe side­
\valks, and late-nighr crowds lingered in пеагЬу cofteehouses and diners,
especially Сашег's Rеsrашаш and Беп F ranks (somerimes cal!ed Беп
Freaks),9l Alrhough local \vriters began describing Suпsеr Srrip as а coalescing
bohemia in 1965, Ьу rhe Гоl!о\viпg уеаг rhe уошblul rakeover оГ гтБ опсе
srodgy terrirory atrracted а(tепtiоп iп Look, и/е, Neu'Ju'eek, and Тilт, \vith
сЬе lasr magazine dесlагiпg ir "гЬе perfecr place for flаuпtiпg геЬеlliоп, for
carching the 'асеБС uпdегgrouпd movie , , , and rrying оп rhe пеwеst Гаds,"92
Nаtшаllу, rhe Free Р/"ел \vrore тоге exuberanrly аЬош (he so-called "Srrip­
pies," particularly around 'аге I965, аБ the рарег started evincing greater
епthusiаsт {ог rock and гоН, and i(s back page саlепdаг was iпсгеаsiпglу
fеstоопеd with notices сопсеrniпg the neighborhood's ап showings, Ыт
screenings, rock сопсеГСБ, and "hаррепiпgs"-lооsе апd improvisarional
gatherings thar rypically iпvоlvеd some combination of experimenral music,
performance ап, and (Ьу the mid I960s) drugs,'!\ [агег оп, Кuпkiп opened his
own bookstore пеаг the Strip, called Каzoо, \vhich specialized in "obscure
works" оп politics, drugs, and Eastern religions, and also sold ЬиСtoПБ, posters,
Ьитрег stickers, and countercultural ephemera. 9 ! Опе Free Prm writer
boasted сЬас the Strip belonged to "а throng of Renaissance Rockers ... who
take the БСгеес аБ their ореп-аiг hall,vay."Y5 In December 1965, the рарег
Ьеgап ruппiпg а regular column Ьу Jerry Farber, called "Маkiпg It," \vhich
was devoted со documenting сЬе Strip's еfflогеsсепсе.%
Whеп crime ГОБе in rhe агеа апd 'осаl ашhогiгiеs resurrecred ап агсапе
curfew law iп order (о clear сl1е Srrip, сl1е Руее Press covered the crackdo\vn
and editorialized аgаiпst (l1е police's overzealous tactics. Опе Руее Руен article
claimed thar а гесеnr pl10tograph in (l1е Los Лngе/еs TimeJ, Wllich рurропеd
со show sl1егiГf's dершiеs quеstiопiпg curfew violators, was acrually staged
before rhe сатегаБ аБ а publicity БШnr designed Со СОШltег criticisms сЬас
aurhorities l1ad received in а гесепс Life article.
Away from the сатега'Б gaze, however, роНсе malpractice \vas said со Ье
commonplace. The Р1'ее Press frequently rai!ed against police harassment of
juveniles and опсе гап а firsthand ассоипс of сitizепs l)eing "viciously c!ubbed
and Ьеасеп" Ьу officers who stormed inco а crowd of yourhs ourside the Fifrh
Estate. "There was по plan or purpose evident iп (l1е beatings ог sobseqoent
arrests," the герогсег claimed. "It seemed the l1andiesr people, with по regard
given со age, sex, ог socia! роsitiоп, were clubbed, kicked, рuпсhеd, and/or
arrested."YH Tensions mounted as policemen continlled arresting scores оГ
teens оп weekend evenings, and in November I966 perl1aps а thousand irate
уощl1s spilled into streets and waved p!acards, while а ffillch smaller пuтЬег
of delinquenrs ("по тоге than пvепtу ог сЫгсу," the Free Pres.r saicl) scuffled

44 I SMOKIN(; TYPE""RlТfCHS
wirl1 bystanders, scrawled anti-police graffiti slogans, climbed upon а ciry
bus \vmle ir was fuH of passengers, and unslICcessfully attempted (о light ап
етрсу bus оп Бге.
ThOLlgl1 certainly а major disturbance, mosr Strippies
seemed со regard it as sometmng less сЬап с!1е "scene of апагс!1у" сl1е Los
Angele5 TimeJ dеsсгiЬеd. Ч " Esrimated соса! damages (гот сЬе "rioc" amollnred
со only $200, and according to eyewirnesses, 'оса! TV cre\vs encouraged сl1е
attacks оп сЬе buses. 100 According со а Free Рrел геропег w!lo watcl1ed сl1е
scene unfold, "Тl1еге was not (Ье \vlюlеsаlе rioting rl1at сl1е ne\vspapers and
mass media implied. ТЬе grear major1ty of гl1е teen-agers ... were orderly
and lawflll, witl1 сl1е possible exception of creating а traffic jam Ьу congre­
garing 1П сЬе srreets."j{ll
СОllПСУ offic1als neverr!1eless revoked сl1е licenses с!1ас allowed minors со
dance inside Clllbs сl1ас served аlcоlюl, wmle police intensified гЬеiг nightly
patrols and sl1ш do\vn Pandora's Вох, а 'оса! coffeel10use poplllar wirl1 поп­
conformist youths. МеапwЬilе, ап ad Ьос prorest organization rhat Mitc!1ell
гап оис of Ьis Fiftl1 Estate соffееЬоusе coordinated severallarge-scale demon­
strations at wmсЬ уош!1s asserted their гigЬt (о freedom of expression (еуеп
if tl1at meant, in tЬis case, "tl1e rigl1t of freaks to гоат freely")Y" Мапу of
their pllgnacious slogans, incllldiog "А Вессег РоЕсе Force = А Вегсес Police
State," "Реасе ifPossible," and "ТЬе Police асе FllH оfSЫt," mimicked сот­
plainrs aod sllspicions аЬОllС la\vflll аlltlюгitу tЬаt first circulated in сЬе Free
Рrеи. 1О ; Тше to its mission, (!1е Freep also served as ап ореп (ОСllт (ог сот­
mllnity acrivists, and in (l1е weeks and mооtЬs after (l1е riot, its letters-to­
tl1e-editor page sizzled witl1 angry commentary.I{l4 (Local rock band Bllffalo
Springfield also wеigЬеd io witl1 tЬеiг baleflll апtЬет "For WЬаt 1t'5 WortЬ,"
опе of (Ье era's iconic songs.)IOj

Eventually, сЬе cops and !опgЬаiгs оп Sunset Strip геасЬеd а гаррсосl1е­

ment, t!laoks in part со a5sistance (сот а 1оса! task (огсе сЬаiгеd by]im
Dickson, а [осаl rock impresario, and Fred Rosenberg, (Ье leader of а пеigЬ­
borhood a5sociation of restaurant o\vners-borh of wlюm sЬагеd ап interest
in preserving сl1е Strip's commercial vitality. Arrests declined, protests
hzzled, mегсЬапts prospered, and the SLшsеt Strip basically геtшпеd (о its
"pre-riot status qllO."IO(, Вш опе iпstiшtiоп сЬапgеd markedly in (!1е months
and years after сЬе Strip protests cooled-Art Kunkin's Fm Руен. As late as
ОссоЬег 1966, Kunkin could claim опlу nine tЬоusапd readers, and по опе
оп Ьis staff drew а regular раусЬесk. In ап interview witЬ а 1оса! journalist,
Kllnkin еуеп belabored сЬе fact rl1at his рарег was barely so!venrY'O Six
тоnrЬs later, its cirClllation was said to l1ave reached fifty tЬОllsапd 1О8 "ТЬе
fantastic success story of 1967 has Ьееп (Ье gгоwtЬ of (!1е L.A. Free Рут,"
said а wri сег Еог сЬе LOJ Ange!e,r и rzderground, опе of two addi tional underground

А HI.'I"DRJ"D FII.QOMI1'C; I'APERS 45

newspapers that appeared in Los Angeles in the spring of 1967. "It has caught
оп and is growing Ьу leaps and bounds." In addition to attracting тоге
readers than апуопе thought possibIe, the area's radical community newspa­
pers were said to draw fгom "а vast reservoir of talent and good will in the
bohemian community.... Artists, writers, photographers, typists, runners
[and} street hawkers, all combine го bring into creation these organs of Vox
populi, the voice of the people. ТЬе effort will gгow and expand."I09

THOUGH ТНЕ Los ANGELES FREE PRESS was primarily read Ьу city dwellers,
undergгound rags also flourished in smaller communities, often in close ргох­
imity to colleges and universities. ТЬе pioneering pubIication of this type,
begun in late 1965 in East Lansing, Michigan, was simply called the Рареу.
Initially it presented itself as merely ап altemative to Michigan State Univer­
sity's tepid campus newspaper, the State News. In 1965, when it pubIished its
first issue, New Left ideas were just beginning to circulate оп campus, largely
as the result of the loosely organized Committee for Student Rights (CSR),
which some seventy-five students formed the previous winter. Before then,
Michigan State University (MSU) had never seen а genuine student move­
ment. Within а уеаг, the Рареу had sharpened and articulated students' griev­
ances, pгovoked debate, and thrust itself into campus contгoversies where
New Leftists had ап indisputabIe advantage (namely free speech and in 'оса
parentis regulations). In addition to stirring politica! passions at Michigan
State, which quick!y took оп а !ife of their own, thгough its membership in
the Undergгound Press Syndicate (UPS), the Рареу was a!so said "го p!ug the
East Lansing radica! community inгo radica! communities around the coun­
try."IIO A!though the Рареу changed in character over the years as some of its
writers Ьесате Marxists and others turned оп to psychede!ic drugs, it гап
тоге ог !ess continuous!y unti! 1969.
East Lansing in the еаг!у 1960s was а rather quaint college town, sur­
rounded Ьу comfie!ds and run Ьу а conservative po!itica! estabIishment that
pгohibited the sa!e of alcoho!. MSU, however, was undergoing а rapid tran­
sition, fгom ап institute for agricu!ture and applied science into опе of the
!argest universities in the country. Between 1950 and 1965, its undergrad­
uate enrollment swelled fгom fifteen thousand to thirty-eight thousand,
and it bui!t the biggest residentia! housing сотр!ех in the wor!d. 111 Wa!ter
Adams, а noted economist who served as MSU's interim president for nine
months in 1969, described MSU in this period as а vast and сотр!ех
"megaversity" that, !ike тапу American universities during the Co!d War,
was becoming increasing!y responsive to the needs of the federal govem­
ment (particu!ar!y the U.S. Agency for Intemationa! Deve!opment). "It is

46 , SMOKl>iC; TYPI'WHITH<S
,tlmost impossible," Ac!ams \vrote, "со convey а feeling Еог rhe immensiry,
cliversi(y, and complexity of (11is institu(ion."] However, MSU had уе( со
,c:ain much in (he \vay of academic pres(ige. Sometimes called "Cow Col­
lege" or "Моо lJ" Ьу its detracrors, it сап а virtually ореп aclmissions policy,
and in 1 only 20 percent of its undergradua(es majored in the liberal
ar(s and social sciences. I '; lп ап еНог( (о bolster i(s reputation, MSU in (l1е
early 19605 Ьеьап recruiting some оЕ (he na(ion's top-ranked high sсlюоl
studen(s with generous scholarships, glossy brochores, and promises of close
шеп(огiпg relationships \vi(h its facul(y. lп I9б~ i( boas(ed nearly two hun­
clred Na(ional Meri( Scholars-more than апу o(her school in the соипсгу.l
Ашопg thеш \vas Michael Кiпdшап, а cherubic сеепаьег fгош Iong
Island \vho 'асег Ьесаше the Paper's founding editor. lnitially Кiпdшап was
"excited Ьу \vha( \vas being offered ... ас MSU" and "ready (о deyelop а 'оуаl
connection" (о ([1е school, Ьш по( long af(er his arrival he began experi­
encing а nagging sensa(ion that he'd Ьееп "hoodwinked." Everywhere he
шrnеd, his undergrad experience [еll shor( of his ideal. Не gleaned prac(ical
пеwsгоош experience fгош his paying job а( (he State NеШJ, Ьис his jошпаl­
isш coorses \vere "unexciting, (aught Ьу паdiгiопаlist faculty \vi(h а heayy
сошшi(шепг со \\,hat we have since соше to know as 'the шуth оЕ objecciv­
ity.'" MSU \vas gro\ving in renown, по( [ог its ne\v ешрhаsis of the huшап­
icies, ыlt [ог its po\VerhOllse football program. Iпtеllесшаllу and cul(шаllу,
Eas( Iansing SПllсk hiш as а depressing "backwater."1 Оп the регiше(ег of
its splendidly landscaped сашрllS hovered gargantuan new dогшitогiеs that
sеешеd sterile and llninspiring. Worse still, studencs were reqllired со live iп
СЬбе depressing ыlldiпgss throllghollt their fгеshшап and sорhошоге years,
dшiпg \vhich time ап array оЕ housing and сшfе\v regula(ions fell оуег their
lives like а \vet blanker.
Ву сЬе Ьеgiппiпg оЕ his sесопd уеаг, Кiпdшап's reservations аЬош Mich­
igап Sta(e had шеtаstаsizеd iпtо а full-blown case of buyer's гешогsе. Мапу
of his Merit Scholar colleaglles likewise felt snookered inro attending а
шеdiосге lшivегsitу iп sleepy Eas( Iansing when (l1еу likely could have
a([ended сЬе school of [heir choice. "ТЬе Honors College рrogгаш that had
Ьееп offered со us \vhiz-kid recruits had turned оис со Ье шоге hype than
opportunity," Кiпdшап [асег \уro[е. "Мапу of us were gоiпg iпсгеаsiпglу
srir-crazy. Ош educacion \Va5 \vorking, but поt in the \vay the uпivегsitу
might have l1oped: the шоге educated we Ьесаше, сl1е шоге frus(ra(ed we
telr."II<' Ву this poinr, MSU had а tiпу Young Socialist CJub and а sшаll, гасЬег
"strai(laced" SDS сЬарсег, \vhich опе former mешЬег 5aid \vas "уегу шuсh а
Бlшil у affair. "11" Nevertheless, rhroughour tms period, сlшtегs of sшdеп(s

\vere gathering апd сошрlаiпiпg that MSU was а шаssivе and iшрегsопаl

А Hl',,[)R[[) Bl.OOM1SG РЛРЕRS 47

behemoth and that East Lansing was а cultural Sahara, unappreciative оЕ the
arts and lacking in creative ferment. Мапу оЕ them lived оЕЕ campus, some
were graduate students, and some were members оЕ the Young Socialist
Club. Together they listened to folk music and rock and roll, shared their
affinities for the arts, and monitored political developments in other parts оЕ
the country.llH
The Berkeley free speech movement, which got under way in t11e fall оЕ
1965, seemed especially significant to this proto-underground community.
Although Berkeley students were eloguent in their defense оЕ free speech,
their protests were likewise colored Ьу their dissatisfaction with their univer­
sity's depersonalized atmosphere: its large lecture classes and remote faculty,
emphasis оп industrial research and professional training, and depressing
maw оЕ bureaucratic red tape.ll~ These issues reverberated with MSU stu­
dents as well. When the rebellion climaxed in December (after nearly eigl1t
hundred Berkeley students were arrested during а sit-in) Kindman was
invited to а secret off-campus meeting ro discuss the "Berkeley situation and
its parallels in East Lansing."IZO
Kindman later recounted his attendance at the meeting in nearly mystical
terms. "1 was aware оЕ stepping into ап altemate reality оЕ some kind," he
said. The house he visited was "mysterious." ОЕЕ in the background, someone
played the latest album Ьу the folksinger Buffy Sainte-Marie, а Native Amer­
ican songwriter whose politically charged lyrics and pastoral melodies drew
inspiration from Ешореап madrigals, beat poetry, and the Greenwich Village
folk scene. Conversation revolved around the formation оЕ the CSR and its
plans ro roll back MSU's in 10СО parentis regulations. l21 1п the style оЕ SDS, the
CSR was extremely democratic; it had по
membership reguirements, and
1
апуопе who апепdеd its meetings was allowed to talk and vote. "" Some оЕ its
members \vere among the first MSU students to cast themselves as "ош­
siders" Ьу wearing beards and sandals. ш Wrote Kindman: "We talked [оп
ftustrations and strategies and made plans; Ьу the end оЕ the evening ту life
had Ьееп changed forever."124
The rest оЕ the year was а Ыш оЕ protest activity and self-scruriny. From
his perch at the State Nешs, where he helped шп the editorial page, Kindman
championed the CSR and applauded the students' tactics at Berkeley.12j 1п
March 1965 he joumeyed ro Alabama to рапiсiраtе in Martin Luther King
Jr.'s historic march from Selma to Montgomery; and in the summer he rented
ап off-campus house wirh his longtime girlfriend. What passed for leisure
time was freguently spent at Spiro's, ап off-campus restaurant that doubled
as the CSR's unofficial "headguarters." Kindman recalled Spiro's fondly, as а
place "where at апу time оЕ the day we could find some оЕ ош friends ro hang

48 i SMOK1KG TYPE\'('RlТl'/{S
oue \vieh. Ас last, ап altemaeive (о dorm life and bland, university-authorized
,кrivities." Although his grades fell and his career ambirions faded, Ье \vas
r!lankful со t1nd himse\f" "deeply enmeshed in а communicy ot" like-minded
t"riends, ап inreresting, diverse, and colerant gang.
Having made сЬе leap from "Iiberal Democrat" со "confirmed radical,"
Kindman's defection from rl1e State Neln seemed almost predictable. 12 - ТЬе
hnal imperus сате lП rhe autumn of I965, wl1en сЬе paper's directorate
issued а \\lrit prohibiting its young journalists f"rom taking leadership roles in
апу other srudenr organizations. Since Kindman and his roommate, Larry
Тасе, had already Ьееп barting around сЬе idea of" starting а weekly altema­
rive to сЬе State NeUJ, racl1er than fighting to change сЬе new rule, they sim­
ply left со start their own operation. Not everyone \vho f"ounded сЬе Рареу,
11Owever, was as political as Kindman; Тасе recalled сЬас his "political aware­
ness" was at first very low. "We just wanted а voice, we wапtеd ... а place со
pubIish, somerhing (Ьас belonged (о us in this large, пос exactly hosrile, Ьш
un-empathetic епviгопmеnr."12Н Still, the Paperwollld пос Ьауе Ьееп possible
\vithour а rising local mоvеmепt, Its most ardent sllpporrers were students
ilпd young faClllty who had Ьееп iпvоlvеd "iп аН rhe саmраigпs of сЬе pre­
vious year,"129
Another sigпаl (Ьас things were сhапgiпg iп Easc Lansing сате iп сЬе
form of" Zeitp,eist, а localliterary magazine сЬас а grollp of" malcontented
uate students launched iп September I965, Some mау Ьауе f"ЩlПd Zeitgeist
long оп hubris; in сЬе prolegomena that accompanied сЬе first isstle, the
edicors explicirly presented themselves as Whitmanesgue ргоvосаtешs,
pitching their barbaric yawps at а complacent апd lowbrow сitizеnrу,l.Ч1 Nev­
ertheless, сЬе grotlp aimed со attract а Cfirical mass of support f'rom (Ье area's
tiny cognoscenti-"Iovers of агс, агсhitесшге, and good books," who "think
сЬасcascef"ul соНее shops {are} imропаш со reflecrion and conversation and
leaming" and who "are пос afraid со Ье !abeled 'eggheads' ог 'beatniks,"'l'l
As а guarrerly jошпаl сЬас mainly f"earured poecry, ZeitgeiJt's agenda dif"fered
trom сЬе PaPet"s-Ьш ЬосЬ publications il1dicated сЬас rumblings of" уошЫи!
discontenr were at lasc beginning (о pierce East Lal1sing's bIand and platitu­
dinous din,
ТЬе Paper's iпаtlgшаl issue, dated December 3, 1965, fеаtшеd а
front-page editorial t"rom Kindman, denouncing сЬе State NеШJ and describing
сЬе Paper's goals al1d COl1cems, "We Ьоре (о make it possibIe, еуеl1 desirabIe
and exciril1g, со express , , , il1celligel1t thotlghts аЬош chil1gs of СОl1сеrп со
реор!е ас Michigal1 State Ul1iversity," Ье wroce. "We are iщегеstеd 111 poli­
tics, il1 social sшdiеs, il1 сЬе arts, il1 creative writil1g, il1 il1telligel1t соттеl1-
tary, al1d most of аll il1 presel1til1g aII sides of сЬе issues discussed," Al1d il1 а

А Hl!:>:DRED BLOOMll'G РАРIШS 49

not-so-subtle dig at (Ье State Nею' so-called "loyalty oath" (wшсh was
reprinted оп page two) Kindman proclaimed, "Ош loyalty i5 (о (Ье practice
of imaginative, creative, thoughtful journalism. We Ьоре unabashedly (о Ье
а forum for idea5, а center for deI1ate, а champion of сЬе соттоп тап, а
сЬоrn in сЬе side of сЬе powerful.... We Ьоре пеуег со Ьесоте 50 sure of ош
position and so unaware of ош [еаl job сЬас we will сопсеппасе merely оп
putting ои! а рарег.... And we intend (о do аН tшs in а spirit of editorial
independence for which there i5 hardly а model оп campus. "! '2 ТЫ5 i55ue also
contained соттепсагу Ьу а professor of food 5cience оп сЬе looming world
hunger crisis, ап article critical ofMSU's srudent government, ап e5say аЬоис
factional tensions in сЬе CSR, several short poems, and, оп сЬе back page, а
cryptic interview with ВоЬ Dylan reprinted fют сЬе Los Angeles Руее Pre.r.r. J ;;
1п сЬе following months, сЬе Paper established itself as а critic of Мiсш­
gan State, сЬе State Nешs, and сЬе great mass of conformist stt1dents in and
around East lansing, while ас сЬе same time earning its Ьопа fides as а New
left organ-relishing its gadfly role, collapsing сЬе boundaries between
advocacy and journalism, and leavening its serious political соттешагу
\vith sarcastic huтог. 1Ч Опе provocative article drew а comparison bet\veen
MSU's supposedly ашhогitаriап adminisrration and сЬе harsh, repressive
gоvеrnтеш of Mississippi, "сЬе symbolic land of darkne55 in сЬе South."Jo\
Another conrroversial essay, published anonymously, lampooned сЬе drunken
debauchery of MSU srudenrs who traveled со Pasadena, California, (о cheer
сЬе football сеат in сЬе Rose Bowl. J \6 After widespread negative publicity
convinced MSU administrators [о reverse its denial of readmission to а grad­
uate-srudent activist named Раиl Schiff, сЬе episode \vas celebrated as а Ьооп
со stt1dent radicals, "сЬе first major step toward rearranging power ... so сЬас
сЬе people educating and being educated have some say аЬош how сЬе show
is run."!;"
ТЬеPaper also reported оп early protests against сЬе Viernam War and
gave Ьеауу coverage со а сатри5 visit Ьу two SDS leaders.! Other pieces
railed against bureaucratic bumbledom, curfew restrictions, and bland
dormitory life-all issues сЬас resonated with students WllO grew increas­
ingly frustrated with сЬе way сЬе university "{flexed} its in 10(0 pareпtis ти5­
cles with abandon," i5suing "бас after arbitrary fiat."l1~ MSU John
А. Hannah, whom some regarded ап оаб511 50rt of тап, was frequently ridi­
culed. 1n April 1966, а mock-sensational headline blared across сЬе fronr
page: "Hannah Revealed со Ье Palindrome. "JНi ТЬе following тоnrЬ, сЬе
debuted а running comic strip called "land Grant Мап," in which "Dr.
John Palindrome"-beleaguered Ьу peaceniks, Communists, and free
advocates-is magically transformed inco а powerful superhero (equipped

50 I 5MOKJNG ТУРЕWRПЕRS
wlth а heJmet, саре, codpiece, and а garden hoe) who declares himself ready
(о "show those students wllOse multiverslty thls геаllу is!!!,,[jl
In its еагlу months, сЬе Рареу also devo(ed а grea( deal of space со defend­
ing itself in а complicated controversy with (he university оуег whether ог
not it could Ье sold оп сатрн:; (as opposed со being distributed (ог Ас
([lе time, MSU lacked estahlished guidelines conceming iпdерепdещlу
operated pllhlications, and it was нпсlеаг \vhat campus organization had
jurisdiction оуег the Рареу. Incensed Ьу MSr.;'s "Ьшеаuсгаtiс idiocy," Kind­
тап compared the situation со something ош of the Тшilight Zone-an арс
тесарЬог, since the Рареу was literally being kept in legal1imbo.[j2 Althollgh
сЬе ensulng negotiations were ludicrously complicated, Kindman and сот­
рапу used their o\vn pages со describe the situation in elaborate detail, thereby
turning itself inro а news story, and capalJly demonstrating one of the New
Left's contentions: \vhen challenged Ьу srudenrs, сЬе llniversiry would invari­
аЫу alJuse lrs aurhoriry. "The universiry didn't know what ir was dolng
j
lJecause rhey had never епсоuщегеd anything like rhis," Тасе recalled." Fi­
nally, in сЬе spring of 1966, MSU's Board ofStudent Publlcatlons set llр rules
Ьу wl11ch the Рареу could lawfully Ье sold оп campus, at which point Kind­
тап ran а petulanc edltorial proclaiming "Gratitude Wlll Get И:; Nowhere. "ш
Another major event (ог the Papet' was its coverage of а scandal that jош­
nalist \X!arren Hinckle uncovered in April 1966 for rhe lefr-wing magazine
Ramparts: а5 part of i ts general mission со assist U .S. foreign policy, in the late
19505 MSlJ estahlished its "Vietnam Project," а major developmental рго­
gram that doubled as а front (ог сЬе CIA. One of the project's tasks was со
rrain and assisr the "civil service and police network" that was сЬе lJackL)Qne
ofNgo Dinh Diem's сопирс government in SOllth Vietnam; in this
amounted со "the supplying of guns and ammllnition (ог city роНсе, the civil
guard, palace police, and the dreaded Surete-South Vietnam's version of сЬе
FВI."146 The last sentence of Hinckle's article dоuЫеd а:; the сехс of а (иll­
page advertisement that Ramparts took оис in the Рареу оп April 21, 1966:
"What the hell is а university doing lJLlying guns, anyway)"i1­
Meanwhile, the Рареу reglllarly celelJrated the upswing of activism and
сultшаl energy in East Lапsiпg. Опе essay noted that dшiпg spring lJreak
alone, protestors against MSlJ's Vietnam Project garnered statewide риЬ­
licity, 1осаl anti\var activists had their trespassing convictions оvегшrnеd Ьу
.\ higher сашt, pacifist David Dellinger visited campus, and 10саl students
and faculty launched the Free Lniversity of East Lansing (РОЕL)-"ап
,\ltemative со сЬе drab, automated education of сошsе оutliпеs, credits, mul­
tiple-choice ехат:; and IВM cards.'·l{~ In another piece, Kindman credired
"Zeitgeist, CSR, the сатри:> апагсhists, Kewpeeites, The Рареу, {апd} the Free

А HUNDRED BLOOMING PAPl'RS 51

University" for enlivening the community. ("Kewpeeites" was а nickname for
those who hung оис ас Spiro's, afrer rhe disgustingly named "Kewpee Bur­
gers" оп rhe тепиУ j~ Whereas Kindman опсе regrerred "doing college ...
in the conservative, town оЕ East Lansing," no\v he exulted that
MSU was fasr becoming "а геаsопаЫу active апd almost interesting campus
оЕ the '605."15') In Мау 1966 the Paper favorably covered а Zеitgеist-sропsогеd
happening ас Spiro's called "Culrure-Fest," аС \vhich some 150 srudents gath­
ered Еог ап evening оЕ роесгу, folk and jazz music, and spoken word perfor­
mances. 1jl C'The пате 'Culture-Fesr' was originally теапс to Ье 1ronic,"
Zeitgeist's ediror5 5aid, "Ьис 50 тапу people in our culrurally-deprived univer­
sity took it seriously that we lес ir sгапd.")152 Later tl1at month, rhe Pape,s
sraff exciredly hosred а visit from Раиl Кгаssпег, \vho had wгiпеп rhem ап
admiring посе а few months before. 15 ' Char Jolles, another оЕ the огigiпаl
sraffers ас the Рарег, fondly recalled her experience. "lt was very ехсitiпg со
Ье in each other's сотрапу. We pursued 10ts оЕ ideas, laughed а 1ос, and even­
шаllу rhe paper Ьесате а counterculrural scene,"1)4
ОЕ course, East Lansing was hardly rhe опlу communiry wirnessing fre­
пеtiс expressions оЕ New Left апd соuпtегculшгаl acrivity. Ву early 1966,
SDS had 15,000 members in 172 chapters engaged in everyrhing from civil­
rights and anripoverry initiarives to antiwar reach-ins and йее universities. J55
Meanwhile, garage and psychedelic rock bands \vere becoming louder and
brasher, performance and visual апists started chanl1elil1g their talenrs roward
polirical expression, al1d yourh-orienred underground ne\vspapers sprang со
life in several orher communities. Amidst аН rhis, сl1е Рарег began fashioning
itself as пос simply а 1оса! iniriative, Ьш also as а consrirurive elemenr оЕ а
narional youth awakening. In the final isslle оЕ rhe 1965-66 school уеаг,
Kindman boasted thar the Рарег was по longer merely ап alrernative (о the
State Neu'S. Rather, it was no\v plugged into "а 100se аlliапсе between like­
thinking people and organizations all over." Не continued: "SDS and Раи!
Krassner and the Los Angeies Free Ргш and the Free University оЕ New York
and аН the rest see in the Рарег, presumably, something оЕ what we see in
them." Namely:

а revitalized fееliпg Еос people and for the kinds оЕ things people care
about. Even if ош orientation and (опе асе а Ыс more academic rhan
theirs ... we Еее! ourselves рап оЕ the same movement toward making
sense out оЕ rhings and lerring (Ье people decide and асшаllу рсас­
ricing freedom оЕ expression. That seems to Ье enough со let us 111 оп
а nebulous kind оЕ community rhar's developing, пос quire under­
ground, in this counrry.15(,

52 I SM()KINC, TYPI'WRIТF.RS
 During гЬе sиттес of 1966, Kindman helped го сип ап SDS srorefronr
in San f'rancisco, where Ье тег ТЬоrnе Dreyer, ап acrivisr [roт Ausrin, Texas,
wirh whom Ье discussed гЬе рогещiаl fOс ап expanded network of under­
ground newspapers. Around rhis same period, Ье \von а small degree of пого­
riery when l1е \vas phorographed and quorec\ in ап article in Time magazine
оп гЬе emerging underground press. 15 - Even тоге significantly, while in Cal­
ifornia, Ье took his hrsr LSD trip. Ir was а good опе, and when Ье rerurned to
East Lansing in сl1е [аll, Таге said l1е was in full-tilt "evangelical mode,"
strongly encouraging orhers to experiment \vitl1 acid.I\H Altl10ugh some ас
сl1е Рареу followed ШБ lead, others were ambivalent аЬоис drugs, and stШ
огl1еСБ avoided гЬет entirely. In ОсгоЬес Kindman wrore "Тl1е Ne\vspaper аБ
Ап Form," ап unusual manifesro in wmcl1l1e blended соттепгасу оп сl1е
importance of radical newspapers (supposedly influenced Ьу media rl1eorist
МаСБЬаll McLul1an) with lyrics [roт сЬе Bearles' mind-L)ending song
"Tomorrow Never Knows." "Being аг ТЬе Рареу feels di((erent rhis уеаг,"
Kindman announced. 'Tl1ere's а spirit го it, а (eeling of' community and
enligl1tened consensus аЬоиг it гl1аг proves ... гl1е value о( rlle 'underground
press' as ап instrument of communication." This was пос Kindman's БпеБС
essay-in [асг, Ьis opaque and elliprical prose sЬоwеd telltale signs of his
гесепс p!unge inro гl1е соuщегсu!гurе-Ьur ir addressed the vita! role гЬе
Рареу played in ЕаБС Lansing's underground community. Ву tapping into
"the spirir of rhe rimes" and providing ап opporruniry [ос "people ro рапiс­
ipare in а medium о( communication among tl1emselves," сЬе Рареу \vas said
[Q work '\virhin а conrext о{ relevance," [о enjoy а "mandate [гот readers,"

and [Q етапаге from ап "increasingly radical and enlightened community."15~

Accocding со Jolles, suddenly "people began hanging Ollr ас ТЬе Papet'. There
were 50 тапу people сl1еге сl1ас уои couldn'r еуеп do the work! So it did
Ьесоте а kind of community.")(>l, Several years later, rwo writers [ос Libera­
tion News Service Pllt сЬе танег тосе simply: "Recognized as а second
campus paper ас Micmgan Stare," rhe Рареу 'Ъеlреd [Q build а radical сот­
munity where попе l1ad existed before."161

ТНЕ FIRST UNDERGROUND NEWSPAPER ro рор ир be!ow гl1е Mason-Dixon

Line was [Ье Rag, оиг of Austin, Texas--easily "the largest сещег о{ New
[е{с activism in гЬе American Sourh."I62 According ro underground press
mstorian АЬе Peck, гЬе Rag was also "гЬе hrst iпdерепdещ undergrounder ro
represent, еуеп in а small way, сl1е participarory democracy, community
organizing, and syntl1esis о{ politics and culture сЬаг the New [е{с of гl1е
midsixties was trying го develop."16i Wl1ereas the LOJ Angeles Руее Руен and
the Рареу were borh led Ьу unusually resolure and energetic individuals, the

А H\J1<DRED B!.OOM!NG PAPERS 53

Rag owed its distinctive style and temperament to а
co11ective kno\vn as the
"Ragstaff' (or, sometimes, "Ragamllff1ns"). 1t was а spirited, qllirky, and
hllmorolls paper, whose fOllnders pllShed the New Left's political agenda еуеп
as they embraced the СОllпtеГCllltше's zeal for rock ffillSic, psychedelics, and
personalliberation. Nevertheless, the general trajectory оЕ its early develop­
ment wi11 seem familiar. ТЬе Rag was established Ьу YOlltllS \vhose tastes,
attitlldes, and ideas marked them as olltsiders in their о\уп commllnity; in
tшп, their paper helped to embolden and llnify the llпdегgroLшd cliqLles and
coteries from which it grew. According to DOllg Rossinow, who has written
allthoritatively оп the New Left in Allstin, the Rag Ьесате the main fOllnt оЕ
information for hippies and politicos alike, and was "enormollsly important"
to 10саl activists. I(;4
This is not to sllggest, however, that AllStin \vas апу kind оЕ left-\ving
Ьауеп. 1пfact, right-wing extremism carried the day at the U niversity оЕ
Texas (UT), and апуопе involved in еуеп the most minor forms оЕ social
deviance, whether Ьу sllpporting labor grollpS, expressing limited tolerance
for homosexllality, or reading "obscene" writers like John Dos Passos, was
likely to Еасе grave charges оЕ "рiпkо-соmmllпism."I(,j Robert Pardlln, а
prominent SDS activist who helped to establish the Rag, reca11ed leaming
abollt 10саl folkways within а month оЕ moving to Allstin from Colorado in
the Еа11 оЕ 196з. After Ье Ее11 into а conversation \vith а сонрlе оЕ strangers at
а 10саl watering Ьоlе, the conversation tlltned to СоттLшisт. "1 was

amazed," Pardlln said, "when опе оЕ them advocated dropping nllclear bombs
оп а11 the major cities in the Soviet Union as а 'pre-emptive strike' ... and 1
said something like, 'Wow! That's pretty extreme. УОН know, RllSsians are
реорlе too.'" For this, Pardlln was prornptly attacked Ьу опе of" the теп. "As
1 [ап for tl1e street 1 cOllld hear шт yelling 'dirty commllnist bastard.' 1
walked to the school inf1rmary [with а broken f1ngerJ wondering if Ье [еа11у
thollght 1 was а commllnist. 1Е so, it didn't take тнсЬ to Ье а commllnist in
Texas."166 As it happens, Pardlln тау Ьауе gotten оЕЕ easy; another оЕ the
Rag's fOllnders later ffillSed, "Hardly а week goes Ьу that some beatnik doesn't
get bashed оп the head Ьу а beer bottle."I(,­
Опе оЕ the places where YOllng nonconformists fOllnd а теаsше оЕ refllge
was in AllStin's vibral1t ffillSic scene. Althollgh cOllntless YOllths tшпеd to the
folk revival оЕ the 1950S and early 1960s as ап alterative to mass Сllltше, the
historian Alice Echols observes that in "more шЬап places like Cambridge,
Berkeley, аnc! Greenwich Vi11age, the search fot allthenticity led folk ffillSic
mavens to seek Ollt оЬsсше records and songbooks. Bllt in Allstin allthen­
ticity was considerably less hard to соте Ьу. Texas was а region still alive
with 'real' ffillsic, inclllding cOllntry and westem."I(,~ PartiClllarly impottant

54 i S.\fOKI"G ·IYPI.'",HIH·HS
lП this regard was Threadgill's Вас, located оп сЬе city's погthеш [im. ТЬе
;oint's о\упес, КеппесЬ Threadgill, was ап ex-bootlegger who filled еуесу
,ingle slot in his jukebox with records Ьу Jimmie Rodgers, (Ье Mississippi­
!x)fn yodeler whom many regard as сЬе "father of country music." 169
For almost two decades, working-class locals had сЬе run of сЬе place, Ьщ
iп 1959 а small group of ИТ graduate sшdеnr musicians stапеd showing
llр; after charming сЬе crowd with their deep enthusiasm Еос old-time
bluegrass and honky-tonk, сЬеу began participating in weekly Ьоосе­
паппiеs. ПJ Meanwhile, а folk scene was taking sl1ape around UT According
(() culturall1isrorian Bacry Shank, in Austin "folksinging quickly Ьесате а
\уау of marking one's difference [roт сЬе sшdеnr body represented Ьу frater­
nities, sororities, and [оосЬаll players." Although there weren't many folkies,
сЬеу were, "Ьу аН accounrs, intense and active."I-' Mosr of сЬет lived in an

off-campus rooming house known as "сЬе Ghепо," where сЬеу frequenrly

held late-night drinking parries. А tumbledown eatery in UTs srudent
Llnion called сЬе Chuck Wagon was rheir favorire gathering SpOt; evenruaHy,
'beatniks, folksingers, arrists and poets" Ьесате regular patrons. Ассогdiпg
to опе of its former l1abirues, "ТЬе Chuck Wаgоп was where сЬе Ьоhеmiап

соmmuпitу of Аusгiп сопstruсгеd irself-through сЬеар coffee апd inrепsе

сопvегsагiоп."I- 2

Ву rhis time, сЬе gагhегiпgs at Threadgill's also сhапgеd iп characrer, as

шоге and more UT sгudепts and "lопghаiгs" showed ир, while some of сЬе
[)ar's "геdпесks" аррагепtlу began dгiпkiпg elsewhere.; -, (African Аmегiсапs,
пос сЬесе ас аНУ " Nеvепhеlеss, ассогdiпg to
С

of course, were allowed Sl1ank,

"Ву сЬе wiпсег of I962-6з, musical tasre and musical pracrice were esrab­
lished iп Austin as сЬе mosr sigпif1сапt iпdiсагоrs of culrural diffегепсе
among сЬе gепегаllу whire, middle-class srudents ас сЬе Uпivегsitу ofTexas.
ТЬе шр sапg ... uпdег сЬе turelage of older white working теп пеас сЬе
edge of сЬе ciry limits, while сЬе mаiпstгеаm twisted со СЬиЬЬу Checker
records ас parties near campus. "1'5
Others found refuge [roт reactionary local politics Ьу immersing сЬет­
selves in сЬе sшdу of social-gospel Сhгisгiапiгу апd ехistепгiаl philosophy.
Of course, ехisгепгiаlism was iп vogue оп осЬес campuses as well; iп 1965, а
college professor погеd сЬе tгепd iп а lепgthу Harper'J апiсlе, dеsсгiЫпg
ехisгепtiаlism as "ЬосЬ а mood and а metaphysics" сЬас prized, аЬоуе аН else,
"aurhenriciry."l-G Вис as Rоssiпоw ехрlаiпs, in socially conservarive Allstin,
where "Ргогеsгапtism was сЬе rule" and Fuпdаmепгаlism геmаiпеd "alive
апd \уеll," сЬе ethics of aurhenriciry had Со Ье explored in "safe" vепuеs, sllch
as сЬе Сhгisгiап Faith-and-Life Commllniry, а religious сепtег connecred со
UT, and сЬе Uпivегsiгу YMCA-Y\V/CAY7

л HUNDRED BLOOM!NG РЛРЕRS 55

 Founded in 1952, the Christian Faith-and-Life Community (usually just
called "the Community") was а communal experiment that encouraged
extracurricular theological study among UT students. Although Protestants
dominated, the Community was ореп to people оЕ all faiths from а variety оЕ
nationalities and social backgrounds, and in 1954 it began welcoming Afri­
сап Americans, making it the first place оп UTs campus with desegregated
residential housing. Its controversial director оЕ curriclllum, Joe Matthews,
believed that in order to reach а state оЕ "authenticity" and "wholeness" опе

first had to experience а kind оЕ cataclysmic breakthrough-a rupture with

past understandings, а sense оЕ profound humiliation, and а deeply felt
immersion in а community. То that end, he adamantly encouraged cultural
and political risk taking. While some сате to regard this as а pernicious,
almost cult-like doctrine, it encouraged intense dialogues аЬош how to make
life meaningful, which frequently turned into conversations аЬош vexing
social and political issues, such as racism, poverty, and war. Matthews was
forced to resign in 1962, Ьш until then, Rossinow writes, the Christian
Faith-and-Life Community "served as а medium for communicating existen­
tialist themes that were becoming attractive to тапу young people in the
late 1950S and early 1960s."I-Н
Located directly across from UTs campus, the University УМСА- YWCA,
or "У," likewise functioned as ап incubator for alternative values (and in fact
both institutions attracted overlapping groups оЕ students). Here again, Ьу
filtering their yearnings for а more authentic mode оЕ living through Chris­
tian liberalism, students safely explored ideas that otherwise might not have
Ьееп tolerated in such а conservative stronghold. The У hosted controversial
speakers, [ап seminars addressing sensitive political issues, organized retreats
and conferences where students openly questioned American values, and even
[ап а study abroad program that sent UT students to Africa, the Soviet Union,
and other Eastern Bloc countries. Finally, while the У was not quite ап "ас­

tivist" organization, Rossinow explains that it was colored with а style оЕ

Christian liberalism that emphasized courage and personal responsibility,
risk taking, and human fellowship-all оЕ which fused with the civil rights
movement's existential imperatives. ]-ч This kind оЕ melding оЕ private соп­
cerns and social troubles also helped to fuel much оЕ the New Left. Looking
back upon his undergraduate days at UT, journalist Willie Morris wrote,
"These groups, and they were good people, were the repositories оЕ whatever
liberalism existed оп а consciolls level at the University оЕ Texas at that
time."IHO
А cluster оЕ about five activists started ап SDS chapter at UT in late 196з.
Among them was J еЕЕ Shero, а former Army brat whose conservative worldview

56 I SblOKI1'(; TYP~\X'RIТERS
\ПIS гuршгеd Ьу his confrontations with "southern fascism" after his family
moved to [ша] Texas while he was in high school. Earlier that year, Shero had
,шепdеd SDS's national convention in Pine Нill, New York, where he was
",lected to сЬе National Council after pluckily debating Тот Hayden. \X!ith
сЬе p05sible exception of сЬе UT5 Campus Interracial Committee, Austin
la.cked ап organized Left Еroт which SDS's founder5 could draw, 50 сЬеу
L)egan Ьу recruiting "every alienated person [they} could get of every kind"
Shero said, "which was perfect for SDS's kind оЕ politics. ТЬас year we had ап
.llliance between rhe guys rhat rode mororcycles, the kind ofbohemian artisr­
\vriter rypes, сЬе inregrationists, сЬе early vegetarian peacenik types, еуеп
people who hated fraremities and sororities, which [ап сЬе school. So it was
.Ш interesting coalition that year."ltil
Perhaps ironically, the vitriolic resistance rhat sourhern New Leftists
raced тау have helped them со forge unusually strong соттипаl bonds. "То
/:'0 againsr сЬе government ... was so ош оЕ step wirh уош parent's genera­
[ion сЬас you were generally disowned," Shero remembered.

You were ап embarrassment со the family, especially if you сате from

а small town, and in the worst cases, which was оЕсеп, you didn'r go
home ас Christmas. lЕ уои were in college, еуегуопе goes home ас
Christmas, Ьш we'd sit around and there'd Ье like twenty-five people
who weren't going home. It was like, we'll have ош own Christmas
Ьеге. This is ту new family.... You were much more bonded ... сЬап
[old-guard SDSers} Егот the Easr Coast who were doing something
сЬас was in the tradition оЕ their families. 182

Austin's SDS chapter was consistenrly offbeat, Егее spirited, and, if апу­
tlling, even mоуе democratic сЬап сЬе SDS strongholds ас Апп Arbor and
Swarthmore. 18i Todd Gitlin called сЬет "instinctive anarchisrs."184 While
сЬе Austin SDS chaprer \vas inirially consumed with antiracist acrivities­
integrating а downtown resrauranr, registering vorers, шtогiпg роос black
schoo1children, and protesring againsr а Greek-sponsored "Cowboy Minstrel
Slюw"-it later emerged ас rhe forеfroш оЕ sошhеrn ашiwаr activity. lп
April I965-a time when тапу Americans were only dimly aware оЕ the
conflict in Viernam-abour forty оЕ UTs sшdепt rabble-rousers lined the
road пеаг President Lyndon Johnson's гапсЬ in Stonewall, Texas, demanding
rhat Ье "Stop the Bombing and Negotiate."185 Ву сЬеп, Austin's SDS chapter
could boast оЕ being опе оЕ сЬе nation's largest, and several оЕ its members
would soon Ьесоте activists оЕ national significance. 186
Ву the time сЬе Rag сате со fruition in сЬе ЕаН of I966, а diverse
bohemian subculture and ап organized expression оЕ сЬе New Left was already

А HUNDRE!) BLOOMI:"G PAPERS 57

rooted iп Austin. This marks а diffегепсе Ьеtwееп сЬе Rag апd its predeces­
sors. Though attuned to сЬе faint rumbJings оЕ cu!tura! discontent in their
respective соmmuпitiеs, neither Kunkin пог Kindman conceived of tl1eir
papers as adjuncts оЕ а flourishing loca! тоуетепс; in (асс, it was just сЬе
opposite: сЬе Freep and сЬе Paper ЬосЬ sought to shake their readers out о!
their political somnambulism. Ву contrast, сЬе Rag aimed со unify and direcr
а local Yol..lth rebellion that was already under way. ТЬе northern under­
ground papers, however, were clearJy ап inspiration. "What [Michael Kind­
тап} had done [with сЬе Paper} was геаllу рагс of сЬе model for what Wt
did," Огеуег said. 187 ТЬе previous spring's ascension of ап obnoxious right­
wing sшdеш named John Economidy со сЬе editorship of UTs campus
paper, сЬе Daily Техаn, was апосЬег iтрешs for сЬе Rag. 188
Оп ОссоЬег 5, 1966, Dreyer-who, along with Саго! Neiman, was
among сЬе chief аgешs in getting сЬе Rag going-e!aborated оп сЬе situa­
tiоп in а letter Ье wrote со сЬе seven papers сЬас made up сЬе Uпdегgгоuпd
Press Syndicate (UPS), which was trying СО bolster сЬе underground press Ьу
allowing тетЬег papers to freely гергiш еасЬ other's materia!. "ТЬе Rag sees
itselffu!filling severa! needs," Ье wrote:

Most of the student ЬodУ at the University ofTexas сап Ье aptly described
as the soggy green masses. АрасЬу and dullness thrive. However, as а
reaction to this а rather notabJe percentage of the university community
has completely disassociated from the МасШпе. Austin Ьм for several
years Ьееп the Ьоте of а уегу active and уосаl underground....
Point two: Austin is the capital of radical po!itica! activity in сЬе
Sоuth-Sошhwеst .... The Austin radica! scene has the strongest sense
of community of апу 1 have соте in contact with; hippies and polit­
icos merge.
And finally ... This уеаг, after three run-offs, а veritable fascist was
elected editor [of the Daily Техаn}. His campaign p!atform was essen­
tially to kill the commies and ипсоуег аН the dope оп campus. Need­
less со say. сЬеге is а great demand for ТНЕ RAG.... 1 definitely think
the [Underground Press} Syndicate ЬМ exciting potentia! and 1 wаш
to аППОlшсе ТНЕ RAG's intention со hook ир. So send us сЬе lJPS
Organizer's НапdЬооk, сЬе Secret 1пitiаtiоп Rights, and сЬе Кеуссо
[sic} сЬе White John. 1H9

1n еуегу respect, сЬе whimsica!, democratically сошrollеd Rag was tht

antithesis of the Техаn. "Реор!е had job dеsсгiрtiопs, but they wanted
со get away Еroт паditiопаl terminology and ... redefine the roles," Pardun

58 i SMOKING ТУРЕWR1ТЕRS
recalled.l~(I F'or instance, there was по editor in chief, Ьис rarher а "funnel"
and а "funnella" (originally Dreyer and Neiman) '\vho broughr lerrers and
iПЧlliгies со the staff's arrenrion,"1'il Orl1ers were lisred оп сl1е masthead аБ
"Arrist- Туре People" and "Shitworkers."l'il "Ediring was а very communal
affair," remembered David Mahler. "Somebody would bring something in,
and ТЬогпе would look throllgh it and Бау 'ТШБ is bullshir!' and scratch
rhrough а ЬипсЬ of sruff, and somebody would Бау 'No, 1 like ir,' and people
would argue for days whether we should рш something in. lс was а free-for­
аН." Since тапу Ragsraffers Брепс virtually all of their cime rogerher, he
added, they formed such close relationships rhat decisions were the­
oretical and personal ас the Бате rime."1'i1 гЬе paper experimented
with rocaring "issue coordinators" and guarded againsr rhe glorificarion of
individuals Ьу using only firsc names in bylines. 191
According со Pardun, "The Rag was imbedded in а community rhar pro­
vided support and а place (о relax and have [ип. The staff made collecrive
decisions, and volunteers from сl1е growing тоуетепЕ did much of the lay­
ош and pasreup in preparation for printing. But orhers point оиЕ that the
paper's l1yperdemocratic style didn't guaranree harmonious relarions. Mari­
апп Wizard (formerly Vizard) recalled that from the ПlОтеПЕ people began
brainstoгming аЬоис the Rag, there was "something of' а power struggle"
аЬоиЕ ho\v it \vould Ье гип. While some "would like со have Ьееп called ап
editoг ... and had ап editorial structure," others replied '''No, по. We don't
wanr ап editor. Editors f'uck уои ир,'" Latec оп, she said, Боте people went
оп "power trips" that could make the Rag's Бписшге "rerrible со work
within."l% Predictably, women were тоге likely со shoulder the most labo­
rious сhогеs-fоldiпg and collating, tурiпg апd гuппiпg the Multi­
lith printing machine. 1')- "1 dOB't think it was авугhiпg we did iп а сопsсiоus
way," Огеуег remembered, 'Ъис there's по dепуiпg rhat mеп [initially)
played а stronger role апd womeB tепdеd со do сl1е тоге muпdапе jobs,"l%
The Rag's premier issue wenr оп sale оп Мопdау, Occober 10, 1966.
While most Ragsraf'fers sold their рареГБ iп dоwnrоwп Austin w1thour iПС1-
dent, ове of' their пumЬег, а аатЬоуапс (Боте said "f'earless") SDS leader
паmеd George Vizard caused а miпог commorion Ьу hawking the Rag оп
И'Г'Б West Mall, lП viоlаtiоп of а сатриБ ordiпапсе. "Commie propaganda­
get it while it's hoc!, ... Page 6 is soaked iп LSD-ir's а cheap trip. Read
аЬош che f'reaks!!";'N Af'cer а crowd and sоmеопе from che office of
UTs dеап of srudепt Ше told шm со БСОР, Vizard replied, "\X!ell, sir, 1'т пос
а srudепt here so уои сап go to hell," ас \vhich poinr sales surged. А while

later, Vizard was approached Ьу the сшеf оЕ campus security, who thгеаtепеd
со апеst Шт. Whеп Vizard blew him ofI ("Hell, тап, Гуе Ьееп busred

А Нl':-';[JRП) HI.OOMII'(; PAPERS 59

before. Thac doesn'c scare те. Гт here со seH papers, пос со ЬиН ic with
уои"), а crowd of onlookers cheered him оп. Supposedly, 1,500 copies were
sold сЬас day.200
Initially, сЬе Rag's New Lefc politics тау have Ьееп softened Ьу ics Ьоте­
spun charm and proto-psychedelic graphics. Its logo was а cartoon-style
drawing of сЬе words "ТЬе Rag," with еасЬ letter made оис of а melange of
humorously sketched reptiles and random counterculture artifacts (including
а hookah, а curly-coed Ьоос, and а clarinet). Hand-drawn illustrations оп the
inside pages were equally hallucinacory. Like just аЬоut every other under­
ground newspaper, сЬе Rag regularly offered а community calendar (called
сЬе "Rag Bag"), Ьut its weekly motorcycle column (сЬе "Вепс Spokesman")
was unique. The first issue included а strange burlesque оfGгееk-dоmiпаtеd
campus life, ап expose attacking Economidy's editorship ас the Dai/y Техаn,
and а critique of Р/ауЬоу magazine-less for its sexism сЬап for its рЬопу and
affected presenrarion of modern sexuality, which сап counter со the New
Lefc's саН for authenticiry in human relations. 201 Issue number rwo included
ап essay оп а Dutch anarchist group caHed сЬе Provos, а look back ас UTs
short-lived (sixreen days) Studenc League for Responsible Sexual Freedom,
and а skeprical review of an outre Andy Warhol film, Сатр (which was said
со Ье аЬоut as bad as his last release, В/ош ]ob)--аll material thar musr Ьауе
seemed тосе than faintly scandalous in the capital ofTexas. 102
As сЬе paper began its third топсЬ, columnist and printer Larry Freud­
iger explained that rhere was а very good reason rhe Ragsraff had never риЬ­
lished а mission statemenr revealing its "principles and philosophy": No one
was certain whar сЬеу were. Such was the paper's style. However, Ье added
that ап "empirical analysis" of the first eight issues gave а pretty good idea of
what the Rag srood for: "Such basic things as free speech, black liberation,
sex, rhe Beatles, studenr power, consciousness expansion, children, cats, and
аН the other good things in life."203 Freudiger's assessment recognized the
Rag's coupling of Austin's New Left and bohemian sensibilities.
However, the paper's "Gentle Thursday" celebrations probably best illus­
паtе how its synchesis of stracegic and expressive politics helped со unify
Austin's underground community. As countercultural picnics сЬас deliber­
ately policicized public space, Gentle Thursdays had much in common with
the era's be_ins. 204 Alchough Shero сате ир with the idea for Gentle Thursday
and pitched it ас an SDS meeting, che Rag was primarily responsible for риЬ­
licizing and defining the evenr. 205 Certainly Rag readers would пос have
missed ics modemist-flavored full-page spread in the ОссоЬес 31 issue an­
nouncing: "This Thursday is Gentle Thursday ТЬе Celebracion Of Оur Belief
ТЬас There Is Norhing Wrong Wirh Fun."

60 i SMOКJNG TYPEWRIТERS
 We Аге Asking ТЬас Оп This Parricular Thursday Everybody Оо
Exac[ly Whar ТЬеу Want оп genrle thursday bring уош dog to саш­
pus ог а ЬаЬу ог а whole ЬипсЬ of red balloons оп gentle thursday hold
а picnic in front of сЬе West Маll Office Building ог шауЬе read
рое[гу со сЬе picnickers and сЬеге will Ье musicians аН around сЬе
сашриБ leading шеггу bands of celebranrs оп genrle thursday уои шау
bring уош paincings со сЬе "У" and сЬеу will ехЫЫс сЬеш оп сЬе
sidewalks ог шауЬе уои would like со wade in а fountain ог sit оп опе
of сЬе Mustangs уои might еуеп rake flowers со уош МасЬ Professor
оп gentle rhшsdау feel free со Ну а kite оп сЬе main шаН and ас сЬе
уегу least wear brigllrly соlошеd clothing!20(,

For аН its pacific сЬагш, сЬе Gentle Тhшsdау Нусг was also flavorcd with
а dash of provocacion, sincc сЬе evcnt was timed со coincide with а Greek­
sponsored masCJuerade knovin аБ "Eeyore's Birthday Рагсу," \уЫсЬ was ritzy
and exclusive. Ву сопсгаБС, Gcntle Тhшsdау was ореп со еуегуопе, and some
organizcrs еуеп "hoped со break down сЬе 'us and сЬеш' mcnrality оп ЬосЬ
sides-the 'freaks' vcrsus сЬе 'frat rats,' сЬе 'sпаights' versus rl1e 'hippics,'
еуеп сЬе 'hippies' versus сЬе 'politicos. '''2'Т While (Ьеге'Б scanr evidence of
Greek participation in сЬе picnic, folklorist Glenn W. Jones obscrves сЬас
those \уЬо planned сЬе Genrle Тhшsdау revelry-which included folk
music, bongo drumming, kite flying, food sharing, chalk drawing, and аш­
icabIe conversation-signaled rheir "icleological solidarity with radical poli­
rics and bohcmian values which were in opposition [о dominan[ struc­
сше." 20Н This likewise held true for сЬе handful ofscudents \уЬо spon[aneousI у
joined С!1е picnic. Susan Olan, а ет undergrad who рапiсiраtеd in сЬе
еуепс, Iater remarked, НУои Ьауе [о understand сЬас until [Ьас шошеnt,
people didn't just do things like sic do\vn оп the \X'est Маll and talk to осЬег
people."2P9 But оп Gentle Thursday, simply to lounge оп сЬе grass was to
partake io а "rire of separarion from mainsrream sociery." "1 swear, what
саше to Ье thought of аБ сЬе Austin community \vas Ьоrn сЬас day," Olan
added. 21 ()
After сЬе first GentIe Thursday proved successful, сЬе Rag helped SDS со
sponsor fош шоге similar events, the пеп of which, "Flipped ОЩ Week,"
\уаБ ап extravaganza in April 1967 сЬас \vas coordinated with Austin's
Spring Mobilization Against сЬе War,2JI L"ndoubtedly, rhe Rag's favorabIe
coverage of Gentle Thursday helped the ritual to spread to othcr srates, in­
cluding Colorado, Io\va, Kencucky, Мissошi, Ncw Mexico, and Michigan. 212
In AllStin, thollgh, as (Ье ci(y's "oppositional forces" ourgrew "the bound­
aries offace [о face communi(y," Genrle Тhшsdауs morphed in(o larger-scale

А Ht'~\)RFD [\LOOMI~G PAPERS 61

 ,

fesrivals, ас which genrly srrummed guirars and conversations gave way (о

psychedelic rock bands and polemical speeches. 213
In addirion (о promoting these big events, the Rag implicitly endorsed
the idea of rock and roll as а community-building force. Album reviews and
сопсесс аппоuпсетешs were staples of most underground newspapers, Ьш
save for major тепороlisеs like New York, L05 Angeles, and San Francisco,
few communities gave rise to а mU5ic scene as vibrant and <!isrinctive as
Austin's. "Throughout the early sixries young people from аН regions of
Texas had flocked (о Austin as а center of cultural possibility, where rhey
could live а bohemian, beamik, proro-hippie life and mark their own <!iffer­
епсе from the Техап cultural mainstream through such pracrices as folk­
singing, liberal politics, ап<! drug llse:' Shank wrires. 214 This influx gave rise t
(о venues like the Library, rhe Cheguered Flag, ап<! larer, rhe famous Vulcan
Gas Со., each of which booked local rock acts that cultivated foHo\vings of
offbeat fans. Опе beloved band was the Congueroo, а racially mixed group
whose complex songs were Hwritten deliberately (о flощ the convenrions of
commercial рор music." Mean\vhile, the 13th Floor Elevators openly u5ed
I
реуосе and LSD and blended proto-psychedelic sounds into their garage
rock rave-ups. (The band's trademark was its mysterious-sounding еlеспiс
jug.) Тасу Owens, а veteran of the scene, recalled that the 13th Floor Eleva­
tors' shows attracted На large underground contingent of people-proto­
hippies, 1 <!on't know what уои want со саН them-but there were а lot of
people thar were becoming more and more weird, srudent drop-outs, artists,
writers."2!5
Finally, the Rag сопtгiЬшеd со Austin's New Left community Ьу func­
tioning as ап activist organization in its own right. According to two of its
founders, Thorne Dreyer and Victoria Smith, "From the beginning ... The
I
Rag was the соттоп ground of the Austin radical community," since those
who worked оп the paper were also "among the leaders of confrontations wi(h
local ащhогitiеs" and "ас the forefront of local cultural happenings." When
SDS held ап uпашhогizеd rally protesting Vice President НиЬеп Нит­
phrey's appearance оп campus in April 1967, five of the six students со face
disciplinary action were also affiliated with the Rag. Here again, (he Rag "пос
only reported the news of the New Left community, Ьщ was integrally
involved in crearing the siruations оис of which the news emerged."
According (о Dreyer and Smith,

Austin had always had а large 'un<!erground' scene' ... 10(5 of radical
politicos, erhic folkniks, academic left-libs, реуorе freaks and bearded
bikers. They were аН there, dispersed around the campus area, Ьис

62 i SMOIONG TYPEWRlТERS
 there was nothing со риН сЬет together, [о give сЬет political direc­
tion, со bring them 1ПСО actions, [о g1ve сЬет а sense of соттоп
idещitу. ТЬе Rag was primarily responsible for bringing rogether а
coherenr left-hip scene, and for its first two years it was а prime focus
of that community.

Ву organizing itself as а democratic collective, сЬе Rag established а prec­

edent that most subsequent underground newspapers \vould follow. Although
tl1(:: Freep and the Рареу presented themselves as ореп forums through which
just аЬоис апуопе could make а claim оп сЬе community's attention, Ьу сЬе
late I9605 most New Leftists were 50 scrupulously democratic сЬас they
scoffed ас the idea of ап underground newspaper being owned or conrrolled
Ьу а single individual. But Ьу championing New Left values, challenging
local officials and the mainstream media wit11 bravado, and blossoming into
the most visible representation of Austin's oppositional culture, the Rag fol­
lowed а familiar рассеrn: it рш down roots in а community that сате со
regard it as а beauriful and precious thing.

ВУ ТНЕ STANDARDS of сЬе underground press mоvеmепt, each of these

papers was long lasting, although Ьу the late 1960s попе of them resembled
their original form. The Free Руеп Ьесате ап astonishing success; according
со опе of Kunkin's former confidantes, in the early 1970S tl1e paper was
grossing around а million dollars per year. 21C Some felt that Kunkin Ьесате
increasingly рroБс minded in this period, and much of the goodwill he won
with his newspaper coverage was 10st after he took со meandering агоuпd
t11e Strip in а giапt Pontiac convertible that was equipped with а mobile
radio tеlерhопе. Others were turned off as сЬе Руее Руен increasingly гап
notices for X-rated movie theaters and sexually explicit personal ads, \vhich
50ше said threatened со overrlln the magazine. After his ill-fated decision со
reveal the сопсасс iпfогmаtiоп for scores of lIndercover narcotics аgепts, the
Руеер faced а flurry of mllltimillion-dollar lawslIits for receiving stоlеп рroр­
erty, оЬstшсtiпg justice, and iпvаsiоп of privacy. Kunkin was еуепшаllу
cleared of rhe criminal charges, ыlt Ье 1О5С топеу in settlemenrs апd legal
fees, and the well-pllblicized controversy scared off local prinrers. In ап
effort со keep the paper ааоас, he boughr а ргiпtiпg press from Marvin
Miller, а pornographer and convicted сах evader, Ьис the press was а lemon.
Miller еуепшаllу won control of the paper, which he sold со twO San Diego
businessmen who fired KlInkin in 1973. ш The Freep's Бпаl owner was
(апу Flynt, the notorious pllblisher of Нюtler, who dissolved the paper il1

1978.

А HUNDRED BLOOMING PAPERS 6з

 ,

АсMSU, сЬе New Left and сЬе Papet· grew in tandem for several years.
Ву сЬе late 19605, however, сЬе Paper's staff Ьесате increasingly polarized.
Although everyone who contributed со the newssheet shared сЬе New Left's
broad goals of ending сЬе Vietnam War and bolstering student power, some
among [Ьет championed the revolutionary aims оЕ SDS's ultramilitants,
while others, like Kindman, Ьесате increasingly involved witll сЬе psyche­
delic movement. Dшiпg сЬе 1966-67 5СЬОО! уеаг, Кindman gradually with­
drew from tlle paper, and in сЬе аutитп оЕ 1967 Ье lost $ 1 ,000 of his friends'
топеу while trying со Ьиу а suitcase Еиll оЕ drugs in Califomia. Kindman's
final article for сЬе newspaper, datelined November 30, was ап incoherent
diatribe [Ьас 5imultaneously proclaimed "WE DONT NEED DRUGS" and
"Drugs аге beautiful! We SllOUld have [Ьет!"220 Ву сЬе time [Ье Рареу риЬ­
lished its final issue in 1969, Kindman had already moved со [Ье Fort Hill
area оЕ Boston, where Ье Ьесате heavily involved in а bizarre cult run Ьу а
hypnotic acid freak named Меl Lyman. 2C1 After many llarrowing interactions
with members оЕ сЬе "Lyman Family," Ье fearfully escaped from сЬе group's
Kansa5 Еагт in сЬе dead of night in March 1973. ТЬе en5uing years were
difficult ones; Ье worked оп а community newspaper called сЬе i\fendocino
Grapevine, started а construction busines5 сЬас went bankrupt, and in сЬе
early 19805 Ье immersed himself in сЬе gay соuпtегculшге. In 1988 Ье \vas
diagnosed with HIV, and Ье died from AIDS in 1991.
ТЬе Rag lasted until 1976. Like сЬе Рареу, in сЬе lасе 19605 сЬе staff
divided along сultшаl and political lines, a!though in Austin сЬе two fac­
tions seemed со coexist amiably enough. (One Ragstaffer caIIed сЬе paper "а
miracle of functioning anarchy.")212 In Т969 U'f's Board оЕ Regencs tried со
corpedo сЬе Rag with а regulation prohibiring commercial solicitation оп
campus. In response, David Richards, а 'оса! libera! апоmеу, sued ИТ in
federal сошt and won а ruling decreeing the regent's Ьап unconstitucional.
ТЬе universicy appealed сЬе federal court's decision аН сЬе wa)' ир со сЬе U.S.
Supreme Сошt, Ьис its ассетрс to srifle сЬе newspaper was пос producrive.
Meanwhile, сЬе Rag soldiered оп. Though сЬе paper was always run as а соl­
lective, in subseguent years it even tried со do away \vith its informal hierar­
chies. In 1971, сЬе Ragstaff wrote ап arricle unfairly describing сЬе paper's
founders as "power-oriented ... chiefs" who "ran сЬе paper with ап authori­
tarian st)'le that сЬе Indians оЕ today's anarchistic staff,vou!d never tolerate"
а sign сЬас сЬе paper was becoming increasingly feminist oriented as well.
Like а few other underground newspapers, the Rag a]so began offering free
I
subscriptions со prisoners and servicemen. Еvещuаllу, though, it lost its rel­
evance, uncil finally ir "died with а whimper." According со Dаппу Sch\veers,
who joined сЬе paper in 1971 and stayed until сЬе very end, the Rag's demise

64 SMOK1:"G TYPE-";RIТERS
nad several ptedictable causes: "No топеу. No energy. No community....
Times changed. ТЬе Vietnam War ended. ТЬе promises of solidarity, revolu­
с!Оп, drugs, free love, spiritual ecsrasy, and pure nutririon found fewer
Delievers. Mosr importanrly ... сЬе Rag was по !onger perceived as innova­
rive, fresh, оп сЬе edge, special. If anything, it was а thing of сЬе раsr."Ш

л HUNDRED БLООМING РЛРЕRS 65

 ,

"Electrical Bananas"
The Underground Press and the Great
Вапапа Ноах of 7967

I
IN JUNE 1967, jOl1rna!ist Sara Davidson visited New York City со героп оп
а hippie happening in Сеппа! Park, а "rhree-day cosmic !ove-in." ТЬе Веа­
tles' Sgt. Pepper record, she said, was "everywhere" сЬас sl1mmer; another
writer recalls that "snatches of сЬе albl1ill drifted Оl1С of ореп windows, faded
in and оис of consciousness as cars passed Ьу, сате in апd ош of focus iп tiппу
rones from distапt ггапsisгог radios, сЬе songs hапgiпg iп сЬе air !ike а holo­
gram of Ыiss.": Elsewhere were palpaЫe sigпs сЬас сЬе "Sl1mmer of Love"
was sотеthiпg more thап jl1sr а media рЬепотепоп. In hip enc!aves асюss
сЬе land, young теп and women grew their hair апd соsштеd themse!ves in
а medley of ol1trageous fashions: tattered jeans апс1 flannels, Western boots,
Benjamin Franklin glasses, Mohican lacings, army jackets, and tie-dyed
T-shircs. Вш especially noteworrhy for Davidson was сЬе sigllt of а young
hippie in а wizard Ьас selling bananas оп ап East Village corner. ТЬеу were
going for сеп cenrs еасЬ, wich а rhree-cent deposic оп сЬе skins. "Апуопе who
heard [folksinger) Попоvап sing 'Mellow Yellow' knew why," she remem­
bered. "Smoking Ьапапа peels could get you high. Оl1пааааа-sight!"2
Davidson was mistaken аЬош the psychoacrive potential of Ьапапа peels.
(Hippies larer joked сЬас сЬе only \уау (Q rrip оп а Ьапапа рее! was Ьу acci­
denrally srepping оп опе.) Buc she was far [гот alone in her confusion.
Throughour сЬас spring and summer, the norion rhar опе coul.d ger high
fют smoking ''Ьапапа joints" circulared widely, firsr in [Ье undergrol1nd
press, [Ьеп later in сЬе mainstream media and еуеп among some gullible
federal off1cials. Recipes for 'Ъапапаdiпе powder"-the boiled, dried insides
of Ьапапа peels, rolled in toЬассо рарег and smoked like marijuana-were
frequently reprinted, and some clever entrepreneurs оп сЬе West Coasr
founded their own mail-order сотрапу, Mellow YeHow, which sold Ьапапа
peels аН across сЬе country. "1 Ьоре to make $100,000 in сЬе next six-months
оп bananas," boasted Nat Freedland, ап editor of сЬе Los Angeles Free PresJ and
а partner in сЬе Бгт. i lп April 1967, Time and NеU'Jшееk ЬосЬ ran stories
аЬош сЬе Ьапапа craze during сЬе same week, with [Ье lacter magazine
claiming сЬе rumors had "touched off а banana-buying Ьоот from [Ье
Haight-Ashbury discricc со Harvard Square. "4 At а festival in Central Park's
Sheep Meadow, hippies playfully regarded bananas as sacred totems; сЬеу
gave а "Ьапапа pledge" ("опе Ьапапа, under Вапапа, with liberty and jHstice
for аН"), signaled со еасЬ other with а Ьапапа sаlше Cmiddle f1nger, ир and
Ьеnt"), and rallied around а large wooden replica of а Ьапапа. Frank Thompson,
а Democratic сопgгеssшап from New ]ersey, facetiously proposed [Ье Вапапа
Labeling Асс оЕ 1967, which wOHld Ьауе рш stickers оп bananas сЬас said
"Caution: Вапапа Рее! Smoking Мау Ве Injurious [о Your Health." "From
bananas it is а short Ьш shocking step to other fruits," Ье intoned. "Today [Ье
cry is Ъиrn, Ьапапа, Ьиrn.' Tomorrow, we тау face strawberry smoking,
dried apricot inhaling, ог рrипе puff1ng."(, Вис [Ье fad and гЬе humor
that surrounded it proved short-lived. ОП Мау 26,1967, the Food and Drug
Аdтiпisпасiоп issued а press release indicaring that scientif1c analysis of
several Ьапапа concocrions failed со prodllce "derectable quantities оЕ known
hallucinogenics."- Опе investigator larer recalled, "We took 30 pounds of
bananas into the lab, cooked, scraped, and did everything else to them thar
[he undergrollnd papers told us со do. Вш it was а put-on. "8
Not surprisingly, the Great Вапапа Ноах of 1967 has failed [о gain апеп­
[ion from historians. And it тау s[i11 Ье hard for scholars to regard [he
banana-smoking craze as little more [han а curious iпсidепt, some[hing [о
remind us уе[ again just how puerile hippies could Ье. Внс when we examine
the fad's mysterious огigiпs and mеапiпgs, as well as the mechanisms Ьу
which it spread 50 quickly, we сап see in microcosm some о{ the iтроrrапt
accomplishments of rhe 1960s uпdегgгоuпd press. The irony is thick; Some­
опе опсе remarked, "Almost еуегуопе likes bananas, bLlt по опе takes them
seriously."9 Уес througl1 [l1е Ьапапа rumors, tl1e underground papers l1elped
со carve social spaces (called "sсепеs") wl1ere certain commonalities о{ [aste,
style, апd bel1avior were generated, and YOU[l1s were socialized inro wl101e
пеw ways о{ [hinking and being. Meanwl1ile, formal networks wi[hin сl1е
uпdегgгоuпd press mеапt [ha[ scenes rarely s[ayed "local" {or [00 long.

"ELECTRICAL BANANAS" 67
Through а coordinated exchange of articles and information, altemative sub­
jectivities that arose in опе рап of the country could Ье guickly spread со
others, thereby giving youths а sense of generational росепсу, а feeling that
their movement was something тоге than just the sum of irs parts,lO

BRIEFLY TOUTED AS BRIТAIN'S ANSWER со ВоЬ Dylan, the Scottish-born folk

balladeer Donovan released the single "Mellow Yellow" in Ешоре in November
1966, and it was released stateside in January 1967,11 The short, jazzy song
featured а whispered refrain from Paul McCartney, and it contained the lyrics
"E-lec-trical Ьапапа ! Is gonna Ье а sudden craze ! E-lec-rrical Ьапапа / Is
bound (о Ье the very next phase I They саН it Mellow Yellow." According со
rock critic Jirn DeRogatis, "The tune was inspired Ьу the rumor that уои
could get high smoking dried Ьапапа peels."12 Вщ in fact Donovan's song
predated the first documented mention of the Ьапапа rumor Ьу several
months, and еуеп during its heyday in 1967, сЬе lyric's inrended meaning
was subject со speculation, When NеШSUJееk magazine claimed that "Вапапа
highs were heralded Ьу the British рор singer Donovan," а reader wrote back
with а correction. l ' "Donovan is а fan of the Youngbloods, а new rock group
ощ of Califomia," she claimed, "Said group has ап [electric} organist . , . Ьу
the пате of Вапапа. That is where Donovan got [the phrase} electrica!
Ьапапа. "1 j Meanwhile, Donovan stoked curiosity about the song Ьу refusing
со answer апу guestions about it. "People asked те аН the time," he recaHed.
In reply, he would sirnply smile and sing the chorus: 'ТЬеу саН те МеНо\у
Yellow."15 Вис Donovan еуепсиаНу confessed that the Iyric was а sly reference
со а yellow electric vibrator that he sa\v advertised in the back pages of а
magazine-a plausible claim, seeing as double entendres figшеd in other
Donovan songs from the era, most notably "Superlungs" CShe's only fourteen
Ьис she knows how со draw").16
ТЬе сгие origins of the Ьапапа fad are пос well kno\vn.:' Ву some fluke,
the first printed reference connecting bananas, drugs, and the avanr-garde
probably appeared in the quasi-pornographic poetry journal Fшk УОll: А
Magazine о/ the At,ts, wшсh was опе of the few radical papers of the era that
was truly ап underground publication. Crudely mimeographed onto colorful
granatext and wire-stitched Ьу hand, its masthead boasted that it was
"EDIТED, PUBLISHED & PRINTED ВУ ED SANDERS АТ А SECRET
LOCATION IN ТНЕ LOWER EAST SIDE, NEW YORK CIТY U,S.A,"18
According со роесгу critic John Palattella, it "was available just at а БтаН
number of stores, hidden behind the counter, and only those in the know
could find it."19 In Мау 196з, Sanders dedicated Volume 3, Number ') of
Fшk Уои to, among other things, "dope thrill Ьапапа гitеs."Ю The magazine

68 1 SMOKI:"(, TYPEWRIТERS
\vas always fuH of in-jokes (шапу of them very crude) Ьщ Sanders left по
clues as (о what tl1is curious еuгп of phrase шау have шеап(.
In апу еуепс, ehe Great Вапапа Ноах originated in California in late
1966, the уеаг that Ronald Reagan was elected Governor, Walt Disney died,
and гЬе ВеасЬ Boys gave up their striped sruпs, Pendlerons, and suгfboards
со record Ре! 501lndJ, their vaguely psychedelic orсhеsпаl-рор masterpiece
аЬош lost innocence. This was also when LSD began со garner а great deal of
luгid media atrenrion (alehough paradoxically, сЬе drug was mostly а рЬе­
пошепоп among сЬе Ыр intelligenesia). While some of сЬе era's most impor­
сапе drug-inspired rock masterpieces were released in 196) and 1966 (among
гЬеш, ВоЬ Dylan's BI'inging [! 11/1 Back Hr;me and Highu'ay 61 Rel1isited and
сЬе Beatles' R"b!Jer 50,,! and Rez'olt'er), these records generally struck а рге­
psychedelic consciousness. As literary professor Nick Вroшеll put it, "Rock
'п' roll brought psychedelics into popular culture еуеп {ог the miШопs of
Americans who never knew \vhat marijuana smelled like."22
АН of which is со say сЬас а certain па'ivеtе аЬош drugs, along with а
giddy sепsе of a\ve anr:l wonder ас their possibilities, probably fueled сЬе first
experimenrs in Ьапапа smoking. "Counrry" ]ое McDonald, leader of the Вау
Агеа jug band Counrry ]ое and (Ье Fish, and his drummer, Gary "Chicken"
Hirsh, аге primarily responsible for setting (Ье Ьоах in motion. McDonald
recalls (Ьас wЫlе dгiviпg со а show ас гl1е Kirsilano Theater in Vancouver,
Canada, "Ош drummer ... said Ье had jusr figuгed ош гl1ас Ьапапа peels
have [chemical] qualiries similar (о marijuana. His rheory was сЬас if уои
dried ош а Ьапапа рее! and smoked (Ье \vrute pulp оп сl1е underside, you
\vou!d get higl1. Аг сl1е time, гЬе band was living оп peanut-butter-and­
Ьапапа sandwiches. АН сЬе ingredients were сЬеар. We were just tl1rowing
сЬе away, 50 this sounded like а great idea."2J
No doubt, Hirsh's suggestion (о smoke Ьапапа peels sounds peculiar,
Ьиг it was merely опе episode in his long history of experimentation witl1
folk recipe5 for getting high. Previously, he'd Ьееп interested in scorch
Ьгоош (Cyrisus scoparius), а noxious, \veedy shrub rhat's commonly found оп
California roadsides. In гЬе mid- 1 960s Hirsh filled dozens of mason jars with
scotch broom, carefully labeling each оЕ' гЬеш according со гl1е location and
date that гЬе weed was picked. Sometimes Ье simply dried ош various parts
of сЬе plant before Ье smoked it; other times Ье cured it in brandy first. But
Ье never got it го work. "1 was sure 1 was just preparing it \vrong," Ье later

said. Опсе Ье пiеd getting high Ьу chewing оп а nasal-decongestanr inhaler;

anorher time he асе а huge amount of сЬе pickling spice тасе. Hirsh decided
to experiment with bananas after hearing somewhere that сЬеу conrained
пасе amounts of а chemical that acted as а "пагшаl tranquilizer." When Ье

"ЕI.ЕСТRIСЛI. ВЛJ<-;АNЛS" 69
recalled that his family had long llsed bananas as а bedtime relaxant, the idea
seemed "almost 10gical."2~
So before their performance, COllntry Joe and the Fish bOllghr some
bananas, scraped ош the pith inside the peels, and laid it Ollt (о dry in the
back юот of а nearby head shop. Later they smoked rhe Ьапапа peels like
joints, according to plan ... bllt they also drank from а bottle of water back­
stage in which someone had "jllst dissolved а hllndred tabs of LSD." When
the acid-laced water took its effect, the band members тау have аtrriЬшеd
their high (о tl1e bananas. Or they тау have Ьееп clowning arollnd. lп апу
еуеnt, COtlntry Joe remembers everyone saying, "Мап, this shit is [еаllу
working! l'т getting [еаl1у ripped! This sшff is incredible!"lS Hirsh recalls
the scene as ''hysterically [нппу, "26 Soon afterward, they геtшпеd to the Вау
Асеа (о play at а benefit concert [ог the legalization of marijtlana, at which
the band passed Otlt htlndreds of Ьапапа joints and told the crowd that
Ьапапа peels cOllld get уон high. То this day, McDonald says he really
l"

believed what he was saying, whereas Hirsh admits he was "pretty stoned
most ()f сЬе time anyway {so] derermining the effectiveness of smoking
Ьапапа skins was pretty tOtlgh." Nevertheless, he remembers "jllSt rllnning
arotlnd telling everyone rhat i( worked .... Еуеп if it didn'r work, it was
great [нп. "18
А few months larer, оп March 3, I967, the Ьапапа штог was dissemi­
nated in prinr for the first very first time in the Berkeley Bayb--опе of the
earliest, best kno\vn, and most inf1tlential tlndergrollnd newspapers of the
1960s.29 Ed Denson, who wrote а regtl!ar ffillsic со!нтп for the ВауЬ and a!so
served as COllntry Joe and the Fish's manager, said that the night before,
whi!e "fee!ing mellow," he !it HP а Ьапапа joint. Не added that he'd Ьееп
"tllrned оп to bananas" while in Vancotlver, and offered а recipe for trans­
forming Ьапапа pith into а marijllana-like sllbstance. ОП а cheeky reference
со rhe incident described аЬоуе, he added that the joints cOllld Ье smoked
"with 50 mg. of acid swallowed.")\O Denson says he always knew the recipe
was speciolls. "1 \vas ftllly invo!ved in perpetrating the hoax when 1 wrote
that artic!e," he later confessed. il Вш in сЬе уесу same isstle of the ВауЬ, ап
нпнsна! !etter со the editor appeared, from someone \vho reportedly saw ап
tlndercover officer from the Berke!ey Police Оерагстеп! "lшkiпg in the fresh
prodllce section" of а loca! grocery store. "1 wotlld gtless that they have Ьееп
assigned (о observe persons bllying !arge qllanrities of bananas," the writer
claimed. Не wenr оп со explain thar bananas have p$ychoactive properties,
and he predicted that possession of large amotlnts of Ьапапа$ wOllld $ООП
Ьесоте а crimina! offense. The !etrer was signed "А careftl! shopper and
Со-ор member."\2

70 I SMOКING TYPEWRIТERS
 We'll probably never know who rhis "careful shopper" was (Denson says
it wasn't him). Possibly someone else ас the Barb helped со perperuate the
rLlSe, but тоге likely, word аЬош bananas had already hit the srreer. Larer in
rhe week, rhe San Fl'ancisco Chronicle carried the banner headline "Kicks for
Hippies: The Вапапа Тиrn-Оп." "Bananas-the ordinary bananas found in
every grocery score-may Ье the new trend in the psychedelic world," the
article proclaimed. The sensationalized piece гесоuшеd the "careful shopper's"
,шопуmОU5 letter со the Barb and еуеп included а guote from а Berkeley
police chief, who denied having undercover СОр5 assigned со апу 'оса! рro­
dllce sections. "We've heard аЬош the Ьапапа eflect Ьис don't believe it," he
said. Nеvепhеlеss, the story prompted ап immediate run оп bananas. Тl1e
day the scory broke, McDonald scoured the prodllce dерапmепts ас 'оса!
stores before Бпаllу concluding, "УОll couldn't get а Ьапапа in the Вау Area
rhat day.";~ His search was fruitless.

THOSE WHO WOULD DOWNPLAY the cOllnterClllture's sllbversive power typi­

саНу poinr ОllС that the youth rebeIlion was triggered "ас least as mllch Ьу
developments in mass clllture ... as changes ас the grassroots."35 That is,
because the mоvеmеш was led Ьу rock stars and celebrity icons, whose mes­
sages were transmitted Ьу Ыт, television, and radio, the borders between
populist rebellion ("аurhешiс") and commodified trend C'fake") are thought
со Ье impossible со delineate. In this instance, it doesn't take а sleurh ro роiш
ош that а certain атОllПС of artifice was bllilr inro the banana-smoking rllmor
(юm rhe beginning. Afrer аН, ir was а hoax. And althollgh Donovan never
intended "Меllо'\у Yellow" as а massive рш-оп, it is hard со imagine bananas
could have caprured so mllch of the СОllпtеГСllltшаl imagination if the song
hadn'r Ьееп soaring throllgh the airwaves. ,6 ВllС as Time magazine conceded,
the Ьапапа rllmor "guickly passed arollnd the llndergrollnd through such
newspapers as Manhattan's East Village Other and the Bel'keley Barb"-papers
whose adversarial ourlook and political mission were fairly explicit. " Wrote
опе scholar, "Shattering received Сllltшаl рапеms-iп 'оуе and war, in work,
in matters о( the mind and spirit-was the annOllnced ршроsе of the under­
ground press."
Ас the most basic level, papers performed this function Ьу atruning
readers to 'осаl happenings that helped со define the Ыр commllnity, inclllding
trends, protests, rallies, concerts, and readings. Ап Kllnkin опсе described
the Freep as а "рiсtше frame that fills llР each week with what the community
is doing, Information аЬОllС community services-sllch as free clinics,
yourh hostels, and food ог clothing co-ops-mingled with praetical tips and
gllidelines оп how со hitchhike, where со hang ош, ог what dшgs (о take

"I'LECTRlCAL ВЛNЛNЛS" 71
(ос avoid). Jeff Shero, who after contributing to the Raf!, Ьесате editor of а
militant New York organ called the Rat, said rhat "шр survival informacion"
\vas that paper's "most popular fеаturе."И In addition to acting as сотти­
nity switchboards, almost аН uoderground newspapers featured book, record,
апd бlт reviews, and еуеп advice соlumпs, such as the Washington Free Press's
"Oear General Marsbars" (which focused оп draft resistance) and сЬе sупdi­
cated "Oear Ос. Нф Pocrates," (where Eugene Schoenfeld, ап actual doctor,
answered guеstiопs about health, drugs, and sexuality that the mainstream
prints could scarcely Ьауе fathomed),4l As опе uпdегgгоuпd press reader рис
it in а letter to сЬе editor, "Were it пос for сЬе existence of papers like
[Oetroit's} Fi/th Estate and its continuous airing of certaio issues, ics fresh
way of lооkiпg ас movies апd сЬе space it provides for news of crucial orgaoi­
zations and where со find сЬет, ioterest io these matters might wane and Ье
forever los(.''-12 Another writer told сЬе staff of Madison, Wisсопsiп's Соnnес­
tions, "While уош рарес is 5till уоuпg [апd} it \уill probably Ье some time
before it reaches the сопsistепt high guality of сЬе Barb ос сЬе Los Angeles F"ee
Prm, 1 тщс thank уои [for Ьгiпgiпg а lеft-wiпg viewpoint со the Маdisоп
area}." Не suggested, however, сЬас сЬе рарес "add а sесtiоп ... listiпg the
upcoming activities рlаппеd Ьу сЬе various hippie and activist groups оп
campus. 1 feel this would Ье а great service со сЬе campus community.
1'.1О5С uпdегgrouпd newspapers ran such listings, Ьш сЬеу were тосе thап
just community bulletins; they also projecced а culture, епhапсiпg identities,
affirming social scyles, and molding а local avant-garde. As media activist
Jerty Rubin ехрlаiпеd, "Part of сЬе uпdегgrouпd press's role was со ... define
ап alternative community and give it а voice and а сопsсiоusпеss and ап iden­
ticy. It did those things pretty well. Uoderground papers 'Ъаd а lot [о do
with keeping people plugged in in сЬас period," апоthег activist recalled. In
сЬе spring of 1967, сЬе East Village Other (EVO) received а letter to the editor
from а New Yorker !iving temporarily in Georgia. "Уои тау пос kпоw it,"
Ье said, "but уощ publication is ту опlу бсаре со the шр scene. , .. Уои
сеаllу don't kпоw what {С means just со read аЬоис .. , сЬе off-the-wall
hаррепiпgs in New York."46
Ву
the time of сЬе Ьапапа rumors, other local undergrouod papers were
likewise well positioned со report оп tгепds сЬас were hаррепiпg iп faraway
parts of the country-bur this hadn't always Ьееп the case. ТЬе огigiпаl
uпdегgгоuпds of the 19605 iпitiаllу focused аttепtiоп оп their own сотти­
nities. When Kunkin founded the Free PreJs, Ье wanted to bring together
local poets, artists, and сЬе habirues of tl1e area's coffee housesY 1'.1ichael
Kindman spearheaded сЬе Рареу "iп sоmеthiпg of а void," as а "rather limited
alternative" со 1'.1ichigan State Uпivегsitу's campus пеwsрарег.4В Oreyer's

72 I SMOKI"G TYPEWRIТERS
announcement for сЬе Rag stressed purely local concems. ТЬе Seed declared
itself "the voice of' сЬе Chicago underground."19 Of гЬе ВауЬ, editor Мах
Scherr said, "We Ьауе (о Ье of ош own community (Ьу addressing} indige­
nous issues. "50 Еуеп (Ье EVa, which was Ьоm in (Ье media capital of (Ье
\vorld, trumpeted its provincial mission in its first issue; ir would сасег "со
сЬе new citizenry of сЬе East Village."S1
А;;; а reslilt, сЬе рарег:> inirially grew in relative isolation from (Ье осЬег
bohemian enclaves that were taking shape in осЬег regions. Although histo­
rians аге fond of ceferring (о ап overarching "youth community" in (Ье 19605,
before сЬе advent of сЬе underground press, (Ье уошЬ revolt was marked
тоге Ьу fragmentation [Ьап cohesion. Local struggles were [Ье primacy cat­
alysrs for change, and small grolipS the dominant social unit. New5 in сЬе
underground traveled slowly and fitfully. Head shops and оffЪеаt bookstores
typically carried radical papers from оис of town, but just as often infor­
mation spread Ьу word-of-mouth. Returning from а cгoss-country sojourn
lП I966, Kindman recalled feeling like ап "ambassador from а developing
national counterculture, bringing news of [Ье furure back [о ту provincial
homeland.
When а cluster of undergrolind рарег:> banded together со form сЬе
Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) in ]нпе I966, however, the radical
рарег:> literally multiplied their potential audience. UPS sirnply facilitated
[Ье exchange of articles, news stories, and reviews among underground
papers, and it drew а broad range of New Left, cOlinterculture, and youth­
oriented рарег:> into its fold.)4 Walter Bowart, а fOlinder of сЬе EVa, and two
of Ы:> close compatriots, Alan Katzman and John Wilcock, were responsibIe
for getting сЬе Syndicate off сЬе ground. Wilcock says Ье сате HP with сЬе
пате "UPS" while huddled оуег а typewriter in the рарег':> Tompkins Square
office, drafting а statemen[ announcing сЬас [Ье na[ion's first wave of under­
ground рарег:> had agreed [о begin cicculating еасЬ othec's material. "1 сот­
mented that ту adolescent idols [had} Ьееп сЬе рарег:> of сЬе Fcench maqJi.is,
сЬе underground resistance group whose propaganda leaflets urged continlied
resistance со сЬе German occupiers. We all agreed [Ьас though а little
grandiose, it was ап appropriate image for а new Fuck Censorship press in а
supposedly free society,',j) Certainly UPS arrived ас а propitious moment.
Within six months, some twenty-five тоге рарег:> were founded, аН of which
ioined UPS. Collecrively, their circulation ас сЬе beginning of I967 was
around 250,000, although, as опе record executive observed, рарег:> of this
суре had "а tremendous pass-along readership.">O "Underground publishing
continues со Ье опе of [Ье SliCCesS stories of [Ье уеаг," Wilcock boasted.
"Hardly а day goes Ьу \vithош new papers proliferating."s'

"ELECTRICAL IJANANAS" 73
 Despite its formidable пате, the "Underground Press Syndicate" wasn't
without its problems; it described itself, in а classic oxymoron, as an "anar­
chistic organization," and later in the decade it was nearly rent asunder in а
power strugglе. Its staff turned over several times, and its more ambitious
5Я

goals of linking papers with Telex machines, soliciting national advertising

revenue, and assisting in underground press distribution never got very far.
There were also allegations of ego-tripping, financial mismanagement, and
bad faith, and in March 1968 Wilcock found it necessary to apologize ro
member papers, declaring, "In short, the whole operation has been thor­
oughly fucked Up."59 А bit later, when journalist Ethel Romm was research­
ing an article оп the underground press, she spoke with several editors who
told her UPS was "in ЕтЬо."60 Nevertheless, testimonials from underground
writers suggest that UPS coordinated the exchange of papers fairly well.
Kindman recaHed that membership in UPS 'OЬrought immediate benefit to
us, in the form of а wealth of interesting articles available for reprinting, as
аН of the member papers began exchanging copies with one another. "61 Even
underground papers overseas joined UPS. The year 1966 saw the birth of
Europe's first underground newspaper, Internationa! Tirm:s (it), which cofounders
Вапу Miles andJohn Hopkins modeled оп EVO and the Руеер. "It was wonderful
ro have ту work reprinted across the world, to see something as mundane as
а record review appear in а paper from Minneapolis or an essay translated into
Dutch or Swedish," Miles recalled. 62 Ву circulating texts, graphics, and
comics from newspapers аН across the country, the underground papers were
suddenly аЫе to take their readers оп а much larger cultural journey than
they had originally envisaged.
In addition to linking geographically separated communities, the under­
ground press was also emerging in late 1966 as the youth movement's most
important means of internal communication. Unlike most mass media ош­
lets, underground papers frequently encouraged а "horizontal" conversation
among their readers. That is, rather than always showcasing the thinking and
writing of privileged elites, underground rags typically opened their pages to
anyone with the wherewithal to write аЬош something. Kunkin even went
so far as to describe his Руее Press as а "reader-written paper."6' Editors rarely
exercised the discretion that their title implied, for fear of being labeled
"elitist" or "professional."64 As АЬе Peck explained, "for an editor to unilat­
erally spike сору in the underground press was generally seen as an ego trip
rather than а reasoned judgment."65 Although а few notable personalities
played key roles in the banana hoax, the most important purveyors of the
rumor were ordinary participants in the youth revolt who simply took
advantage of their easy access to their community papers.

74 I SMOKING TYPEWRIТERS
 As NewJweek later recounted, underground papers started reprinting the
БаrЬ's recipe for Mellow Yellow "(a}lmost before апуопе could рееl а
Ьапапа."66 The hoax made its way со Texas via two newspapers, the Austin
Rag and Dallas's Notes /уот (Ье Undergrolmd. The Rag гергiшеd the "careful
shopper's" letter со the ВауЬ, as well а giddy piece from the San Francisco
Oracle that began "Вапапа Sunshine! The Ьапапа i5 for real," and \vent оп со
make а variety of comically pedantic pseudoscientific claims аЬоис bananas
CThe рееl contains arterenol, а sympathomimetic agent that i5 al50 found in
rhe human body, in the adrenal meduala (SiC}").6 7 Meanwhile, editors ас the
Dallas Note5 smoked bananas themselves со see if the rumor was rrue and
concluded (in print) that it was. 68 А writer for the Spokane Natural surveyed
several friends who smoked bananas and reported that their experieoces
ranged widely; а few experienced "по effect or (а} t!ery mild effect," whereas
ot11ers said it was "better than grass-acid-or-DMT"69 Marvin Garson of the
Vi!lage Vaice also smoked а Ьапаоа joint and reported "it was identical in its
effects со аЬош half а joint of second-rare рос" But he predicted that before
long, underground pharmacologists would perfect recipes for high-grade
Ьапапа powder, "and then the fun will begin."7 0 Two ЕУО editors fibbed that
{Ьеу were the ones who had discovered psychoactive рroрепiеs in bananas. 7 !
АЬЫе Hoffman (still going Ьу "АЬЬосс" at the time) passed along his own
personal [есфе in the Warcester РиnсЬ. "Bananas are the new craze," he said.
"Mellow Yellow-the word's ош.""2 Detroit's Fi/th Estate reprinted а recipe
for Mellow Yellow that first appeared in the Las Angeles Руее Руен. "Уе5, Ьапа­
napowder works," it proclaimed. "Two or three bombers will get уои stoned
out of уош skull. А toke or а joint will give уои а beautiful subrle *mellow*
high-Makes rhe universe into а rranquil delight for ап hour!" The article
al50 reported that Larry Starin, а twепtУ-5iх-уеаг-оld California transplant,
had perfected а recipe for Ьапапа powder and was turning а quick profit
selling it in Berkeley. 'Тт ashamed со admit 1 was selling marchboxes of
Mellow Yellow for as much as fifteen dollars," he said. Later, Srarin marketed
his product via advertisements io the ВауЬ.'3
Several papers also [ап advertisements from а сотрапу called Mellow
Yellow, which sold "100% LEGAL, PURE BANANA." "Made Ьу hippies in
SF's Haight-Ashbury," who mailed rheir producr "in beautiful psychedelic
envelopes," the enterprise was said со Ье staffed with а lawyer, ап ассоuшапt,
а prinrer, а wholesaler, and ап art director. 74 Elsewhere, merchants sold yellow
pipes that were made to resemble bananas and T-shirts emblazoned with the
Ыие 10go of the United Fruit Company."j Someone also designed а poster
that parodied Grant Wood's famous "American Gothic" painting, recasting
the staid Iowans as hippies; instead of а pitchfork, the farmer is holding а

ELECTRICAL BANANAS" 75
sign rhar reads "Up the Esrablishmenr," and, in his lefr hand, а Ьапапа wirh
а sticker rhat says "Меllо."7 6 Before long, "mellow yellow" was being used Ьу
underground press wrirers as ап adjecrive (а record reviewer for rhe Washingron
Free Prm referred со rhe "luscious mellow yellowness оЕ rhe vocals" оп МоЬу
Grape's debur album) and as а proper noun (ю describe Ьапапа powder itself,
as well events where people gathered (о smoke it. For instance, Berkeley
undergrads reporredly gathered оп сЬе steps оЕ Sproul НаН for "а mass
Mellow Yellow.">", Some people even made up banana-themed ditties, such
as: "1 went shopping ас сЬе А & Р/ Вш сЬеу didn't have апу grass or LSD i So
1 peeled а Ьапапа and got so high / 1 thought 1 \vas actually going со fly."-~
Mosr underground papers seemed well aware оЕ their ability ro generate
excitement; а соттоп cliche was сЬас "while сЬе Neu' York Times was report­
ing history, сЬе alternative press was involved in creating history."-9 Мах
Scherr, editor оЕ сЬе Barb, recalled. "We'd plant small articles in (Ье paper
saying There's а rumor сЬас something is going со Ьарреп оп Telegraph
Avenue Friday ас two o'clock.' So people would show up оп Friday ас t\VO СО
see what would Ьарреп, someone would say, 'Неу, let's close off сЬе street,'
and something U'ou/d Ьарреп. "80 But in addition со self-consciously spreading
сЬе Ьапапа гшпог, undergrollnd newspapers also reported оп how сЬе рЬе­
потепоп spread across (Ье cOllntry with Ьопа fide news sюгiеs, which were
considerably more revealing (Ьап those that appeared in (Ье mainstream
press. SDS described (Ье Ьапапа fad in its official organ, Neu' Left Note5. 81 ТЬе
Chicago Seed reprinted (Ье entire text оЕ (Ье aforementioned speech Ьу Rep.
Frank Thompson, who jokingly called for Congress со "move qllickly (о stop
(Ье sinister spread of Ьапапа smoking."H2 ТЬе Rag devoted its front page со
сЬе misadventures of two YOllng Texans who тау have Ьееп сЬе опlу people
ever arrested for possession of dried Ьапапа pith. Plllled over while speeding,
сЬеу \vere callght trying со hide а pipe and а tin foil wrapper that contained
(Ье brown, powdery substance ("lt's bananas, sir. ") Hauled off со jail, interro­
gated, and held overnight, (l1еу were бпаllу released after а Dallas narcotics
officer explained (Ье new Ьапапа шmог (о (Ье arresting officerY
Тl1е 110ах also callsed а stir during (Ье Gentle Thuгsday celebrations at (Ье
U niversi (у of Texas. These events being а constant sошсе of aggravation (о
campus officials, опе UT administrator balked when Austin's SDS cl1apter
asked (Ье llniversity to formally sanction опе of (Ье Gentle Thursdays.
"While there is по objection to approved organizations promoting cordiality,
friendshi р, and gentleness оп сатрщ, (Ье U niversity саппоС approve сl1е
proposed 'Gentle Тhшsdау,'" read ап official statement. Тl1е reason;> Some of
(Ье planned activi ties, inclllding "mellow yellow, еп masse, аll over саШРllS"
were "соо vague" and "could пос Ье sanctioned Ьу the University." Naturally,

76 i SMOKIN(; TYPLWRIТERS
rhe Rag made great sport ofUTs obstinacy. "1Е the Administration's intent is
ro prohibit а mellow-yellow light-in, опе must appreciate their forthright­
ness in becoming the first official body in the United States ro Ьап Ьапапа
smoking," said опе writer. "1Е, оп the other hand, their objection is [о lack
оЕ clarity, this certainly represents а revolutionary departure from previous
U niversi [у policy. "H~
The hoopla around electrical bananas probably owed much [о the power
оЕ suggestion; that is, it seems plausible [о someone in а sufficiently receptive
state оЕ mind that smoking bananas could cause а mild high or а relaxed
disposition. But this scarcely begins ro explain the comical, еуеп absurd
enrhusiasm with which young people touted bananas-to the point where, as
mentioned аЬоуе, а "raggle-taggle тоЬ brandishing а giant з-fооt long
mock Ьапапа" опсе snake-danced through New York's Central Park, chanting
"Ва-пап-а! Ва-пап-а! Ва-пап-а!" as they were "cheered оп Ьу girls wearing
Ьапапа crowns, while опе student, dressed in а yellow slicker, tried [о
pass himself оЕЕ as the biggest Ьапапа оЕ them аН."85 At а "Ьапапа [аНу" in
Washington Sguare Park in Greenwich Village, someone reportedly sat аroр
а bronze statue оЕ the famous engineer Alexander Lyman НоНеу and "sang
calypso praise ro the Ьапапа godS."86 Еуеп though bananas lacked hallucino­
genic properties, they were intoxicating [о yourhs for the ability ro bemuse,
bewilder, and irritate defenders оЕ the established culture.
First, the simple fact that bananas were legal (and, unlike marijuana,
could not plausibly Ье made illegal) seemed delightful. 1t is probably not а
coincidence that the counterculture took shape at а time when America's
marijuana laws were most severe. H- Sociologists have noted that as drug use
rose in the 1960s, "ап increasing number оЕ college youth experienced harass­
ment Ьу officials. Such repression led ro а delegitimation оЕ institutional
authority, radicalizing yourh along the way."H8 As а Fi/th Estate writer
observed in December 1966, drug laws against marijuana had the perverse
effect оЕ criminalizing the behavior оЕ "thousands оЕ innocent, truth-seeking
people who otherwise have по connection with the world оЕ crime."89 Jerry
Rubin said much the same thing in his manifesto Do It-' "As pot-heads we
сате Еасе ro Еасе with the [еаl world оЕ cops, jails, courts, trials, undercover
narcs, paranoia and the war with our parents. Ап entire generation оЕ flower­
smokers has Ьееп tumed inro criminals."90 Meanwhile, growing legions оЕ
people who actually used drugs couldn't help but grimace at the painful соп­
rortions оЕ fact and logic that accompanied official statements about them. А
Washington Руее Press writer noted that such govemmentspeak was аН the
more "painful because growing numbers оЕ young people are suffering in
prison because оЕ such ignorance."91

"'ELECTRICAI. BANANAS"' 77
 What's тоге, in the early I960s, marijuana was stilllinked in the public
imagination with Mexican immigrants, роог blacks, jazz musicians, and
beatniks-minorities and suЬсultшеs that seemed threatening to main­
stream America. 92 Bananas, оп the other hand, were ubiquitous; here youths
found а potentially cotrupting influence оп American life right оиt in the
ореп. Thus we find the undisguised glee with \vhich тапу of tl1em greeted
the Ьапапа rumors. "Оо you realize what this means? Оо you / " the Lus Angeles
Руее Руен asked. "Everybody сап get high, anytime they want ro fют now
оп!-You сап light up а Ьапапа joint in the street, аС rhe freakout, in public,
anywhere, anywhere, wheee!"9; АЬЫе Hoffman was like\vise enamored.
Вапапа highs were "legal, cheap, and you сап blow уош mind оп the process
alone," he said. "Just think of it, United Fruit Сотрапу peddles dope!"94 In
his Voice colllmn, Marvin Garson jovially wrote аЬОllС how electrical bananas
could Ье used со taunt the police. If а policeman еуег stopped а YOllth со ask
I.
t
what he ос БЬе was smoking, the сееп could reply "It's аН right, officer, Гт
just smoking bananas. I smoke 'ет to get lJiglJ. у{)и knou'."9j t
So profollnd was the YOllth шltше's skepticism regarding officia! pro­
nOllnCeffients against drugs that ОПе tшdегgгоuпd press writer sketched а
sophomoric ОПе-асс play in response со the FDA's attempts ro sink the Ьапапа
штогs. In it, "Lyndon Straight" encollnters his friend "Timothy Hippie,"
who is lying down in his арагстеnt, smiling pleasantly. Thinking he knows
what's llр, Straight БаУБ, "1 thought УОll didn't have апу рос."
"1 don'r, Гт flying оп bananas."
"Oh соте оп!" Straighr replies. "Уои know whar the FDA said abollt
bananas." "1 know, bur I'm still stoned оиt of ту skull," Hippie says.
Ас this, Straight tшпs indignant. "Now do you think а responsible gov­
еrnтеnt agency would mislead the Arnerican public) ... Now look, they had
this сеа1 scientific test with all kinds of equipment." Вш Straight's remarks
fall upon deaf еаГБ. Timothy Hippie is too zonked to follow the conversation
ОГ offer а coherent reply; instead Ье drifts in and out of consciousness, loses
track of time, announces that he has "the munchies," and mistakes а пеагЬу
pile of bananas for "weird looking snakes. "%
A1so attracrive to уошhs was the degree to which the Ьапапа rumors
seemed го bypass rational thought. That ЬапапаБ already held а some\vhat
indelicare position in Arnerican Ьитог and wordplay was опе thing; t11e
possibility tl1at they could get уои stoned was something else altogetl1er, and
llippies delighted at tlle thought tllat something 50 healthy and соттоп­
placecould Ьеаsошсе OfSllCh worryand bemusemenr. In fusingavant-gardism
and social agitation, Mellow Yellow's champions democrarized ап impulse
exrending ас leasr аБ far back as сЬе lyricallefr of the early rwentietll сепtшу,

78 SblOKJNG TYPEWRIТERS
even as сЬеу acred in а "counrerculrural mode" rhat "reveled in tangenrs,
metaphors, unresolved contradictions [and} conscious ruptures оЕ logic and
reason."9­
That bananas were deployed to signal а flouting оЕ conventional authoriry
is clear. Said Newsweek, "ТЬе Ьапапа cult тау Ье а way to tease the police."98
Вис with сЬе help оЕ underground newspapers, the fad also contributed to ап
informal process оЕ socialization, as Mellow Yellow smoke-ins brought people
into proximity with опе another and provided ап arena where сЬеу could
embrace new viewpoints. Ideals that were deeply felt in the New Left тау
have Ьееп communicated to реорlе who were at first simply drawn to the
рlауЕиl camaraderie that ftleled the Ьапапа Ьоах. ТО рис it another way, the
Great Вапапа Ноах created а liminal space, а conceptual border area between
the counterculture and straight society. In smoking а Ьапапа joint, Yotlths
could participate in а hippie ritual without undertaking а significanr атоuпс
оЕ risk. Meanwhile they entered а process where сЬе mundane spaces оЕ every­
day life were suddenly папsfогmеd into arenas for сиlсшаl experimentation.
Underground newspaper coverage оЕ the Great Вапапа Ноах also reminds
us оЕ the frequency with which сЬе expressive, aesthetic radicalism of сЬе
hippies meshed with the strategic, political activism characteristic оЕ the
New Left. Though there were exceptions at еасЬ end of сЬе spectrum, most
underground papers were а pastiche of culture and politics. Arts, leisure,
and lifestyle isstles shared сЬе page with hard-boiled political analysis of сЬе
Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and various university reforms.
Nevertheless, there were always some New Leftists who 100ked unfavorably
ироп сЬе "revolutionary tourism" they perceived among cultural radicals,
and it should Ье по surprise that in сЬе Ьапапа fad сЬеу perceived сЬе worst
excesses of сЬе hippie movement. "Bananas, incense and pointing love rays со
the Pentagon have nothing со do with redeeming America," journalist ]ack
Newfield grumbled. 99 Аllеп Young, а left-wing jошпаlist who in 1967 was
preparing to return со сЬе United States after ап extended stay in South
America, received two letters from friends who warned тт аЬоur сЬе Ьапапа
fad. "Bet you're going to Ье surprised with this barbarian country of yours,"
опе writer remarked. "For уош own sake уои must get acquainted with сЬе
themes of current debate here, such as Ьапапа рее! [Ш-], hippies, еtс."IIЮ ln
1967 Todd Gitlin wrote а vinegary condemnation of сЬе whole Ьапапа craze
for Liberation News Service, replete with statistics оп Ьапапа production versus
revenue, unfair land-distriburion policies in South America, and the сопсеп­
trated power of сЬе United Fruit Сотрапу. 'These circumstances соте со
mind whenever bananas are flaunted with humor or symbolic meaning, as а
means of liberation," Ье wrote. нн Other underground journalists railed

"ELECTR!CH ВЛКАNАS" 79
againsr сЬе ease \virh which counrerclllrural symbols morpl1ed inro commod­
ified rrends. For insrance, in June 1967, ЕУО [ап а carroon сЬас showed а
police officer using а nighrsrick ro clear сЬе way for а long-haired hippie
сусооп. As сЬе сор barks оис orders со "make way for сЬе psyclledelic mer­
сЬапс," сЬе enrrepreneur grins impishly, dreaming of сЬе топеу Ье'lJ make
from "leather goods, posters, acid rock, books, head shops, and bananas. "1"2
Nevertheless, llnderstanding с1lе underground press's role in сЬе Great
Вапапа Ноах helps us gain а keener appreciation оЕ how these papers func­
tioned in с1lе youth revolt more generally. Ву acting in confederation, under­
ground newspapers could transform 10саl or regional БсеПб into national
trends, thereby bringing а sense of cohesion and community со сЬе sprawling
уоис1l [еЬеШоп. lп this instance, сЬе antics оЕ West СоаБС hippies \уеге
exporred со scattered patches of bohemia аН across tl1e соuппу in just а few
тОПСЬБ. Whether (Ьеу lived in large cities, БllЬШЬБ, or in сЬе runterland,
young people forged connectiol1s со distal1t ul1derground scenes througl1
radical ne\vspapers. As опе me<Iia al1alyst соттепсеа il1 1966, сЬе youth­
i<Iel1tified journals of (Ье 1960$ were, "in а $ense, соmтlшitу l1e\VSpaper$,
Ьш rheir commul1iries are socio-polirical rarl1er сЬап geograpruc.
UI1<Ierground newspapers also served аБ agents оЕ mass recruitment. lп
self-col1sciollsly hypil1g сЬе Ьапапа fad-by eagerly passing along (Ье larest
bananadine concocti0l15, Ьу celebrating Mellow Yellow smoke-ins, and even
Ьу providing Ыр тегсЬаnrБ with space со a<Ivertise their Ьаl1аl1а \vares-they
helped со craft аl1 enrry poil1t into tl1e counrerculture. Alol1g wirh таl1У
other (уреБ of youth-огiепtе<I festivities сЬас were disCllssed in un<Iergroul1<I
newspapers, Егот Gel1t!e Thursdays со gач;апtuаl1 rock festivals, Mello\v
Yellows were relatively harmle5s (аl1а frequel1tly flll1) puЫic ceremonies
where people enrered а domain оЕ shoulder-ro-shoulder sociability al1d
cleare<I а path Еог fllture affiliat1011. Bllt тОБС imporcal1tly, these l1е\УБрареГ5
gave sanctiol1 (о thoughts, attitudes, al1d behaviors that were greatly frowl1e(i
ирОI1 elsewhere. ТЬеу exemplified а radical Cllltше al1d articulated а coherel1t
Бес of values сЬас were ап altemative со mainsrream опе5. ТЬеу Бес 111 motiol1
ЫеаБ, trel1<Is, fads, al1d mythologies for youths ro emulare, modity, sprea<I, or
sqllash аБ сЬеу saw Бс. But (тБ wasl1't l1ecessarily а top-dowl1 process; Оl1е of
сЬе un<Iergroul1<I press's most distinctive fеаtшеs was its democratic паtше.
Virtually аПУОl1е who wanred to make а claim 011 сЬе аttепtiоп of" сЬе уошЬ
movement cOHld do 50 Ьу реппiпg аl1 article for сЬе local commlll1ity news­
paper. Beginl1il1g in сЬе mid- 19605, the underground press was сЬе main
public forum for discussion аЬоис сЬе meal1ing al1d <I1гесtiоп of сЬе уошЬ
revolt. Whel1 UPS was founded, it grearly strengthened сЬе ul1dergroun<I
papers Ьу allowil1g сЬет to spread ne\vs аЬоис evel1ts olltside of their оwп

80 SMOКING TYPE\\('];ITERS
communities. With its assistance, underground newspapers functioned as
vital institutional bases for radical political and aestl1etic communities. 1п
their pages, tl1ey replicated the creativity, zaniness, humor-and tl1e other­
\vorldliness--of the youth movement ас large.

Postscript
Country Joe and Donovan met оп Мау 10, 1997, in Cleveland, Ohio, ас the
opening of the Rock and Roll НаН of Fame's first major temporary exhibi­
tion, "I Want То Take Уои Higher: The Psychedelic Era, 1965-1969," John
Lennon's "Sgt. Pepper's" jacket, Тот Wolfe's handwritten notes for The
Ele<'tt'ic Koo!-Aid Acid Test, а Jimi Hendrix set list-these were jusr some of
буе hundred artifacts оп display in colorfuHy painted cabinets, Earlier in the
day, both artists had performed some of their hits from the 1960s before а
large audience; now they were seated beside опе another, signing aurographs.
According со Donovan, this i5 when Country Joe leaned in and 5aid, crypti­
саНу, "It was те, тап."

"What was уои?"

"The Ьапапа thing."
Donovan says that McDonald proceeded со сеН him how he and а few
friel1ds from Haight-Ashbury actively plotted "to dupe the gullible media"
Ьу spreading the false rumors аЬоис Ьа11апа peels. SaidJoe: "We just rhought
it was а Ыс of fun, тап. Thel1 уои released Mellow Yellow the same \veek,
and that was ir!"104
Соипссу Joe remembers the scene altogether differently. Не says that
whel1 he тес Donoval1 in Cleveland, he seized the opportul1ity ro ask him а
questiol1 that had percolated in the back of his mind for тапу years. Was
"Mellow Yellow" аЬош smoking Ьапапа peels)
Вис DOl1ovan proved еуесу Ыс as elliptical lП 1997 as in 1967. According
со Country Joe, "Не looked ас те for а тотепс and said, 'Whac do уои
think)' Не wouldn't say anything else. 1os

"ELECTRICAI. lJANA"AS" 81
4

"AII the Protest Fit to Print"

The Rise of Liberation News Service

WHETHER ТНЕУ Ht\MMERED OUT PROSE оп сагЬоп-гiЬЬоп typewriters,

pasted articles опсо layour sheets with гuЬЬег сетепс, ог hawked пеwsрарегs
оп сопgеstеd streec соrпегs, most of those who Ьесате iпvоlvеd with the
Llпdегgrouпd pres5 duriпg the 'асе 19605 approached cheir work wich а keen
sense ofpolitical mission. While оп сЬе опе hапd remaining deeply епmеshеd
iп the culrural stiггiпgs in their own communities, the era's literary demi­
mondes also conceived of themselves as crucial social agents who would сhап
the Ne\v Left's progress, champion its goals, and-by establishing ап alter­
native media Llniverse that paralleled that of straight society-meet the
Movement's demand for the creation of viable "соuпtегiпstitutiОI1S." These
ideas exerted such оп the imaginations of guerrilla journalists that
таl1У of them wel1t аЬоис their work iп а feverish, euphoric rush. "Jt was а
wOl1derful al1d аmаziпg circus," remini5ced опе 5uch writer. "There wa5 50
much со el1joy ас опе time ... thac we were overstimulated, livil1g in а
srunned and prolonged ecstasy."l
Еvеп less rhapsodic activists regarded сЬе rise of сЬе uпdегgrouпd press as
а major accomplishment. After аН, New Leftists had long stressed the impor­
сапсе of роlitiсаlmеаш as well as el1ds; that is, rather than working witшп
the left-\vil1g еstаblishmепt-wшсh was said со Ье teeming with labor
Ьшеаuсгаts, fence-sitting incellectLlals, апd oLlt-оf-tоuсh politicial1s-the
radical youths of the 19605 set ощ со build parallel iпstitшiопs апd counter
structures embodying their OWI1 values.J Вис aside [roт "free universities"
 ,11at popped up in many ciries (and, larer, free medical clinics and varioLlS
,\'рб of co-ops), the New Left's attempt (о build altemative institutions
.l[tirsr did not go well. Ву tl1e mid-1960s, сепаiп social democrats were
l,lmpooning rhe New Left's "go-it-aloneism," and some critics within the
\fovement began wondering whether ir might Ье berter ro пу ro папsfогm
cXJsting institutions rather than creare ne\v ones.' But when hundreds of rad­
,са!newspapers flowered in every region of the соuппу in 1967 and 1968, they
,tood in rebLlke ro those who had downplayed the New Leti:'s porential. As one
Lшdегgrouпd newsman boasted, Ьу launching а media with irs own "alterna­
(ive views, interpretations, and values," the underground press aimed at nothing
lt'Ss rhan the creation оЕ а "геvоlшiопагу consciousness" across the land. 1
The underground press began expanding dramarically following the for­
mation of the И ndergroLJnd Press Syndicare in 1966. But in late 1967 rhe
radical media was bolstered Ьу а mucl1 more elaborare and visionary organi­
zation, Liberation Ne\vs Service (LNS). А kind of radical alrernative (о rhe
Associared Press, LNS aimed ro сеппаlizе newsgathering and dissemination
ш rl1e underground media. From irs various hеаdguапегs-fiгst in Washington,
DC, then in New York Ciry, and tl1en, briefly, а farm in Monrague, Massachu­
serrs, as \vell as Manhattan-LNS regularly sent packets of апiсlеs, editorials,
photos, and political сапоопs ro hundreds of college and community news­
papers, and even а fe\v radio srarions, who \vere free (о prinr (or broadcast) as
much of the marerial as rhey liked. As а result, LNS literally reached millions
of readers.) In 1С)6С), а Neu' York ТillШ writer described LNS as "one of the few
I
functional altemarives or counter institutions that The Movement has рro­
duced. The t\VO, \vell-produced, \veekly packets of polirical news and radical
f anal ysis rhar L.N .S. mails (о nearl у 300 subscri bers are а princi ра! pillar of

I
tl1e И .S. underground press. "С That same year, а Rolling Stone геропег
observed, 'These days ... rhe news service's material is carried in virtually
every underground paper in the И.S."

This chapter describes how LNS was created and rhen zeroes in оп its
coverage of two key evenrs in rhe New Lefr's hisrory-a famous anriwar rally
at the Pentagon in Ocrober 1967 and а rebellion of Columbia Ипivегsitу
students in April 1968. With rhis approach we сап begin (о undersrand how
LNS fLlnctioned as а kind of radical lodestar in the late 1960s, suрропiпg,
influencing, and inspiring the nation's lей-wiпg press, while strenuously and
pugnaciously critiquing the mainstream media. Nor every LNS wrirer sl1ared
the same undersranding of their journalistic mission, Ьш each agreed rhat
rhe straighr media was Lшfаiгlу biased in favor of tl1e established culrure, and
that bourgeois journalisrs were generally uncomprehending of rhe ways rhat
tl1ey disseminared highly politicized \vorldviews. In several of their flyers

.HI, ТНЕ PROTEST E'IT ТО PRI:--JT' 83

and dispatches, LNS writers favorably quoted Andrew Kopkind, а former
reporter for the Washington Post and Тime magazine, who began writing for
the commercialleft-wing press in the mid- 1960s:

In ways which journalists themselves perceive dimly or пос at аll, they

аге bought or compromised, or manipulated into con6rming the of6­
cial lies: Not the little ones, which they delight in expasing, Ьис the
big ones, which they do not normally think of as lies, and which they
cannot distinguish fram the truth. 8

In а similar vein, VilIage Voice writer Jack Newfield опсе described main­
stream (ог "сеntег") values as

the belief in welfare capitalism, God, the West, Puritanism, the

Law, the family, ргорегсу, the two-party system, and perhaps m05t
crucially ... the notian that violence i5 only defensible when employed
Ьу the State. 1 сап'с think of апу White Ноше correspondent, ог пес­
work television analyst, who doesn't share these values. And at the
same time, who doesn't insist he is tatally objective.
And it is these assumptions-or prejudices-that prevent риЬ­
lishers and editors from understanding, ог even being ореп to, апу
new reality that might Ье ап alteгnative со those assumptions.
Potential alteгnatives аге buried deep inside the black liberation
movement, the white new left, the counterculture of rock music,
long hair, uпdегgrouпd newspapers and drugs, as well as in the
попwhitе revolutionary movements in the third world. And it is
these threatening and unfamiliar socia! movements that the mass
media most systematically misrepresent. And it is their sympa­
thizers who are excluded from positions of real power within media
hierarchies. 9

LNS staffers subscribed со these beliefs exactly. Everything that gave

radicals саше for exuberance-the air of ехрегimепtаtiоп around the rock
and drug scenes, the counterculture's promise of magical self-liberation, and
the protest culture's anarchic antiauthoritarianism-was far Ьеуопd the ken
of mainstream journalists. As such, they were said to Ье incapabIe of ade­
quately covering the youth геЬеlliоп. LNS's writers, however, claimed for
themselves а kind of epistemic privilege, arguing that only those who shared
their сulшгаl perspectives could truly appreciate what was happening in
society,
LNS's freewheeling and controversial cofounders, Marshall В!оот апd
Raymond Mungo, both left ап iпdеliblе imргеssiоп оп early LNS, Ьш it

84 I SMOKING TYPEWRIТERS
bear5 remembering сЬаг outside сЬе сопсехс оЕ а rising social mоуеmепс,
their еЕЕОПБ probably would пос Ьауе amounted со mисЬ. АБ Mungo
explained in а 5pirited manitesro сЬас circulated in early 1968, "ВесаиБе
there i5 а war in Viernam, ЬесаиБе there i5 а Stokely Carmichael, ЬесаиБе
there is ап acrive Resisrance, rhere i5 also а new audience tor independent
publicarion5, counrer-instirurions which сап Ье started anywhere Ьу persons
оЕ high соmресепсе and serious commitment." "Ас lasr," Ье said trium­
phanrly, "оиг radical press, disparate and spread-out as it mау Ье, is standing
оп ir5 own.":t,

"ТНЕУ WERE А СURЮUS оио," опе wrirer said оЕ Marshall Bloom and Ray
Mungo, "dope smoking, шр, Еиll оЕ fаг-ош incredulousne5s, уег terribly
concerned аЬоис Viernam, гЬе шЬап crisis and politic5."ll Аг times, гЬе rwo
were 50 inseparable гЬаг friends called гЬеm "B!ooMungo," rhough еасЬ had
а formidable per50na!ity оЕ ШБ own. According ro David Eisenhower (гЬе
grandson of former presidenr Dwighr D. Eisenhower), who was acquainted
with Вloom when гЬеу ЬогЬ attended Amherst College, Вlooт was known
around his alma mater аБ "а local hero ... а brilliant and resourceful figure
in сЬе early daY5 оЕ campus activism in сЬе Northeast." Gradually, how­
ever, Eisenhower concluded сЬас Bloom was also erratic and "desperately
confused."12 Meanwhile, Mungo won notoriery as сЬе impish and inflamma­
tory ediror of Boston UП1vегsiгу's (ВО) college newspaper, сЬе ви News. In
1967, College }ошпаliJf magazine fearured Mungo in а cover Бroгу titled,
''ТЬе СаБе оЕ сЬе Апgгу Young Мап from B05ton."I;

Воrn 1П
1944, "Mad Marshall" Bloom grew ир in а tопу neighborhood
in Denver, Colorado, гЬе son of' гЬе conservative owner оЕ а chain of- appli­
апсе srores. Evidence suggesrs his childhood mау пог Ьауе Ьееп а Ьарру опе.
1n ап undated lerrer, опе of Bloom'5 older relatives rold him, "Up uпtil {age}
8 ог
9, уош Dad was гоо busy with Ьusiпеss го spend mисЬ time with
уои .... {HisJ busine5s апd (аmilу {problems} were soothed Ьу regularly
hittiпg гЬе bottle, 50 duriпg ГШБ period, уои wirnessed and perhaps were
расгу ro Боте uпрlеаsапг things iпvоlviпg уош dad."ll Nevertheless, Bloom
was popular and precocious in high school. Не excelled in ШБ studies, im­
mersed himse!f in а blizzard оЕ extracurricular acriviries, and еуеп srarred ШБ
own business-a fireworks srand. During ШБ sепiог year Ье edited his high
school newspaper, ror \vhich Ье iпгегviеwеd his Ьеro, Senaror Вапу Goldwa­
ter. Yet those who kпеw Вloom in Denver also derected "а сеrrаiп socia!
awkwardness" in his personality, "а lack оЕ grace" and feeling of"ineprirllde"
rhat Ье "could neither hide пог compensate for." Not long after Ье matricu­
lared inro Amhersr College in 1962, his mother sепг шт а lепег сЬас

"АН ТНе PROTEST сЕТ ТО PRINT 85

ominously referenced what she said was his "big рroЫет": Bloom was
secretly gay.
While ас АтЬегы, Bloom's politics swerved t'rom right to left. А:; а fresh­
man Ье created an organization, called Forum, which helped bring а wider
variety оЕ speakers to campllS. In (Ье historic summer оЕ 1964 Ье traveled
across сЬе South, where Ье got arrested ас а civil rights demonstration 1n St.
Augustine, Florida, сошгiЬutеd to а liberal newspaper called сЬе SOllthm!
Соиriег, and went to Alabama to research т:; senior thesis, "А Раrtiсiраш

Observation Sшdу оЕ сЬе Аttiшdеs оЕ Selma Jews towards Integration." As

editor оЕ (Ье Л1llhеrst Stlldent duting his senior уеаг, Ье doubled (Ье paper's
size and expanded its scope (о incJude "issues from tlle worJd beyond Amherst:
the war in Viernam, сЬе draft, civil rights [aod] сЬе existence оЕ poverty in
America."'<i So аЬгирс aod thorough was his defection to сЬе Left сЬас Ье even
rece1ved а concerned, handwritten 1епег Еroт Barry Goldwater. 'Тт inter­
ested in Marshall Bloom," сЬе senator wrote. "ТЬеге was а time when а letter
оп tшs stationery \vou1d have brought him great happ1ness."p In J ипе 1966,
Bloom was photographed оп (Ье front page оЕ (Ье NeU' York Times after orga­
nizing а walkout of his own graduation ceremony, in protest оЕ Amherst's
decision (о award an Ьопосагу degree (о Secretary оЕ Defense Robert S.
McNamara. 18
ТЬе f"ollowing September, Bloom got а draft dеf"егmеш Ьу enrolling in
(Ье prestigious London Scho01 оЕ Economics, where he Ьесате president of"
(Ье 5сЬо01'5 graduate sшdеnt a550ciat10n. Not 10ng afterward, he Ьесате
embroiled 10 а bitter i:1ternational controver5Y. The ruCkU5 began when the
head of the University College of Rhode5ia, Wa1ter Adams, was appointed
(Ье director of" (Ье London School of Economics. 19 Sшdеnt activists сЬагgеd
tЬаt Adams was insufficiently committed (о academic freedom and denounced
тт а:; racisc. After several mопtЬs of grumbling, Вlоот and апосЬег 5си­
dent, David Adelstein, called tor а meeting ас а сатри:; theater where (Ьеу
planned со di5CU55 5trategies for protesting Adams's appointment. Fearful of
what сЬе meeting might lead (о, school аdminisпаroгs hastily withdrew рег­
mission Еог (Ье assembly and ordered university janitors со block сЬе сЬеасег':;
doors. "РгоЬаЫу it would Ьауе jl1st Ьееп а small meeting," а рапiсiраnt 1асег
claimed, Ьш outside the theater, ''hundreds оЕ student5 trying СО get (о
classes gOt caught in the hallway," and amid а chaatic scene аЕ рusшпg and
yelling, sameone called far the students (о surge past the jani(ors' 10cked
arms.

Ас this Cfucial moment, Marshall grabbed сЬе microphone and tried

(О restore order, Ьис now it was impossible (о hear тт аЬоуе the

86 SMOKl!'G TYPEWRlT~RS
 ruckus, А тiпше larer сЬе doors were srormed, Ьщ сЬоsе of иs who
lbld broken through didn'r learn for another тотепс сЬас а porter had
collapsed in сЬе assault. 1 [ететЬег coming оис of сЬе Old Theater
and seeing а тап spread ош оп (Ье flоос, (Ье crowd no\v hushed, and
а few minutes later, а docror appeared and pronounced him dead, ТЬе
newspapers сЬе пехс day said Ье had died from а heart attack.

А сопепс of сопсroуеСБУ followed (Ье tragedy, After сатрш administra­

cors suspended Bloom and Adelstein, hundreds of students began ап eight­
day sit-in strike in сЬе school's main entrance hall in protest, and thousands
more srudenrs from neighboring schools marched downtown, According со
сЬе LondOll Times, сЬе dетопsпагiопs were "unprecedented in British uni­
versity history. "21 АпосЬег writer said сЬас "England was аН Ьис immobi­
lized as сЬе press , .. gave saturation coverage со сЬе sit-in,"22 According (о
Mungo, (Ье lead editoria! of another paper, сЬе LШldоrz American, was head­
lined "Bloom, Go Ноте."2; Ас опе роiш during сЬе strike, В!оот stood
before а massive studеш assembly со give а БреесЬ, Ьис when Ье approached
сЬе microphone, Ье fell silent, and after а long, awkward pause, 'Ъе just
stапеd sobbing.""' Soon thereafter, students narrowly voted со end the sit-in,
and eventually the university rescinded В!оот's expulsion, Ву then, however,
В!оот had already decided со [есшп со America со take а position as head
of сЬе U .S, Srudent Press Association (USSPA). Опе of the first things he did
ироп his arrival \уаБ give а lecture ас BU, ас the invitation of Ray Mungo,
WllO \уаБ then winding ир his stormy (епше as editor of the ВU Neu'J. 25
Mungo hailed fют Lawrence, Маssасhusеш, jusr downriver from another
famolls nonconformist, Jack Кеюuас. His father worked for а paper тШ
for сшпу years "and loved it."26 His Roman Catholic parents, he said, were
"hard\vorking, ordinary people," Slight of stature and perhaps а Ыс nerdy
looking, Mllngo said Ье made а point of becoming "rhe smartest kid in
school."T In eighrh grade, his father sllggested he might attend а ЬОУБ'
seminary, Ьщ his mother-clearly the more perceptive parent-vetoed
the idea ("ТЫБ Ьоу ... doesn't know а rhing аЬОllС women," sl1e thun­
dered. "When he's old enollgh со kno\v аЬоис women, he сап decide for
himself if he wants со Ье а priest!"). 2~ She \уаБ llпаЫе со рсосесс шт, how­
еуес, from being sexllally abused Ьу а local priest when he \уаs twelve and
сшгсееп уеасs old. "Не took те in сЬе гессосу, in the projection ЬоосЬ of
the parish auditorium, in сЬе car, anywhere Ье cOllld and аБ often as l1е
liked," Mllngo larer disclosed.c 9 1п 196з, when he entered BU, MLlngo
wasn'r the least Ыс polirical. 1п fact, the very first day he arrived оп camplls,
Ье \vas astonished со obsetve young socialists openly passing оис litегаtше.

ALL ТНЕ PROTEST FIТ ТО PRI~T" 87

"1 rhoughr сЬас was illegal!" Mungo explained, "1 honesrly didn'r rhink
people were allo\ved со Ье socialisrs ог communisrs in а pubIic \уау like
rhar. "\О
Almosr immediacely, Ье goc curned оп со marijuana, "Поре didn't really
Ьесоте ап all-American preoccupation until I966 or I967," he later joked,
"50 1 was а few years ahead in that departmenr."i! Meanwhile, Ье began
spending time with "all these сооl ]e\vish kids Сгот Ne\v York," whose lеСс­
wing views he quietly absorbed. Ас the end оС his junior year, Mungo тап­
aged со win the сор spot ас the ви Neu'S, which he deliberately packed with
whar he boasted was "the nation's т05С pinko editorial board."'2 The fol­
10wing СаН, "all hell broke loose .... We used the paper as а highly political
vehicle," Mungo said. "1с was а new сшsаdе еасЬ week."" According to Time
magazine, MUllgo kept BU "in а cOllstant state оС nerves" durillg the I966­
school year.'j Writing for the Voia, media critic Nat НепtoСС called
Mungo's рарег "rhe most extraordinary, relevanr, and campus-shaking ne\vs­
paper in ас least а decade."'j Others 5а\у it difIerently. А 10саl tabIoid, the
Boston American RecOtd, [ап ап editorial suggesting сЬас Mungo Ье deporred
со Cuba. i6
Опе reason Mungo drew 50 much attention i5 becau5e he was among сЬе
hrst notabIe students (о pubIicly саll for President ]ohnson's impeachment.
Harvey Wasserman, а former Лfiсhigаn Daily editor who later helped со
estabIi5h LNS, recalled meeting Mungo for the hrst time ас а college pre5S
сопСесепсе.

Ray \vas up оп а рапеl with key]ohn50n and Kennedy advisor5 Walt

Rosrow, ]ohn Roche, and Richard Goodwin, to discuss (he \var in
Viernam, which was just 5tarting (о get bad reviews. Ray gave а
brilliant inf1ammatory speech against LB] and his bloody hoax,
concluding with а demand for Uohnson's} impeachment. The student
editors gasped with disbelief.... Goodwin, the Kennedy тап, waltzed
in: "Now you all know 1 have strong disagreements with the way the
]ohnson adminisrration i5 pursuing the war in Viernam, But 1 hardly
think апу sensibIe, serious American could endorse сЬе subsrance or
(опе ОС Mr. Mungo's speech. Let's see now, how тапу оС you think the
president should Ье impeached)H Four оС us raised ош hands. Ray and
1 looked ас each осЬег and Ьесате friends. ,­

I.ater оп, when the ви NeU'J likewise called for ]ollnson's impeach­
теш, Mungo claimed (Ьас the university's president, Harold С. Case, "ас­
tually telegrammed every single member оС congress , .. со [еа55ше them
(Ьас сЬе average studеш ас Bosron U niversiry i5 пос а /щking maniac like

88 SMOKING TYPEWRIТERS
Raymond Mungo."iH Another time, after the local draft board called
~Iungo for his preinduction physical, some six hundred people "turned out
.Н (l1е gates of the Boston Army Base ... and watched him stand оп the
llOOd of а сас, (еас ир his induction papers and cast them into the frigid
:oasral wind.";Y
Ву the time he was twenty-one, the "slight, bespectacled" Mungo had

~ained "the confidence of being расс of something larger than himself." The
power of rhe ЬаЬу Ьоот generation, the beginning of а global тоуетепс
.lgainsr the Vietnam War, and LSD's magical effects "left Mungo self-assured,
еуеп cocky."40 Ап ошstапdiпg student despite the extremely long hours he
\\'orked each week ас the рарес, he was awarded а full scholarship to рШБие
graduate study in English literature at Harvard and was just аЬоllt to embark
ироп ап academic career when he met with а peculiar twist of fate: Аs he рис
it, "А madman named Marshall Bloom flew into Boston from London опе
cold April day and рш the question (о те, did I want to join him in over­
rl1rowing the state down in Wаshiпgtoп, D.C.?"
The апswег was "уеs." In the summer of I967, Mungo set off for DC "to
сеаг down the walls of rhe rotten imperial city and have fun doing it."41
Having Ьееп elected general secretary ofUSSPA Ьу а mai! ballot, В!оот',;
plan was (о radicalize the organization, which was tainted Ьу its ties to the
:'\ational Student Association-an organization that had Ьееп suперtitiоuslу
funded Ьу the CIA. Tensions arose within USSPA, however, just аБ БООП а,;
Вlooт arrived ас тБ рОБС. Though editors voiced specific grievances againsr
Bloom-he was toо sпidепt in т,; denunciation of the Nationa! Student
Association, unwise in appointing Mungo (о Ьесоте inrernational news
director, and reckless in proposing programs that would outrun the group's
аппиаl budget!i-his Jewish Afro, Fu Manchu moustache, and intense
personality тиБС have alarmed them а,; well. Еуеп Вlooт',; closest friends
characterized him as moody, demanding, and manipulative. 44 lп his delightful
memoir Ратою Long Ago, Mungo said стБ аЬош Bloom:

Не has what seems со Боте people а nervous and high-strung way of

сапуiпg himself, forever fleeing го some other епgаgеmепt or taking
посеБ ос dreaming ир apocalyptic schemes ос speaking ас а расе (оо
rapid to imitate. То Боте стБ remarkable performance-in-life seems
dоmiпеегiпg, unstable, and disconcerring, whi!e го rhose !ike те, who
love him it is simply ЫБ way."

Ас а national studenr рсеББ conference in Minneapolis in August 1967, а

coalition of anti-Bloom students managed (о rewrite USSPA's bylaws
(() allow them со elect а new leader. Ву а 41 (() 32 уоге, Bloom was, in

ALI ТНЕ PROTEST FJТ ТО PR1NT" 89

еНесс, fired. Someone who later \vorked with Bloom said tl1at while he was
thought to have Ьееп dismissed Ьесаше of' hls "radical politics and pot-head
acid-f'reak llf'estyle," people \vho were "intimately connected \vith the lПСl­
dent" mentloned that Вloom's ef'f'eminate demeanor was also "а major {ассor
lП some people's negative attitudes towards him and in the eventual decision
со бге him." ,{,

Regardless, айег his rebuf'{, Bloom and several of' his allies gathered in а
пеагЬу meeting гоот. Late inro the night, оvег Cokes, cof'f'ee, and cigarettes,
they talked аЬош forming а new organization, which they \vanted со Ье
"mischievous" and "тuсkгаkiпg.'Ч' The f'ollowing moming, Bloom passed
out а leaflet announcing their plans со launch what was supposed со Ье called
the "New Press Project." "We аге аН agreed ... that we тшс look beyond
the major media {ог ассшасе reportage оп everything Егот the war in Viet­
пат со the revolution against oppression in ош own ghetros, ош own hemi­
sphere, and around tlle world," he said. The project's "major activity will Ье
ап incemational wire service, 50 that what happens in Ne\vark ог Dar es
Salaam сап Ье conveyed оп the same day ro papers going ro press in Seattle ог
Taos."48 Later they kicked around other possibIe names-Radical Press Ser­
vice, Resistance Press Service, and (тоге facetiously) the Young Traitors
Communications Sysrem, the Hip АР, and the Subversive Underground Rev­
olurionary Shortwave АssосiаtiОП-lшtil Вlooт had the clever idea оЕ {огт­
ing the "New Media Projecr," with its organ, the "Liberation News Service."
There \vas по meaningful dif'ference between the two оutбts, but the dual
titles proved convenient. When raising топеу ог renting egLlipment, they
presented themselves as the straight-sounding New Media Project; со
уошhful dissidencs across the соипну, they were LNS. ,')

Botll names were deceptively grandiose. At the time, the group's toral
resources consisted $80 they had rounded up in donations, $20 оЕ which
I
they spent оп ап оипсе оЕ high-grade marijuana they picked ир in Апп АгЬог
оп rheir way home. 50 Опсе back in \Vashingron, DC, Bloom and Мlшgо
headed straight [ог the USSPA office, wllere they "liberated" its оfбсе sup­
plies, and then set up shop in а brownstone пеаг DuPont Circle {or which
they had just signed а twelve-monrh lease. Mungo [асег noted the iгопу that
although tlley felt тогаНу obIigated to keep their аgгеетепt with the elderly
woman who rented tl1еш the house (she 'Ъаd Ьееп J(j nice") they spent the
пехг уеаг warring wirh the phone сошрапу, bouncing checks, and caking in
$everal questionable, transient boarders-including а f1{teen уеаг old гип­
I
J

away and ап e$caped шепtаl patienr. 51 Today, it i$ difficult го aS5ess juSt how
committed rhe rwo were со LNS. 'The realiry i5 we had all just lost ош jobs
and we needed sошеrhiпg го do," Mungo la(er remarked. Н\Х!е had already

90 SMOKJNl~ TYP~\'4RIТERS
,)щеd а lease оп rhis expensive hOLlse ... and \уе didn't have апу work ...
.,:ld so 1 figшеd, '1 gotra find some way со make some fucking топеу""52 Вис
') Ocrober 1967-just rwo monrhs after сЬе Т;SSРА conference-Вloom
'РlШ сЬе siruarion differently, writing ro а friend сЬас L~S had "Ьшgеопеd
.то somerhing сЬас was enrirely [in] keeping with ту wildest dreams сЬе
:lighr ir was tOrmed."5\

:\LTHOlJGH BLOOM'S lJNCEREMONIOlJS DISMISSAL [roт USSPA Ьесате сЬе

,mmediate imperus for LNS, it was t11e unbridled growth of СОlшtlеss radical
пеwsрарегs across сЬе соипсгу that made LNS seem necessary. lп [асс, Вlooт
1,lter suggested rhat if he' d Ьессег undersrood \vhat was Ьаррепiпg in the
LJnited States while he was in London, he'd never have covered rhe USSPA
posirion in rhe firsr place. "1 didn'r see rhen rhe [иН and exciting potential for
J news service and 1 was unaware of the renaissance of American jошпаlism

represenred Ьу rhe underground papers which are in almost every шаjог and
small city in the country," he roЫ а friend in December 1967. "\Х!е are only
110W beginning to have ideas as vast and exciting as this renaissance makes

possible."54 Wirh rheir proposals for disseminaring lefr-wing news and opin­
ions, hosring workshops and conferences, and establishing а cooperative ad­
\'ertising program, LNS hoped со build connections and alliances between
radical papers and, in effect, unify rhe sprawling underground press тоуе­
тепс. Moreover, rhey aimed (о do rhis in а highly democratic fashion; early
letrers со new and prospecrive members emphasized rhar the scope о!' LNS's
acriviries would depend ироп the ideas, needs, and level of parriciparion оЕ
rhose who joined rhe group. Еуеп LNS's пате, they said, was "negoriable. "5'
Ас rhe time, those who had hoped that UPS would uпifу the under­
ground press were disappoinred. Ву coordinating the free exchange of' news­
papers and епсошаgiпg rhem со reprinr each orher's material, UPS played а
viral and imропапг role. Вш Ьу lare 1967, UPS still wasn't much тоге
than а shell. Alrhough ''headquarrered'' in rhe offices о!' the Ещ! VШаgе
Othl!r, rhe organizarion didn't еуеп have irs own Ьапk ассоипс; irs funds
simply inrermingled with EVO's. Some еvеп regarded UPS as а pseudo­
organizarion whose primary purpose \vas (о "create the i!lщiоп of а giant,
coordinated nerwork о!' freaky papers, poised (ог rhe kill."16 The Syndicare
exisred [ог nearly а year before it got around (о hosring its first organiza­
rional "pow-wow"-a harum-scarum affair held amid the соаяаl bluffs of
Stinson Beach, Cablornia, in March 1967. Thorne Dreyer, who аttепdеd оп
behalf о!' rhe Rag, complained, "We listened ro flipped out diarribes аЬоис
ош own Ьеащу and the coming of а new era. "5 Of LiPS's niI1eteen papers,
С

his was опе of only six that senr represenrarives to the gathering, out о!'

"ЛLL ТНЕ PROTEST EIТ ТО PR!NT 91

which сате а vague and hubristic mission statement сЬас was described as
"nothing less сЬап а ... repea! оЕ Western civilization. ТЬе following
]uly, EVO editor and UPS cofounder Walter Bowart sent оис а bizarre !etter
со UPS editors, in 'l.vhicll Ье vastly inflated сЬе power оЕ (Ье "Psychede!ic
Movement," and called for hippies (о build ап аlliапсе with сЬе Republican
Party.)9
То Ье sure, 50те were untroubled Ьу UPS's direction. Тhroughош (Ье
late 19605, psychedelic millenarians 5aw !ittle need for Бпе!у honed institu­
tion5. Others Ее!с сЬас regardle5s оЕ i ts deficiencies, UPS remained syтbolical!y
important. Ву viгше оЕ it5 пате а!опе, сЬеу said, UPS generated а "sen5e оЕ
nationa! community сЬас new papers cou!d p!ug into and Еее! just а !itt!e less
isolated in their еffогts."БО Оп the осЬег hand, ]ohn Вгуап, editor оЕ Los
Angeles's Ореn СНу, was 50 рис off Ьу сЬе Srinson Beach affair rhat he 5епс а
circular letter cal1ing for UPS to hold апосЬег, better-p!anned meeting. "I
feel that it i5 past time that some kind оЕ а truly effective altemative infor­
mational network Ье established to provide fi.Jller coverage of what's hap­
pening in cities outside our own," he wrote. bl Wayne Iiansen, of' Boston's
Avatar, sent а similar letter со UPS editors, acknow!edging сЬас relations
between several papers had grown testy and calling for UPS to extricate itself
Еroт EVO's control. "1 Ьоре that еуегуопе will see the importance оЕ all оЕ us
coming together and ease сЬе fears of comperition Егот orher member news­
papers," Ье said. "Everyone seems со Ье doing differenr versions of the 5ате
thing, There is по reason for us со Еее! competirive."bl
It was amid these fissures and rensions сЬас LNS organized сЬе firsr
movement-wide gathering of' сЬе underground press, which сЬеу held in
Washington, DC, in ап abandoned lof't оп Corcoran Streer оп Ocrober 20,
1967-the day before а massive raBy against the Vietnam War was scheduled
ас rhe Penragon. 6 ) "We saw сЬе meering а5 ош chance to сетепс into опе
тоуетепс сЬе independenr journals which had sprung ир acr05S сЬе
counrry," Mungo recalled. 64 A!rhough сшпоис far 5urpassed expecrarions,
rhe meering quickly degenerated into а "circus ot- circa-I967 Моуетепс
роlitiсs,"б) Bloom arrived wearing scarlet поusегs and а Sgt. Pepper jacker
and, afrer ceremoniously burning his draft card, began trying to chair rhe
meeting,66 Soon thereafter, avant-garde filmmaker Kenneth Anger inter­
rupted шт Ьу wandering around сЬе room, insulring people, alld spouring
paranoid gibberish, Momenrs later, Bowart addressed сЬе group со under­
score rhe imporrance оЕ UPS, ас which point several orhers angrily accused
Ыт оЕ embezzlement. Afrer rhat, someone launched into ап incongruous
poetry reading, thereby prompting what Mungo de5cribed as "а lengthy
Easr-Wesr роепу competition between the New York Indian f'orce5 of сЬе

92 SMOK!NG YYPEW\{IТERS
Е\!О and сЬе Scm Fmщi.rСI} Omcle Hari-Krishna heads."I" Опе disappointed
,шепdее later recalled, "Chaos reigned; сЬе community of papers сЬас we
lюресl would develop, did пщ.'·"~ Said апосЬег: "Periodic atremprs ro assert

leadership, Ьу Marshall, Ray, осЬег LNSers, and delegares fют сЬе tlоог,
merely created iп rheir \vake пе\v expressions of еасЬ person's 'thing' in
reaction (о сЬе las(."69
However badly tl1e meeting flopped, LNS's organizers glеапеd ап
:троrrапt lesson--one сЬас would later Ьауе tremendous implications for its
Ьisroгу. As ~1ипьо рllt it, "Our conception ofLNS as а 'democraric organiza­
(ion,' o\vned Ьу rhose ir served, \vas clearly cidiclI10US; атопg rhose it served
\уеге, iп fact, теп \vhose уегу lives \уеге devoted со сЬе principle сЬас по
organizarion, по iпstitшiоп, \vas desirable."'tI Dorothy Dеviпе, а srudепr
герогсег fют Wellesley College who had high hopes for LNS, said тисЬ сЬе
same thing: "~farshall and Ray had tried, Ьш failed, со create а democratic,
member-directed, organization. Tlleir centralized leadership will рюЬаЫу
continue along \vith tl1eir mailed releases. And somehow, having seen сЬе
members," she added, "it seems Ьессег this way. "-1

ТНЕ DAY AFTER ТНЕ FAILED MEEТING, LNS's small sraff of reporrers headed
for а lшgеlу pllblicized anriwar гаНу. It began реасеаЫу ас сЬе Lincoln Ме­
morial, \уЬеге upward of IQO,OOQ citizens mingled оп ап unseasonably warm
аftеrnооп, апd ended violently ас сЬе sreps of сЬе Репtаgоп, as а рhаlапх
of American soldiers bartered lшпdгеds of УОllпg dетопstгаroгs with ЫНу
clubs апd rifle blltrs,- 2 Моге thап jllst а srudy iп сопtгаsts, гЬе "Battle of гЬе
Репtаgоп" al50 had тапу of сЬе dreamlike, distorted qualities we associare
with сЬе sшгеаl, Village Voice герогсег ]ack Newfield called it "а day of опе
аЬsшditу piled оп апосl1ег. Reality and fiшtasу, сгисЬ and llnrruth, were lost
in сЬе chaos. Norman Mailer later echoed Newfield in ms Pulitzer Prize­
\viппiпg Armie,r u/ {IJе Night, where Ье described сЬе cally as "ап атЫь110Щ
еvепt \vhose vall1e or аЬsшditу тау поt Ье established for tеп or twenty
years, or indeed ever. ,.- I Noring сЬе rallY'5 size апd сЬе ггетепdоиs гапgе of
acriviry сЬасrook place "in тапу places ас опсе," edirors ас сЬе pacifist \ИN
таgаziпе doubted сЬас а [иН апd ассшаtе аССОl1пt of сЬе еуепс was еvеп
possibIe.
Of сошsе, попе of rhis prevenred Ne\v Left раrrisапs [гот гidiСl1liпg сЬе
сопvепtiопаl news covecage of сЬе Репtаgоп demonstration, wmch сЬеу said
\vas facrнally iпассшаtе, biased, апd inflammarory. According со сЬе let't­
wiпg G/{ardian, mainstream news aCCOl1nrs ''had ro Ье enrirely discarded.
ТЬе media "created а foresr of iпассшасу \утсЬ wOl1ld Ыiпd сЬе best effofts
of ап hisrorial1," Mailer added. Опе рroЫет was сЬе lack of геlеvisiоп

"АН ТНЕ PR01EST FП ТО РRНй" 93

cameras оп hand ro documenr the soldiers' Ьгшаlitу. Although that very
week large protesrs in Califomia and Wisconsin had seen consideraыe vio­
lence, по опе rhollght it necessary to offer live coverage оЕ the Pentagon
siege. -8 "Network execнtives explained they rнled out live eoverage becallse
сЬеу feared [Ьас their presence wOllld lead demonstrators to perform Еог the
cameras," historian Melvin Small writes. Demonstrarors also complained
сЬас the ptinc media exaggerated the unfllliness оЕ а few гаьы-rousегs•.
"With few exceptions," Small writes, "the media concentrated оп the violent
and сЬе sensational ... virtually ignoring сЬе peaceful aspeets оЕ the largest
Washington antiwar protest ro date. 80
This polarized and confusing situation afforded LNS а perfeet OPPOrtu­
nity [о showcase how its геропаgе wOllld eounter that оЕ the daily press.
Although highly critical оЕ the distortions сЬеу perceiyed in major newspa­
pers, LNS could scarcely claim to Ье а more "objective" altemative. То the
contrary, the grollp avowed its partisanship, maintaining that its own па­
kedly ideological approach \vas, ас worst, по more disturbing or inconsistent
\vith the canons оЕ eontemporary journalism than whac they found in the
mainstream media. Said опе LNSer, "We ... try for ап honest subjectivity
that \vi11 еопуеу а sense of what it's like со Ье оп our side of the story."HI А
few LNS journalists тау еуеп have gone so far as to assume that their own
fundamental пР'-"""" righteousness оЕ their cause and the ршitу оЕ
their motivations-bestowed upon them а kind оЕ speeial insight or angle
оп "пuth" that cOllld по! Ье communicated through the cold arithmetic of
facts.
For instance, Mungo опее brashly argued that the underground press \vas
important not for its aesthetics, fairness, ог professionalism, bllt becallse it
described СЬе world {roт а privileged viewpoint. Straight jошпаlists, he
said, couldn't еуеп conceive оЕ the ways that their bourgeois lifescyles limited
their conseiousness. As llpholders of conformity and tradition, stuek "in
lifelong competition with other теп for trifling honors and material goods,"
salaried journalists could only Ье expected со represent the world as it
appeared со them {гот their limited cultural perspective. In а erlleial passage
1П Famous Long Ago, Мllлgо argued that professional reporters eOllldn't write
tfllthfll11y if they tried, Еог they had

compromised the1r right to tfllth as well as eight hours of their day.

They \vill write seriolls аССОllлts of the Chamber оЕ Commerce dinner,
the Ргеsidелt's press сопЕегепее, the Тhалksgiviлg {оосЬаll game,
тilliолs оЕ faets withollt even оле simple tfllthful pieture оЕ the slavery
ofEveryman in "this dog-eat-dog world" they inhabit.

94 ' SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

 Ву contrast, underground press jошпа!ists perceived сЬе truth differ­
tntly because сЬеу inhabited а separate moral and etllical universe--one whicll
mos[ of society \vould condemn, Mllngo has said his world \vas аЬош "get­
[ing ир in [11е morning around 2:00 Р.М.":

Oiscovering opium, Having sex with someone you just тес. And уош
best friend. Longing for jUS[ ап inch of hones[ bIack soil under уош
toes \у1lеге уои could [aise опе honest CllCllтЬег. Begging dimes ас сЬе
ai[port, , .. Апапgiпg сЬе aborcion of а cilild you're пос sше уои
fathered, Bouncing checks, Gecting stoned and meeting Cllrist. Get­
ting busted for getting sconed. Wопуiпg about tоmопоw сЬе day
after tomorrow. 5plicting со Могоссо. Getting а11 sick and sпuпg ош
оп Oemerol. Tiring оЕ уош scene and leaving it. Looking for а little
sense, реасе, ог justice among powerful теп and failing со
find сl1ет. Looking to score, Playing music everywhere уои go. Eating
whatever уои сап get. And writing аЬош everything сl1ас l1appened со
you just as it happened. Si

In short, Mungo cl1ampioned а kind of standpoinc epistemology сЬас later

L)ecame fasIlionable witl1 certain anthropologists, feminists, and critical сЬе­
orists. Тшth, 11е said, is "simply сЬе way уои see сЬе world."sJ Altl10ugh mosr
ofLNS's wrirers attempted to героп scruplllously and ассшаtеlу Егот а left­
\ving perspecti уе, сЬе group's coverage of сЬе Penragon protest veered sl1arply
enough Егот mainstream accounts сЬас it тау Ье worrh considering wherher
апуопе in L1\S consciously distorted сЬе facrs in ап ассетрс ro сопуеу some
kind moral, symbolic, ог impressionistic truth. Eirher way, their aggressive
coverage of сl1е Bactle оЕ сЬе Penragon was ап enormous Ьооп to сl1е organi­
zation. Jts reporrs \уеге said ro I1ауе run in оуег опе l111ndred ne\vspapers, and
Norman Mailer glloted liberally Егот гЬет in his best-se11ing ассоипс of сЬе
demonstration, For countless activists, LN5 Ьесате сЬе leading sошсе оЕ
opinion 011 \уЬас happel1ed сЬеге.
Ап апау оЕ swirlil1g tensions l1ad preceded сЬе Pentagon МагсЬ. First,
сЬеге l1ad Ьееl1 аl1 escalation of rl1eroric il1 гl1е 1\ew Left. Througl1out сl1е Еа11,
spokespersons Еог 50S had boasted оЕ а sea chal1ge in сЬе anciwar movemenr's
strategy: ir wOllld тоуе "From Protest to Resistance." 5imilarly, сЬе event's
sponsors billed сЬе гаНу as ап opporrunity со "Confronr гЬе \Xlarmakers."
Oeploying а military тегарЬог гЬаг \vollld Ьауе Ьееп апасЬета со тисЬ of
гЬе al1tiwar тоуетеnr гЬе previous spril1g, маВЕ <National Mobilizariol1
Committee со End сЬе \Xlar il1 Vietnam) chairman Oavid Dellinger said гl1аг
protestors would "shut down гl1е Pentagon" al1d avowed "сЬеге will Ье 110
gоvеrnтепt buildil1g left Ul1апасkеd."Н) 111 response, President Johnson

"Аll ТНЕ PROTEST Fa ТО PRI:-;T" 95

called upon the Narional Guard со assist ап anxious сопriпgепt оЕ military
policemen, paratroopers, U.S. marshals, gоvеrnmепt security guards, апсl
mеtroроlirап police ro guard DC, and it was rumored сЬас troops
had Ьееп рш оп alert as far away as tl1e Rocky Моuщаiпs S6 Never before in
American hisrory had 50 mапу troops Ьееп песе5sагу ro dеfепd сЬе capital
city from its оwп citizens.
The march's огgапizегs kпеw, however, сЬас сЬеу also needed ro keep сЬе
moderate wing оЕ the реасе тоуетепс оп board, апd so they огgапizеd а
two-part dеmопstгаtiоп for October 21. ТЬе first ЬаlЕ ог сЬе [аНу, dеsigпеd
to attracr liberal protestors and their families, was а conventional mass pro­
test ас the Liпсоlп Memorial. ТЬе assembly was ап "Аmегiсап " said
опе observer, made оГ "oldet people with graying hair and grim quite
at Ьоте among сЬе тоге пumегоus уоuпgstегs ог college age," апd еуеп
"some children, playing аmопg the placards."8- But in order ro tap the пе\\'
militancy ot- сЬе уошh тоуетепс, organizer5 also 5ecured ап ипшиаl permit
that асшаllу allowed for what would normally Ье сопsidегеd "civil disobedi­
епсе" ас сЬе Репtаgоп later that afternoon. Accordingly, between аЬош 2 РМ
and 4 РМ, а noisy throng оГ dеmопsпаtогs crossed the Arlington Memoria!
Bridge for а stапdоff at the U.S. Dерапmеnr ог Dеfепsе. Here, hippies and
radical srudents predominated.~R
The Pel1tagon's Nопh Parking Lot served as the official "шс оГ['
point-the spot where those who wished to avoid апу tel1se cOl1frontations
could eitl1er шrn around, or, if they preferred, view the action ас the Реп­
tagon Гroт а distance. This was also сЬе area where а group оГ hippies
performed а well-publicized "exorcism" ог the Penragon. H9 Before the exor­
cism begal1, though, а cOl1til1gent ог about опе thousand radicals broke
away Егот the mass ог protestors апd dashed through the Virginia woods.
Some said they hoped со "storm" the Pentagon, Ьис if this was ever апу­
one's plan, it was nullified when they reached the сор оЕ the steps at the
Pentagon Маll, where they found themselves confronted Ьу а stolid !iпе оЕ
armed marshals, Several \vho were present [есаН the scene as almost uп­
bearably tепsе. "1 was very afraid сЬас the marshals would Ье provoked inro
fiгiпg tear gas inro rhe crowd which, had it pal1icked and artempred со Нее
back aown the steps, would almost certainly have паmрlеd people iп rhe
sшgiпg mass thar now poured ир сЬе srairs," SDS national secretary Greg
Calvert recalled. 90
As the lшргесеdепtеd standoff continued, and the warm afrernoon tшпееl
cooler, both sides sent countermanding sigl1als со опе another. Protestors
alternately taunted, consoled, and tried to educate the soldiers, who, Ьу
turns, displayed stoicism, sympathy, and Ас least опе hippie

96 I SMOKJN{; ТП!,""RJТЕRS
!,ШlОuslу placed flowers in the barrels of soldiers' rifles 91 Sometime around 7
1'.\1, joyous chants of "Join USI Join Us! Join Os!" erupted [roт the crowd,
Else\vhere, angry emotions spilled оur. Among the New Leftists who harassed
[[1е soldiers \vere some women who stood before them and opened their
bIouses; others cursed as they threw wilted flowers аг the soldiers. In а ges­
шге of mass defiance, hundreds of young people burned their draft cards
right before the soldiers' уегу eyes-this ас а time when draft-card-burning
carried something тоге than а whiff of scandal. "In the gathering dark it
looked like а dusting of firefJies over the great sЬгuЬ of the Маll," Mailer
\vroteY2
The соuр de tbldtre сате midnight, when Penragon officials sum­
moned the press inside the building for а final briefing, and members of the
82nd Airborne Division-soldiers who had already served tours of duty in
Viernam-replaced the "more fгigЬtепеd reserves" who Ьаd Ьееп standing
guard.'!i Ас аЬоис 2:00 АМ, the so!diers a!igned themse!ves into а V-formation
and slowly wedged their way into tl1e {roпс ranks of demonstrators. Amidst
the shours of"Move! Моуе! МОУЕ!" {roт the GIs, and cries of"Go !imp! Go
limp!" from rhe protestors, опе could hear sickening rhumps: the sound of
billy clubs and rifle Ьшts striking human skulls. 94 As some activists fled the
scene, others flooded into the fronr ranks to take their р!асе, locking arms
and bracing themse!ves. А]] night long, mi!itary vans hau!ed off the demon­
strators to пеагЬу [огtoп Prison.
Predictably, LNS's coverage focused оп the тоге militant уошhs who
gathered ас the Pentagon. The Rag's Thorne Dreyer wrote what тау have
Ьееп the most wide!y circu!ated LNS report to соте оис of the march, ап
exuberant, emotiona!, firsthand ассоиnt in which he signa!ed his disregard
for journalistic conventions with his !ead sentence: "Оп October 2 I, I967,"
he wrote, "the white left got its shit together." After noting that тапу had
Ьееп "dubious" аЬоис whether the protest wou!d truly exemplify а new phase
of mi!itant resistance, Dreyer rapturously asserted, "А new stage is ироп us,"
The thrust of his article \vas to emphasize the protest's favorable effects оп
a!most еуегуопе invo!ved. ТhоugЬ he admitted thar а few radica!s had tried
со provoke "violent confrontations" with the GIs, l1е dismissed tl1eir antics as
point!ess and srupid ЬеЕоге vivid!y describing the ways сl1ас осl1ег marcl1ers
Ьаd gently геасЬеd оис со сЬе soldiers, Неге, Dreyer гаtсЬеtеd ир his already
sentimenta! prose Ьу guoting demonstrators ас their most maudlin. "We said
we're оп (l1е same side," Dreyer wrote.

1t's t110se generals [we're against], t110se officers сl1ас make уои соте
ош l1ere and stand in the cold and Ьеас оп us, wl1en tl1at's not what уои

"ALL ТНЕ PROTESТ 'lТ ТО PRINT" 97

 reaHy wanr to do.... Look at us. \X7e've got food. Grass-we'd love to
шrn уоu оп. We're digging each other. And we're doing something
that we believe in. Won't уоu join us?

Describlng the scene of thousands of demonsrrators spontaneously chanr­

ing со the soldiers-"Join Us! Join Us! Join Us!"-Dreyer said, "Ап amazing
magic was created."95
Ву contrast, James Reston of the Nеш Y01'k Times held that "everybody
seemed ro have lost in the anri,var siege of the Pentagon this weekend." The
march had Ьееп taken over, he said, Ьу а "militant minority" of "pugnaciou5
young activists" who personally vilified Lyndon John50n with placards
reading "LBJ the Bиccher," and "Johnson's War in Viешаm Makes America
Puke." "It is difficult со героп pllblicly оп the llgly and vulgar provocation
of тапу of сЬе militanrs," Resron claimed (perhaps disingenllollSly). 'They
spat оп some of the soldiers in the front line ... and goaded them with the
moSt vicious personal slander."% Meanwhile, а news ассоипс in the ТiшеJ
charged rhar troops and federal marshals had arrested demonstrators "with а
minimum of physical force,"9- In the Washirzgtorz Post, Jimmy Breslin mаiп­
tained that several thousand "troublemakers , . , рис а deep gash inro the
апtiwаг movement." The worst of them, he said. were "dropour[s] and drifters
and rabble," including some who even "went ro the bathroom оп the side ot
the Pentagon building." In his view, the protestors were responsible for the
violence that was llnleashed against them, for they had "turned а dеmопsrrа­
tion for реасе , . , inro а sickening, club-swiпgiпg mess,"9~
Undollbtedly а11 of this hаррепеd-thе goading and tаllпtiпg of the 501­
diers as well as the protestor's gепtlе рlеаdiпgs for реасе and uplifting chants.
The mainstream and underground press simply "emplorred" the Barrle оС the
Pentagon differently, emphasizing and ascribing sigпifiсапсе ro those events
that helped thern to tell the storie5 they wished to се11. Theorists who address
the ,vays that narrative strllсшгеs undergird historical wгitiпg сап help us to
understand how journalists cOllld present sllch polar accounts. As Науdеп
White remarked, "most historical sequences сап Ье ernplotted in а nllmber ot
different ways, 50 as to provide different interpretations of those evenrs and
to endow сЬеrn with diffегеш meanings," In сегtаiп respects, the competing
versions presented Ьу LNS оп the опе hand and the Neu' York Times and
Washingtorz Post оп the other resernble White's сhагасtегizаtiоп of Michelet
апd Tocqlleville's contrasting ассоuпts of the French Revolution. "Neither
could Ье said to have had rnore cornrnand оС сЬе 'facts' contained in the
record; сЬеу 5irnply had diffегеш notiOn5 of the kind of Story сЬас best Бнес!
the facts they knew. "99

98 SMOK!NG ТУРI'WШТЕНS
 There тау, however, Ье some caveats со this argument, In ап unsigned
.. :'\5 report, Bloom claimed that "two, perhaps three, American military теп
'; С!1е liш: оС поорs ас the Pentagon took оСС their helmets, lay do\vn their
'lIПS, and joined the demonstrators sitting-in оп the Pentagon steps,"HIO
conrrast, the mainstream press was either unaware оС LN5's claim ос
,iJwilling (о enrerrain it as а possibility. It simply wenr unmenrioned. Today,
~ Is impossible со know \vho was соссесс, although there's по doubt that
',J!10П аЬош the defections circulated throughoUt the crowd in the
,:,югs, Dreyer еуеп referenced them in his arricle: \vhen demonstraeors heard
:iblt а soldier had defected, he wroee, "ehe reaction was overwhelming, We
',tl1ed and cheered and lс shook the wlюlе place,"lol Вис Bloom's ассоипс was
:;1Оге definitive, Не maintained thac опе soldler ассиаllу managed со gec losc
п а crowd of demonstrators who helped со сопсеаl him, whereas ас least опе
)cher fleeing soldier was "quickly apprehended," only со disappear back "into
:11e Беа of helmet$," In response со а military spokesman's denial that this
:Hppened, LN5 scoffed, "Еуеп if the defeccors саппос Ье specifically idenri­
:led Ьу пате, rank, and serial питЬес," it was certain that they existed: 'The
recollection оС witnesses i5 (00 vivid," Altogether, LN5 presenred testimony
:'гот fош activists who claimed ro have Бееп the defections, along wich others
\\'ho offered corroborating testimony of а 'Ъеlmеtlеss soldier being marched
ru [а] paddy wagon," U ndoubtedly, LN5 had а stake in believing that сепе­
",ade soldiers had dropped their weapons and tried (о ;о1п the protes(Ors.
'From the demonsrrators [J;c} point оС view" LN5 wrote, "the effectiveness of
(11i5 campaign was made dramaeically clear-beyond аН expectaeions-by
(}1е defeccions." Ho\vever, еуеп rhough LN5 publicly soughr оие "addicional
(estimonies from апу \vienesses," neirher side еуес proved irs case.
ТЬе controversy is worch examining, chough, in light of the grounds
ироп which some of the New Left's media activists defended the ше
о( тУСЬБ. АЬЫе Hoffman тау have Ьееп the movement's chief theorist оС
(11e ways chac тусЫс personas or еуеПСБ could Ье used (о advance the move­
теПС'Б aspirations, Ьш Mungo also \уаБ пос completely against fudging сЬе
[Cuth оп behalf оС а поЫе саиsеУН In 1970 he ассиаllу defended ап instance
\vhere someone planted а false story in the Boston Avatat·, alleging И.5.
atrocities in а Vietnamese village. Of сошsе, it i5 well known that some
American soldiers committed heinous war crimes lп Vietnam, Ьш this рас­
ticular ассоипс \уаБ а pemicious and inf1ammatory lie-a terrible affront (о
еуесу established соуепапс in journalism.lo~ Nevertheless, Mungo main­
tained that because such rhings happened elsewhere, rhe srory rerained а
kind of impressionisric honesty, еуеп if it wasn't phororeallsrically ассшаtе,
Не later insisted, however, that сЬе srory аЬош GI defections was пос а

АН ТНЕ PROTESТ FП ТО PRlNT 99

deliberare fabrication. "1 remember being absolutely convinced myself tl1at
tшs l1ad l1appened, alrl1ougl1 in сшсl1 1 did not see ir," l1е said. "It jusr kind
of spread like а rumor."]O)
LNS counrered сl1е mainsrream coverage of rl1e Barrle of (l1е Penragon in
several more respecrs. Wшlе сЬе prinr media empl1asized сl1е violence ас сl1е
protest, rather сЬап (l1е тогаl and political considerations (l1ас propelled
some 100,000 citizens со participate in pubIic antiwar acrivities, LNS offered
сl1е fuH rranscript of а speech ас сl1е protest Ьу Gary Rader, а special-forces
reservist \уl10 had burned !1is draft card сl1е previous spring. I06 And in ап
effort со counteracr геропs сЬас soldiers l1ad shown "admirable restraint in
сЬе face of exrreme provocation," LNS distribured tesrimony from two апоп­
ymous soldiers wЬо wimessed сl1е рrorеsюгs being treared roughly, and who
aHeged (регЬарs implausibIy) сl1ас around 40 percenr of rЬеiг fellow ser­
j
vicemen Ьаd secrerly sутраrЫzеd witЬ сl1е demonsrrarion. 1o - Another LNS
mailing presented JOl1g quotations from several of сl1е March's atrendees сl1ас
reburted various aspecrs of rhe abovegroul1d press's "slanred" news reporrs,
wшсh were designed со Ье [ип as boxes or sidebars il1 local papers thar
I
тау have lacked сЬе resources со ger appropriate quotes from рапiciраl1ts
from tl1eir OWI1 communiry. ]08 Sril1 another piece ridiCl11ed сЬе Pentagon's
ludicrous claim that (Ье noxious сеас gas сЬас wafred rhrougЬ сЬе air ас the
dетопsпаtiоп l1ad пос Ьееп discl1arged Ьу U.S. soldiers, Ьщ ratl1er Ьу сЬе
pro(escors, agaimt themselves, in ап ассетрс (о discredir сЬе military. (Tl1is in
spite of the fact (l1а( the Washington Post's OWI1 reporters "saw military police
tl1row а( leasr three (ear gas grel1ades. ")10')
Finally, MUl1go wrore шs own first-person accoun( of how he Ьесате опе
of сl1е 647 demol1strators wl10 were аш;srеd ас the March. Оп rheir \vay from
сЬе so-саНеd "rransirion" [аНу il1 сl1е Norrh Parking Loc, а cluster of сl1е
evel1t's prominel1c personalities, including Dellinger, pediatrician Benjamin
Spock, academic Noam Chomsky, and wrirers Robert Lowell, Normal1
Mailer, al1d Dwighr Macdol1ald, approached сl1е Pentagon's rigl1c flank,
wl1ere chey confronted а gachering of croops. As Spock was delivering а
movil1g srory abouc having оп се written а letter со а soldier who opposed (he
war, only (о Ьаvе сl1е letter returned со Ыт, marked "Verified Deceased,"
Mungo heard а sergeal1t give аl1 order: "Push 'ет out I10\У." 110 Ас first, сl1е
soldiers gently tapped them with what Dellinger cal1ed "symbolic bIows,"
Ьщ witШI1 а few momenrs, another group of military теl1 arrived оп the
scene, "flailing and beatil1g" everyone witшп their ral1ge. l ; 1 MlII1g0 \vrote:

1 felt аl1 irresistibIe force plllling ту right leg ouc of i(s socket, а Ыl1у

clllb over ту head, and two bodies wrencЬing ту left arm so far

IOO SMOKlr-;С; TYPLWRIТERS

 behind ту head that 1 let out what must have Ьееп а blood-curdling
shout. Seconds before 1 also lost ту glasses, 1 turned со see Dellinger
and Lowell, Chomsky and MacDonald [sic}, hunched up under the
flailing arms оЕ the marshals, and Spock, getting repeatedly kicked in
the side, still talking.

With regard со опе detail, though, Mungo was either confused or exag­
;erating. In his memoir, Spock never mentioned being assaulted ас the
Pentagon [а11у, nor is the incident mentioned in the secondary literature that
lbls Ьееп written about him. 1l2 Spock was sixty-four years old ас the time оЕ
[!1е Pentagon rally, and had he [еаllу Ьееп "repeatedly kicked in the side" Ьу
.т American serviceman \vhile "still talking" (ап image that is difficult со
l'onjure) tl1is likely \vould have Ьееп а major news story.
Later, Mungo describes being hauled оЕЕ ro а nearby military уап, where
rhe "black comedy" оЕ the situation Ьесате clear: Several оЕ the soldiers
\\,ho arrested them were аССllа11у sympathetic Со rheir cause! Said опе, "We
don't have anything со do with the war, you know." Another serviceman
kindly assured а protestor that he'd take good care оЕ his camera. Меап­
\vhile, from the rear оЕ the bus, а prisoner played the melody оЕ "Му Coun­
пу Tis оЕ Thee" оп а harmonica. The уап traveled со а federal prison in
Occoquan, Virginia, а sma11 town some БЕсееп miles south, where Mungo
said he was given а ham sandwich, а cup оЕ соЕЕее, sheets and cowels, and­
as he was escorted со his сеll-а "swift, hard, and utterly unprovoked kick
in the ass." The rest оЕ the article is а seriocomic treatment оЕ the jail­
house scene, describing Dellinger cheerfu11y sipping his соЕЕее, Chomsky
fretting about needing со [есшп со his teaching duties ас MIT, and Mailer
pacing back and forth in the се11. As some prisoners argued over politics,
while others shared stories or sat in stoic silence, Mllngo reca11ed thinking
'Ъоw incredibly mind-blowing it is со Ье with а11 these wildly different
people who care what it's like со Ье North Vietnamese and get уош skin
seared оЕЕ from fire from the sky."ll; Virtua11y every theme that LNS
developed elsewhere in its coverage-the surprising juxtaposition оЕ bru­
tality and sympathy from the military; the camaraderie, ideological diver­
sity, and savage indignation оЕ the protestors-found expression in Mungo's
essay. Meanwhile, Mungo's intimate voice and clear political viewpoint
contrasted with the sham objectivity that prevailed in conventional news
reporrs.
LNS's reporting оп the Pentagon reveals the crucial elements оЕ the group's
riptide strategy for dealing with the shibboleths and inaccuracies they per­
ceived in the conventional media. Оп the опе hand, LNS simply trumpeted

ALL ТНЕ PROTEST FIТ ТО PRINT 1О 1

 ,

its own subjectivity. In contrast со tl1e mainstream print media, wl1icl1

described сЬе antiwar counterculture witl1 varying levels оЕ animus and
skepticism, LNS actively cl1ampioned сl1е New Left's agenda, burnished its
image, and stressed its agency. Уес аС сЬе very same time, LNS \vriters
presented chemselves as тоге honest сЬап сЬе aboveground reporrers. Their
argument was simple: although neither side was impartial, only сЬе radicals
\vould admit со their biases. Finally, from theif privileged position пеаг сЬе
fulcrum оЕ сЬе уошЬ rebellion, LNS claimed that сЬеу, rather гhап trained
media professionals, were Ьея equipped со сеН сЬе tгшh. As опе LNS writer
maintained, "With its scraggly crew оЕ reporrers and editors, {ап uпdегgгоuпd
newspaperJ сап hardly amass сЬе facts contained in сЬе big dailies. Вис сЬеу
сап сеН it like it is. "1 14 Accordingly, LNS frequently claimed сl1ас its reporting
was тоге ассшаtе and reliable сЬап what could Ье found in сЬе mаiпsпеат
press. А f1yer сЬас LNS crafted in сЬе aftermath оЕ сЬе Penragon Siege under­
scored rhis point.

LIВERATION News Service provides а сосаНу different altemative

media for tlюsе оЕ us who аге fed ир with hearing Time magazine, АР,

UPI, NY Times, есс., а11 saying сЬас there were "some 25 со 40,000

demonstracors" when we ourselves saw ас leasr twice сЬас тапу;

hearing rhem say that "police acred \vith appropriate resrrainr" w11en

we saw the guy пехс со us getting his skul1 busted just because 11e had

long hair; hearing сЬас we "are only bombing milirary installations,"

гЬаt we are "sincerely working for реасе" and that we are "supporting

and defending democraric govemment in Vietnam" when we see ош

govemment desrroying а countryside, waging ап undeclared war оЕ

I
attririon оп helpless \уотеп, children and farmers in сЬе пате оЕ опе

totalitarian pllppet regime аЕсег апоtЬег, with по sane end in sigЬе ...

IF YOU ТОО ARE REALLY UPТIGHT ABOUT АП THIS, and

\vanr (о get the сшсЬ со as тапу people as convincingly as t11e сшеЬ

сап Ье {cold} ... сЬеп we want со help УОll, because if сЬеге is going со

Ье апу truth and humanity found in today's American Press, it is

going со Ье ир (о us . ... r11e college and under-ground press со print

it, and keep printing it сill we win or fold. 11 ,.

Certainly LNS was thrilled with its Penragon coverage. То Bloom, tl1e
simple Еасс that leading underground papers had used "sиЬstапtiаl amounts"
of LNS сору proved сЬас rhere was а need for (Ье service. "We have sho\vn
already сЬас сЬеге are papers [that} want ош material and these papers аге
being read," 11е told а friend.: 16 Mungo рис сЬе mассег еуеп тоге пiuт­
pl1anrly. НО ш version of сЬе \veekend was printed, in рап ог \vhole, in over

102 SMOKING ТУРЕWRIП'RS

.юе lшпdгеd newspapers wirh а roса! readersl1ip in rhe vicinity of а miHion.
'.;"ос bad, we rhought, for ош rhird week."lI C

ВУ FEBRUARY I968, LNS had installed а new reletype neLwork linking offices
JП Berkeley, Chicago, and New York Ciry. Telex machines allowed reporters
JCross [Ье globe ro Ые srories from апу \'Vesrem Union office for сЬе price of
.1 рЬопе саН. Telerypes were commonplace ас the narion's daily newspapers,

.lnd аН of [Ье establishmenr news services-rhe Associared Press, United

Press lntemational, and Reurers-used them ro disпiЬurе their сору. "1с was
а big deal, а litrle Ыс of а thrill even, [о have LNS imirate this technology of
~be straight press," опе LNSer remem!1eredyH Mean\vhile, nearly twO
11Undred newspapers rook ош subscriptions with [Ье news service at а rate of
S 1 5 per тоncЬ. lп retum, сЬе papers received mimeograpl1ed news packets,
mailed twice weekly, often оп brighrly colored paper, addressing а wide range
of issues, including сЬе draft, antiwar activity, СиЬа, SOS, сЬе black power
movement, and the far-our, acid-drenched of [Ье уоисЬ movement. i 19
Testimonials from several underground edirors suggest that if it had пос Ьееп
ror LNS, the movement's press would пос have flourished as ir did. ТЬе edicor
of the Champaign, Illinois, WalrltS wrote LNS со say it was "essential" that
they receive гЬе news service "со do а good job." 120 Ресег Werbe, of Oerroit"s
Fifth Estate, said his рарег used ап "exrraordinary" атоипг of LNS material,
ildding, "We sometimes ask. . what we used го do for сору before уои
people started publishing."'21 ]eff Shero, who moved fгom Austin [о launch
New York City's Rat, told LNS, "Your work llas Ьееп important со the
timelyness [sic} of тапу llпdегgГОLшd pllblicarions. Уои must [ive. УОll mшt
continue."l':.'
Arollnd сЬе same time that LNS starred operating in Washington, ОС,
another news service called сЬе Sшdепt Commllnication Network (SCN)
established operarions in Berkeley and New York. Launched Ьу ап еситеп­
ical gГOllp of religiolls organizations called сЬе U niversiry Christian Move­
тепг, SCN regarded 1rself as а kind of left-wing altemative to USSPA, and
аг firsr Bloom and Mllngo regarded them suspiciously. Ouring the first week
of I968, thougll, гЬеу gor ro теес "сЬе SCN kids" ас а weeklong conference
1П Cleveland, sponsored Ьу the University Christian Movemenc. ТЬе night
before (Ье conference ended, Mungo says, the whole group got 50 5toned in
their hotel room rhat сЬеу sang а "beauriful chorllS" of "OM's" for аЬощ ап
hour before Бпаllу falling ТЬе following morning, гЬеу set aside their
differences, and SCN resolved [о sllbsume its Berkeley office into LNS.l2)
Meanwhile, George Сауаllегсо, а Columbia Universiry graduare srudenr who
llad abandoned his srudies со !)есоте сЬе manager of SCN's East Coasr

"ЛLL ТНЕ PROTEST j'П ТО PRINT" I О 3

branch, called LNS's headquarters to ask \vhether they'd like SCN to feed
them сору, The апswег was ап епthusiаstiс "yes!" "And so we started sепdiпg
stories dоwп, and very quickly the LNS packets had а lot of articles from us,"
uпtil еvепtuаllу
his stoгеfroпt office оп upper Broadway Ьеgап fuпсtiопiпg as
the New York bureau of LNS. 124 Опсе аgаiп, LNS's timiпg was propitious:
оп April 23, 1968, whеп ап SOS protest at Columbia Uпivегsitу uпехресt­
edly f!ared iпrо а major геЬеlliоп--duriпg which studепts seized Буе build­
ings апd held them for ап епtiге week-LNS could boast of hаviпg its оwп
fuпсtiопiпg office right аrouпd the согпег. Better yet, пumеrous activists
who participated iп the revolt also doubled as LNS reporters, апd some ot'
them were аmопg the 720 people who еvепtuаllу got arrested. As а result,
LNS was аЫе to provide dramatic Ьеhiпd-thе-sсепеs ассоuпrs that could поt
Ье fоuпd iп апу of the major dailies.
The геЬеlliоп was partly fueled Ьу Columbia's аrrоgапt behavior to\vard
the surrоuпdiпg соmmuпitу. Сопsidегiпg that the uпivегsitу's gorgeous
пеосlаssiсаl Ьuildiпgs rested atop а large Ьill оvегlооkiпg some of the most
impoverished areas of Harlem, its supposedly liberal аdmiпistгаtогs might
have Ьееп miпdful of the сопсегпs of its poorest пеigЬЬогs. Iпstеаd, [Ье\
оftеп treated Harlem's dепizепs with а toxic mix of susрiсiоп, iпdiffегепсе.
апd сопtеmрt. l25 Worse still, these attitudes were оп display as the uпivегsitу
ехрапdеd geographically iп the early 1960s, Ьuуiпg up about опе huпdгес!
пеагЬу Ьuildiпgs апd еviсtiпg thоusапds of геsidепts from their геш­
сопtrollеd араrtmепts. 126 Iп 1961, the uпivегsitу secured а gепеrous, lопg­
term lease from New York's park dерагtmепt, аllоwiпg it [о build J

gуmпаsium iп пеагЬу Могпiпgsidе Park which was mostly used Ьу Harlem

геsidепts. Although Columbia was required to set aside а small роrtiоп of [Ье
Ьuildiпg for use Ьу the gепегаl public, по опе ever ЬоtЬегеd askiпg Нагlеmitб
whether they wапtеd to give up 2.1 acres of the park iп геtuгп for limited use
of а large сопсгеtе gym. Аdditiопаllу, [Ье Ьuildiпg's dеsigп literally саllес!
for the пеighЬогhооd's оvегwhеlmiпglу Аfгiсап Аmегiсап рорulаtiоп со
епtег through what some said was а back door. 1"" Ву [Ье time work cre\\"
fiпаllу broke grouпd at the site, оп February 19, 1968, mапу studепts апс!
сitizепs saw the gym as а symbol of Columbia's iпstitutiопаl racism. 12S
Studепts also grew iпfuriаtеd with Columbia's ties to а military thiпk
tапk, the Iпstitlltе for Оеfепsе Апаlуsеs ООА). Although activists fгеquепtl\'
described Columbia's соппесtiоп [о the IOA as "secret," this was а bit of ап
ехаggегаtiоп; in fact, the IOA поtеd аll of its аffiliаtiопs iп its аппuаl PUblil
reports. However, аdmiпistгаtогs quietly established [Ье раrtпегshiр witholН
апу iпрut from faculty or studепts, апd for several years hardly апуопе оп
campus kпеw about it. Iп March 1967, whеп а [еат ofSOS researchers Ьеgап

104 ! SMOK1NG TYPE\'<'RJТERS

t'xposing ColLlmbia's ties to tl1e militагу-iпdLlstгiаl сотрlех, tl1e IDA's affili­
,ltion \vitl1 Columbia sLlddenly beUlme а contentioLlS iSSLlе. 12Ч It is not l1ard to
s<:t' \уl1у: Тllrough its ties to tl1e IDA, tl1e Llпivегsitу l1ао таое itself сот­
plicit iп \vl1at some said was опе оЕ tl1e most LlnjLlSt wars ever fOLlgl1t.
Finally, in tl1e montl1s lt'ading up tl1e rebellion, 10саl activists were
LJecoming increasingly militant l .(I In Marcl1 1968, Columbia SDS elected as
ltS leac!er Mark RLldd, а brasl1 апо cl1arismatic stLIdent \уl10 cl1ampioned ап
'lggressive "politics оЕ conftontation" tl1at SDS l1ard-liners said would l1еlр to
mobilizt' otl1er уоuпg people. I ,1 Additionally, ColLlmbia's StLIdent Afro­
American Society (SAS), Wl1icl1 in previoLlS years l1ао primarily functioned as
,\ SLlPPOrt gtoLlp tor isolatec! black stLIdents, l1ао recently begLln involving
itst'lf in 10саl political issues, апо тапу оЕ its members identified \vitl1 tl1e
Вlack Po\ver Movement. Meanwl1ile, at tl1e nationallevel, SDS began calling
tor stLIdепt agitators to "соппесt сатрLlS iSSLles \vitl1 off-саmрLls qLlestions."
Опе оЕ tl1e cl1ief рroропепts оЕ tl1is idea \vas SDS officer Carl Davidson, wl10
\vrote ап il1flLlепtiаl pampblet ca11ing for stLIdents to rid American campLlses
оЕ tl1eir military ties. I • 2 AltllOugl1 Davidson was поt directly connected to tl1e
storm tl1at \vas brewing at ColLlmbia, this idea proved potent to Momingside
Heigl1ts' stLldent politicos. As а reSL11t оЕ ColLlmbia's encroacl1ment into
Harlem апо its IDA ties, tl1ey could plaLlsibly claim tl1at tl1eir own "enligl1t­
епео" uпivегsiгу \vas асtLш11у l1elping to perpetuate tl1e gravest iniquities оЕ
tl1e оау, racism апо \var.
lп spite оЕ a11 tl1is, tl1e ColLlmbia rebellion \vas not рlаппео in advance.
lпstеас!, it grew OLlt оЕ а ra11y tl1at began at пооп оп April 2) at tl1e center
оЕ сатрLlS, at \Vl1icl1 SDS апо SAS distributed а l1andbi11 ca11ing for СоlLlт­
Ыа to disaffiliate from IDA апо to revise its ргосеdшеs for disciplining
stLIdent demonstrators. I .; Alt110Llgl1 тапу leftists were excited to see black
апо wrute radicals соорегаtiпg at tl1e ra11y, at first trungs did not go we11.
At'ter sevt:ral speecl1es, al10nymoLls voices in tl1e cro\vd began уеlliпg
for everyone to marcl1 into ColLlmbia's administration bLlilding, tl1ereby
detying а recent Ьап оп indoor demonstrations. ВLlt wl1en tl1ey discovered
tl1t bLlilding's doors 11<1О bet:n Jocked, tl1e groLlp seemed Llпsше оЕ wl1<1t to
clo. Тllеп, \vl1ile RL1Jd \vas in tl1e middle оЕ а speecl1, several l1undred StLI­
clents drit'ted toward tl1e gym сопstшсtiоп site, wl1ere tl1ey tore down part
оЕ а tence, апсl опе stLIdent \vas arrested after sCLlffling \vitl1 а police officer.
Next, tl1e cro\vcl reassembled оп campLlS, \vl1ere tensions arose between
RLlclc1 апd some оЕ tl1e SAS leaders, \VllO perceived l1im to Ье acting апо­
gantly. Desperate to salvage tl1e dетопstгаtiоп апо provoke а sl1owdown
\\,itl1 the аdmiпistгаtiоп, RLldcl fiпа11у lео tl1e groLlp into Hamilton Ha11,
\vl1ere tl1ey took Dean Henry S. Соlетап 110stage апо Ьеgап а sit-iп. Almost

".\1.[. тнг. I')(OTEST Г'П ТО P)(I'IT" I 05

immediarely, а sreering commirree demanded rhat the universiry scop соп­
struction оп the gym, sever its ties to the IDA, and give amnesty to еуегу­
опе involved \vith protest. i ч Some sixteen hours later, tlle African American
students decided tl1at the white protestors weren't fl111y committed to
lюldiпg tl1e building and asked them to lеауе. As а result, tlle \vl1ites went
оп to seize Lo\v Library, and еvепшаllу сЬгее aclditional ЬLlildiпgs-Аvегу
НаН, Fayerweather Наll, and the Mathematics ВLlildiпg-with the llelp of
hLlndreds тоге sшdепts. It wOllld Ье а full \veek iJefore New York City
police Бпаllу cleared сЬе baildings in а Ьшtаl assalllt сЬас sent nearly опе
hundred sшdепts to the hospital. '
Тhroughош the weeklong siege, LNS l1ad i ts о\уп corps of reporters I iv ing
in the barricaded iluildings. Meanwhile, Steve Diamond, а twenty-one-year­
old sшdепt wlю planned оп а career in jошпаlism, shllffled back and forth
betweel1 the various bLlildings and collected each reporter's notes, which
Ье later used со write Llр LNS's exuberant, six-thousand word, day-by-day
account of the events. "Because по опе trtlsted tlle estabIished media," Ье
recalled, "the sшdепts didn't allow апу regular reporters in сЬе occupied
buildings." H6 Ву conrrast, underground press jошпаlists \уеге \velcomed. " ­
Although сЬе turmoil ас Columbia \vas front-page news across tlle СОLlПСГУ,
Ethel Romm, а writer for EciitOl' & PIIb/iJhe/' mаgаziпе. later observed that
most of сЬе reportage "was CuriollSly detached, telling the story Егот the
oUtside." 1п order со get ап insider account of \vllat \vent оп inside сl1е build­
ings, ог "а definitive article" оп сl1е massive police raid. slle said опе needed
со turn со сl1е underground press, "that mllshrooming grollp of coast-to-coast
weeklies and bi-weeklies now nLlmbering аЬоLlt 125 with а рюd circ1..llation
of well оуег а million.'"
"А new, тоге flllid style of геvоlшiопагу activity оп the American сат­
pus has Ьееп introdllced Ьу Colambia Uпivегsitу sшdепts. black and white,
who held physical сопсго] of [Coltlmbia} for а \veek," Diamond's glltSY lead
proclaimedY9 Jn опе sense, this was а statement, since building
takeovers soon Ьесате much тоге commonplace оп American campuses.
His sllggestion that сЬе protest had Ьееп marked Ьу interracial Ьагтопу,
110wever, was pllГe spin. Althollgh it is ПLlе that SAS and SDS had teamed
llр at tl1e April 23 rally, when Rudd tried to restore order af"ter сl1е protest
began unraveling, SAS leader Cicero Wilson chastised 11im for lтре­

riollsly. "УОll'ге пос too mLlch better сЬап ColL!mbia," Ье supposedly said.
"УОll'ге trying со decide \vhat black people shoLlld Ье doing."HO Worse still,
тапу whites \Vere hllmiliated when tl1e At"rican American students asked
tl1еш to ]eave Hamilton. 111 Considering tllC lengtlls со wl1icl1 New
had tried to win tl1e tfllSt and арргоуаl of bIack militants, anotller reporter

1 06 S~ЮК1!>iG TYPE\X'RLТ~RS
mighr have Ьееп tempted со delve deeper into сЬе schism. Instead, Dia­
mond disposed of it in а few scanr sentences, arguing, "Although сЬе
split \vas unwanted in (Ье beginning, it developed into ап unexpecred
,оигсе of power," since it ulrimately gave white radicals ап opporrunity ro
rortify themselves in Low Library, in а 5how of iпtепасiаl "solidarity."1'2 Ву
,kipping 50 lightly оуег rhis angle of сЬе 5tory, Diamond falsely implied
rlшt after сЬе initial split, everything was fine between black and white
milirants. I";
Diamond also put а gloss оп сЬе noontime cally, which, Ьу most ас­
counts, had Ьееп а fiasco. The so-called Сох Commission-a facr-finding
сеат rhat invesrigated сЬе April llprising, headed Ьу Harvard law pro­
tessor (and futute Watergate prosecuror) Archibald Cox-called it "еп­
tirely haphazard," adding, "The crowd had responded (о rhe calls of
unknown members гасЬег сЬап it5 leaders. "14~ Similarly, wrirers for сЬе
Columbia Spectator said Rudd appeared 'Ъеwildегеd" as demonsrrators
\vandered errantly around (Ье campus.l';j АпосЬег writer explained Rudd'5
ргеdiсаmеш тоге sресiбсаllу, noring сЬас he "had gone from сЬе sundial [а
campus landmark) ro storm а locked building; and when that failed, Ье
made а speech со а disappearing crowd; and after that, Ье watched and
goaded while others wrestled with а policeman," before бпdiпg himself
"back at (Ье sundial again, bickering wirh а black. "1,6 But according со
Diamond, right ир uшil the seizure of Hamilton, сЬе rally was marked Ьу
"momentous energy [that) had Ьееп growing since пооп," unril Rudd
reacted "in (Ье beautifully spontaneous fashion [сЬас) characrerized сЬе
entire rebellion, [and} led сЬе jubilant demonstrarors ... into Hamilton
Hall."I'- Elsewhere, Diamond infused his prose with dramatic tones. Не
routinely referred со сЬе occupied buildings as "fronts," as if' the campus
\уеге literally а barrlegrollnd. Columbia's bearded and rousle-haired stu­
denrs, Ье said, summoned ro mind сЬе New Left's favorite echt-revolll­
tionary, СЬе Gllevara. Describing а grOllp оЕ- radicals lounging аЬош in
Kick's opulent оfЬсе, Ье mused, "Опе could пос help ыlt Ье reminded of
сЬе phoros ot- сЬе Sierra Maestra rebels in [FulgencioJ Batista's Royal

Науапа Palace in I959."14S When ас опе point during сЬе demonstration

а studеш llrged сЬе occupiers со modify their demand for amnesty in hopes
of ceaching а sеttlеmеш with (Ье administration, Diamond skerched сЬе
scene this way:

]оЬп ]acobs, ап SDS leader, was pissed. "No concession5, we аге Ьеге
(оwin. If \уе do пос get roсаl amnesty, all is lost. We аге winning
now, Ьш we must \vin сЬе whole war. No conce5sions." ТЬе whole

"Аl.!. ТНЕ PROTEST I'П ТО PHINT" I 07

 Mathemarics buildings applauded as "j.j." rшпеd and lefr сЬе гоот.
Не had made his point. It was all ог поrhiпg.I,j.)

Alrhough Diаmопd occasionally mocked some of сЬе dеmопstгаtогs'

opponents, Ье expended сопsidегаЫу тоге energy laudillg сЬе radicals. ТЬе
African Americalls, Ье said, were especially сопfidепr, disсiрliпеd, апd fear­
less. Although it had Ьееп rumored that some УОllпg mеп from Harlem had
brollght gllПS onto campllS, Diamolld slIggesred that гЬе тоге levelheaded
stlldellts iп Hamilroll НаН commallded ellollgh ашhогiгу со evict them ljc
Вш гЬе \vhites, соо, behaved methodically апd democratically, orgallizillg
garbage details (о keep (Ье bllildings cleall, as well as night-watch sqllads
that stayed оп сЬе 100kollt for а possiЫe illvasion Ьу police ог "jocks." "Неге
\\'as а community ralking, sharing meager food slIpplies апd co-operating,"
Diamond rhapsodized.[j[ lп Fayerwearher НаН, теп and wоmеп divvyed llр
сЬе cooking duries, and iп сЬе Math Bllilding, (Ье bonded with
slIch intimacy that (Ьеу (оге away the "Меп" and "Women" siglls оуег сЬе
bathrooms апd shared а "commllnity toothbtllsh."[S2 Thollgh еасЬ ЬаН was
сЬе sire of "iпсгеdiЫу 10ng апd redious" meerings, voice" was heard.
When Тот Hayden visired сЬе Math Bllilding, Ье declined ап invitation со
address the crowd rhrollgh а ыllьоrn;; instead, Ье simply helped (о moderate
the discussioll. Accordillg ro Diаmопd, "lt was trllly а beauriflll sсепе" to
see "democracy evolving before 'опе's very eyes.'" Whеп dеsсгiЫпg а major
disаgгееmепr iп the Math Вuildiпg over what (о do when (Ье police сате.
Diamond \vas so determined tO portray а harmonious scene that his prose
nearly tшпеd oxymoronic: "The whole place seemed divided," he said, "yet
somehow unified." '"
Anorher LNS scribe, Тот Hamilton, finished ир (Ье story Ьу describing
"ТЬе Вщг," when approximarely опе rhollsand New York Ciry cops broke
rhe sшdепrs' hold оп гЬе occupied buildings in the wee hошs of the mоrniщ;
оп Tuesday, April 30. Ву rus аССОllпt, the police behaved like tlIffians, гап­
domly аssаllltiпg sшdепrs апd еvеп faclll(y members who had srood olltside
the bllildings. "Мапу of Colllmbia's most illustrious professors were clllbbed
and hit with swinging handcuffs, which were а poplllar weapon with police,"
he wrore. А campllS гаЬЬ! was repeatedly clubbed with а blackjack and rhen
"rrampled Ьу а series of policemen." ]ames Shenton, а рОрlllаг history pro­
fessor, was likewise "knocked оп (Ье grollnd and repeatedly stшсk in the
back and kicked in the kidneys." According (о Hamilron, сЬе "stream о(
реорlе leaving camplls, who had Ьееп part of rhe hllman barrier to ргеvепt
viоlепсе ... looked like refllgees from ап artack Ьу ап агту оп а civilian
poplllation. Меп and women of the faculty and stlldents сате stаg,gегiпg

I08 SMOKlN(; ТУРЕWRПЕRS

[a\vay} ... тапу sшппеd and bleeding.·· Although New York City police
сотшissiопег Howard R. Leary commended his force for handling "а росеп­
tially difficult siшаtiоп withollt [causing] а single case оЕ serious injury," сЬе
LNS reporr dryly noted сl1ас, in Еасс, eighty-seven srudешs were treated at
пеагЬу St. Luke's hospital, \vhile тоге "serious cases" were raken со Knicker­
bocker Hospital.I\4
In addition со appearil1g in numerous undergroul1d newspapers, Diamond
and Hamilcon's героп made its \vay со сЬе San Francisco offices оЕ Ramparts,
\vhich Ьу thеп had evolved from а Catholic gtlarterl у, fotll1ded i n 1962, со
Ьесоте сЬе nariol1's "first lеfг-оf-сешег commercial magazine," published
штОI1СЫУ with а circtllation approaching 250,000.1" Шоот \vas coincidel1­
tally in rl1c Вау Area ас сЬе time, \vhere Ье was trying со establish а formal
parrnership Ьегwееп I.NS and RШllраrts. ТЬе deal never сате tЬгоugh, Ьш
since LNS \vas the only ne\vs service with а fLlll ассоuпt оЕ сЬе Columbia
rebellion, RаШРtl/'tj ediror Warrel1 Hinckle рш Bloom and others со work Еог
several days, duriпg \vhich сЬеу made curs, revisions, апd additions to variotlS
aspects оЕ Diamond's story. Diатопd's manLlscript was virrllally unrecogniz­
аЫе in сЬе long essay that resulred, ыlt it preserved his opinions аЬош гЬе
odiousness оЕ Coltlmbia's administration, сЬе courage and nobiliry оЕ сЬе
protestors, and сЬе Ьгшаlitу оЕ сЬе police. OnJune 15, I968, "ТЬе Siege оЕ
Coltlffibia" was RampartJ' cover story, аl1 exclusive герorс "compiled ... wirh
rhe assisral1ce оЕ staff reporrers from Liberatiol1 News Service in New York
Ссу. ,,;;(,

ВУ ТНЕ ТIME LNS FINISHED irs аССОtlПС, ас уоо АМ сЬе day afrer сЬе raid,
сЬе Coltlffibia llprising had already dominated the fгош page оЕ the NeU' York
Til/les for ап entire week. Мапу aspecrs оЕ сЬе TiJlles coverage generared
serious criricisms in rhe local media, as well as from protesting sшdешs, who
noted that Arthur "РllПСЬ" Sulzberger, сЬе venerable president and рllblisЬег
оЕ сЬе Тiнш, was al50 а Colllffibia rrustee. Оп Мау 2, а gcoup оЕ аЬоис
eighty students pickered outside Sulzberger's FiftЬ Aventle home, where гЬеу
accused шт of а сопf1iп оЕ inrerest and charged that his reporters had gen­
erally failed со "understal1d fundamental aspecrs оЕ гЬе demol1stracors' goals
and procedures."i\' Although Diamond acknowledged that Ье and his LNS
compatriors \vere al\vays runnil1g down сЬе Times, Ье says Ье never rhought
оЕ his srory оп сЬе Columbia сеЬеlliоп as а direct riposte to irs coverage.
Insread, Ье said 11is main goal \vas to сотреl оtЬег studenrs со take similar
actions ас their o\vn llniversities. Still, the Тi"ш proved itself ап аЫе Еоа со
LNS, апd Ьу brietly examining irs 10psided coverage оЕ сЬе Columbia evenrs,
ir becomes apparenr how easy ir was Еос LNS to suggest chat сЬас their own

"ЛLL ТНЕ I'ROTESТ FIT ТО PRIST" 1 09

subjectivities were пос аН that different in kind [roт those сЬас cOHld Ье
fOHnd ас сЬе nation's рарег of record.
Certainly сЬе Times editorial page heaped ап unusual атоипс of abllse оп
сЬе protestors.1(,1) Of сошsе, сЬе Times editorials always reflected tl1e риЬ­
lisher's opinions, Ьш со those who looked го the paper as а guardian of civil
discussion, some of irs opinions тау have seemed exrreme. 161 Others argued
сЬас сЬе paper's ranrs were sadly predicrable, givеп Sulzberger's privileged
culгшаl position; "The Times edirorials," сЬеу said, "grow ош of perceptions
consistent with [those} of а Columbia trustee. Опе LNS wrirer WllO helped
ОССl1РУ Fayerweather НаН called the editorials "ап outrageous lie," noting
сЬас сЬе "vast majority" of those with whom Ье sat in were undergraduate
and graduate srudents who bravely risked their degrees, and еуеп their
careers, in trying со torce Соl11тЫа "со stand for something ыlапn and
dесепг."16'

Iг was VQice reporrer ]ack Newfield, however, who made the most соп­
vincing case againsr сЬе Times. Nearly еуегу story сЬе paper printed аЬоис сЬе
police busr, Ье said, "was inept, dishonest, and slanred against гl1е srudenr
dеmопstгаtогs." Еvеп \vorse, Newfield alleged, "ТЬе Times itself was llпеtЬi­
саНу implicated iп сl1е рlаппiпg of the police raid," siпсе the police Ьаа
provided сЬе paper wirl1 а detailed сору of their рlапs for arresring сl1е
stнdепts, possibly iп ехресtаtiоп of а guid pro guo, whereby the police
w0111d receive [ауorаЫе news апd editorial coverage iп геtшп for their iпsidе
iпfогmаtiоп. 161
Тl1е fоllоwiпg day, Times assistant mапаgiпg editor АЬе Rоsепthаl 'Ъrokе
witl1 сЬе tгаditiоп сl1ас iпsulаtеs еdiгiпg from героrtiпg" со write а [roпс­
page "mood piece" dеsсгiЫпg сЬе camplls after сl1е bust, whicl1 critics said
oozed witl1 соmраssiоп for Kirk, fогЬеагапсе toward rhe police, and уепот
toward the dеmопsггагогs.[(,) Iс began this way:

It was 4: 30 in the moming апd tl1e ргеsidепt of сl1е university lеапеd

аgаiпst сЬе \уаll of сЬе [оот сl1ас Ьаа Ьееп his о[Бсе. Не passed а hand
over his [асе.
"Му God," Ье said, ''Ьоw cOHld ыlапn Ьеiпgs do а rhing like this."

Rosentl1al added сl1ас desks апа chairs in Low l1ad Ьееп "smashed," сl1ас
Kirk's rug was "spattered," апd сl1ас David Тшmап, Col11mbia's provost,
seemed dazed as l1е "wапdегеd , .. back and [огсl1 [roт wrecked [оот со
\vrecked roот,";6(, According со сЬе Сох Сошшissiоп, 110wever, 'Tl1ere was
по substantial vandalism in Low Library."16- Rosentl1al also сlаiшеd сl1ас
some of сl1е arresring роliсешеп "seemed almost fond, in а professional \vay,
of сl1е stLldents," and l1е described опе of tl1еш picking ир а book froш сl1е

1 1 SMOKINC; TYPfOWRITERS
rJoor ot' Kirk's oHice and musing, "ТЬе whole world is in these books; how
lould [Ьеу do this [о these books?"16H Finally, Rosenthal minimized сЬе
police Ьгшаlitу сЬас marred сЬе arrests. "ТЬе firsr passing mешiоп ot' сЬе
bloody heads of sшdепts," опе critic observed, "appears in paragraph fifty.
Лссогdiпg со Tiffr and ]ones, "Within Ne\v York journalism circles, there
\yas talk сЬас [Rosenthal} had purposely assigned himself [Ье Columbia story
l)ecause Рппсh was а university rrustee."I'(}
lп ап ппusпаl starement, Sulzberger larer defended сЬе Тimes reporting,
\vhich Ье insisted was "in по way" influenced ос shaped Ьу its edirorials. "In
(]lе coverage of сЬе Columbia siшаtiоп" Ье said, "сЬе Times has used its
resources со provide (llН, accurate, and dispassionate coverage." However, сЬе
Тimes failed со convey опе very important poinc, оп \уЫсЬ сЬе Nеш York Post
,шd LNS agreed-rhe violent police assaulr had played а pivotal соlе in
шrniпg сЬе majority ot' stlldent opinion against [Ье administrarion. 1'1 Indeed,
"пос until сЬе 2 згd paragraph of [сЬе Тinш) lead story were 'charges' of police
lJfпtаlitу еуеп mentioned."j·2
ОП Мау 1, Times reporter Martin АrnоЫ addressed сЬе brutality issпе in
,Ш UППSllаl, rarher schizophrenic article сЬас сЬе paper buried оп page 35.
Near сЬе сор of [Ье piece, Arnold said сЬас по опе was "hospitalized" at'ter [Ье
police raid (Ьу which Ье mпst have meant сЬас по опе геqпiгеd overnight
lюsрitаl пеаrmеnc). Next, Ье relativized [Ье violence: "То ап experienced
,шtiwаг or civil righrs demonstrator," Ье observed, [Ье police action "was, for
rl1e mosr parr, relarively genrle." ТЬе probIem, Ье implied, \vas сЬас тапу оЕ
сЬе sшdепts had Ьееп novice prorestors who were shocked со see so тапу
11elmeted police officers оп their camplls, and who regarded "pнshing Ьу
police lines" as "Ьгшаlirу." Вш jusr а lirrle [ater in сЬе апiсlе, Arno[d injecred
а different сопе inco his [ерон, ciring numerous specific examples of police
violence: sшdепts were "pllmmeled, dragged along сопссесе sreps, kicked,
J111nched, and struck with police saps." Two llniformed роliсетеп deliber·
ately splln а woman inco а пее. Cops flllng another sшdепt ro сЬе groппd,
and '\уЬеп Ье rried со get llр, сЬеу grabbed Ыт and rhrew Ыт down again.
А plainclorhesman rushed пр and scomped оп сЬе [аllеп тап." E[sewhere,
plainclochesmen "charged rhrollgh" а line оЕ faculty and students, "sromping
оп hands and Ееес and flinging bodies со сЬе ground," wirhollr making апу
efforr со move or arresr сЬет. Опе stlldenr "could hardly see becallse blood
\vas running down сЬе side of his [асе." Anorher Times reporrer ас сЬе scene
"was srfl!ck оп сЬе head Ьу а policeman lIsing handCtlffs as brass knuckles,"
while а phorographer was "punched in the еуе Ьу а policeman." ТЬеп,
\vhen the newsman flashed his press identificarion, the сор smashed his
camera. п According to Ne\vfield, Arnold's mollifying lead paragraphs,

"АН. ТН[ PROTEST FIT ТО PRII>:T" I I I

 ,

wmch were 50 ас odds from ,vhat сате later, were а necessary concession го
his desk edi tors. l ' !
Finally, Newl1eld reported гЬаг despite гЬе protestors' Ьап оп allowing
establishment journalists inside апу of гЬе occupied buildings, опе Тiше.\
writer, ]оЬп Kifner, had acrually gotten inside гЬе МагЬ Building in гЬе
hours betore гЬе police assault. Опе might have expected his editors со ЬС'
pleased. After all, several national magazines, including Life and Look, off'ered
го рау LNS for its bemnd-the-barricades phorographs-proposals гЬаг LNS
briefIy considered, гЬеп rejected. п Kifner's editors, however, "inexplicably
told mт [Ьеу weren't interested" in having llim \vrite а bemnd-the-scenes
account. Instead, гЬеу asked шт [о героп оп allegations of srudent van­
dalism in гЬе МагЬ Building. Виг тапу radicals maintained [Ье vandalism
wasn't caused Ьу srudents, ыlt Ьу [Ье police. Later, гЬе CO!llJ1z!Jia Dai/} Spe(­
/а/ауpresented testimony from several protessors гЬаг seemed го establish,
beyond any doubt, гЬаг their ofl1ces \vere ransacked after [Ье bllildings had
been cleared of гЬе rebelling srudents. п;
In ап unllSllal gesture, Slllzberger released а statement in reply го [1lе
students who protested [Ье Nelc York Times coverage, arguing [Ьа[ it \vas not
а confIier оГ' interest (ог Times executives го setve as university trllStees, add­
ing, "It is а cardinaJ tllle of [Ье Тilllб . . . that opinions of гЬе pubIisher, ог
opinions expressed in editoriaJs, must in по way infIuence ог shape гЬе cov­
ecage оГ' this newspaper.'·l" This, anyhow, \vas [Ье public Епе. Accocding [о
Tiтes historians Susan Tifft and Alex ]ones, "Ofl1cially [Ье Neu Yot,k Тinю
never admitted апу епог ... Ьш privately гЬе рарег was етЬаггаssеd."П

EVEN ВУ ТНЕ ТIME LNS started operations in the fall оГ' 1967, community
papers across [Ье соиппу had already slюwп enough enecgy and promise го
I1re [Ье imaginations оГ' even the most avid New Leftists. Whether through
their swirling layouts and rainbo\l/-splashed pages, ог, тоге piercingly, their
escalating a5sault5 оп American institutions and values, youthful gllerilla
journalists catved оиг new territory in [Ье mediascape and \von [Ье allegiance
of radical multitudes. Рагс of' what made tl1eir efforts so attractive initially v,'as
[l1е deep attention сЬеу paid to the уошhful insllfgencies that were evolving
in their own backyards. Meanwhile, Ьу helping to recycle articles that first
appeared in local 5treet-corner newspapers, UPS helped the movement's
scribes [О command larger audiences than сЬеу had ever thOllgllt possible.
Внс LNS played гЬе most pivotal role in transfocming [Ье fJedgling
undergrollnd press into сЬе Ne\v Left'5 most signiticanr counterinstitution.
Ву гЬе late 19605, almost every radical ne\vspaper in сЬе cOllntry received
LNS сору, and some [Ье smaller and тоге amateurish papers leaned 50

1 12 I SMOK1NG TYPEIX'R1TERS
heavily оп LNS chac without its suрроп сЬеу might пос have survived. Need­
less со say, сЬе new media universe сЬас LNS helped со escablish was crucial
со сЬе New Lefc's developmenc. It allo\ved accivists со stay informed аЬоис
evencs chac the mainstream press eicher ignored ог could пос underscand; it
helped со popularize and disseminate а radical framework of values; and
because it was uniquely siшаtеd ас сЬе Ьеагс of che New Lefc геЬеШоп, it
provided conceptions оЕ knowledge-perspectives, ог "truths"-chat helped
со соипсегасс che escablishment media's coverage.
lronically, LNS was initially very chaotically гип. "As Еаг as we were соп­
cerned," Mungo remembered, "we гап оп magic. Not democracy, пос 10gic,
magic. And уои kno\v what? We асшаllу believed it."1-9 Put another way,
LNS emerged as а highly infiuential Еогсе within the movement withouc ever
arriving ас а shared Hnderstanding оЕ how it should орегасе, or а scracegy
Hnder which it cOHld ехресс со develop and chrive 1П сЬе coming years. As а
resulc, some оЕ chose who joined LNS shortly afcer ic was formed pegged
Bloom and MHngo as congen1tally disorganized, lacking in commicment, ог
jнsc plain spaced оис. Meanwhile, Вloom's erratic personalicy further stressed
сl1е organization.
Nevertheless, Ьу the vertiginous spring оЕ 1968, LNS's founding тет­
bers had much со Ье proud оЕ. Writing со а friend in late 1967, Вlooт
boasced chat LNS \vas the only media organization со герогс сЬас although
some of the GIs ас сЬе Pentagon demonstration behaved like bruces, тапу
others secrecly sympathized wich сЬе protescors, and some had even deserted
their posts. "ТЬеге аге stories which would пос Ьарреп, anywhece, without
us," Ье said. 1HO А few months lacer, in its coverage of сЬе Columbia rebellion,
LNS presenred intimate, firsc-hand accounrs сЬас рис со shame сЬе ideologi­
саНу colored reports that appeared in the nation's leading newspaper.
AlthoHgh LNS's coverage was пос nearly as decailed ог as well wricren as сЬас
of the Neu' York Times, Ьу articulating сЬе frustrations of protesting students,
and Ьу presenting ап unvamished account of сЬе vicioL1S police assaulc of
April 30, LNS could plausibly argue сЬас its own снЬ reporters had besced
сЬе Bcahmins of American journalism; ас сЬе very leasc, сЬеу could роiш со
сЬе Times coverage со show thac сЬе underground press didn't Ьаvе а то­
nopoly оп polemical discourse. As Todd Gitlin [асег wroce, chanks 1П large
measure (о che achievements of the underground press, сЬе Columbia осси­
pation Ьесате "а гiшаl of unmasking. О/сО/те Columbia had ics seacs in сЬе
boardrooms of po\ver; о/ COflrse, pнsb comes со shove, сЬеу would mo\v down
whatever scood in their way, from ghetco blacks со antiwar studenrs."lHl
For а11 оЕ chese reasons, Libecation News Service was giddy with success
in сЬе monrhs afcer ic was fOHnded, even in spice оЕ its iшеmаl ditЪсultiеs.

"AI.!. PROTEST I'П ТО PRJNT 113

Мапу years later, Steve Diamond chuckled, "As thar old journalistic hound
dog, А. J. Liebling put ir, 'Freedom of the press belongs со rhose who own
опе.' Righr-o, Amigo. And we owned опе."'В2 In September 1968, Mungo
gauged LNS's success in defiant rerms. Speaking со а reporter from the Neu'
York Тimex, he said fiacly: "\X!e've educated а generation that по longer buys
ог needs daily papers. They believe us, пос yoU.',jRi

1 14 SMOKII'G 'I'YPE',);'RiТERS
John \Vilcock and 11i5 "vife ас сЬе rime, АтЬес LaMann, in Sheffield,
England, in rhe early I9605. А legenJ iп underground publishing, сЬе
BririslJ exparriare \Vilcock \vas affiliareJ \virh сЬе Vi!!age Voice, сЬе East
Vi!fage Otha, сЬе UпdегgгоuпJ Press Syndicare, апd other publicarions.
Сщшеsу оЕ Jоlш Wllcock.

ви Nщ,s ediror
and LNS соfоuпdег
Raymond Mungo
being hung in effigy
Ьу studещs ас Boston
Universiry, ca.1966.
(i) Perer Simon.
The s(aff оЕ (he Еау! OtlJo' in Ne\\' York City, JаПllагу Ц, 1 96f), From lefr: f),ш

Rапiпег, Wa](er Bowart, and brotllers Аl1еп апс1 Ооп KHzman, Associated Press.

Local Sf)S ]<:'adt:r

George Vizard
selling copies of AlIStin's
Rag пеаг (he Universicy
of Texas camplIs iп 19б6.
Оп July 2),1967, Vizard
\vas mllrdered \vlli!e
working che lаг<:'-пighг
shif[ аг а сопvепi<:'псе
яorе. То [his day, тапу lП

Ausrin's radical сотmи­

niry (hink he \vas kiJled
becatlse of his policica!
accjvism. Ас !еЕс: his \vite,
Mariann Vizard (now
Mariann Wizard).
Тhогпе Dreyer.
Воsшп Uпivегsiгу eplscopal cllaplain Jack Smirh posing reacJing а "banned"
edirion ot" Amf{1/' iп гl11:' BU Sшdепг Union, I967. ОП rhe рарег lbld опlу
l'een Рl11lес! Егот Cambridge ne\vssranc!s.) Аг righr: ви Ntll'S ediror Joe Pilari.
![) Clif Carboden.

Raymond Mungo а[ his

desk in [he rl1e "I_iberared
Zone" Thomas Circle NW,
~
in \X!ashingron, DC-in earl}'
'" ~
19<18. Clif Garboden.
 Amherst Student editor and

LNS cofounder Marshall В!оот.

© Perer Simon.

John Walrus, siпiпg in сЬе office of сЬе Chicago Seed, which was also
headquarrers for radicals planning со disrupr rhe 1968 Democratic
National Convention. Gerty Images.

James Gurley, guitarist

for Big Brother and
the Holding Сотрапу,
reading сЬе АIIII Arbor Slm,
са. I968. © Leni Sinclair.
 ~
....
,
'
..
,.
'
....
""':""'
'
'·~.'O."
tJ
'41­'''.".. ~.
".' •

Srreer-rl1t:att:r proresrors "Gen, \X1asre Моге Land" (a.k,a. Тот Dunp11Y) and "Gеп.

Hershey Ваг" (a,k.a, Calypso ]щ:) posing wirl1 sarirical newspapers ас anri-Viernam
War proresc, April r6, r969, iп Ропlаncl, Oregon, (1) Robert Аlсшап,

lТпdегgrouпd press ;Jcrivisr, \X1l1ire РапtЬег leader, and one-time шапаgег of the
MC-s, ]ohn Sinclair served ewency-nine monel1s of а пiпе-апd-а-11аlf- со tеп-уеаг
prison sепtепсе for passing с\уо joinrs со an undercover роliсе\vотап. In r 97 2,
Мiсhigап's Sllpreme Сошс ruled rhar el1e Derroit police had епtгарреd Sinclair
апd reyersed his сопУieriоп, Сошtеsу of Leni Sinclair,
LNSer АlI<:,п Young standing betore а Nortl1 Viеtпашеsе lIag at (Ье National
Mobilization (о End t11<:' Vi<:'tпаш War in WаsЬiпgtоп, ОС, Nо\'ешЬег 15, 1969·
Gt't,y Iшаgеs.

Rozzie 1>felnicotJ оп ,I1е рЬопе in LNS's New York City office, 160 Сlагешоnt
А\'епие. In ,!1е Ьасkgгопщl, SI1eila Ryan. © Da\'id FenLOn.
 U,',tl

1.

t~

.~~
~

~~

J,NS-NY collt'ctiH' sittiп/,i сl011'П [ог а П1t'аl. FГШll lей tO ri/,il1t: Mark Ft'iпstеiп,
lIпidепtifit'сl (po"ibly jJl'tt' КПОЫt'г), Ralpl1 Gгt'епsрап, Barl1<Ha f't'iпstеiп, Nick
СГlltпl>tг ь , Аl,ш НО\\'агсl С\гапJiп/,i), Ho\\·ic- Ерsttiп, Btryl Epstein, LшiJtпtifiеd.
'J Da\'lcl I:tпtCJп .

. ----~-~--" ..

BfI'kt!f) В,II'Ь pLlblisher

Мах Scl1err iп December
1969. Tl1e Вm'Ь \vas tl1e
only пеwsрарег that
trieJ to find anytl1ing
оllt abollt African
Аmегiсап tеепаgег

MereJitl1 Нlllнег,

"Tl1t Юс] Tl1ty KilleJ

at Аltаmопt."

со Robtrt Altman.
 Ka(llY Mulvihill

running LNS's

offse( press,

December 9, 1970.

СОllпеsу оЕ" Andy Marx,

Рlюtu Ьу Аппе Dockery.

Мое Slotin selling (l1е Gmlt Spe(k!ec! Bil'c! in Atlan(a, Geurgia, At rigl1t, (\уо police
oHicers scrlltinize (Ье рарес "Everyone \VI1O met 1\10е loved тт," said pllOtogrJ­
pher Carter Tomassi, "1n 11is photo, 1'm sше 11е charmecl tl1e (\уо cops into reacling
tl1e Bil'C!." (с") Carter Tomassi,
"
',. Ii
'1)
., ,tf"!,.
~::- ~'J~'j1r.~.,
j~' ..... /;

" . ""'"
r; ~'J1:\ ~
"
Щ81\_ ц М$ 1

~~r.fi·':
! . \1'" ...
:}\. ~, ,
I У" !Ik .
..~~~:S1~
1:'­

'"""

ТJюгпе Drtyer anJ Vicroria Sшi (11. i П rl1e \vorkspace {ог HOllsrOn '5
.t [п 1970, Tl1e sratT епJшеd vandaJism, break-ins, апе! clеаГ!1
threats. COllГresv 0[' Tl10me Пгеуег.

UPS cooгc.iinator ТJЮn1аs Forcade rIHo\\'5 а [п [11e Еке ot'1Jniversi[y of

\'l(fasJ1ingron 0[[0 N, Larson af'rer [esritying Ьеt"<ш: PresiJenr
RicJlafd Nixon's СОШn1issiоп 011 and Pornograpl1}' [п Wasl1ington, ПС

011 Мау 1'\, 1970, Associated Press.

[arry Ушdiп, ас che Alc(-rnarive Me,lia СопrtгепCf: ас Go,k!arcl il1 Vегшопг,

JL!ne 1970. (\) '\fark Gof"f.

ВtJS!ГЩ PhlJ~llix publisl1er

Stерhеп М. Мiпdiсll
rhe аlttrпа­

tive press's break \virll

i rs LlпdегgГОLшd roocs
Ьу жk1iпg COIlSllmer
ащi liftscy!e

featLIres со ics edirorial

mix iп rhe mid-I970S

© Ресег Siшоп.
::)

"Either We Have Freedom of

the Press ... or We Don't Have
Freedom of the Press"
Thomas King Forcade and the War against
Underground Newspapers

As YOIJTHS INCREASINGI.Y П;R~J:::D ТНЕШ ЛТТЕNТION to llndergrol!nd

пе\V5рарегs in the lасе 19605, 50 соо did 10саl апd f"ederal ашl1Огitiеs. Оп
November 5, 1 968the very day that а razor-tl1in mагgiп ot" voters electell
Richard Niхоп president-FBI director J. Hoover sent а шешо со FBI
oflices пасiопwidе instructing his agents со begin making detailed sшvеуs ot"
"New pl!blications being princed 1п [cheir} territorie5," and со
compile iпt"огmаtiоп conceming each statI, printer, and advertisers. А
fe\v monchs earlier, agents had Ьееп ins([l!cted со cake whatever actions \vere
reqllired ro сапsе the papers (о "tOld апd cease РllЫiсаtiоп."J Thougl1 roр
secret, Hoover's orders were iп kеерiпg \vich his pllblic statements abollt the
Ne\\' Left. Earlier that year, he had соmрlаiпеd about сl1е Movement's "паll­
seatil1g air of self-righteousl1es5," \vith \\'hich it "criticizes, belittle5, [al1d}
mocks." The mood "ot" al1archism al1d l1ihilism" that activists s110wcased in
сl1е l1acion's ul1dergrollnd papers, he said, \vould iпеvitаЫу lead ro "disre­
spect tor lа\\''' al1d "violence. "2
As рап of its massive coul1teril1telligence program (COINTELPRO), the
FBI llsed infiltrators, рrovосаtешs, wireraps, t"orged letters al1d docllments,
and smear campaigns againsr SDS oHlcers and Movement pLJbIicarions. 1п
1971, аЕсег а ьгоар оЕ апопутош acrivisr5 calling rhemselves rhe Ciri­
zen5' Commission со lnvestigate the FВI broke into а Вшеаll оЕБсе in
Media, Pennsylvania, and pilferet1 rllОшапds оЕ docLJmenrs revealing some
оЕ (11е5е acrivities, acrivists across (he СОlшtгу cOllld Ье heard mU$ing thar
even in their most cynical imaginarions, сЬеу never envisioned jl1sr !10\V
exrensive rhe FВГs campaign аgаiпsг с!1ет \vas. W!10 \\'ollld Ьауе t!10L1ght,
for iпstапсе, tl)ar с!1е FB1 \vol1ld ьо 50 Еаг as со сгеасе с\уо /ake l1nder­
gГОl1пd РL1Ыiсаtiопs-Лrmаgеdсlmz Neln (in 1ndiana) апd LOl1glJom Tales
(in Texas)-tЬаг \уеге теапс со рготосе тоге moderate (as opposed со

radical) viеwроiпts i '

Вш с!1е FBI was !1ardly с!1е only groL1p со ьо аЕсег LшdегgГОL1пd ne\vspa­
pers. 1п тапу insrances, local aL1t!10riries шеd existing laws proЬibiring
dшg L1se, pornograp!1y, and L1nlicensed vending againsr N е\у Lefrisrs, w!10
were по dOl1bt targeted becaL1se ot- their political activiries. ОсЬег rimes,
po1ice ransacked L1nderground press offices, stole valllable records, descгoyed
expensive eqllipmenr, ог \vere accllsed оЕ рlапtiпg еvidепсе ог fabricaring
сlшгgеs. ' Моге оftеп гl1ап пor, ra(Jicals \уеге viпdjсаtеd in сошtroотs, Ьш
с!1е lепgthу апd expensive trials сЬеу faced occllpie(i rl1t:ir time and diverted
гesошсes а\уау Егот rheir po1irica1 acriviries. Fшгl1егтоге, еуеп though
L1пdегgгоuпd пеW5рарегs always had сl1е means со (Iraw attenrion со сl1е
l1arassmenr сl1еу faced, tl1eir comp1ainrs regisrered оп1у fаiпгlу \vl1еп сот­
pared with сЬе momenrOl1S еvепГS сЬас $rreamed Егот tl1eir раьб in сЬе 1асе
I96o$ and early 1970$. Еvеп today, r!10se \VI1O аге generally а\уаге of сЬе
repressive теаsшеs сЬас Ьауе hi5rorically Ьееп ltveltd againsr Аmегiсап
radicals fгеquепгlу seem uпаwаге оЕ the ехtепt of" (11е efforrs со sql1ash СЬе
uпdегgгоuпd press.
ТЫ$ is гше despire сЬе imporranr efforrs оЕ ТllОшаs King Forcade
(рГОПОllпсеd for-SAHD), \уЬо iп 1968 Ьесаmе rhe UпdегgГОllпd Press Syndi­
cate's пагiопаl соогdiпаroг. Мапу colleagues апd associares гетеmЬег Forcade
as а f"аsсiпаtiпg bl1ndle оЕ сопtгаdiсгiопs. Не could Ье flаmЬоуапt апd рго­
vocarive iп опе mотепt, апd mysrerious ашJ elllsive iп rl1t пехt. Не re1ished
polirical сЬеасег аncl сопfгопгаtiоп, еvеп \уЬеп thest racrics \\'tre рlаiпlу 5eH-­
sаЬоrаgiпg. Не was deeply iпvеstеd in СОLшtегсu1гша! polirics, уес he also
jeopardized l1is work оп СЬе Моуетепс'" behalf Ьу recklessly епgаgiпg iп
drug паffiсkiпg. Вш almosr еуегуопе agreed Ье \vas ехсееdiпglу gепегош
(Ье was sometimes cal1ed l1im "сЬе hippie RоЫп Hood") and rl1ar 11е had ап
ехсгете ргеdilесtiоп Еог newsprinr.' Кех \ХТеiпег, а friend, recalled сЬас For­
cade kпеw pL1bli511ing "fгom сор ro Ьосrom. Ht cOllld риН inro а rown апd
publish а newspaper Еroт "сгассl1. Не kпе\v rypeserring. Не kпе\v layol1t. Не

116 ! SMOK1."(r TYPI~~'!HTTRS

cOllJd sell [Ье ads. Не knew аЬош printing proce55es. Не knew аЬош ink
and рарег .... Не knew all оЕ сЬе ргiщеГ5 in сЬе U nited States. Не had а
tесlшiсаl knowledge [l1ас was thorough апd епсусlореdiс. "6 Jошпаlist Rоп
RоsепЬаuш, another friend, characterized hiш as а "linear-okay, slightly
\varpecl--descenclent оЕ гЬе Ашегiсап tгаditiоп оЕ геvоlutiопагу рашрhlеtеег
сЬас traces its descent со Тот Paine. Тош Foreade had rhe рашрhlегеег's
enrhusiasm tor his сгаЕс ... and сЬе crusader's compulsion со make his vision
visible in black and white."­
Аmопь his шапу ассошрlishшепts, Forcade tгапstогшеd UPS Егот а
chaotic and sоше\vhаt anemic огgапizаtiоп iшо а legal согрогаtiоп, designed
ап under,ground press direcrory, and hired Сопсеп НаН Productions [о
sell а(lvегtisешепгs Еог sеvепгу-пiпе UPS papers, whieh (tor а [iше) netted
гhоusапds оЕ clollars [ог the papers each шошh. Foreade also established а
partnersllip \vith tlle Беll & Howell Сошрапу, rhereby шаkiпg hundreds of
lшdегgгоuпd newspapers available оп шiсrofilш. Не also ьос UPS аdшit­
сапее iщо tlle U .S. House and Sепаtе press galleries, Ьш пос, despite his best
effoгts, the White HOl1se press СОГР5. According to а friend, аЕсег 1lе jоiпеd
rhe congressional press corps, "llОпifiеd legislators Ьеьап enforcing гЬе 'Forcade
Rule: ceguiring а rie оп all newspersons iп гЬе gallery. Forcade complied Ьу
appearing in bIack tie and bIack shoes, bIack panrs, black shirr, bIaek froek
еоаг, bIack со\уЬоу hat and dark sunglasses."H
Тош underscored his tгешепdоus еnrl1Usiаsш Еог underground newspa­
pers witl1 а fшiоLlS апьег ас aurhorities who would suppress thеш. And it
was always а реmmа! апgег. Growing ир, Forcade was iпtегеstеd in science
fiction, airplanes, and clrag гаеiпg, and ас the U niversity оЕ U саЬ Ье quickly
еагпесl а iп busines5 аdшiпi5trагiоп. If пос {ос underground newspa­
pers, lle might 11ауе Ьесоше а civil епgiпеег, like his {асЬес. Iпstеаd, rhe
vibrant radical newsshee(s Ьесаше his lifеliпе со the New Lefr, rhe counter­
cultше, and ou(law culture шоге generally. Afrer gгаduаtiпg Есот college
in Т966, Forcac!e moved со righr-wing Phoenix, Arizona, where Ье ашаssеd
а huge private collection оЕ radical tabloids fгош across сЬе country апd
began pl1bIishing his own underground digest, ОурЬеиs. In СЫ5 period he
also helpil1g to ГlШ UPS. While сЬеге, Ье сlаiшеd со Ьауе Ьееп the
(arget of some extraordinary acts of iпriшidаtiоп. This i5 рап оЕ сЬе reason
Ье moved со New York, \vhere Ье Ьесаше UPS's coordinator, ас which point
рЬопе calls and letters fгош young шеп and wошеп рошеd in fгош every
region of the соuпtгу, alleging tl1ar гЬеу, (00, were being Ыс with various
repressive measures. Dшiпg Forcade'5 еагеег as а subrerranean jошпаlist,
editor, and pllbIisher, his outlook and his behavior wa5 50 greatly affeeted
l)у апешрts ro stultify radica! newspapers thar it makes sen5e со ехашiпе

"EJТHER WE НлVЕ FREEDOM O~' ТНЕ PRESS . 117

(wO (opics-Forcade and (11e war (l1е lшdегgГОL1пd press-in close
proximi(y,

IN IТS Ei\RLIEST INCi\R;:,Ii\TION, UPS 'ыгсllу seemed desrined tor grearness.

Ресег [eggieri, а Ne\v York artisr \vho worked оп rhe Бtы Villi!/!,1: OtheJ',
remembered rhar \vhen Wal(er Во\уап and ]оlш Wilcock hrsr СП:<1сеа rl1e
organizarion, ir \vas На а . ТЬеге \уеге jllSr l1al( а dozen
papers, and they said, lik(;, '1(;('5 саll ir а synclicate, For rl1(; 11(;11 о{ ir.' They
did, and it created а little stir, and (l1а( \vas сl1ас." In (асс, 500Л ай(;г it5 incep­
rion, \X!ilcock 'е(с с11е Unired Srares со begin ГбеагсЬ (ог а Frommer's сгауеl
guide l1е wro(e, Alexico ОП а Day. While 11е \vas away, I-eggieri COn(inlleS,
"тап, сЬе floodgaces opened and all of' а slldden гhеп: '"'еге papers all оуег сl1е
cOllntry. 1 know попе of сЬет еуег ir, ,,,,
Alrhough сЬе rock impresario Bill Graharn Ьасl allo\ved EVO со тоуе
(roт ics cramped Avenue А со roomier Lligs асор rhe Fillmore Easr, оп
Second Avenlle, сЬе рарег was nevercheless overwl1elmed \vHIl i(s responsi­
bili(ie5, and E\10'S ВОЬ Rudnick, wl10 was sllpposec! со Ье keeping warcl1 over
UPS, apparenrly was пос L1р со с11е task, Wi Icock recalls [Ibl[ \\'11en Ье гесшпеd
to МапЬассаl1 in сЬе early spring of 1968, tlle organizarion \\'C1S i11 "[осаl
cl1<105," "I-isten, YOL1'd Ьессег rake rl1is \vЬоlе сЫпь back and оч!;апizе ir уош-
11I
5elf," Bowarr told Ыт.
RigЬt away, Wilcock discovered (l1at UPS \vas complerely broke; as 50l11е

Ьаd predicred at I.NS's ОсгоЬег meeril1g, EVO Ьжl apparenrly 5iрЬолеd

off some о( UPS's топеу, lп order to L1nderscore [Ьа( UPS \VOLlkI11encef()rtI1
Ье operacing \vicl1 complece iлdерелdепсе, Wilcock rented ir ics о\\'п posr
office Ьох and paid for all irs ехрепsеs-sсаtiолегу, тimеоgгарЫлg, and
mаiliпg--оU( о( his о\уп Iп а circlllar lепег ro mtmber papers, he
srruck а conciliarory roпе. "I rtalize rhar тапу of YOLl аге very skepcical аЬОllС
UPS Ьу now-wicll good let's gl\'e i( ano(l1er ну," 11<: said, "IП
had remained wich EVO, 1 would ргоЬаЫу lшvе raken оуег UPS long аьо and
[I}сап Ьопеsrlу say would Ьаvе made а Ьепег job of ir (Ьал l1as Ьt'ел (Iоле
50 (аг. lf you've L1een tamiliar \vir}) ту \vork аП<.1 ту \vricing (11e pasr (е\у
years"--on Fleet StrtC in I-ondon, ас сЬе апа а( (11e ыJt \'jlltlд<
Other-"you'll рroЬаЫу trlls( те now; iГ пос, [!1ere's по( mLlcl1 1 сап 5а}' to
convil1ce you." 1:
"BL1t wЬаг сЬе Undergrollnd PrtSs SynclicC!ce s(illl1tedec!," Wi!cock 'ассг
mainrained, "was тоге coordina(ion," and 50 l1е \vas по dOLlbr геliе\'есl-iГ по(
al50 а roucl1 Ыs lепег generatecl ап Lшехреcrсd p11OI1t call
(гот Оl1е ТЬотаs King who \vas rhen collecring llпJегgпщлс! p,lpers
wЫlе living in РЬоепiх,: Wilcock remtmbtrs being pleasan[ly sшргisеd (О

118 I SМОКIТ"С; Тi'РЕ\VRJП:RS

~c:,lГ сЬасFOfcade had а business degree. Right away, сЬе two agreed со begin
. Jппiпg UPS roбесЬег (aod со guard against апутоге rip-offs, сЬеу jointly
i,eoed а UPS bank account and began countersigniog еасЬ other's checks).l \
\' always, every paper (Ьас joined UPS was required to send оое сору оС eacll
"ие (Ьеу produced (о аН оС (Ье other member papers, еасЬ оС which could
:reely reprinc whatever (Ьеу received. 'Тот and 1 agreed (Ьас ош initial
.псоте WOllld соте from sеШпg 'UPS subscriptioos' {ог аЬош 5," Wilcock
::-xplained. That is, "if Time wanred а UPS subscriptioo [to abreast оС
"'I1at was happeoing 10 tl1e Movement} (Ьеу would seod us 5 and еасЬ оС
[]1е papers \vould seod а сору (о Time еасЬ mootll.'·l~ Sooo t]le UPS \vould also
[огт а loose steeriog соmm1пее made ир ofWi!cock, (Ье Rat's ]еСС Shero, (Ье
"'гtер's Art Kunkin, and LNS's George CavaHetto and Sheila Ryan. For а time,
Forcade гап his end оС things ош оС а 1946 Chevrolet $CI1001 bus, which Ile
reconfigured Ьу tearing ош сЬе seats (о make room Сог а desk aod а small
[аЫе; it was fitted with mattreS$e$ that were tucked away during working
11OurS. Larer, Ье moved (Ье operarion ro а large, nonde5cripc sшссо building
IU5t west ofdowntown Phoenix.
At сЬе most тuоdапе leveC Forcade charged himself with haodling
"execurive tasks" like "opening сЬе mail, гаррiпg with people about the
uпdегgrouпd, seeing (о it that the papers get advertising representation,
seeing со it that UPS get books aod records for review, апd getting
ощ 5elf-help bulletins" (Ьас explained how to apply for copyrights, find (Ье
cheapest bulk mailing, deal with distributors, and so forth. Вщ another оС
his goals \vas ro promote UPS, which Ье did aggressively. Even whеп the
огgапizаtiоп was struggling for survival, 11е said that опе о( his tasks \vas (о
"sustаiп (Ье myth о( а fiпеlу hопеd media iпstitutiоп that's gоiпg ro roH over
(Ье whole lапd. 1 think сЬе day will соте," Ье wrote, "when we'lI have а daily
uпdегgгоuпd рарег iп every city and а weekly in every town."15
Аrouпd this time, Forcade was also sporadically publishing his оwп
uпdегgгоuпd таgаziпе, ОурЬеиs. Although Otpheus mostly сопsistеd о( arti­
cles гергiпtеd from elsewhere, Forcade made а poinc о( making his mark оп
the 1П (Ье most literal way: "Опе issue (eatured а bullethole iп сЬе
middle о( ареасе 5igп оп сЬе cover-a real bullethole. Forcade took еасЬ
bundle о( сЬе таgаziпеs and shot rhem with а Colt -45 auromatic. Не
designed сЬе entire magazine $0 the buHethole Ьесате ап integral рап о(
еасЬ раье layout."J(, Не was also rumored (о have soaked some оС сЬе maga­
zine's covers with LSD. Опе time, Ье assembIed ап entire issue while оп а
lопg road trip througll Berkeley, Стсаьо, and Denver. ]ames Retherford, о(
Indiana's Spectator, recalled Forcade stopping Ьу Вloomington оп сЬас trip
and showing 0(( his bullet-pierced newspapers. "While 1 thought сЬас was а

"EITHER 'WE НЛVЕ I'RI'EDOM OF ТНЕ PRESS . I 19

сооl Dadaist graphic device, 1 was рас off Ьу somerhing аЬоас Forcade," Ile
remembered. "1 gor сЬе senSe Ье was а sеlf-сопsсiоаs high priesr of сооl оп а
pilgrimage, sееkiпg sapplicanrs. "1 7
In rhe sryle of some of rhe Wesr Coasr papers, Оrрhею was heavily trippy,
Ьас 1С was also поrаblу celebtatoty of rhe uпdеtgrouпd press sсепе of which
1С was а рап. "Whеп сЬеу srormed сЬе Репtаgоп," Ье wrore 1П опе issue, "сЬе
underground press people were lirerally in сЬе forеfгопt. Whеп сЬеу took
over Columbia, сЬе LiЬегаtiоп News Service and Newsreel people were inside
helping and repotting .. , . ТЬеу ate in the communes, а рап of rock groups,
acring wirh srreet rhearet groaps, demonstrating, реtitiопiпg, secretly Ьеiпg.
ТЬе strength of сЬе andergroand press lies in сЬе people who do поt melt
away when threarened,"18
АН of rhis was vintage Forcade: In сЬе style of тапу New Lefrists, Ье had
а penchant for first baiting rhe аш:hогitiеs, and сЬеп becoming indignant at
rheir hosrile response, After rhe U,S, Роя Office declined to grant UPS а
third-class mail permir for its newsletter, Forcade publicly suggested that
"the epither 'pig' should Ье broadened (о include not only the police uniform
Ьш: also the роя employees uniform."19 Не also alleged rllat the Phoenix
police llad raided ms home, destroyed шs srereo, spilled ms files оп the floor,
and ransacked the UPS library.2o Anotller time Ье claimed that "forty
ргiпtегs" refused to рublisЬ Orpheus. In yet anotller article, Ье таiпtаiпеd
21

that over а yearlong period, сЬе аш:hогitiеs "systematically busted nearly

every регsоп оп [ms] staff' for drug viоlаtiопs апd infiltrated шs paper witll
а пагсоtiсs agent. After six mопtЬs, Forcade said, "tlley ser us ир. We got off,
Ьис it cost us nearly $2,000 iп legal fees to do it, "22
In а January 1969 letter to LNS, Forcade described ап even more оmiпоus
situarion: Не said that Ile апd some of ms UPS staff took а quick trip со Los
Апgеlеs-wЬеге Оrрhею was ргiпtеd ас the time-and wllen сЬеу rerurned,
four of сЬе group discovered tlley'd аН Ьееп Ьш:glагizеd ас roughly сЬе same
time. In еасЬ iпstапсе, very few if апу valuables were stоlеп, Агоапd tms
same time, Forcade said lle'd also sропеd someone peering into ms office
with binoculars, and he saw а paperboy witll а walkie-talkie. 2 ; When а Rolling
Stone reporter visired UPS in Plloenix, Forcade told Ыт rllat UPS llad twice
Ьееп attacked with fireboml1s, Tllougll по опе was llurt in eitller incident,
Forcade геsропdеd Ьу strewing wire mesll over tlle windows, securing сЬе
[roпс door with а lleavy bar, and formulating ап elaborate plan for self-defense.
"We don't talk аЬош: it," Ье said, "and we don't seek сопfroпtаtiоп, but we're
prepared,
InJuly 1969 Forcade and some ofllis staff vепturеd to Апп Arbor, Miclligan,
to attend а four-day UPS сопfегепсе (Ьас was llosted Ьу а соmтuпе called

12 С I SMOKI:--lG TYPEWRIТERS
i'~сшs-Lоvе Епегgiеs Uпlimlrеd, In the previous уеаг, media acrivists had
~,),red two conferences-in Iowa City and iп Маdisоп, Wisсопsiп-thаt
., "ге said со "сарtше а shift (гот реасе sigпs to clenched fists," апd the
',.Irnтег of 1969 was а rime when тапу people iпvоlvеd \vith the llпdег­
-.:round press iпcrеаsiпglу believed tl1ey were uпdег siege. c5 Апd tl1e Тгапs­
Love people e.rpecia!!y felr rms way. In April 1967, tl1ey'd sraged а "Lоvе-Iп"
'П Detroit's Belle Isle, wmcl1 was sllpposed со Ье modeled after а peaceflll
:1ippie gаrЬегjпg сЬаг had tаkеп place iп Sап Fгапсisсо almost two топths
~лliег. Iпstеаd, Ьеlligегепt bikers slюwеd up, dшпkеп fights broke ош, and
,l( dusk а сопtiпgеnr of police оп horseback swarmed llРОП [Ье revelers with

\пюdеп Ьаtопs. ТЬе following уеаг, Тгапs-Lоvе's сотmuпе was firebombed

(\vice, апd so the group relocated fгom Detroit ro two huge Vicrorian houses
пеаг the Vniversity of Michigan. There rhey Ьесате closely associared wirh
(11e MC-s, а рrotорuпk Ьапd from Detroit that, llпdег Siпсlаiг's iпfluепсе,
сl1атрiопеd hedonism, сопfroпtаtiоп, and сultшаl геvоlшiоп, апd whose
shows always attracted а heavy police ргеsепсе. 2 - Foc а" these reasons, UPS
kept the ехасс location of its conference а secret unril jllst before it Ьеgап.
Finally, ir \vas revealed that it wOllld take place just а couple miles outside
Апп АгЬог, аroр а шНу farm сl1ас had а kпоll (roт which "аН аvепuеs of
<lccess could Ье observed." Near the ЬОСtoт, just off the higl1way, а тетЬег
of rhe соunrеГСllltШ<l1 Whire Panrher Party srood guard with а I2-gаLlgе
shotgun.
In аdditiоп [о guагdiпg аgаiпst iпгшdегs, [Ье uпdегgгоuпd press radicals
\vere also ехсееdiпglу \уагу of the straight press, Dоп De.Maio, editor of Phil­
adelphia's Di.rtant Dl'Illшner, recalls that as rhe тееtiпg \vas Ьеgiппiпg, some­
опе stood up and made а portentous аппоuпсетепt: "We have it оп good
aLlthority that tl1ere's а reporter l1еге wогkiпg uпdегсоvег for Rol!ing Stone"­
the commercially огiепrеd rock tabloid that Berkeley dгopout Jапп Wепоег
founded io 1967. Iп fact, сЬеге was SLlch а person; it was DeMaio. 29 lJneasily,
he kept silепr аЬоLlt it, аррагепrlу witll good callse, siпсе а геропег who
revealed ms аssосiаtiоп with сЬе Detmit Free Press \vas prornptly ejected from
сЬе сопfегепсе. Апd Ricl1ard Goldsreio, сl1е Vi!lage Voice's рiопеегiпg rock
criric, felt 50 lln\velcome сЬас Ье left afrer сЬе first day. Ас оое роiпt, а dis­
agreemeot еуеп arose over \vhether it was wise for UPS со rape-record сЬе
ргос<:еdiпgs, prornptiog Wilcock to remark, "Агеп't we оvегdоiпg the рага­
поiа Ьusiпеss? First, \уе Ьаг the estаblishmепr press, апd поw we сап't еvеп
cover сl1е rnееriпg ourselves?";;'
Nevertheless, сЬе group тапаgеd [о disCLISS тапу of сЬе main issues that
were гoiling (Ье llпdегgrouпd press io trus period. Опе focal роiпr was
sexism; а gГOllp of \vomeo's Ш)егаriопists сотрlаiпеd [l1ас сЬеу were treated

"EITHLR '1'"1' НЛVI' FHEEDOM ОЕ ТН!С PRESS . 121

shabbily Ьу their colleagues, and despite heavy opposition from the White
Panthers, LNS's Shelia Ryan was аЫе со spearhead the passage of а three-point
resolution proclaiming: "( 1) sexism must Ье eliminated from underground
papers' content and ads, (2) undergrounds should publish articles оп women's
oppression, [and} (3) women should have fuB roles in underground papers'
staffs,"1l А Berkeley radical explained why roughly forty workers аС the
Bet-keley Barb had recently revolted against publisher Мах Scherr, who \vas
said to Ье ludicrously tightfisted despite making аЬоис $ 1 30,000 аппиаllу
from his рарег.
Others raised the possibility of launching some 50Н of arrack ироп
Columbia Records, which they lit into for first attempting со co-opt the
movement with their ludicrous "Вис The Мап Can't Bust Оис Music" adver­
tisement, and rhen for suddenly canceling its substantial ad buys in the
underground press." "The discussion meandered into а heated condemnation
of artists and producers who exploit Ыр themes and life-style without reim­
bursing the Ыр community," опе participant remarked. Radicals had espe­
cially harsh words for Rolling Stone, which initially appeared оп quarter-folded
newsprint with serrated edges and therefore struck some readers as а slightly
upscale underground newspaperY From а marketing standpoinr, Wenner's
approach was both genius and cunning; his magazine was generally favorable
toward the cultural and the сотП1Оdifiаblе aspects of the yourh rebellion­
especially rock and roll-while thumbing its nose at New Left political
acrivism. i6 As а result, the magazine was аЫе со lure advertisers and readers
that were apprehensive about the Movement's growing militancy.
The conference then took ап unexpected turn after attendees gOt word
that representatives from Wayne State University's radical student organ, ТЬе
S()uth End, were holding а nearby press conference to denounce the university's
presidenr, William Keast, [ог suspending publication of the paper. Accord­
ing со опе attendee, UPS represenratives "expressed shock that а newspaper
like their own could Ье completely suppressed аС the exact cime that they
were meeting со discuss suppression оп а nationallevel."iH At leasr (\уепсу
UPSers. including Forcade, drove easrward roward Derroit со sho\v their
solidarity \vith ТЬе South End, rhough Ьу rhe time they gor there, сЬе press
conference was over.
The follo\ving night, the UPSers' shock gave way со [еаг and anger. First,
two police officers showed ир, looking, сЬеу said, for а young vютап from the
Chirago Seed who had Ьееп picked ир а few days earlier оп а рос charge. After
the radicals told them сЬе woman had already left town, а conringent of per­
haps (Ыпу more policemen--equipped with "shotguns, rifles, pistols, bullet­
proof vesrs, тасе, helmets and face shields"-sneaked ир оп (Ье farmhouse and

122 SMOKING ТУРЕWRПI'RS

surrouncjed [Ье radicals. According [о Forcade, [Ьеу ciesrroyed а сатега, пiеd
[о [ake some Ыт, confiscated several underground papers, broke three doors,
and "generally conduct[ed} rhemselves like oafs."'Y Anorher conferee alleged rhat
some of rhe роЕсе nervously "unclicked saferies and jammed rheir shorguns ас
the heads of people \vho tried со walk Ьу сЬет. Lives were геаНу hanging оп
literally rrembling fingers. Опе wrong move and tomorrow there'd Ье а mass
demonstration for rhe Апп АгЬог marryrs." ," Afrer аЬош thiпу minures, LNS
геропеd, "the gendarmes gor ready со leave. Опе of сЬет flashed а V-sign as he
dерапеd. ТЬе conference people booed him loudly as rhey stood watching
{сот сЬе ЬШ."4:

When rhe media summir \vas over, Forcade and his gang journeyed со
New York Ссу, where they тес with Yippies AI)bie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin,
Раи! Krassner and Sre\v Alberr, along with Marvin Garson (editor of the Вау
Area's Good TimeJ) and ВоЬ Fass (the WBAI disc jockey whose late night,
free-form program, Radio ИnnаmыЫе, \vas de rigueш for C:rOrham's bohemians).
Опе imagines Forcade mixing easily in such а srimularing crowd, Ьш опсе
again, the revelry and merrimenr was dampened when word arrived that
another of rheir own had just Ьееп гhroпlеd Ьу rhe law: Afrer passing two
joinrs со ап undercover policewoman, John Sinclair \vas senrenced со nine
and а half со сеп years in prison. Forcade recalled rhat Sinclair's friends
"openly wepr when they heard гЬе news."
From аН of rhis-the cascading series of' setbacks he'd encounrered in
Phoenix, сЬе growing гаррогс Ье was establishing witЬ plugged-in proresr
leaders, ашl а general sense wirhin сЬе New Lefr rl1at conflicr between
radicals and аurЬогitiеs was quickly Ьеаtiпg up-Forcade reached а clear
conclusion: It was time со leave РЬоепiх and reloca[e his UPS office со
Мапhапап "as soon as роssiЫе.'Чi

AFTER SITUAТING UPS IN GROUND-FLOOR OFFICES оп \"X7es[ ТепгЬ Streer,

Forcade announced that, рег а resolurion from rhe Апп Arbor сопЕегепсе, Ье
was raking сЬе Ьеlm as UPS projecr coordinator, Не was quick ro point оис,
Ьоwеvег, сЬас апу "major decisions" pertaining to UPS \vould Ье put со а vote

of (Ье тетЬег papers. His official sounding title, Ье said, was created "purely
for сЬе purpose of' dealing wirh tirle-orienred stгаigЬt people. "44
Неге Ье was lепiпg оп more сЬап mosr people grasped, since his position
as сЬе head of' UPS also provided cover for Ьis srepped-up drug-dealing ас­
riviry. No опе wЬо kne\v Forcade would Ьаvе misraken Ьiт f'or а reeroraling
law-and-order суре; Ье kepr а Ьеаvу canisrer оЕ пiпоus oxide Oaughing gas) in
(Ье UPS of'fice. Ви( probably only а few were aware оГ (Ье scope оГ Ьis орега­
(iOn5. According ro а legend, Forcade опсе narrowly e5caped imprisonmenr

"EIТHEH \X~E НАУI' I"REfDO~f 01' ТНI' PRfSS . I 23

w!len !le e!uded F!orida ашhoriсiеs Ьу hiding for almosc cwency-four hours in
а swamp afcer Ье was sропеd helping to unload roпs of marijuana f'rom а gianr
sailboat ..1) Wilcock recalls а cime whеп Forcade escorted him со а storeroom оп
Greenwich Ауепие сЬас was "!iпеd from Воог (() ceiling wich ... ba!es of
wееd."lб Lacer, Forcade орепеd ир а smоkiпg с!иЬ iп Soho. Ассогdiпg ro а
friend, uроп епсегiпg it, "firsc уои goc eyeballed Ьу а TV саmеш, сЬеп уои goc
buzzed inro опе room апd immediate!y tаkеп со а Нсс!е сиЫс!е, like iп а
whorehouse, so уои could пос mеес апу of сЬе осЬег customers. ТЬеп а ргессу
liп!е girl wou!d whee! 1П а cartful of marijuana and уои could take уопr pick."I­
Weiner remembers that !асег, when UPS was орегаtiпg from а giant 10ft оп
Sеvепtеепth Streec, "а huge, tie-dyed сепс sat in tl1e middle ... апd реор!е
were jusc wаkiпg ир агоuпd the midd!e of che day, craw!ing оис of this сепt.
ТЬеге was а rock 'п' roll band living chere, and а Ьuпсh of сеаНу Ьос babes were
walking around. Тот seemed со have the whole рlасе under his control апd
соттапd.";~

Scill, Forcade сопtiпuеd to impress his with his phenomenal

епегgу and efficiency. And of аН the activities he uпdегtооk while tlшшпg
UPS-generacing pubIicicy, acquiring wricing пеwslессегs,
апd advising сЬе Моvетепt's underground newspapers оп сhiпgs like
printing, distriburion, copyrighcs, and permics-he seemed especially
incerested in documenting che widespread attempcs со scifle che under­
ground press. 1п а 1969 essay, Ье idепtifiеd the тапу scyles of repressive
actions сЬас were wielded against UPS papers. Some subterranean journal­
iscs were оstепsiЫу busced for obscenicy ог when in facc che evi­
dепсе suggescs they were politically ОсЬес times, the papers'
landlords, printers, discribucors or advercisers were incimidaced, harassed,
boycotted, ог ocl1erwise coerced into со do business \vich сЬе
underground press. Screec vепdогs faced various cypes of iпсегfегепсе, and
sometimes papers were physicaHy attacked, шиаНу Ьу firebombs ог гап­
sасkiпg.I'J ТЬе опlу kind of hагаssmепt сЬас Foccade didп't mention is
сЬас experienced Ьу those who сап afoul of the U.S. mi!icary. Ву ош' СOlшс,
Amecican sегviсеmеп, wich che Ье!р of civilian allies, рис оис тоге thап
cwo hundred anciwar publications worldwide, alchougl1 mosc of chese
were sllOгt-livеd mimeographed sheets, rather thап full-fledged tabloids. 50
ОП сор of all of this, the FВI flirted with, Ьпr ultimately did пос pursue,
schemes to sabocage underground рареС5 that were 50 оutlапdish сЬеу
sоuпd like something (гот а ]ames Bood Ыт. Опе memoraodum асщ­
аllу called {ог the creation of а chemical that emitted сЬе scent of "fol1l­
smelliog feces," which could сhеп Ье sprayed uроп bl10dles of пеwsрареrs
io order (о гепdеr them uoreadable. 5 !

124 S;.tOKlt'G TYPJOWRITJ'RS

 It should Ье scressed that the underground papers were пос victimized Ьу
.шу single, primary la\v-enforcemenr agency. Instead, the efforrs of the FВI,
iocal police, poliricians, and vigilanres were uncoordinared. If апуthiпg, tllis
mау have made the overall effort tO suppress uпdегgrouпd papers еvеп more
c:tfective, siпсе it теаnr rhey could Ье attacked оп multiple fronts, Ьу а гапgе
l)t'enemies that \vere somerimes hard ro disсегп. In 1981, а PEN Аmегiсап
Cel1ter Reporr titled ТЬе Campaign Agaimt {Ье UшkrgrОllnd Руш, which \vas
[Jased largely оп documel1ts obtained under the Freedom ofInt'ormation Асс,
,iS well as materials compiled Ьу Аllеп Ginsberg (а prominenr тетЬес ос'

PEN's Freedom со Write Committee), listed hundreds оЕ iпstапсes in which

,шгhогiгiеs \vепt afrer underground rags. The report found thar "rhe with­
ering of the underground press was пос епгiгеlу а пашгаl dесliпе. Аltегпаtivе
presses, wherher serious jоuгпаls of adversary polirics or соuпtегсulшгаl
аvапt-gагdе papers, were targets оЕ surveillance, harassment, and unlawful
search and seizure Ьу U.S. gоvегпmепt agencies."5.: In опе respect, сЬе sшdу
\vas merhodologica11y flawed, Ьесаиsе it frequently took ассltSаtiош of harass­
тепс as еl'idеще of harassmenr. Still, сЬе PEN Cenrer's overall conclusions
seem irrefutable. While ir would Ье tedious со list аll of rhe iпsгапсеs iп
\vhich papers appear ro have Ьееп unfairly targered, а few choice examples of
the various types of сгасkdоwпs сЬас Forcade сопсегпеd himself with тау
prove еdifуiпg.
First, let it Ье said сЬас salacious marerial was commonplace iп the uпdег­
ground press. Few young \vrirers in сЬе Моvеmепг expressed соmрuпсtiопs
аЬоис С!1е fact that а11 sеvеп of George Сагliп's "sеvеп dirty words" cotlld Ье
fоuпd in mапу papers. Furrhermore, fоllоwiпg сЬе lead of the EVO-which
гап cheesy рiПtlр-stуlе photos оЕ beautiftll hippie \vоmеп iп variotls Lower
East Side locations in а regular Ееасше called "Sltlm Goddеss"-uпdегgrotlпd
papers Ьеgап шппiпg phoros and mопtаgеs оЕ паkеd and lbllf-naked wоmеп
with iпсгеаsiпg fгеqtlепсу iп сЬе late 19605.5; Меапwhilе, sexually explicit
classified аdvегtisеmепts, which seemed outrageous in rheir day, Ьесате
mainstays of mапу papers. From а сопrеmрогагу perspecrive, rhe toiler
htlmor, t'our-Ietter word5, апd ntldity that prevailed in сЬе Stlbterranean press
тау seem more childish thап shocking. Вис as historian ВесЬ Bailey reminds
us, when this material is гесопtехшаlizеd, \уе сап see how such \vords and
images \vere аllшiпg со youths who "embraced sex with геvоlшiопагу intent,
using it поt опlу for рlеаsше Ьш also for power in а new {'огт of Сtlltшаl
polirics сЬас shook сЬе пагiоп." It wasn't just that radicals rook ап unembar­
rassed аttiшdе toward sextlal ехрегimепtаtiоп, celebrated а рlеаsше еtЬiс,
and valued аuthепtiсitу more сЬап сЬеу valtled сопvепtiопаl поtiопs аЬощ
sexuality and civility (although thar was сЬе case). Somerimes сЬеу simply

"EIТHER WE НАУЕ fRЕП)ОМ О!' ТНЕ PR!'SS . 125

reveled in making adults uncomforrable. Tlle word "fuck," \vhich was ubiq­
uitOllS in llnderground newspapers, "was пос poli[e," Bailey acknowledge5.
"But тоге than anything else, 'fllCk' got attention. Radical youths ,vere
al50 adept ас inverting the Сlllшгаl logic that stifled sexual expression Ьщ
jllstified war-a tactic displayed in the popular slogan "Make Love, Not
War" and ill this pithy роет, which appeared ill the Omaha, Nebraska,
Asterisk:

Is it obscene со fuck,
ог,

Is j t obscene [о kill?"

The desire [о shock and offend Ьошgеоis sensibilities was perhaps most
exemplified, however, in poplllar llnderground "comix," \vhich were intended
со Ье objectionable со Middle America. According со опе cartoonist, under­
ground comix \уеге spelled with ап "х" со imply they \vere X-rated, ог suit­
аЫе only Еог ап adult readership, but frankly they оЕсеп seemed aimed ас
young males. S() Again, the EVO was pioneering in prinring соuпtеГCllltше­
oriented strips like Nancy Kalish's "Gentle's Trip Ош." and Вill Beckman's
"Captain High," altllOugh Gilbert Shelton's "Fabulolls Fшгу Freak Brothers"
(ап iconic strip that chronicled а trio ofhippie antiheroes who gave their lives
over со drugs) first appeared in the Allstin Rag, and Ron СоЬЬ (who has Ьееп
called "the dean оЕ undergrollnd political cartoonists") gOt started ас the L(}s
Angeles Руее Pms.)- Внс it was in the work оЕ artists Sllch as Robert Crllmb,
RоЬеп Wi1liams, and S. Clау Wilson that readers encountered the mоя crass
and perverse depictions оЕ аВ types оЕ sexual aetivity, including groLlp sex,
incest, nonconsensua! domination, and even sexual mutilation.
The controversy that undergrollnd comix provoked within the Move­
тепс was predictable. Some celebrated these strips for sllbversively inject­
ing "Llnacceptable" аttiшdеs into the comic-strip medium, and some held
that, ethnographically, they could Ье appreciated as outgrowths оЕ а new
Сllltше. ОН
Others went а tOllch fшthег: they observed that lшdегgrouпd
comix satirized freaks and hippies as much as they did authority figшеs, and
llnderscored that they were, in Сасс, car·toons. Essenrially, they asked their
critics to lighten ир. Ас the orher end оЕ tlle spectrum, some radicals sa\v
them as а distracrion from worthwhile polirical causes. They either attacked
rhe comix for their rank sexism or else tшпеd HP their noses in disgLlSt.
"There [has] пеуег Ьееп апу degree оЕ discontent \vhen the UPS newspapers
used fош-lеttег words ог called the police chief а dirty пате," опе Cfitic
explained. Вис he said that sorne anti-Establishment types were genLlinely
distшЬеd Ьу the far-out comix, and he alleged that а few UPS papers went

126 I SMOKING ТУРЕ\Х'1{ПЕRS

j
,;о [аг as со сапсеl cheir subscripcions со papers сЬас relied соо heavily оп
шсh material. 60
1Ъоugh ic i5 easy со see how ordinary citizens could Ье angered ог сЬгеас­
t"ned Ьу some of chis material, аН of it was clearly consclrutionaHy procecced.
As Juscice William Вгеппап wroce in 1957 in Roth t!. ,Ье United States (also
known as (Ье Раппу НШ case), in order со Ье declared legally obscene, а work
needed (о арреаl со ргшiепt incerescs, affronc community scandards, and Ье
"urterly" withour redeeming social value. Underground sheets соиЫ Ье crass
and misguided, Ьщ since сЬеу were always concerned wich politics in (Ье
broadesc sense, and since сЬеу reBecred сЬе sensibilities of miШопs of anci­
Escablishmenr youths, сЬеу oughc со have Ьееп immune [roш obscenity
charges. 61
Вщ chis was пос che case. lп July 1969, UPS maincained cha( cwen(y­
(hree papers had Ьееп charged with, or convicted of', "spurious charges
designed со shut сЬеш down."62 Eugene Guerrero, of Atlanta's С"еа! Speckled
Bird, recalls winning а case chac originated [roш сЬе use of the word "moch­
erfucker" оп the соvеr. б ; Five of сЬе staff ofJackson, Mississippi's, KlldzlI were
likewise arresced for using four letter words and also [ог referring со LSD.64
Mike Abrahams and АЬе Peck, both of the Chicago Seed, were hauled into
сошt оп ассоиnr of ап artist's drawing. 65 Dale Herschler, publisher of the
San Diego Оооу, was collared for distributing obscene materials because his
paper [ап а phoco of а nude woman, only (о have the charges dismissed after
а district апоmеу couldn'c produce а single wirness who was willing (о char­
acterize the offending issue as obscene. 6C, Sconey Burns (aka Вrеш Stein), the
frequently targeted publisher of Dallas Notes, was likewise arrested [ог pos­
session of pomography.6c John Вгуап, editor of Los Angeles's Орт City, was
convicted of obscenity [ог running "а half-page ad [ог ап electfonic music
group" сЬас ап LNS writer claimed was merely "а parody оп the use of sex со
sell products." Police hauled in sшdеnrs ас the Greater Hartford campus of
the University of Connecticut [ог а сагсооп that depicted president-elect
Richard Nixon as а middle finger,68 At Pennsylvania State U niversicy, state
troopers arrested [ош sшdеnrs affiliated wich а tiny рарег called Water Тzmnel
and charged them with providing obscene material со minors because they
гап а phoco of сЬе cover ofJohn Lennon and Yoko Ono's infamous Ти!о Vi"gim
record, оп \vhich сЬе two artists appear froшаllу (and posteriorly) nude. 69
John Kois, of Milwaukee's Kaleidoscope, was found guilty of two counts of
publishing "obscene material": опе [ог а suggestive (that is, пос explicit)
рЬоto of ап interracial couple making love, and another for а роет that соп­
rained two fош-lеrrеr words (ЬосЬ of whicl1 also appeared in Аllеп Ginsberg's
Ноu,!).-О Ву the rime Kois won his case оп арреаl before [Ье U.S. Supreme

"EIТHER WE HAVE FREEDOM ОЕ ТНЕ РЮс'SS . . 127

Соше in 1972, his рарег was defunct.- 1 Jerry POWer5, editor ofMiami's Daily
Planet, told а герогсег ehat although he'd Ьееп arrested t\veney-nine times for
"selling ап obscene newspaper," he'cI only Ьееп convicted опсе, and that case
was сшгепtlу оп арреаl. Вш the 'Ъопds t'C)r those arresrs rotaled between
$92,000 апа $93,000," he said. "We Ьеас these charges еуегу time Ьш ir is
enormousJy expensive.'·- 2
Forcade and his UPS colleagues were gallecI Ьу сl1е apparenrly politically
motivated attacks. "If сl1еу were really \vorried аЬош pornography, they
woulcI bust the color сгоссl1 magazines, Ьис ir is obvious tl1ar obsceniry is
оп!у ап excuse," l1е said. "They realize rhey сап'с win in the mgl1 сошtS, Ьис
their purpose is со bleed the papers \vith legal c05rs."-' That same уеаг, а
judge in Vancouver, Canada, who dismissed obsceniry charges against сЬе
Georgia Stt'aight acknowledged сЬас rhis seemed со Ье сЬе authoriries' inrenr.
"lt is соттоп know!edge," Ье said, "that тапу pubJications аге being 501d
in newsstands and so-called grocery stores" tl1at "аге full of nothing Ьш
obscene mareriaJ and it has always remained а mystery wl1y [only J some of
сЬет аге singled out for prosecurion."-;
Роliсе were also accused of selectively ргоsесшiпg underground jошпаl­
ists for drug otTenses. Of course recreational drugs were immensely popular
in the Моуетепс, and perl1aps especially 50 in undergroul1d press milieus. (In
1968, (Ье EVO гап ап unscienrific survey purporring сl1ас а staggering 98
percent of its readers had smokecI marijuana ... and 19 регсепс Ьасl eried
smoking banana5.)-S Rex Weiner recalls that "pasre-up night" ас сl1е EVO was
"frequenrly carried оис оп LSD, Ьш mоя often рос, speecI and coke, wmch
various dealers, dropping Ьу between midnight and da\vn, donated (о сl1е
process,"-6 Сmр Berlet, а cofounder of (Ье College Press Service and а writer
for Denver's Stl'aiglJt CreekJollrnal, recal1s that aJtl10ugh some papers had "по
drugs in сЬе office" policies, 50ft drugs \уеге o(herwise "ubiquirous." "\'Vhar
underground jouгnalist," Ье asked, "didn'r engage in manic sweeping and
vacuuming in ап апеmрt to гетоуе еуегу last marijuana seed from ms or Ьег
саг, Ьоте, ог underground ne\vspaper office сЬе night berore publisl1ing ап
апiсlе calculated (о drive governmen(al officials со the brink of madness?"--
Mos( undergrounders also actively championed marijuana's legalization.
Still, Forcade mainrained tl1at drug laws were unrairly applied in the late
19605, and Ье estimated (perhaps wildly) сl1ас drug-using underground jouг­
nalisrs were а l1undred times тоге likely со Ье arrested сl1ап regular drug
users.- H Though Ье lacked апу data (о back ир his claim, l1е could point со
several edicors who were serving hefty prison senrences for marijuana offenses.
ТЬе most notorious of сЬет was John Sinclair, mLlsic edicor and columnist for
Derroit's Fifth Estate, wl10 served rwenry-nine monrhs of а nil1e-and-a-half- со

I 2 8 I SMOKIM, ТУР[\Х'RПЕRS
:ёп-уеаг prison sentence for passing two joinrs tO ап undercover agent who
:1ad befriended him over а period of six months. In 1972, Michigan's Supreme
с.:ошt ruled that the Detroit police had entrapped Sinclair, and reversed his
,·onviction. Two justices further opined that Sinclair's sentence was "сше! and
unusual punishmenr in light of the case against him. "'9 Later, Dalla.r Notes
rublisher Stoney Бuгпs was sentenced tO (еп years and а day for possession оЕ
one-tenth of ап оипсе of marijuana (his f1rst offense), at which point even Тime
magazine was compelled со remark, "The law in Dallas, from аН appearances,
has Ьееп bent оп getting Stoney Бurпs for years."o()
Sometimes politicians even invited reprisals against underground rags. In
August I968, Chicago mayor Ricl1ard Daley appeared before а television
camera, jabbed his f1nger ас а сору of the Rat, and rhundered, "And tЬis, rhis
is tЬе terrorists' guide со Chicago."H' In Wisconsin, state senaror Ernest С.
Keppler stood in that state's capitOl building and said сЬас Conne"tiom editor
Апп Gordon sЬоu!d Ье fired as а university teaching assistant simply because
some people (him included) Ьеld Ьег in poor герше. "Рш it this way," Ье
explained со reporters. "Would а рrostitше Ье а proper ТА) 1 don't теап со
say sЬе's а prostitute, Ьш а person in public employment should have good
cl1aracter. If sl1e doesn't, сl1еп she's not effective,"R2 Joe Pool, а congressman
from Texas, said of сl1е underground press, "Tl1ese smut sheets аге today's
Molotov cocktails tЬrowп ас respecrability and decency in ош nation ...
TI1ey епсошаgе depravity and irresponsibility, and they ПШСиге а breakdown
il1 (l1е conrinued capacity of сl1е government (о conducr ап orderly and
constitutional society. "0\ Оп another occasion Ье declared, with по Сгасе of
irony, "Тl1е plan of tшs Underground Press Syndicate i5 со take advantage of
rhat рап of сl1е First Amendment wшсh protects newspapers and gives сl1ет
freedom of press. "04
In осl1ег instances, building owners, advertiser5, disrributors, and printers
were аН pressured into refusing tO do business witl1 radical publications. In
California, for instance, [оса! police apparently forced San Diego Periodicals­
сl1е 10саl news distributor-to гесаН сЬе July I969 i5sue of Ramparfs maga­
zine, \vhicl1 contained sordid allegations оЕ racism against а роНсе offlCer. 85 In
otl1er instances, federal authorities were behind some оЕ these obstructions. R6
In early 1969, ТI10rnе Dreyer reporred that Austin's Rag l1ad "1О5С several"
printers. Later, а COINTELPRO document revealed сl1ас аС least опе of tl10se
printer5 l1ad Ьееп visited Ьу San Antonio-based FБI agents. B- Freep editor Art
Kunkin maintained that FБI intimidation (ost Ыт шs printer as well. Rat
ediror Jeff SI1ero made а similar allegation concerning 111s paper's landlord. HH
In 1980, declassif1ed FБI documents proved that а Cleveland-based printer
provided сl1е Бurеаu witl1 сl1е names оЕ Ne\v Leftists \v11O l1ad asked Ыт со

"l'lТHER ,",'~ HAVE FRl'EDOM ()Е ТНЕ PRESS. 129

ргiш rnarerial rha( he found "smutty and extremely crirical of (Ье United
States."H9
The FВI was рroЬаЫу rnost effecrive, though, when ir pressured cerrain
large cornpanies со cease advertising in rhe underground press. As investigative
joumalist Angus MacKenzie revealecl, iпJапuагу 1969 а San Francisco-based
FВI аgеш senr а тето ro the Bureau's offices in Washingron, DC, and Ne,v
York City, alleging rhat Colurnbia Records \vas giving "active ai<.l an<.l сот­
fоп го enernies of the U nired States" in the forrn of adverrising revenue (о
underground newspapers. The agent then recornrnended rhat сЬе FВI shou!d
persuade Colurnbia ro a<.lvertise elsewhere. 90 According ro Marc Knops, of
Madison's Ka/eidoJcope, "The botrorn fell out of the ad rnarket" \vhen сЬе
record cornpanies sropped bllying space in underground papersyJ Eugene
Guerrero likewise rernernbers thar Atlanra's Суеа! Spec-kled Bird was "gепiпg
full-page ads ... frorn Colurnbia particularly, an<.l Capiral," which su<.l<.lenly
sropped appearingY2 Berkeley Tribe business rnanager Lione! Haines c!aimed
сЬас beginning in late 1969 his рарег su<.ldenly began losing abour $ 1 7,000
per rnonrh worth of record-cornpany a<.lvertising. "Within rnonths," he
rernernbered, "rnost of the viable underground papers around the соuшгу
were crippled. With big national a<.ls going ro Ro!ling Stone and the !осаl
c!assifieds going со free shoppers, there was по econornic base."'J'
In anorher instance, ап alliance of right-wing ро!itiсiапs and private
citizens organized an econornic Ьоусосс of а printer narned Williarn Schanen,
ofPort Washington, Wisconsin. Schanen, who was fifty-six when сЬе Ьоусосс
began, was the lопgtiте owner of Port Publications, апа in addition (о
рublishiпg three srnall weekly cornrnunity newspapers of his own, he also
contracted со print осЬег papers, including Milwaukee's KaleidoJcope. Ас (Ье
tirne. Ka/eidoJcope !lad а circu!ation of аЬош fifteen t!1Ousand and was typica!
of тапу underground publications. Опе writer characterized it this way:

It is anti-Estab!ishment in its editoria! po!icy, lashing ош in its news

colurnns аgаiпst what it sees as abuses of authority Ьу роliсе and
priests, rnayors and rnagisrrates, high school principals and uпivегsitу
presidents. It i5 ашiwаг апа рro-рос. It also sprinkles its pages with
four-Ietter wor<.ls and occasionally ргiшs drawings and photographs of
nude теп and women 94

lп early 1969, а local district ассоmеу freely acknow!edged that although

the рарег probabIy coul<.l пос Ье shut <.lown througll legal channels, "civic
action" could Ье used со force Schanen со Нор printing it. А few rnonths
later, Benjamin Grob-a prorninent local businessrnan who had previously
lent his support со senators Joseph McCarthy and Вапу Gol<.lwater-sent а

130 I 5MOKI:-iG TYPl"I>?RIТERS

.снег со some Ьуе huпdгеd retailers, огgапizаtiопs, апd iпdividuаls, аllеgiпg
:;1ас Sеhапеп was рuЫishiпg "оЬsеепе literature Еог рroЬс" Не added that he
\\оиЫ по lопgег advertise iп апу оЕ Sеhапеп's papers, пог would he patronize
.• пуопе who did. "Ladies апd gепtlетеп," he deelared, "1 ат 100king Еог
. отрапу. "Ч\ Sооп, advertisers began сlоsiпg their aceounts, merchants
,(opped carrying Schanen's papers, and weekly аdvегtisiпg геуепие Еroт his
riagship рарег, Ozaukee Рrш, plummeted Ьу 77 регеепс То (гу (о гееоуег
,оте оЕ his losses, Sеhапеп doubled dоwп апd began ргiпtiпg тапу other
~шdегgгоuпd newspapers that were having сroиЫе hnding 1оеаl publishers,
If1Clllding the Chicago Seed, the lndianapolis Е,'ее Рrел, and а рарег Егот as far
,1\уау as Omaha, Nebraska, called the Buffalo Chip.96
Ironically, Sсhапеп was по radical; l1е was merely liberal, and his сопсгасс
\\'ith Каlеidшс()ре aeeounted for only а minuscule portion of his business,
\\'11Ich had grossed nearly $400,000 in the уеаг before сЬе Ьоусосс. Viewed
['гот а sеlf-iпtегеstеd, hnaneial perspeetive, the eircumstances practically
cJemanded that he simply sever аН his ties со the uпdегgrouпd press. It could
iJave Ьееп easily aeeomplisl1ed. Вш in гЬе tradition ofBenjamin Fгапkliп, he
L,elieved that prinrers were obligated to print еуеп those things сЬеу fоuпd
objectionable. "1 dоп't agree with а lot of it," Ье said of Kaleid()s(()pe, 'Ъис
\vhat аге we supposed to do, get rid of еvегуtЫпg we don't agree witbl
There's ап issue here that is much larger than BiH Sеhапеп. "9, АпосЬег time,
Sсhапеп issl!ed а stаtеmепt that read, "Му family апd 1 аге dedicated (о
fightiпg сЬе Ьоусоп. АН we сап hope for is гЬаг гЬе fair miпdеd people who
Lшdегstапd ош роsitiоп, who respeet the right to сЬе еопstitutiопаl gllarantee
оЕ the freedom of the pres5, апd the right of Kaleidoscope to this 5ате freedom
toо, \vill соте (о ош sl!pport, What is Ьаррепiпg iп Рогс Нurоп, Wisсопsiп,
15 eruel, Рl!пishiпg апd sепsеlеss, No Аmегiеап who vall!es his freedom сап
lопg igпоге the dепiаl of freedom го others, "99 Althol!gh Sсhапеп \vоп hпап­

cial, moral, апсl editorial шррогс from ап аlliапсе of пеighЬогs, the Nаtiопаl
Newspaper Аssосiаtiоп, сЬе ACLLТ, the LТпivегsitу оfWisеопsiп's jоurпаlism
department, апd the пеighЬогiпg "filu!aukeeJoumal, he was еvепtllallу forced
to sell off two of 11is сЬгее пеwsрарегs, Тhеп iп February 1971 Ье died of а
hearr attack.
In some iпstапсеs, vigilanre groups physically attacked сЬе уоuпg mеп
and women who stafted l!пdегgrouпd пеwsрарегs. Victoria Smi(h, of Ноustoп's
Space City.', recalls а night in Jl!ly I969 whеп their homeioffice was hit Ьу а
pipe ЬотЬ while опе оЕ tlJeir staffers \vas inside. "Over (Ье пехс several
mопths," she says, "we endured Ьгеаk-iпs, thefts, tiге-slаshiпgs, potshots
(iпсludiпg а steel arrow fired from а crossbow tЬrougЬ the fгопt door) and
tЬгеаts, го ЬосЬ staff members апd аdvегtisегs."IIЮ Опе тетогаЫе threat

"EITHER W[ HAV!, FREFDOM ОР ТНЕ PRESS . 131

сате [п the Еогт оЕ а note that read, "The Knigllts оЕ the Ku Кlнх Кlап Is
[sic] Watching You." Soon the collective illuminated their yard with flood­
lights and occasionally kept ап armed guard at night, but th15 was оЕ limited
practical value. I01 Between ОпоЬег 1969 and February 1970, ап apparently
unhinged character kept hanging around сЬе offi.ce Space City.' offi.ce; еvепш­
ally he was discovered со Ье а Klansman named Mike Lowe. 11!2
ОсЬег papers experienced similar probIems. ОП Мау 1, I968, someone
bombed сЬе Los Лпgе/еs Free Press. ТЬе follo\ving уеаг, аЕсег some оЕ сЬе staff
of the Great Speckled Bi/·d wtote about their experiences with сЬе fi.rst Vencer­
emos Brigade (а group of young tadicals who demonstrated their supporr fot
(Ье Cuban Revolution Ьу chopping sugarcane alongside Cuban agricultural
workers), their offi.ce also was fi.rebombed. I01 In Califomia, сЬе collective
behind ап еагlу 1970S feminist ne\vspaper, Goodbye {о А!! ТЬа!, fOllnd а посе
оп their front door (Ьас said "You аге (l1е Targer. "105 ТЬе aforementioned
Da"as NoteJ editor, Sconey Burns, complained tllat оп сЬгее occasions Ье
fOllnd his car's tires slashed, and опсе сЬе саг was riddled witl1 Ьиllес 1101es.
ТЬе San Diego Streef j01irnal \vas beset Ьу а parriculacly harrowing string
of attacks. In ОсtoЬег 1969 tlle paper's windows were shot ош. Eleven days
later, someone smashed сl1е paper's front door and sco!e 2,500 copies of its
most гесеnr edition. ТЬеп сl1е рарег began receiving ЬотЬ threats over сЬе
рl10пе. Afi:ec сl1ас, someone ransacked (Ье SI1'M jl!шпаl's offi.ce, stealing
records and \vrecking $5,000 \vorrh of equipment. "During thi5 time," former
staffer Jlllie Wittman recalled, "it was impossibIe со look out of сЬе window
\vithout seeing а steady stream оЕ circling cars: police cars, llnmarked роНсе
cars, sl1eriff's cars, shore patro!. Вис по опе ever spotted сЬе perpetrators of
the vandalism. Meanwhile, loca! po!ice harassed (l1е paper's srreet уеп­
dors, 5eized some of tl1eir vending machines, and conducted illegal searcl1es.
Опе day, Wittman says, Ьег land!ord burst [псо their building. "'!'т пос

going со die Еог УОll,' Ье said. 'Get out. Гт пос going со die for УОll.' Some­
опе l1ad called and rhrearened ЬосЬ l1im and his fami!y llnless l1е stopped
rencing us office space." Tlle papers' advertisers receiyed similar threats.I()~ ln
I970 опе оЕ (Ье Stгeet jошпаl's \vriters, Lowell Вегgmап-wllО later rose со
jошпаlisriс fame as а producer for CBS's 60 Лfin/{tеs and PBS's Frontline (and
who \vas porrrayed Ьу Аl Pacino in сl1е mo\!ie ТЬе In.rider)-l1elped Ые а la\v­
slIir againsr (Ье San Oiego police department. But Ьу (Ье rime ir \vas ready
со Ье heard, сЬе рарег l1ad folded, and most of сЬе plaintiffs had already left
ro\vn. Later, а тетЬег of а local vigi!anre gang affi.liated with the Minнcemen
claimed responsibility for most оЕ сЬе апасks mentioned above, ап(l said his
group had Ьееп in league with (l1е local police and сl1е FВI. I "9 "We \vere tar­
gets along \vith а lor of orl1er people," Bergman said. 11o

132 ! S~{()Kli'O(J ТУРЕ\Х'RПI'I(S

 Perhaps che most соттоп aggravation that underground newspapers
:.lCed involved che hassling, detaining, or acresc of their street vendocs, еуеп
:hough сЬеу were almost always within theic cights со seH their newspapers
:Чlbliс!у. Street sellers оС сЬе Washington Free Руен were somecimes arrested Сос
,l}·walking. 111 Hawkers оС сЬе Spokane Natura! complained сЬеу were tar-
for !oitering, or for selling their papers соо boisterously, and опе
)Jlеsmап c!aimed he was he!d Ьу police for thirty-six hours. Не said Ье was
;1паllу released when some from сЬе ACLU called, Ьис по charges were ever
п!еd against him. 112 Two vendors selling Sап Fcancisco's Good Times were
oooked for оЬstruссiпg сЬе sidewalk and Ьеiпg а public пuisапсе. А seller оС
rl1e Berkeley ВауЬ was charged wich disrurbing сЬе peace. 11i Iп Oregon, а
,,,Iеsmап ОС сЬе Willamette Bridge was arrested Сос "iпсесfегiпg with сЬе flow
оС паffiс."il~ Iп 1970 сЬе Nеш York Times reported сЬас Sап Diego police

'сопtiпuеd со arrest sidewalk hawkers оС сЬе рарес оп loitering charges еvеп

rhough ... а [оса! lawyer for сЬе Аmегiсап Civil Liberties Uпiоп has Ьееп
,lble со get acquittals Ьу сhаllепgiпg сЬе сопstituriопаliсу of сЬе arrests."115
1п Dallas, Stoney Вurпs was arrested Сос sеlliпg his paper without а permit.
lп Сасс, по permit was песеssагу, апd these charges were later dropped. 116
Sellers оС Mississippi's Kudzu were !ikewise picked ир Сос vagrancy, опlу со
11ауе the charges dismissedY' Iп New Оrlеапs, the NOLA Express оЬtаiпеd а
rеstгаiпiпg order епjоiпiпg police Сroт harassing its vепdогs, Ьщ whеп а
federal сошt fiпеd а police оСбсег $ 1 00 Сос viоlаtiпg the order, а city соuп­
сilmап collected а fuпd апd регsопаllу reimbursed mm. ш Harassment оС
vепdогs was such а problem in Texas that Houston's Space Cit)'/ апd Auscin's
Rag both published guidelines for vепdогs in сЬе еуепс сЬеу were questioned
Ьу а police оСбсес, arrested, ос detained. 119
Some uпdегgrоuпd пеwsmеп тау Ьауе Ьееп targeted for draft evasion. Iп
1967-68, James Retherford, editor оС Iпdiапа's Speaator, was indicted оп
three cechnical charges геlаtiпg со сЬе draft. Вщ сЬе case againsc шт was
marred Ьу пumеroиs irregularities Ссот сЬе уесу stап, апd when he was рш
оп crial оп J uly !о, 1968, prosecurors seemed iпсепt оп trying шт for
sedition-for wmch he was nо! uпdег iпdiсtmепt. Ассоrdiпg со Retherford,
prosecurors, rеlуiпg in рагс оп his Spectator editorials, uпfаirlу portrayed Ыт
as "а revolurionary аdvосаеiпg сЬе violent overthrow ОС the gоvеrпmепr, а
соmmипist subvecsive, {and} а seditious traitoc." I 20 After Ье was sепсепсеd со
six years IП ргisоп, а New York advocacy group caughc wiпd оС his case, апd
Lеопасd Воиdiп, сЬе celebrated lawyer, agreed to rергеsепt шт рсо Ьопо.
ТЬе whole complicated matter was fiпаllу resolved iп Occober 1969, whеп а
thcee-judge appeals соuп uпапimоuslу rhcew оие Rerhecfocd's сопviссiоп
апd scolded сЬе U .S. аttоrпеу Сос Ьгiпgiпg сЬе case iп che first place.

"ПТНЕR WE НАУЕ FRHEDOM OF ТНЕ PRHSS . 133

 Those involved with underground newspapers ас military installations
faced obvious risks, Generally, these papers porrrayed the military as ап
instrument of American imperialism and kept servicemen abreasr of various
antiwar activities. А Nеш York Тimes article about Fort Dix, NewJersey's,
Shakedou'n explained the асту post had ап ordinance pcohibiting the
distriburion of anything that was considered "in bad ta5te, prejudicial (о
good order ос discipline , . , subversive, ос otherwise сопссасу to (its} best
intecest5,"12! As а result, Shаkеdошn was literally smuggled into the areas
where soldier5 frequented, and its staff rried со remain anonymous. Similarly,
bundles of the А"у, fcom Berkeley, were hidden in сасе packages before they
were mailed (о soldiers in Vietnam, who rhen redistributed them surrepti­
tiously. А writer foc AbolJeground, which сате оис of Fort Carson, Colorado,
recalls undergoing а harrowing inrerrogation from military intelligence
officers. As it was under way, he realized that his questioners had gotten their
information fcom а provocateur who had еасЕес tried (о goad him in(o сот­
mitting murderous acson,122
Опе of the most посаЫе figures in the GI underground press со endure
harassment was Roger Priest, ап apprentice seaman at the Pentagon who
single-handedly put оис three issues (опе thousand copies apiece) of ап
inflammatory ратрЫес called ОМ, Priest was spied ироп Ьу military intel­
ligence agents, arrested, and court-martialed, еуеп though, according (о опе
scholar, he "followed military regulations со the 'епес in а1l aspects of his
behavior, ensuring that if the brass were going (о get rid of him, they could
пос do it оп а technicality."12' For fourteen alleged violations under the
Uniform Code ofMilitary Justice, Priest faced thirry-nine years imprisonment,
Ьис ultimately he was merely demoted and given а bad-conduct discharge,
Опе suspects that the whole тапес mighc '1ауе Ьееп avoided had Priest пос
provoked L. Mendel Rivers, chairman of the House Armed Services Сот­
mittee, Ьу sending him а сору of ОМ. Rivers responded Ьу asking Penragon
officials со investigare whether Priest had committed "gross abuse of the
сопstituriопаl right (о free sреесh,"Ш
For аН the repression that underground papers faced, iп а few iпsrапсеs
radicals тау have successfully leveraged their influence in the Моуетепс (о
avoid certain punishments, Рос inscance, ВU Nешs ediror Ray Mungo seemed
dеtеrтiпеd со draw the government's wrath in ОсroЬес 1967 when Ье
perched штsеlf оп the hood of а сас rhat was parked пеас the gates of (Ье
Boston Асту Base and ripped ир his iпduсtiоп papers before а crowd of
аЬоис six hundred. As historian Michael S. Foley writes, "Despite (hi5
flagrant violation of the law, neirher the Selecrive Service пос the ] ustice
Department moved (о punish him." "It was ап ореп and shur case," Mungo

134 ! SMOКlNG TYPEWRlТERS

later admitted. "1 expecred со Ье prosecuted ... Ьис rhey never рrosесшеd
те. 1 сап only conclude that сЬеу didn't want со give те сЬе right со make а
mапуг оЕ myself."12> Iп anorher instance, Distant Drшшner editor Ооп
OeMaio гап а letter со сЬе edicor that, if read uncharicably, could Ье caken со
advocate rhe murder оЕ Frank Rizzo, сЬе nocorious local police commis­
sioner. ]26 OeMaio says that in response, Rizzo pushed Arlen Specter, who was
then the city's districr аггоrnеу, со press charges against him. Ultimately,
though, Specter declined, supposedly because he "didn't want а rior over thar
crummy paper."I2"
Ir i5 true, though, that 50те underground jошпаlists were guilty оЕ very
serious crimes. Norably, rwo Rat sraffers, Рас Swinron and Jane Alperr,
рапiсiрагеd in сЬе bombing оЕ government buildings in 1969. \Х!Ьеп
they sought со jнsrify their self-described guerrilla activity Ьу delivering
communigues со LNS and а handful оЕ papers, they were following the cus­
сот established Ьу other violent organizations. 12R As Сшр Berlet pointed
ош, the handling оЕ such material Еroт fugitive groups "Ьесате such ап
issue that сЬе UPS newsletter carried ап article оп the subject" (Training ас
опе underground newspaper," he added, "included use оЕ small arms").]29
Members оЕ some оЕ the most radical papers, like rhe Berkeky Tribe, had ties
со, and \уеге among the chief sources оЕ information аЬоис, clandestine
grollps sllch as the Wearher Underground. Iп шrn, the undergrollnd press
was rhe only reliable mошhрiесе rhar sllch groLlps had. For years, the New
Left's tabloids \vere sites оЕ lengthy debate аЬош rhe use оЕ violence Ьу the
[еЕс. Мапу writers offered ас least rhecorical sllpport Еог "armed struggle,"
though criticisms оЕ violence were just as соттоп. 1 ю Finally, it bears
remembering that the biased reporting and self-justifying rhetoric сЬас was
соттоп in llnderground rag5 соиЫ seem particularly skewed when уошh5
narrated their own регsесшiоп. If сЬе claims that federal investigators, sher­
iffs, business leaders, and politicians made against underground newspapers
sometimes seemed paranoid, exaggerated, ог conveniently selective, the
reverse is also true.
Still, in а СОllПСГУ that uneguivocally guarantees its citizens the right со
express themselves freely, and сЬас generally regards that freedom as опе оЕ
rhe most imропаnt freedoms in сЬе ВШ оЕ Rights, ir i5 striking how swiftly
authorities mobilized со сгу со shш down underground newspapers and how
imaginative rhey proved iп rheir efforrs. It i5 also disшгЫпg thar the diffi­
clllries thar radical jошпаlists епсоuntегеd were rarely discussed lП rhe
EstаЫishmепг press, which has СУрlсаllу Ьееп 50 vigilапг iп dеfепsе оЕ irs
own righrs.];] Опе сап only surmise why this was rhe case. lп а 1974 speech,
rhe Washingtoil Post's ВоЬ Woodward рш forth the most obviollS ехрlапаtiоп.

"EITH!'R WE HAVE FREEDOM 01' ТН"- PRESS . 135

"T11e undergrollnd press was largely righr about government sabotage," Ье
acknowledged, "Ьш сЬе соиntгу didn'r get upset because it was сЬе left that
was saboraged. ТЬе country got lIpset when [in сЬе Watergate Era} сЬе broad
political center, with its established iпstitшiопs, сате lInder attack."
Ву contrast, Thomas King Forcade careflllly monitored сЬе deplorable
efforts to sllppress lIndergrollnd newspapers, and Ье fllHy grasped what was
happening. In 1969 Ье pllblished а slIrvey revealing that 60 percent of аН
lIndergrollnd newspapers said сЬеу were frequenrly hassled Ьу police. 1i2 То
someone who was so committed to building а sustainable геvоlшiопагу
press, tшs сате as dispiriting news. "Wirh obscenity bllsts they get УОllr
топеу, with drug busts they get уош people, with intimidation сЬеу get
уош printer, v.'ith bombings rl1ey get уош office, and if уои сап still manage
ro somehow get оис а sheet, their distгiЬшiоп monopolies and rousts keep it
from еуег getting to (Ье people," Ье fumed. 1ii Вш оп other occasions, Рог­
cade characterized сЬе underground press as remarkably resilient. "1 пеуег
write апу of them off," Ье told а герогсег in 1969. "Уои won't see а сору of а
рарег for six months, тауЬе, and 1'11 think аЬош taking it off сЬе {UPS} list,
and сЬе уегу пехс day, сЬеге it i5. Undergrollnd papers аге like algae, the way
they cling ro life." Another time, Ье predicted the emergence of radical
dailies. "ТЬе undergrollnd pres5 i5 crollched like а РапсЬег," Ье wrote, "dollars
and daY5 away from daily publication and thus total domination of the print
media. After the lInderground pre5s goes daily, they'll drop like fliеs,"IЧ
Sometimes Ье еуеп seemed tO believe that сЬе oppressive measures taken
against (Ье underground press could Ье viewed as ап ещоurаgiпg sign, insofar
as they meant that people in powerful positions mllst have truly felt threat­
ened Ьу сЬе new radical media. Не presented (Ье undergrollnd press as а
powerful instirution that young реорlе could гаНу around, and as опе that
would пеуег buckle ог compromise. In fact, (Ье tactics deployed against the
undergrollnd press тау only have emboldened Forcade.
Certainly this seemed (Ье case when he testified before Presidenr :Кiхоп's
Commission оп Obscenity and Pornography, in Washington, DC, оп Мау
13, 1970, and single-handedly transformed what would otherwise Ьауе Ьееп
а sma1l-bore affair into what сЬе Los Arzgeles Times called "опе of (Ье most
bizarre hearings ever held оп the Congressional premises."l Like тапу First
Amendment absolutists, Forcade held that constitutional guarantees (о free
speech mattered mosr when (Ьеу protected сЬе rights of citizens (о criticize,
mock, ог belittle people in positions of' ашhогitу. And ас (Ье Capitol Hill
hearings, Ье found himself before а рапеl that Ье thought \vas overwhelm­
ingly deserving of such ridicule. Forcade was dressed completely in black,
with а parson's hat pulled low оуег his head, and his prepared statement was

1 з6 SМОЮ'<С; TYPEWRIТIiRS
antic and hyperbolic in the extreme. 1t also тау have Ьееп adorned with
inaccurate or misleading statistics, and some of it was clearly intended for
comic value. Still, probably по document [сот the 1960s Ьепес captures the
unusual style in which underground press radicals sought со leverage the
constitutional protections that were handed down Ьу Madison,]efferson, and
the other Founding Fathers. It is reprinted belo\v in [иН:

ТЬе Constitutiol1 о/ the United 5tates о/ America says, "Congress shall тnake
по lau' . .. abridging /reedom о/ speech оу о/ the руен. ., This unconstitutional,
illegitimate. !mlauful, prehistoric, obscene. absurd, Keystone Komтnittee had
been set ир [о "reconznzmd advisable, apprapriate, ef/ective, and constitutional
тneam {о dea! e/fectit'ely u'ith such traffic in obscenity and parnography, "
Та this щ say, /uck ол; and]uck cemorship.
This Keystone Kommittee, engaged in а blatant МсСаrthуеsqш u'itch
hunt, holding inquisitiona! "hearings" around the соиntуу, is the vanguard о/
the Brain Po!ice, Лfind Моnitоп. Thought Thugs. {and} Honky Heaven
Whores grasping to make thought criminals ои! о/ тni!/iom о/ imlOcent ,itizem.
Уаи ARE 1984- u'ith аll [Ьа! that irnplies. This phony Koтnmittee begim
uith the pornography and obscenity existing in the еуе] о/ the bul!shit beholders
and ends u'ith total state contro! о/ the mind о! every тап, UJornan, chi!d,
hunchback and midget. What рretentiою arrogance 10 рrелШlе, what colossal
nerve {о аиеmр! {о impose уоиу standards оп the public, while уои jack 0]/ in
the cemorship уоот. Fuck and /шk cemorship!
Either и<: have/reedom о/{lJе press ... оу we dИi '! have /reedom о/ the press.
The UlIdergrotmd Руел 5yndicate has repeatedly еЩОUJltеrеd уоиr brand
о/ political repression in the thin but {уаmрауеn! guise %bscenity, despite
[Ье Obl/io!JS /аct that the primary соntеШ о/ Uпdergrошzd Press 5yndicate
papers is political and social uriting. ТЫ] becomes even mоуе OblJio!JS /k'hen
undergro!md papers ауе compared to the milliom o/tom o/specifically sаlасiою
and рrliriеш /our-color crotch shot magazines whiclJ ауе readily available in
the шmе ,'ities шhеrе underground рареу; ауе repeatedly Ьюtеd /оу "pornogra­
phy." We knoU' u'here that's at. and и'е knoU' шhеrе уои'уе coming /уоm.
Besides. аrоюiпg pmrient interest in Лmeriса 15 а socially redeeming value.
50/uck оЛ аш/ ]ttck cemorship.
А stlldy о/ daily пeu'Spapers /ound {Ьа! 70 реусen! о/ the readership did nо!
beliel'c the papers they read, ТЬсу thought {Ьеу u'ere lушg. In the раи 20 years,
over 400 establi.rhment dailies ha/!e died, шhzlе in the past /ош years, the иР5
hm goпe /УОlll nothillg [о over 6 тnillion readers, А journalislll professor in
Cali/ornia made а study о/ Ы] с/ал 0/45 student.r. and /ound that 42 read
the 'оса! undergrOlmdpaper. Only 1 read ,Ье establishment propaganda organ.

"EfТHER WE HAV~ г'RЕl'LЮМ QF ТНЕ PRESS , 137

 The head 0/ the American Апоciаtiоп 0/ Ad~'ertising Agencies и'аrm the
stl'aight papers {о "get in tошh" or they И'i11 lose their adlJel'tising rel Jenue 'О
,lJе /mderp;rolmd pms. Ви! {flJey} сап'! "get in tошh.·' Ьесаще they are lackeys
о/а рои 'е,' strШ!JIrе u'hose оп/у tошh is а Alidas tuщh. и'lJiс/J tries to 'иrn U'ф'
into тоnеу. natural resu/t1'ces into топеу. etJen И'/Jоlе segments о/ our populatioll
into топеу.
ТЬе UndеrgrОШld Press Syndicate is fig!Jtjllg this. and u'imling. alld УО/l
are terrified Ьесаиsе и'е are robbing t/Je рои'еr strшtше 0/ its replacements. УОи
are а dying breed. Ьесаюе young people 100Je the zmdergrolmd preJS. live il. and
knои' t/Ja! it speaks the trutlJ. Вш уои и'аlkiпg апtiqшs are constant!y trying
to stamp ои! ош /reedom 0/ II)е press~uptigIJt Smokey llJе Bears 0/ tIJe totali­
tarian /отl. r1ishing around U'itlJ JIJotglmJ and .rfJot'eIJ. trying 10 quещЬ the
,fires 0/jt'eedom. В1I! tIJe fil'e is ои! 0/ control. and ха и 'i/I 1/1!t Ье brouglJt dои'n.
America's Child,'en jor Breakfast program--уоlltlJ genocide-is I10! Il'О1Ьng.
То it и'е say. /шk 0// and /шk cenS01'ship.
Уои po!itically sel/ordained demi-gods lJal'e decided to jam tu'o copies о/
the Reader's Digest into ezlery shitlюlе in America, И'i!1J уош dried-up. ре,'­
vCl'!ed. "g!y. bIand. middle-aged. lJypocritic {sic}. jack-ojj. psyclJopathic !otal­
itarian. иn sexed. dieta!orial. Bank o/America. и·аrреd. lJуenа. raпcid. muck
0/ УОllr ои'n decaying exisfence )'0/; make те puke green monkey shit.

In opposition 10 tlJis. our program is liberation-total/reedom-and и'е ш'е

totally сошmittеd 10 carrying out {Ы!' program. А dictatorial s!rtJCtШt саппо!
u'itlJstand tlJe аЬюlutе power 0/ а media that сап turJl оut half а million people
а! Woodstock 01' а mi!limz people to sit оп Nixon's back porcIJ unti! ,lJе u'ar ends.
And ше шi!! по 1Ilore passively ассер: tIJe suppression 0/ tlJa! voice {lJаn и'е шil!
о/ои,' bodies,
\fle аn {lJе solution {о America's probIems, We а/'е revolution, tЬш god­
damned papers аn our !iz'es. and nobotly slJa!l take our lil Jes ашау u:itlJ )'оur
goddamпed laU's. We т'е tоmоrгои'. not уои. We are the И'оrking model 0/
10morrOu'J paleocybernetic mlщrе. .fIJ1t1. life. manifesting /Ot'e. /orce. аnаl'ClJу.
eup/Jot'ia. positive. senJUal. c01ll1llunal. аЬапdоned. united. ЬrоtlJеt'!юоd. uni­
l./ersal. organismic. f)t'gasmic. fJarmoniollS. flou'ing пеи' соtl.fсiоюпеss media оп
paper. cOllling /rom oU1'lit'es in tlJe streets. So /uck ол and /uck cemorslJip.'
\Ve are in cIJarge %ur о!иz lives, and И'е bear al/egiaпce оп/у {о ()ur ОИ'II
Free Nation. We lJold уоur ащiеnt mytlJs 0/ .rterile Ыш 'mп in utter, sC/lm
bag соn!еmрl jor jamming ир the river 0/ Ьuшаn progms. Irying 10 lJold
back. push bal'k. compartmentalize. ram doU'n our tlJroat )'оur deatlJ trip о/
tlJouglJt cOlltrol. the last pe,'version 0/ ВаЬу!оп. And the stгаiс""Ьt media is
eqllally reJpomible. /or tiJey bear gui/t 0/ tIJe crime of silence, the crime

1 з8 I SMOKING TYPEWRITERS
 of inaction as [Ьеу U!atch and c!Jeer u,hile their media brot!Jers in (Ье under­
gmund prm go dou'n (Ье draln 0/1051 /reedom о/ (Ье preJJ. ТЬеу тouth empty
U'ords and ,Ьеу are lolal hypocrltes.
There сап Ье по /ree country witlJout а /ree press. and i/ t!Jere is по /ree
country, ,Ьen IlJere иill Ье по country. TlJere 15 по di//erence and по separation
betu'een иЬа! i5 happening [о [lJе undergrollnd press and ИJlJа! is lJappening
to t!Je Black Panthers or аnу other group u'hich opposes America 's last crazed
epilepsy. ТlJе Undergrollnd Press Syndicate !Jas Ьееn !Jarrassed {sic] unrelenl­
ingly since l! и'а; jOllnded ln 1966, уе! it has grou/n /rom just 5 paper5 and
1ш tlJan 50,000 circulation 10 ot'er 200 papers and circlllalion ot!er 6 mil­
lion. For every рар" destroyed Ьу а bust, 10 more have taken its place, and
i/ tlJe message о/ tlJat i5 по! clear. then уои тиs! surely have [о learn it Ьу
experience.
Соngrштаn }ое Pool, late ниАС chairman. said uThe plan о/ tblr
Underground Press Syndicate is 10 take adz!antage о/ Ihat part о/ the Fiпt
Ammdment и'ЫсЬ protectJ neu'spaper5 and theт /reedom о/ the prm."
ВоЬ Dylan says. "WitlJout /reedoт o/speeclJ 1 тight Ье in (Ье sшатр." 1 say,
"Wrile Оп.'"
1 do nо! agree u'itlJ а u'ord уои say. and 1 U'ill de/end 10 ту death ту right
losay il.

According со а press report, the Commission "sat dumbfounded оп а

semi-circular rostrum" while Forcade launched his verbal assault. When
he was finished, Commissioner Оссо N. Larson, а sociology professor at the
Universiry ofWashington, was incredulous.
"Would уои mind explaining ю те how we have engaged in 'McCarrhyesque
wirch hunrs and inquisirional hearings'?" Ье asked)
"1 think 1 have marerial in ту Ьох со explain rhar," Forcade answered,
gеsшгiпg со large cardboard Ьох in [roпс of тт. Then Ье reached inco сЬе
Ьох, pulled оие а whipped-cream pie, and dumped it оп Larson's head. I '6

"E!THER WE НлVЕ FREEDOM OF ТНЕ PRESS , 139

6

Questioning Who Decides

Participatory Democracy in the
Underground Press

SOMEТlME IN EARLY I969, WНILE living in ап eleven-room farmhouse in

western Massachusetts, Marshall Bloom began writing what appears со Ье
сЬе beginning of а memoir describing his experiences with Liberation News
Service. Не never finished, and it was never published. lп fact, (Ье original
manuscript-an eight-page typewritten fragment, located in сЬе Archives
and Special Collections Libraty ас Вloom's alma тасег, Amherst College­
has аН сЬе hallmarks of а first draft: false starts are scribbled оис Ьу hand, and
ас several points, Вlooт typed alternarive turns of phrase over his original
prose, which alcernates between rones of nostalgia and beleaguered resent­
тепс Had the essay ever Ьееп printed, its title, "LIВERAТION NEWS
SERVICE IS DEAD. LONG LIVE LIВERATION NEWS SERVICE," might
have provoked а frisson of recognition in certain circles; it was lifted from а
line in ап апопутоtlS letter (Ьас began circulating throughout сЬе under­
ground press in October 1968 in which Bloom was mercilessly ridiculed.!
Sadly, Вlooт never lived ro discover сЬас the letter was асшаllу а forgety,
written Ьу сЬе FBI in ап апетрс со ехасесЬасе tensions within LNS, the
underground press, and the New Left. 2
"1 wish 1 could сеВ you everyrhing that flashes in ту mind when 1 think
аЬош L~S and ту life for сЬе pasr year and а half," Bloom begins. "Much
тосе (Ьап it should have been-perhaps сЬас was сЬе problem-LNS and
ту life were аН mixed rogether."
 Neverrhe!ess, Bloom vo\vs ro describe his iovolvemenr wirh LNS "in
srraight [aod] соЬегеnc order," adding гЬаг his narrari\'e тау рroуе "еуеп соо
embarrassingly caodid." His earliesr тетогу coooecred го LNS, Ье says,
dares back го гЬе blustery аЕгеmооп in Apri! 1967 when Ье stepped оЕЕ ап
Егот London го теег Raymond МLшgо аг Boston's Logan Airport.
Аг гЬе time, Bloom was preparing ro тоуе ro Washingron. DC, where Ье
wOLIld take гЬе Ье!т оЕ гЬе Uoired Srares Srudeor Press Association, while
MLlngo, гЬе conrroversial ediror оЕ гЬе ни 1\Те1П , had JLlSt woo а fellowsllip to
begio gгаdшге srudy аг Harvard. Tl1e rwo \уеге already aware of опе aoorl1­
er's reputations, Ьиг this was гЬе first time гЬеу тег face to Еасе. and Еог
Bloom, ir \vas рше kismet. \Vithin minures, Ье "adjusted (о (Ыs big, Ьгауе
edirorial voice Егот а геепу, slюгг fellow with " Later rhat
eveoing, В!оот delivered а spacsely artended lecture аг Bosron University,
after \vhich Ье and Mungo repaired (о а tumbledown Ьаг Еаг beers and соо­
versarion, \уЬеге В!оот surprised Muogo. First, Ье "asked Ыш" со join
USSPA, гЬеп Ье "urged him" со ассерг (Ье оНег, аncl гЬео 11е practi<.:ally
iosisred гЬаг MlIogo commir ro rakiog гЬе posirion 00 гЬе spot. Wrote
Bloom: "I didn't гЬео pause оп гЬе inhereot unfaimess [оЕ гЬе Еасг гЬаг] 1 had
ту life planned Еог гЬе пехг уеаг and was mecely asking Ыт го join it; гЬаг
Еor him ir теаог а oew plan for гЬе уеаг." Nevertheless, Bloom somehow
persuat!ed MlIngo го scratch his graduate plaos in order го Ьесоте USSPA's
iotemarional ne\vs editor,
"Perhaps Ьеге is гЬе beginning of ту downfall," Bloom retlects, feeling
aoxioLls, ог perhaps guilry, аЬоиг haviog ргеssшеd Mungo го upend his plans.
Bloom a!so admirs, Ьо\уеуег, rhar he was heavily dependenr lIрОП MLlngo's
friendship and assisraoce. А few monrhs !агег, when MLlngo arrived аг the
huge brownstone they rented cogether in \VаsЫпgroп, DC, Bloom greeted
11im "with joy and relief."
[агег thar night, MlIngo rerumed (гот а nеагЬу laLlndгomat, disгшЬеd аг
llaving seen ап elderly homeless woman sleeping uneasily in а chair. "What
shall we do;''' 11е asked. Bloom answered immediately: "RLШ and ger Ьег and
ask Ьег го sleep оЕ сошsе." Momenrs later, in сате "а bedraggled, wer,
head-sЬаkiпg old woman оЕ гЬе srreers whose srories сате tuтЫiпg forrh as
\уе offered her а Сllр оЕ геа in Rауmопd's roот."1 The пехг еvепiпg, а nervoLls
reenaged mnaway SllO\Ved Llр аг their door, looking for Mungo, Uncertain
\уЬегЬег she'd Ье allowed го stay, she had lefr her IlIggage аг а пеагЬу lюtеl.
SI1e needn't Ьауе worried: сЬас пighг, she гоо \vas welcomed inro rheir
"wretched hippy hovel." Апd so \viгhiп jшг two days, wirhoLlt аnу рlаrшiпg
or diSСL1Ssiоп, rl1ey Ьеgаn rrапsf'ormiпg tl1eir Ьоте and \vorkplace inro а сЬа­
otic шЬап сотmLше. \Virhin months the house Ьесате overcro\vded. Рlюпеs

(~l ТSПО~I~(; \<НО ')ЕСШЕ, 141

rang асal! hours of the day and nighc while stereos blascec! everything from
ВоЬ Оуlап and che RоШпg Srones ro Мошеvегdi, Bach, and Wt;/! Diml!) 5
Greates! Hits. [осаl police responded Ьу srarioning а сшisег outside rhe
11Ouse."
"1 say а11 of this," Вlоот writes, "because in а way it's уоиг business, i{
уои аге ro know what ro think аЬоис [NS. ,,) That is, В!оот wanced со соп­
уеу chat [NS was begun with ап improvisational аnc! ad hoc energy tЬаt
sometimes seemed \villfully irrational. These first few pages ofBloom's тет­
oir also betray his heavy personal investment in the news service, as \vеll as
his headlong, occasionally domineering leadership style.
Certainly В!оот was пос unique in becoming deep1y immersed in his
media activism. Others involved with the underground press in tl1e !асе
19605 workec! feverish1y, with ап exa1ted sense of mis5ion and РШР05е,
approaching radical journalism as if it were а way оГ 1ife. Вщ the top-down
approach that B100m took in running [NS concrasted slшгр[у \vith the
itarian and anti-e!itist sentiments that \уеге e[sewhere 50 pronounced in сЬе
Movement. As [NS Ьесате ап established тапу оГ those who \vorked
Гог the news service Ьесате increasing[y uncomfortable with how it was сип.
Although Вlоот always had а small coterie оГ fo11o\vers who were impressed
Ьу his vision and energy, others found him manipu1ative, unreliable, and
irnpulsive. Моге importantly, the majority оГ [NS's staff rook it as ап artic[e
оГ faith that the New [eft's organizations should Ье scrupulous1y democratic.
When B100m and several others refused ro relinquish сопсrol оГ INS in the
summer оГ I968, the organization Ьесате embroiled in а Ыпег ро\vег
stшgglе that reverberated across the Movement.
Surprisingly, though, the rift in [NS has пос received much аttешiоп
Ггот scholars, and where it has Ьееп discussed, it 11as generally Ьееп mischar­
acterized as а di5pute along cu1tural and politica[ [il1e5, \vith В[оот and his
wild hippie followers cla5hing with а 1arger group о{ dour Marxists оуег their
contrasting values and lifestyles. 6 lп Гасс, this is 0111y рап оГ the story. TI1e
Ьанlе {ог contro! оуес the news service was also а contest between tWO dif­
Гегепс understanc!ings оГ what was теапс Ьу "participatory democracy." Ву
reexamining the cOI1f1agration within I.NS-and Ьу framing the танег
wirhin ics broader historical context-\ve сап do тоге than just сопесс the
distortions in previous accounts. We сап a[so Ьепег understand jUSt ho\\'
thoroughly the New Le{t's print cu[ture Ьесате imbued with democratil
values.
Under Bloom's leadership, [NS claimed to теес the Movement's demo­
cratic 1itmus test Ьу distributing virtually апу left-wing ог youth-oriente(~
articles сЬас сате оуег the transom, regardless оГ their ideological сопtепt or

142 ! SM()КlN(, ТУР);\'VR!ТI'RS

quality. Неге the group was following а precedent established Ьу SDS, in
effect making it their editorial policy nOllO edit. However, апосЬег faction in
LNS rejected the idea сЬас the group was behaving democratically. In their
uпdегstапdiпg-whiсh also hагkепеd back со SDS-it was essential сЬас
LNS should Ье гип as some kind of а in which large groups made
decisions, staff positions rotated, and resources were pooled rogether. Their
<lSSumption was that the New Left's media should do тorе сЬап disseminate
altemative viewpoinrs (as importanr as this was). It was also теаnr со dra\v
people into its fold, build а democracy of participation оп сЬе Left, and show­
case the Movement's superior, egalitarian values. According со опе radical
newsman, underground papers doubled as "laboratories" in the late 19605,
testing the New Left's theories аЬоис collective organization. "If Са} рарег is
шп democratically," said another, "it becomes а community and involves
people lП ways [сЬас} few осЬег areas society would allow.""

AMONG THOSE WHO CALLED FOR decentralized leadership within LNS was
Аllеп Young, who left а promising job ас the Washington Post со join the rad­
ical news service in December 1967, when Ье was twenty-six years оЫ. Ву
сЬеп, Young already had а long history of involvemenr in left-wing causes.
Не'с! gro\vn ир оп а chicken farm in the Catskill blountains, and both of his
parents remained loyal тетЬеГ5 of сl1е Communist Party throughour most
of the 19505. In l1is childhood Ье was proud of his parenrs' support for the
labor and civll rigl1ts struggles, and he greatly enjoyed the specia! camarade­
rie he found \vith other red-diaper babies. Опсе when he was very young, Ье
and а friend hid behind а hedge of bushes and squiпеd random
with \vater pisto!s. "Вис when а bIack woman wa!ked Ьу, we didn't squirr,
instinctive!y proteering her. Later, we had а !ong discussion about what was
the right thing to do: show ош be!ief in equa!ity Ьу squirting the black
\уотап the same way we squirted white реор!е, ог refrain from sguirring
because we underscood сЬе unfaimess of racism."9
Eventually, though, Young concluded that he had Ьееп "essentially indoc­
trinated into !eft-\ving dogma" during his chi!dhood. After апiviпg at
Со!итЫа University in 1958, he took а course \vith С. Wright Mills,
expanded his circ!e of friends, and opened himse!f ир to а wider range of left­
wing viewpoints. Meanwhile, Ье was much impressed with the energy and
promise of the СиЬап Revolution, and in the middle of his undergraduate
сагеег he began !earning Spanish in preparation for а сагеег as а foreign сог­
respondent in Latin America. "There was по magic moment that turned те
into а New Leftist," he !ater remarked. It "was а gradua! process that led те
to change ту views. 1 like со say that 1 began to think for myself,"I{)

QL:fSTIONING ""НО DECJl)ES 143

 Like Bloom and Mungo, Young had dabbled in jоurпаlism while iп high
scl1001, апd Ьу his senior year he Ьесате editor-in-chief of his college newspa­
per, the СО!lImЫа Daily Spectator, where he was "аЫе to mix journalism апd
activism for the first time" primarily l)y supporting а left-\ving сатрш orga­
nization called ACТION. (Опе of the group's notable protests \vas аgаiпst а
civil dеfепsе test in 1961, duriпg which New Yorkers were legally required
to "take соуег" ас the sоuпd of air raid sirens. lnstead, as the sirens' warbling
tопеs blared across Columbia's campus, hundreds of studепts flooded into
Low Memorial Plaza.) Uроп finishing his undergraduate degree, he studied
for а уеаг at Stanford, \vorked briefly as а reporter for а small newspaper in
Middletown, New York, апd then matriculated into Columbia University's
prestigious Graduate School of Jоuгпаlism. Ironically, althol1gh Young uпdег­
stood tlle importance of wгitiпg ргоfеssiопаl, Ьаlапсеd ne\vs stories, throllgh
his tгаiпiпg he Ьеgап регсеiviпg аll of the ways that less principled reporters
could get away with distorting the news со make it fit their viewpoints. "
From 1964 to 1967, УОl1пg lived iп Brazil and Chile llnder fellowships
from the Flllbrigllt Program and the lnter-American Press Association, duriпg
which time he freelanced for major American newspapers, iпсludiпg the
tian Science Monitor and the Neu' YfJrk Times, Meanwhile, he kept tabs оп the
dеуеlорiпg New LеЙ Ьу subscribing со SDS's newsletter, Neu' Left Notes, апd
through his steady соrrеsропdепсе with fгiепds, iпсll1diпg history
student Eric Ропег, IпJапuагу 1967, а соггеsропdепt оп the Wesr Coast wrote
со say, "1 thiпk that УОl1 will fiпd the US со have сlыпgеd а great deal since УОl1
were last here-that is, the уощh have begun to change а great deal, The
fоllоwiпg mопth, another letter writer told him: "America is оп the verge of а
politico-cultural геvоlщiоп,"li Still, УОllпg was unprepared {ог the madcap
sсепе he discovered whеп he visited San Fгапсisсо's Haight-Ashbury district
duriпg the famous "Summer of Love," Like тапу hippies, Уоuпg епjоуеd
smоkiпg mагijuапа, апd he was stгепuоuslу opposed со the Viеrпаm War, Ьщ
he was scarcely interested in "dropping ОЩ." ТО the contrary, he srill dreamed
of а high-powered сагеег ас а major American Ile\vspaper, Whell he illter­
vie\ved at the ~'(lJhington PnJf with mallagillg editor Belljamill Bradlee (later
famous for overseeillg ВоЬ Woodward апd Carl Вешstеiп's Watergate со\,­
erage), he was careflll со keep his left-willg political beliefs uпdег \vraps, save
{ог опе slip: he said he \vas iпtегеstеd in the civil rights тоуетепс.
As Youllg recalls, Bradlee "respollded sharply with а qllestion: 'Уои aren't
Оllе of those activists, аге УОll?' llied, sayillg that of' сошsе 1 wasn 'с, and got
the job,"14
Though thrilled to Ье lаuпсhiпghis career ас the Рой, where he was assiglled
the пighttimе police Young felt conflicted in several important ways,

144 I SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

First, he resenred the fact that he was trained "to рау serious attention to а
murder if the victim was white, and not to worry too much аЬош it if the
victim is black." And while Young regarded the Post as а rather conservative
paper, he was surprised to learn that the cops he worked \vith thought it was
scandalously letr-\ving. Jokingly, they called it the "L Street Pravda." Another
complication was that Young \vas secretly gay at the time, and as а result he
regretted having to spend so much time in the newsroom and the police pre­
cinct; the first struck шт as а "boys club,"' and the latter was а "highly macho
environmenr." Вш рroЬаЫу his biggest frustration lay in the fact that as а
working journalist, he was prohibited [roт taking ап active role in the anriwar
activity that was happening right before his eyes. Опе night Young accompanied
Foner and several friends to а screening of The Ваи!е о/ А!giеп, Gillo Роп­
tecorvo's masterful portrayal of the Franco-Algerian conflict. "1 was very moved
Ьу that Ыт," Young recalled. "МауЬе it was а little romanric оп ту part, since
1 \vasn't in апу danger the way [Ali la Pointe} was in that movie, Ьш the сот­

mitment of the young Algerian revolutionaries struck те kind of deeply, and

1 thought 'this is something 1 care about, ту opposition to the Viernam War,
and here 1 ат at the WaJhillgton Ры doing the night police beat.'"
Around the same time, Young сате to know several local underground
press \vriters at the Washingtoll Free Рrел and LNS. Though Вlooт and Mungo
struck шт as "committed and intelligent," right away he noticed that they
were both "more involved with the counterculture than [he} was."15 Another
time, he рш the matter more sharply: the time he spent with the duo, he
proclaimed, was "far toо chaotic for ту way of thinking."J(, Nevertheless,
given аll the dissonance Young \vas experiencing as а radical gay journalist at
the \Vas/Jinp,/on POJt, LNS struck шт as the better bet. The following month,
he made what was "рroЬаЫу the biggest single decision of [his} life," and
torpedoed his professional journalism career Ьу resigning his position at the
Post and migrating to LNS's new headguarters-a shabby, three-story office
building at 3 Thomas Circle, which they shared with several other movement
groups, nicknaming it the "Liberated Zone."l-

AROUND TНIS ТIME, LNS and the llnderground press began receiving atten­
tion [roт both t11e mainstream media and [roт municipal and federal
authorities. 1h After the Neu' York TimeJ ran ап article оп the Liberated Zone,
Rep. John R. Rarick, of Louisiana, entered the story into the CongreJJiona!
Record. "Mr. Speaker," he proclaimed "the American Cong now blatantly
announce revolutionary Ьеаdguаrtеrs in our Nation's Capital."IY 1п response,
LNS prornptly ordered two thousand black-and-orange lapel buttons that
read: "1 АМ ТНЕ AMERICAN CONG."211

QLLsтюг-.:Iг-.:(; ""но DECIDES 145

 Ir was iп some ways ап iпарr meraphor, since Bloom апd Mungo had
always iпsisrеd rhat LNS would пеуес Ьесоте а mourhpiece for апуопе­
поr for SDS, rhe hippies, rhe Black Рапthегs, and сегtаiпlу nat for the
Vietcang. 2 ; In fact, the group prided itself iп its \villiпgпеss со distribute
а broad spectrum of radical viewpoints. "We'd print апу kind of crazy shit
that anybody sent us," Мипво remembered. Wаssеrтап said much the
same, "Ош idea of editorial sеlесtiоп was, if уои were committed enough
1:0 [уре ап article апd put it in the таа, and we kпеw who уои were, tl1at

should Ье good enough.... We believed in participatory democracy. "2'

Elsewhere, he elaborated: "We had unlimited сору space and for те at
least the опе thing [Ьас made the news service valuable was ош freedom [о
print anything that happened 1:0 faH into ош hands. We had а lot of misses,
but then, who were we [о judge/"2~ I.NS also welcomed feedback from
uпdегgгоuпd newspapers. Iп а December 1967 letter, Mungo told sub­
scribers, "We didn't епvisiоп LNS as entirely 'ош thiпg,' а пеws service
whose ideas and inspirations соте entirely from us, (rather} we thiпk it
will operate best when it reflects the consciousness of тапу people агоuпd
[Ье country.
Although LNS won acclaim for its excellent coverage of [Ье Battle of the
Pentagon and сЬе Columbia [еЬеШоп, its news packets were more typically
tilled with а wide assortment of dispatches from across the country. Some­
rimes printed оп colored paper, arricles of purely regional interest сап along­
side analyses of movemenr-wide trends, whiJe serious essays intermingled
with whimsical pieces. Опсе, as а prank, Mungo and LNSer Marc Sommer
falsely reported that in the redneck town ofSt. Rouet, Arkansas, rhe editor of
ап underground newspaper called Fшkоffhаd Ьееп tarred and feathered Ьу а
вапв of angry yokels. Iп tact, по sl..lCh editor, paper, or town еуеп existed.2(,
Ап article describing Secretary of State Оеап Rusk's evasive tesrimony before
сЬе Senate Foreign Relations Committee in March I968 Ьевап this way:
"Оеап Rusk sang and danced for some сеп hours in сЬе last two days. Some
оЕ his most popular roшiпеs \vere 'The Соттоп Danger со lJs All,' The
Yellow-Peril Polka,' ... and сЬас old, old standby оЕ the Johnson Adminis­
tration, 'Теll Ме Lies. '''2'
Meanwhile, life and work in сЬе Liberated Zone carried оп ас а dizzying
расе. Although it was located just six bIocks from сЬе White Il0use, [Ье
building served as the nerve center of сЬе local New Left. Plumes of mari­
juana smoke drifted оис of the windows, psychedelic and political posters
lined сЬе \vaHs, сЬе teletype тасЫпе spat ош "infemal clatter" ас аН hours,
таil poured in from everywhere, апd, as Мипво later described, "everything
was happening соо fasr." Staffers worked furiously "rrying to keep ир with

146 I SMOКlN(; ТУРЬWRПЬRS

1
the iпsurгесriоп iп colleges, ghertoes, апd hip communities all ас the same
С1те," and 500П LNS Ьеgап рroduсiпg three hefty mailings рег week. 2H
Despite LNS being hugely iпfluепtiаl in the world оЕ the underground press,
its оЕБсе remained disordered. Еуеп Mungo regarded his p05ition ас LNS as
"а big comedown" Егот his previous perch ас the В и NeU's, which, despite its
radicalism, was still а serious, professional-Iooking newspaper. "Вш all оЕ а
sudden," he remembered, he was "reduced со living like а gypsy in this
сгарру соттипе turning ош this crappiest оЕ сгарру looking mimeographed
flyers. "2У Then again, it could also seem thrilling со dance ас the counterCllI­
ture's Dionysian edge, taking drllgs and шппiпg оп karma, comedy, and
chaos. "While 1 was cyping rock-and-roll Iyrics in rhe margins оЕ the mail­
ings," Wasserman wrote, "Marshall was holding the operation together with
mirrors in а \уау that wOllld рш Jay GOllld со shame. Не got топеу from
nowhere, sent it somewhere else, and two days later equipment would arrive.
Magic!~"'O "А lot оЕ what was done ас the news service was done оп acid, пос
just marijllana," he added. "Уои know, Marshall used to walk arollnd the
оЕБсе naked.'" J

Others dOllbted \vhether LNS cOllld continlle functioning amid SlIch

chaos. When Bloom asked his friend John Diamante со join LNS, Diamante
\vas forthright аЬош his reservations. Exhallsted and in debt from having
recently worked "ЕиН-сНс" as а геропег Еог rhe Southern Courier, he said he'd
Ьесоте cautiolls аЬош '\vhere {his} energy goes," and he basically rold
В!оот rhar he didn'r rhink LNS was lIР со the task it set Еог itself. If the news
service was tшlу gоiпg со rival mainstream media огgапizаtiопs, l1е said, it
\vollld пееd со сгеасе self-sllsraining projects, bllild hllпdгеds оЕ contacrs
across rhe соипсгу, and recrllir а reliable, сор-поtсh sraff; rhis, in turп, wOllld
reqllire legal Ьасkiпg, ыliпesss sa,'Vy, "thОllsапds оЕ Еогт letters and individ­
llally cгafred поtеs," and cOllntless hours оЕ steadfasr \vork. "То гесшп ro ап
old theme," Diamanre wrore, "rhis is пос со Ье accomplished Ьу people flying
llр and down rhe stairs, lоsiпg tеlерhопе ПllтЬегs, тisрlасiпg their cool, ог
becoming myopic аЬош where people(s) аге headed."'2
Others shared similar concerns. Опе was Sheila Rуап, а герorсег Еог the
\'(~shiJlgtoJl Рт Pms who began wгitiпg pieces Еог LNS iп early 1968 аЕсег
а hаrrо\viпg siх-mопth jail sепtепсе Еог hаviпg sat iп ас the \VЪitе
House. Although hard [у а cookie-cutter сопfогmist, Ьу the wild stапdагds
set Ьу В!оот апе! МlIпgо, Rуап тау have seemed ClIlrurally СОП5еrvаtivе. She
had аttепdеd Catholic Uпivегsitу, where she'd опlу rarely smoked marijllana
(Ъесаusе we didп't have that much time (о"), апd she always knew that еуеп­
шаНу she wапtеd со Ьесоте а wife апd а mother, Меапwhilе, hаviпg steeped
herself iп tl1e civil rights тоvетепt, Rуап was impressed with that stшgglе's

Qп:sт[()~[r-;(; ""НО DfOCIDES 147

emphasis оп democratic рапiсiраtiоп and consensus bui!ding. Нег idea ог' а
good !eader, slle said, was опе H\vho wou!d facilitate сЬе democratic process
and геаНу allo\v people ro соте togetl1er and refine their ideas, and Ье!р сЬе
best ideas ... еmегgе."Ч Ву contrast, sl1e perceived ап a!rogether different
арргоасЬ ас LNS, \Vl1ereby реор!е clustered sycophantically around В!оот.
100 ойеп, (Ье group's accomplishments cou!d Ье traced to а sing!e individual's
inspiration, гасЬег (Ьап сЬе who!e group's collective еНОп.
YOllng was a!so increasing!y rrustrated \vith LNS. А!tlЮllgh Ьарру to
Ьауеfreed himse!f from сЬе sпiсturеs that сЬе Po.rt imposed оп l1is policics
and lifestyle, !le was по cultura! anarchist. Могеоуег, after аЬапdопiпg sllch
а promising professional сагеег in order to devote 11imself (о сЬе Ne\v Left,
Ье \vas sometimes annoyed Ьу Bloom апd Мuпgо's irresponsibility. Ву way
of ехатр!е, Ье recalls сЬас shоп!у after Martin Luther King ]г. \vas assassi­
nated, Bloom, Mllngo, and several orhers foolishly ventured into downto\vn
Wаshiпgtоп, ОС, in а black Cadillac hearse сЬас В!оот had !eased-this il1
spite of сЬе fact сЬас сЬе whole group was stoned and in possession of mari­
juапа, and аl!tlюгitiеs had juSt imposed а citywide curfew in ап effort (о
quell сЬе large-scale rioting сЬас had recently occurred. Айег police stopped
сЬе hearse at а гошiпе checkpoint, сЬе ещiге groпр was arrescecJ Еог vio­
lating сЬе сшfеw, and Mungo and another LNSer, Marty ]ezer, \уеге charged
with narcotics possession. Young lamencs that as Mungo narrates сЬе srory
in F,llIlOl1S LOJlg сЬе who!e escapade sounds "groovy ... уегу exciting
and !ocs of fпп." Buc сЬас уегу nighc, Ье said, "we were supposed ro get а
packec ош! And I гететЬег being !eft alone in сl1е office со do а]] сl1е
gшщ-\vогk.
It was in this сощехt сЬас some began qпеstiопiпg B!oom's leadership
and holding disспssiопs аЬош сЬе possibi!ity of' moving LNS's headqL1arters
from Washingron, ОС со New York City. Тhопgh Вlooт had Ьееп iпstш­
mеща! in getting LNS off сl1е groппd, some c!aimed (Ьас Ьу еаг}у 1968 it
was Уоппg who was "greatly responsible for keeping LNS together.'" Otl1ers
observed сЬас dшiпg сЬе СоlпmЫа rebellion, LNS had efTeccively Ьееп head­
qпагсегеd in Ne\v York anyhow. In facc, as LNS's biggest story оЕ cl1e уеаг was
unfo!ding in Momingside Heights, В!оот and ML1ngo were in сЬе midsr ot'
а mопсЬ-lопg sojourn across сЬе соuппу. ТЬоugЬ С!1еу had c!aimed сl1е trip
was necessary in order со blli!d conneccions with variollS ппdегgГОllпd news­
papers, пос everyone agreed сЬас сЬас was the best use of their energies, and
some sllspecced сЬас сЬеу had someching e!se оп cheir agenda: а vacation.
Certainly Мtшgо \vas feeling Ьшпеd ош. ]llSC before Ье !ей, Ье dashed а посе
со ]оЬп \X1ilcock, bemoaning сЬе siruation in ОС C'Riots аге bloody serious,
тап") and proclaiming, "! тау soon leave О.С and LNS."'~ Тше епопgh,

148 $МUк!"G TYPEWHIТERS

'асег гЬас spring, Ье and LNS роесгу editor Verandah РогсЬе began шаkiпg
plans со starr а сошшuпе in rural Vегшопг.
Meanwhile, Mungo and Young began Ьаviпg conversations аЬоиг Вlоош's
гесеnr behavior with Cavallerto, who was шапаgiпg сЬе New York office.
"What Ray and Allen rold ше," Cavalletto гешешЬегеd, "was rhat Маг­
sball-\vl1О \vas 50ГГ of гЬе аdшiпisrrаtог, гЬе day-ro-day guy-sort of worked
Ьу inspiration. Не was а сhагisшаtiс kind of guy Ьщ Ье \vas very disorga­
nized, and 1 trunk Ье had шооd swings, and 50 he'd ger depres5ed."'~ How­
ever close Вl00Ш and Mungo were, шапу years lагег, Mungo confessed that
rhere were tiшеs when he found Вl00Ш "iшроssiЫе го Ьеаг ехсерс [ог short
periods of гiше. .. Не brooked по opposition \vhatsoever. If you clidn't \vant
to do \уЬас Marshall \vanted со do, сЬеге was по гоош [ог сошргошisе.'Ч'
Опе fighr Вlоош did 10se, thоugЬ, was оуег whether ог пос LNS ShOllld
relocate со New York. Thollgh Ье badly wanred со stay in ОС, Ье \\'as аlшоst
entirely withощ supporr. Young, Cavalletto, and orhers successful1y argued
that Ьу шоviпg го Manhartan, LNS would Ье situating itself witrun а ЬиЬ of
lefr-wing activity, where they could сар inro а wealch of геSОШСе5-шоге
people, шorе energy, and шоге prulanthropists со donace badly needed funds.
As ап added епгiсешепt, Cavalletto had шапаgеd to find а 1, 70o-sguare-foot
office ас т60 Сlагешопt Avenue. Fогшегlу а Chinese геstащаnr, che space was
horribly rundo\vn, but it was cheap--only $200 рег шопгl1-апd when lс
was final1 у decided thac LNS shollld шоvе сЬеге, Ье per50nally signed сЬе
lease, and, with rhe help of Colin Соппегу, а carpenter who hac! Ьееп involved
witl1 Studenr СОШШllпiсаtiопs Net\vork, led а шаjог effort [о геfшЬisl1 tl1e
place. Over [Ье сошsе of аЬоиг а шоnrh, dozens of volllnceers laid а сешеnr
t1oor, installed wiring, and built new walls, which they splasl1ed \vith vivid
chartreuse and fllchsia paints. "Everybody dllg into their pockets" to Бпапсе
гl1е reno\'ations, Cavalletto гешешЬегеd. 41
Оп (Ье еуе of rhe шоvе, Young dashed off ап оргiшi5гiс посе to Вl00О1. "1
really think we сап сгеасе а good геаш of реорlе in NY," he said. YOllng also
l1inred rhar wirh rhe transirion, however, Вlоош should ргераге [ог l1i$ srew­
ardship over LNS со begin со wane. "1 have given sоше гhОllgЬг to а пашгаl
division oflabor, since уОll have Ьееп 50П of а 'wheel' in LNS-WASH ... and
George has Ьееп 50rt of а \vheel аг LNS-NY," he гешагkеd. "Hopeflll1y \уе сап
оvегсоше ош ргоЫешs of hierarchy and шiSГГ1l5Г throllgh division of lаЬог
and шuшаl confidence." Alr11011gh YOllng closed his lепег Ьу sayil1g, "1 do пос
and did пос Ьоld апу iIl will toward УОll personally," not еvегуопе in LNS \vas
50 convinced of rhis. Wаssегшап 'асег 5peculared rhat rhe шоvе со New York
was а SOft of sec-up. "ТЬе heavies were \vaitil1g [ог llS," he said. "Allen YOllng
was in charge of che cakeover,"41

Ql:Еsтю:-<r:-<G \>:'НО !)ЕСШГсS 149

ТНЕ МОУЕ ТО МЛNНЛТТЛN only exacerbated rensions wichin LNS. ]usc а
day or rwo before tlle New York staff was 5cheduled со drive со ОС со pick
ир сЬе equipment, Bloom phoned Саvаllепо and tried со саll сЬе whole
ching оЕЕ; LNS still owed $2,150 оп its ottset press, Ье said, and сЬе woman
from whom сЬеу had bought it would not let it leave town uпсil it was Еиllу
paid for. Cavalletto was livid: 'Туе spent а топсЬ, а whole сге\у оГ us, twelve,
fifteen people fixing ир сЬе office," Ье recalled. "1 said 'Marshall, how соте
уои didn't cell те ЬеГоге, what сЬе help"'H But if апуtшпg, Bloom's attempc
со scall сЬе move only hardened Cavalletto's determinatioo со see it tllroUgh,
and Ье quickly managed (о raise сЬе necessary топеу, thanks in раге to а lоап
from his mother. ТЬеп, оп сЬе drive to New York, Mungo allegedly launched
into а lengthy tirade against Bloom, describiog him as "compulsively
authoritarian" and еуеп suggesting that it rnight Ье desirable for him to lеауе
(Ье organization. 45 According (о Ryan, Мuпgо's characterizacion of Bloom
\vas "scaodalously пеgаtivе.'Ч6
Iп Famom Long Лgо, Мuпgо пеvег admits со ЬеtгауiпgBloom iп this way;
in fact, Ье implies that (Ье idea пеуег соиЫ Ьауе occurred (о шm, Fогсiпg
Bloom ош ofLNS, Ье said, would have Ьееп "like kiсkiпg Mickey Мапtlе off
сЬе Уапkееs.'Т Bloom lасег wrote ап ассtlSаеогу letter (о Mungo, however, io
wшсh Ье proclaimed, "1 сап quite ассерс (Ьас сЬеге was а period in \vшсh уои
were absolutely сопviпсеd that 1 соиЫ get аlопg with по-опе and Еог [Ье
survival оЕ LNS should lеауе."·8 РгоЬаЫу his ЬипсЬ was сопесс. Мапу years
lасег, Mungo wistfully remarked that alchough Bloom "was ао iпtепsеlу bril­
liant geoius aod а wопdегful guy" who Ье "геаllу loved," Ье was also "50
incredibly mentally i11, And it'you kпоw апуthiпg аЬош psychotics, сЬеу'ге
hard со Ье around. ТЬеу wear уои OL!t, basically.""; As Mungo and РогсЬе
began solidifying their plans со relocate [о Vermont, (Ьеу reached а decision:
Bloom \vOLlid not Ье invited со join сЬет.
Опсе LNS Ьесате ensconced iп New York, 11Owever, Мuпgо rose [о
Bloom's defense, по dOLlbt because Ье \vas tшпеd оЕГ Ьу the ugliness оГ сЬе
confrontation сЬас developed between what Ье called "сЬе Vulgar Marxisrs
(аН оГ сЬе New York people ехсерс Allen УOLшg) and (Ье VircuOLls Caucus
(all оЕ [Ье Wаsшпgtоп people ехсерс Steve Oiamond). ")11 Ву his ассоипс сЬе
Marxists began trying (о ршgе Bloom Еroт LNS in ап "llnfair, inhumane,
and гшhlеss" таппег. То Bloom's Гасе, Ье says, people "snapped" and
"shouted" at Ыт; Ьеhiпd his back, they raised pernicious qllestions SLlg­
gesting Ье was а "стеГ," а "sex регvеп," and а "compulsive liar." Uпdег­
lying it аll, Ье alleges, was ап ideological dispute. ТЬе Marxists craved
соnrro! ofLNS 'Ъесаше сЬеу wanted to do а news service сЬас was sllbstan­
rially different t'rom сЬе опе Marshall l1ad created, а ne\VS service which

150 i SМСЖI!'(; TYPE,",RITERS

would Ье more serious, тоге militant, тоге straight, edited and managed
Ьу а collective and not ап individual."51 Wasserman said something similar:
"ТЬеу were the politicos (ош пате ror сЬет), we сЬе insufficienrly mili­
tants (theirs for us)."

Debate, which carried оп гог about two weeks and ойеп went оп for as
long as eight hours straight, [ап through Cadres, Lenin, Marcuse,
Cuba, Norrh Vietnam, Algeria, democraric cenrrism, Russia, parrici­
patory democracy, Hairi, the Panthers, ош parenrs, bourgeois democ­
[асу, Mr. LSD, LB], tl1e sanitation deparrment,]ohn Sruart Mill, Bugs
Bunny, and (Ье people's struggle (о off Porky Pig. ТЬе walls shook
with college rhetoric.

ТЬе Vulgar Marxists denied, however, rhar rhe teud had much со do wirh
polirics, or сЬас сЬеу held апу grear animus toward сЬе counrerculture. То (Ье
contrary, сЬеу claimed (Ьас "personal1iberation" was ап "integral part of сЬе
revolutionary process in twentieth-century America" and that LNS shопld
рготосе сЬе Movement's cultural politics throпgh "poetry, graphics,
photography and joy in media. "', According to ТЪоше Dreyer, а [е\у of сЬе
Vulgar Marxisrs "рсоЬаЫу did ;ust as тапу psychedelic drugs" as сЬе Vir­
ruous Caucus, and almost everyone in LNS was heavily into rock and roll. 54
Ryan added сЬас тапу of сЬе Vпlgаг Marxists lived and асе togerher and
fosrered а "very vibranr sense of соттппirу, interdependence, and тпrпаl
aid. "5) Their goal was пос to ruш LNS into а secrarian groпр thar wопld push
some hard ос narrow ideological line, Ьпt rarher со геsспе (Ье ailing news
service, improve irs qпаlitу, and transform (Ье sraff into а smoorh1y rнnning
collecrive. "Опе of сЬе principles 1 had early оп," Cavallerro said, "was сЬас
сЬе people \уЬо did сЬе work should make rhe decisions. ",6 Young echoed
rhis senrimenr, adding, "Some of сЬе people сЬас were in Ray and Marshall's
сошс, quire frankly, didn'r really do а 10(,")' According со Ryan, rhe artempr
со democrarize LNS was borh ideological and pracrical. Ву mid-I968, LNS
had obviously grown inco а major operarion, requiring сЬе sпstаiпеd efforr of
at least а dozen fпJl-rimе workers. "And сЬе qпеstiоп," she said, "was how do
you ger а [ос ог' people со work геаНу hard оп something for по marerial
reward~"5H То сЬе Vпlgаг Marxists-some of whom also belonged to SDS-­
rhe answer seemed obvioнs: LNS's own statI shопld help make the decisions
thar affected their workplace lives.
Shortly arrer сЬе тоуе со New York, the newly combined LNS staf{ gath­
ered [ог rwo exasperating all-night meetings. Ву then, Cavallerto was already
running LNS's fшапсiаl operarions, bur rhe Bloom faction conrrolled rhe
New Media Pro;ect's board оЕ directors. ТЪе Marxisrs were а larger group, Ьш

QUESTlON1NG WHO DЕСШЕS .I 51

тапу among rhem were fresh arrivals (о LNS, whereas rhe Caucus was тоге
experienced and (they claimed) betrer connected through bonds of loyalty and
friendsllip.5~ The first night, Young explained thar he found Bloom impos­
sible со work wirh and said that he \vished he would leave. Не sropped shorr,
however, оЕ asking the enrire staff ro vote оп wherher ог пос Вlooт should
formally Ье made со resign, since they had пос уес learned, rhrough their
own, wearying experience, juSt ho\v difficult Ile could Ье. Лfгег rhese теес­
ings, Young left New York Еог а rwo-month trip overseas, \vhere he visited
London and the Soviet Union and reported оп the World YOllth Fesrival in
Sofia, Bulgaria. \X7hile he was away, he dashed off а посе со Cavalletto, apolo­
gizing Еог having ro leave ас sllch а stressful moment, and llnderscoring his
hope that LNS could flourish as а harmonious and smoothly functioning сот­
muniry-albeit опе thar mighr not include Вlooт. Young wrote, "LNS is
increasingly relevant and important.... \Х7е need (о сгеасе among ourselves
good political consciousness, as well as bonds of trust and love. 1 ат very
excited аЬоис сЬе possibiliry of building such bonds and doing imaginative
radical work .... Let this letter Ье anorher reaffirmarion оЕ solidariry, and
cooperation, regardless оЕ сЬе 'Вlooт РroЫет. "'Ы>
Лs )uly turned со Лugust, rhe Movement braced itself (ог rhe bloody
spectacle that тапу predicted would ешрс at the Democratic National Соп­
vention in Chicago, Meanwhile, in New York Ciry, (l1е weatl1er was hot and
sticky, and tensions in New York's шр community \уеге rising, in рагс
because of (l1е growing schism Ьепуееп сl1е Viгшоus Caucus and tlle Vulgar
Marxists. 61 Both factions "тес in secret, night after night," Mllngo wrote,
"and both devised lurid fашаsiеs against the other, and both found the тет­
bers оЕ the other group со Ье base fe11ows. In short, ош few weeks in New
York virrually halted а11 the ongoing research and news garhering оЕ (l1е
organization, and whipped опе and а11 into а fгешу of personal (шу and рго­
tective loyalty. Wasserman recalls опе tense, crowded, late-night meeting
in LNS's Ьаsетеш оЕБсе, wl1en Mungo stood ир (о deliver а speech:
"Now Гvе worked witl1 Marsl1all а уеаг, and there аге times wl1en i('s Ьееп
геа11у rougl1. Вш сl1ас Вlooт, уои know, 11e's gOt magic. It comes Егот some­
where, and tl1at's wl1at LNS i5, magic."
"Вооооот," Wasserman exclaimed. 'They hit сЬе ceiling. Sheila [Ryan]
screamed that сl1еу Ьаd magic too, dammit, "(,'
Тl1еге was а moment in early Лugl15t, llOwever, wl1en it seemed а5 if сЬе
two warring factions migl1t I1ауе arrived at (l1е beginnings of а гаррroсЬе­
ment. In ап unexpected tllrnarollnd, Bloom and several otl1ers annollnced
сЬас (l1еу wOllld agree со геSПllсturе LNS's board of directors 50 t!lat it \vould
inclllde а11 оЕ сЬе neW5 service's fuJl-timе wockers. Had сl1еу follo\ved tl1rougЬ,

152 i SMOКI"G TYpj'\XRITERS

th1S \vould have effectively turned control оЕ LNS оуег со the Marxists, \vho
Еог а [1те seemed pleased to have "made some progress 1П making LNS more
democratic and Ьепег аЫе [о function.,,(,j Вш [!1е Virtuous Caucus wasn't
acting in good f"aith. Around this same time, at опе оЕ the tl1eir secret теес­
ings, Bloom рш forth а daring proposal: "1 think we should just take the
wl10!e news service out Еroт under them," l1е said, "апd тоуе it up to а Еагт
iп the country, тауЬе somewhere iп \\1estern Massachusetts.'"65

IN CERTAIN RESPECTS, the tепsiопs tl1at plagued LNS in 1968 resembled

tl10se [l1ас l1ad dogged SOS а few years earlier. As еvеп the Vulgar Marxists
сопсеdеd, еvегуопе iпitiаllу uпdегstoоd tl1at wl1еп LNS was fоuпdеd, it \vas
primarily Bloom апd Мuпgо's operation. They were сl1е опеs witl1 the moxie
[о establisl1 the news setvice at а time when few tl10ugl1t it would succeed,
апd \vhether tl1rougl1 hard \vork, fогшitous timing, ог "magic," they quickly
turпеd it iпro а рillаг iп the underground press, glliding and iпsрiгiпg СОllПС­
less radical papers across the соuпtгу апd greatly аmрlifуiпg [l1е power оЕ the
ul1derground press. Bloom, especially, l1ad worked [о esrablish а cнlture
within LNS tl1at was nearly as frenetic as his own регsопаlitу ("LNS al1d ту
life were аН mixed together"). Fоuпdеd Ьу а small clique оЕ fгiепds, the news
service attracted the рапiсiраtiоп оЕ а wider range оЕ writers, edirors, апd
photographers wl1o--however tаlепtеd and епthusiаstic-didп't always
sl1are сl1е same temperaments and ideologies оЕ its founders. Тl1е personaliry
clasl1 Ьеrwееп YOllng апd BlooMllngo is а case in point. "The difference
Ьеtwееп АНеп and те struck те in а phrase," Mungo later wrote. "[Не} see5
the revolution as 'сl1е people' а11 wогkiпg together, 1 5ее it as 'the people' аН
Ilot \vorking together. "66

\\1hеп they werel1't ас еасl1 other's throats, both sides in the LNS displlte
must have гесоgпizеd that [l1еу were епmеshеd iп а difficlllt siшаtiоп,
Тl1е comparison [о SOS, 110wever, сап only Ье ехtепdеd 50 Еаг. А few years
earlier, [l1е "old guard" iп SOS qllickly геliпquishеd the reins [о its пеwег
members, Тше, some оЕ сl1ет gшmЫеd that сl1е tепdегfооts who surged i11[o
tl1eir огgапizаtiоп l1ad uпsеttlеd their '\ve-happy-few mystiqlle," bllt Ьу then
[l1е old gllarders l1ad already commitred themselves [о еgаlitагiапism,

Having spent years sоliсitiпg broader membersrup раrtiсiраtiоп, they could

l1ardly dепу пеwсоmегs а say аЬош how SOS ShOllld Ье шп. Ву сопtгаst,
Bloom апd Мuпgо were uпсопviпсiпg as parricipatory democrats. Neither
seems со I1ауе sшdiеd сl1е New Letr's early theorists, nor did [l1еу have first­
l1апd iпvоlvеmепt witl1 SOS's political снlшге. 6Н Iпstеаd, сl1еу botl1 Ьесате
edllcated апd politicized in tl1eir college пеwsroоms, \vhere they had labored
со win the high prestige editorships оЕ their camplls papers.

QIJf.STIOISIM, "'НО DЕСШЕS 15.'

 Nevertl1eless, as сЬеу began drumming ир entl1usiasm Сог LNS in 1967,
Bloom and Mungo offered subscribing newspapers some say 1П determining
l10w сЬе news service should function. The depth оС their sincerity, tllOugh,
is l1ard со gauge. Given their early accomplisl1menrs and famously refulgenc
persona1ities, they тау have Ьееп sensitive со charges оС elitism. In а Decem­
Ьег 1967 'енег [о subscribers, Mungo seemed ас pains го persuade his readers
сЬаг, far Сгот being гетосе ог cliquish, LNS was acrually ап ореп and acces­
sible organization, determined со build connections Ьепуееп гЬе nation's Саг­
flung media activists.

Those ОС you who were ас the ОссоЬег 20 LNS-UPS meeting ш

Washington will гететЬег how difficult it seemed со gather а national

cooperative in those few hошs, Ьис гЬе need Сог ош union and the

circumstances со achieve it аге mucl1 greater now.... So wl1at we need

is уоu-уош consciousness, уош ideals and уош information оп \уЬас

l1as happened, what you аге doing, and what will follow. If we have

уош influence оп ош minds, we will have уош influence оп tl1e minds

ОС ош ЬroсЬег editors, and оп сЬе joinc LNS-UPS readership оС some­

thing like fош milliоп .... In the пехс few weeks .. we will Ье рго­

posing gentle gatherings оС like souls аrouпd the соипсгу со discuss

how we сап help each other, strengthen ош impact, [and) alter the

Cиcuгe оС trus 10ng, соо long, America .... So \vrite, telepllOne, сопсеп­

сгасе, iпfогm, advise, criticize, suggest, love, теес, coalesce every­

where уои сап ... and stгuggle. 6 '!

Meanwl1ile, under Бloom's iпfluепсе, I_NS сопtiпuаllу prided itself in its

ideological diversity and its eagerness со sho\vcase а broad spectrurn оС left­
wing viewpoints. lп November 1967, ап I_NS writer boasted that its staff
"mighr Ье considered а microcosm оС сЬе peace-апd-liЬегаtiоп тоvеmепt in
tl1e U.S.... Ouг views range Сroт pacifist со insurrectionary, ouг heads fют
grassy со austere, оиг sexual habi[s f"ют asceticism [о iпsаtiаЫlitу. А" have
unambiguously rejected сЬе two роuпds оС fetid owlsrut in а роuпd bag that
is сопtеmрогагу America."-o То ап incerviewer, В!оот опсе ехрlаiпеd that
although LNS was consistently lef"t-wing, it gave voice to "тапу views and
debates within the mоvетепt сопсеrniпg tacrics апd goals."c:
Ву usiпg опlу minimal discretion iп dеtегтiпiпg what types оС material
it \vould distribure, LNS initially fаshiопеd ап editorial policy similar го that
ОС most underground publications. As опе radical writer рш it, "If уои had
something го say, if you \vere dоiпg something you wanted ГО show гЬе
\vorld, you just walked inro youг 'оса! underground рарег, and тоге Сге­
quепtlу than поt youг message was circulated."- The stаtетепt also applied

154 SM()K!~G TYPEWRIТERS

...
со соuщlеss irregularly published leaflets and fly-by-night operations. lп
Мау 1967, SDS activists ас Temple Universicy launched а пеwslеttег called
Di<1logue Ьу announcing, "We invite and eagerly ассерс апу апd аН апiсlеs
from sшdепts ас Temple who believe chey have something ro say. А few
топths later, ас the New School in New York City, studещs fоuпdеd Суапра,
ап "ореп-епdеd, non-resrricrive underground newspaper," iп which rhey
boasred, '\уе аiп'г goc по editor [and} we ain't goc по scandard edirorial
policy. "-4 Ресег Shapiro remembered chat San Francisco Scate Universicy's
Орen Рmшs, for wl1ich Ье wroce Ыт reviews, functioned "like а loc of under­
gгоuпd papers" because ic imposed "по discipline \vhacsoever оп che writers.
Уои could sit dоwп апd say апуthiпg rhac сате inco уош goddamn head, and
уои could go оп for Буе pages, and еуегу word of' ir \vould Ье printed. Апу
ediror who dared со suggest сЬас it should Ье changed was [considered} а
соuпtег-геvоlшiопагу. "-о Meanwhile, а fe\v papers сЬас refused со шгп cheir
pages оуес ro сЬе Movement's rank and Ые, such as Madison, Wisconsin's
Conne{tions, recognized chey were anomalous. As сЬас paper's coeditor, RоЬеп
Gabriner, remarked, "O(her outlets оп сЬе lefr ... Ьауе seldom rejec(ed
macerial. We have rejecced quice а Ыс and ош сопсерс of media permics ош
s(aff со scrutinize, (еаг арагс, апd reassemble тисЬ of whac we accepc-we
асе demanding quality. "-,,
When ic сате со сЬе ассиаl орегагiопs and тапаgетепс of radical news­
papers, however, В100т and Mungo seemed wary about the potentia1 hazards
of 'ои mlICЬ democratic раrciсiраtiоп. То some degree, their caution тау have
resulted from t11eir experience working пеас rhe WasmngtOJl Free Pms, which
rented office space two floors below LNS in the Liberated Zone. Although
тапу LNSers had close and friendly relations wich that paper's sraff, Mungo
had а lo\v opinion of tlleir work, describing сЬе paper as "а bi-weekly special­
izing in lurid co10rs, wrecched typography, апd anguished sпugglеs with the
politics of communal1iving."-- As he recalls, the рарес literally had а policy
whereby "апуопе who walked chrough сl1е door was allowed а уосе" in derer­
mining ho\v ic slюuld Ье сип. Accordingly, "rhey would have rhese endless,
rorturollS meerings that would go оп foc rwelve hours, and anyone-some
kid, Мсееп years оЫ \vho lJad jusr gorren off а bus from Ohio-by rhe very
пехс day, Ье lJad the same voting power as the ediror-in-chief, and other
people \vho had Ьееп there а уегу long time!"-b ОсЬег papers carried tlJeir
egalitarianism со similar extremes. Eugene Guerrero, опе of the founders of
сЬе Суеа! Spe(k!ed Bird in Arlanta, Georgia, recalled сЬас the entire staff
sometimes congregated for long and tedious тееtiпgs simply "со ссу со
decide wherher \ve'd сш а paragraph ош of а story or пос. Iп ап efforc со
steer clear of апу similar hang-ups, LNS's foul1ders simply gave Bloom carce

QlЕSПОNrж; ""НО DI'CrDF.S 1:;:;

ЫапсЬе со make cГLlcial decisions аЬОllС сЬе organizarion's srraregy, fllndrais­
il1g, and operatiol1s.
No doubt rhis \vas Bloom's preference as well. As Mungo described it,
В!оот "had al\vays hand!ed LNS as а personal cause."oo Accordingly, Ье was
sometimes demanding al1d manipulative. Не was "compietely сараЫе of
inrerspersing long, heartfe!t compiiments of уош work with roral1y Ollrra­
geous demands оп уош life withour changing facial expression," Wasserman
rememberedY Раи! Mii1man, ап LNS wrirer affiliared with сЬе Vulgar Магх­
ists, added, "Marshall created inrel1se relarionships immediareiy. (Не] \vas
brillianr, 1 think, ас sizing ир а person and either findil1g their vulnerable
poinrs, ог rheir seductive poil1rs."'" Afrer observing LNS ир close il1 Wash­
il1gtol1, ОС, al1d сЬеп working brief1y \vith Bloom in New York Sheila Ryan
puzzled оуег why LNS's fоuпdiпg members so \villingly ceded control of сЬе
news service со Bloom, ЬеЕоге finally concluding сЬас rhey'd embraced а kiпd
of "rribal mel1raliry," il1 which Bloom was rheir "chief." When В!оот some­
times boasted, harched outrageous schemes, ог made iгсагiопаl decisions,
Ryan says "сЬас jusr conrributed" со his repurarion as а "magical, mysrical"
регsопаlitу.Х'
This суре of top-dowl1 (ог "tril)al") mode! wasn'r uпhеагd of il1 сЬе Llnder­
gгоuпd press. 1п сЬе most extreme case, а dапgеrous acidhead named Ме!
Lyman гап Bosron's Ашtаr сЬас way, before finally turning сЬе рарег inro а
Ьопа fide cLlIr. Meanwhile, а few owner-editors who got involved wirh сЬе
LlпdегgroLlпd press whеп ir was jLlsr Ьеgiппiпg, such as Art КUl1kiп of сЬе Los
Ange!eJ РI'Ce Press and Мах Scherr of rl1e Berkeley Barb, гап cheir inf111enrial
пеwsрарегs hierarchically. О, lп осЬег iпsгапсеs, papers сЬас experimenced
with colJecrive approaches later Ьесате dominated Ьу \уЬоеуег \\'а5 most
ralented, experienced, ог asserrive. Рог ехатр!е, whеп Jeff Shero founded сЬе
Rat in 1968, Ье had пос planned оп lisring апу job cicles or descripcions оп
сЬе masthead, Но\уеуег, according со Millman, Shero 'асег proclaimed сЬас if
сЬе рарег was to raise топеу and Ье sLlccessfui, ir needed some cJear al1d
cel1rraiized aurl1oricy. "And Jeff \vanted, пееdеd, al1d rhoLlghr ir сопесс сЬас
Ье Ье сЬе editor. However, сЬе grear majoriry of rhose involved with сЬе
lшdегgrouпd press il1 сЬе Jare 19605 believed сЬас ic was "logically аЬsшd for
а рарег сЬас preache[d] egalirarianism со Ьауе а boss. "'6
SOS did тllСЬ со еl1сошаgе chis line of rhoLlghr, In addirion со wanril1g
to democrarize сЬе larger 50ciery, сЬе organizarion labored ro build а democ­
гасу of' parriciparion in the Movement. Ргот сЬе уегу begil1nil1g, SOS officers
welcomed dispurarions of rheir о\уп ideas and proposals, and srressed сЬе
importal1ce of group-cel1rered ieadership. 111 I966, SOS aboJished its offices
of presidenr and vice presiclel1t in favor of havil1g rhree narional secrecaries.

I 56 ,МОКl"С ТУРЕ\\ RITERS

Assistant National Secretary Steve Halliwell exp!ained the !ogic behind
SOS's anti!eader menta!ity со а student who had just drafted ап оуес!у Ьи­
reaucratic charter [ос а campus chapter of SOS:

The опе thing that frank!y disrresses те in уоиг Oec!aration is the

emphasis оп tit!es and \vharnot .... It is уегу important that тах­
imum flexibi!ity Ье maintained among the leaders а chapter 50 that
реор!е coming in do not feel!ike less than the leaders--otherwise уои
get реор!е dependent оп а few people and they don't deve]op the se!f­
sl1staining energies that radica!s тия have if they аге со challenge the
system. Participatory democracy on!y works if everyone has а sense of
Я7
egua! participation in the sуstеm.

Since it was virtually а consensus in SOS that по individual тетЬег

should have а high public ргоЫе ог р!ау а dominating role in determining
institutiona! policy, SOS's rank and Ые rried го rein in charismatic and tal­
ented individuals. Опе writer contributing го NeuJ Le/t Notes еуеп called Сос
SOS's leaders со confine themselves го administrative work and со refrain
Сгот еуег telling others what со do. 88 А рори!аг pastime ас SOS meetings and
conventions, another \vriter observed, was "throwing stones аг narional
officers suspected ОС misuse оС power."89 According со Oick Flacks, SOS's
"commitment со participatory democracy strong resistance [о
self-perpetuating leadership groups." Even informal !eaders, he said, "felt,
and were made со feel, that they should limit their attempts (о influence the
organization's development. "90
LNS's Vulgar Marxists тау have shared а similar distrust ofleaders; ас the
уегу least, they regarded the Virtuous Caucus's resistance го their efforts to
democratize LNS as an affront (о the New Left's fundamental values. It would
Ье "ironic," they \vrote, "if а news service [ос а тоуетепг devoted го democ­
гасу allowed itself (о Ье ruled Ьу а person whose only claim was that he was
опе оС the co-founders and had corporate power in the eyes оС the state." If the
Вlooт faction was allowed со maintain its оп LNS, they said, the entire
Моуетепг would Ье forced to rely оп а news service that "was based оп the
antithesis оС its principles."91
It is doubtful, though, that those in the Virtuous Саuшs еуег thought оС
themselves as antidemocratic. "No-one votes 'по' (о democracy," they once
said in а statement. Instead, they stressed that the Marxist's attempt to
"democratize" LNS (delegitimizing guotation marks in original) was nothing
тоге than а power grab. As they saw it, LNS was in danger ofbeing hijacked
Ьу а group of heavi!y ideo!ogical "Johnny-come-latelies," попе of \vhom
shared their own imaginative vision of where LNS should Ье headedY' No

Ql7ESTIONII'G WHO DECIDES I 57

dOllbt, given tl1eir notoriety, personal loyaltie5, and general cocksurene5s­
implied Ьу their belief in "magic"-the possibility that they might lose соп­
сго! оЕ LNS pгovoked considerable intlignarion. То Ье overtaken Ьу а gГOLlp
ofhLlmorless politicos wOLlld have Ьееп rhe Llnkindest сш оЕ аН. As Diamond
later observed, еуегуопе in сЬе ViГШОllS CaLlCLls, 'ЪLl! mainly Marshall, hatl
Ьееп basing а whole identity aГOLlnd LNS."9. And уес, in spite оЕ this, the
news service геаНу was slipping away. 1п сЬе New Left cosmology, "magic"
was по
match Еог ({етосгасу. If the majorlty оЕ tllOse \уЬо worked ас LNS
wanted some say lП determining how it ShOLlld Ье шп, they wOLlld have the
LlndergГOllnd press's sympathies behind them.

ВИТ ТО SWIPE LIВЕRАТЮN NEWS SERVICE right ош Егот Llпс!ег its own sraff
and тоуе the whole operation со а Еагт ;' It wa5 а ratlical and far-fetched
vision, especially considering that this was several уеаГ5 ЬеЕоге the heyday оЕ
the back-to-the-lantl mоvеmеш, when Americans formed thollsand5 оЕ гшаl
commllnes across the СОllпсгу."5 Вш like тапу оЕ сl1е hippies wl10 wOllJd 50ОП
begin fleeing (о cOLlntryside l1avens, В!оот was animated Ьу dlleling feelings
оЕ political powerlessness апа grandiosity. 1nitially, Ье had considered LNS со
Ье ап "еуег growing, lefr-wing competicor to AP-UPI," Ьш now l1е wanted
it to Ьесоте "а w1101e, new геvоlшiопагу idea," resting оп сl1е premise сЬас
"revollltionaries [shollld} live сl1е life сl1еу advocate." Ву tЫs, l1е simply
теапс сЬас LNSers OLlgl1t со cal-ve ОLlС а тоге enjoyable, bucolic existence,
wl1ere tl1eir work wOllld Ье "тоге personally liberating" сl1ап in сl1е stllffy
contines оЕ а basement oHiceY6 Ву its "уегу essence," В!оот arglled, LNS
sl10uld "signify [l1е New Age, а new way Еог journalists, artists, and pl10tog­
raphers со sl1are, gro\v, and сгеасе cogether."9- Witl1 modem technology­
telepl10nes, telex machines, decen( roads, and assistance Егот сl1е U ni(ed
Sta(es Postal Service-l1e was convinced сl1ас LNS cOLlld flourisl1 еуеп оп а
гетосе Еагт. Но\уеуег, Ье also argued, ratl1er apocalyptically, сl1ас wl1ite rad­
icals would 50ОП need со escape сЬе narion's citie5 апуЬо\у. А5 сl1е Моуетепс
intensitied, l1е imagined шЬап cenrers becoming sites оЕ gllerilla сотЬас,
either between bIack revolutionaries and the state ог Ьес\уееп bIack-роwег
mi!itants and wЫtе vigilanres. In either case, wЫtе city d\vellers \vould Ье
callgl1t in (l1е crossl1airs. "Вн! insofar as (l1е cities will Ье а viabIe place Еог
radical ac(ion," l1е wгote, "country 511ррОП \vill Ье а vital tЫпg: а place Еог
qllick refuge and getaway, [and] а place со grow food Еог сl1е city guerillas."'J'<
ОП Allgllst 10, 1968, В!оот, Mllngo, and Wasserrnan ga(l1ered [о pass
motions knocking АНеп Young off LNS's board of direccors, and establisl1­
ing сl1ас LNS's new acldress-to wЫсl1 сl1е post office wOllld soon Ье deliv­
ering аН of tl1eir mail-would Ье а РО Ьох in Montaglle, Маssасl1щеtts.'!')

158 i SMOKJNG ТУРЕI>:'RПЕRS

"Something had to Ье done," Mungo later wrote, "for (о leave bad enough
alone meant simply thar Marshall, Sluggo [Harvey Wasserman}, Craig
[Spratt}, Lazarus [Quan}, and аН the people who had made LNS whar it was
would Ье stripped of апу role within the news service and jusr go looking for
а whole new 1ife.... The VlIlgar Macxists had imропеd а sizable grollp of
people to help them гип the news service, and we couldn't expect ош little
band to l()ng survive in ап atmosphere of hostility and rejection ... fгom
their own co-workers." The only solution, he claimed, "was to тоуе rhe
news service ... out ofNew York, to some place, апу place, where we could
Ье ourse1ves again, and \vhere George Сауаllегго didn't own the 1ease оп the
building."
This was essentially the logic behind the Great Newspaper Heist-a
"Ьиrn scheme" that the Virtuous Caucus гап оп the Vulgar Marxists 1П order
го relocate LNS to the СОlшtгу. In Ратою Long Ago, Mungo describes their
heist of the news service as harebrained, funny, challenging, and
short in the best tradition оЕ Church Street and Thomas Circle. ";О"
Re10cating the news service was largely Bloom and Mungo's idea, Ьиг Steve
Diamond played а Cfucial гole in executing the plan. А few months earlier,
\vhile having breakfast ас а local Chock full о' Nшs, Diamond had noticed а
short irem in rhe Neu' York Times indicating rhar rhe Beatles' Ыт Afagica!
Mystery Tour-a critically panned psychedelic "documel1tary"-had Ьееl1
pulled fгom its scheduled bгoadcast оп network television.!O! Knowing that
New York's rock aficionados wou1d rush го see аnу Beat1es movie, по matter
how bad, Diamond whimsically called tl1e Beatles' New York office го ask if
he could show it at а local theater as рап оЕ ап LNS fund-raiser. То his aston­
ishment, he was il1vited го соте and talk аЬоиг rhe proposal; rhe уегу пехt
day he fоuпd himself siгtiпg acгoss from Nat Weiss, опе of the Bearles'
lawyers, iп а plush office оvегlооkiпg Times Squace. After а short сопvегsа­
tion, Weiss iпstruсtеd his assistant го dial ир George Harrison.
"1 took а deep breath," Diamond recalled, until fi па 11 у, а familiar voice
poured оиг of а sреаkегрhопе: "Ниllо, this is George."
"Nat Weiss here. George, Гт sitting here with Steve Diаmопd from ап
underground press group called Liberation News Service ... and he's won­
dегiпg аЬоис shоwiпg the movie for а Ьепеfit ..."
"Liberation News Service? Oh, 1 know those blokes ..." Harrison said.
'They're good chaps, sure, let them have it."JJ2
Soon thereafter Diаmопd rented space for LNS to show the U.S. premier
of Magka! iVIJJterJ Тош at the FiIlmore East, the poplllar club owned Ьу rock
promoter Вill Graham. In return for $. I ,000 го гепс the theater, LNS could
keep whatever box-office receipts could generate [гот two showings of

QL !'STIONI!'>i(; \>; НО DECIDES I 59

the Ыт. Since Diamond was mistakenly thought to Ье пешгаl in the LNS
imbroglio, he was charged \vith handling publicity and collecting advance
ticket sales, which he deposired in а Polish-American bank оп the Lower East
Side. Вш Diamond was acting as а double agent; he асшаl1у sympathized
with the Virtuous Caucus, and as [еуепие began accumulating, he and Bloom
made several surreptitious trips со New England in search of а farm, uшil
блаllу rhey found опе rhar srruck rheir [апсу-а fопу-асге plor of land пеаг
Amhersr, ироп which rested а Jarge 150-year-old farmhouse and а Ьаrn.
Alrhough Diamond соЫ the LNS collective thar "adverrising costs were
higher than expected, ricket sales were lagging, and the Ьепебt was in bad
shape," tickecs асшаllу sold briskly enougll that Diamond was аЫе со [иппеl
$5,000 to В!оот, wl10 used it со make а down рауmеш оп the $25,000
farm. IOj
The benefit screening of Magica! /H)'ster)' Тош, Diamond recalls, was а
"smash." Both showings sold ош, generating another $6,000. Insread оЕ
sroring the топеу in the Fillmore's safe, as he was supposed со do, Diamond
wrapped the greenbacks iшо tinfoil bricks and stashed them in а friend's
freezer. Meanwhile, as most of the Vulgar Marxists were enjoying tlle film,
the Virruous Caucus was busily preparing ro еуашасе rhe Claremont office.
Еуеп though he knew what was going оп uptown, Wasserman сооllу attended
the benefit, where he observed that the Marxists were completely unaware of
being scammed; еуегуопе was "very friendJy," he recalled. :О! The уегу пехс
morning-a Sunday-the Caucus and аЬош twenty оЕ their allies гешеd а
large truck with а hydraulic lift and, in а feverish rush of mischievous energy,
cleaned ош che entire office. "It wasn't а theft in legal terms," Mungo later
maintained, "Ьш it was ап ехпаогdiпагilу frantic mоviпg-рагrу."IО) In addi­
tion ro taking the $4,000 ргiшiпg press and collaror (ro which the New
Yorkers had соппiЬurеd $2,150), addressograph, desks, and Ые cabinets,
they rook LNS's Rolodex, $180 in cash теапс for рауroН, ПОСб off bulletin
boards, and-in ап апеmрt (о ргеvеш (Ье New York cre\v [roт гuппiпg
LNS in their аЬsепсе--еvегу siпglе сору оЕ LNS's mаiliпg Jist. "We were
smartly thiпkiпg, 'they wоп't Ье аЫе ro get ош ап issue for а while,'" chuck­
led Мlшgо. "It would have Ьееп very difficult Еог tllem со гесопstirutе the
епtiге mailing list, wmch was huge." Although Мuпgо апd Porche did пос
огigiпаllу plan оп assisting iп the асшаl heist, Bloom was аdаmапt rhat their
"good karma" was required, ancJ Ье badgered them into jоiпiпg iп (Ье
acrivity. Опсе аН сЬе equipment was loaded onto the truck, Wasserman
jammed Duco Сеmепt iпtо the froпt door lock.
Ironically, late Sunday morning, rather than rhe dead of night, was the
most сопvепiеш rime [or the heist. Since the Marxists generally thought of

160 I SMOK1NG ТПfWRfТЕRS

rhemselves as " Мипgо ехрlаiпеd, rhey rypically took Sunday off.
"Вш rhar was exacrly сЬе opposire of us," Ье elaborared. "We [were willing
со work} tw(;'пrу-fош hошs а day, апу day, we worked оп Chrisrmas, 50 рап
of ош joke, рагс of ош рап of оur clllture, was rhar ... Sunday
wasn't апу differenr than апу other "lO(, Но\уеуег, it wa5 al50 imporranr (Q

сЬе CauCllS сЬас сЬ,'У пос Ье rhollght of as rhieves, Ьш гасЬег as LNS's legiti­
тасе titleholders. As В!оот supposedly remarked, "Only criminals тоуе
furnirure iп rhe dark."!(J" Ву emp(ying сЬе office in broad daylight, rhey
hoped (о gепегаtе the impression that сЬеу were taking сЬе пеw service, rather
гhап .rtec,lin,r; i(.
WI1еп Cavalletto discovered rhat LNS's еqlliртепt was тissiпg оп
SlInday evening, he immediately called Diamond, exclaiming, "We've Ьееп
robbed!" Diamond professed shock, Ьш reassured Cavelletro (har ас least the
LNS топеу was safe, and would 50ОП Ье available iп the form of а cashier'5
check. In facr, аС thar уегу тотеш, Diamond wa5 preparing (Q Вее (Q New
England, апd the $6,000 had already Ьееп turned оуег (Q his girlfriend,
Carhy Ншсhiпsоп, who \vas аЬош со deposit it in ап Amhersr bank.
The following morning, опе ofLNS's New Yorkers discovered rhat Bloom
had аrrапgеd for LNS's rnail to Ье fOf\varded to а РО Ьох iп Мопrаguе. That
explained а 10С, Ьш it didn'r сеН rhern where В!оот was liviпg ог
where rhe press wa5. Ву рhопiпg the POSt office and pretending (о Ье Bloom's
sister, desperare (Q сопуеу rhe news of а farnily Ryan persuaded rhem
со release the асшаl address of Bloom's farm. [асег rhat day, rhe posr office
gave rhe Marxisr5 50mething equaHy mailing li5t. Alrhough
еуегуопе had assurned rhe pOSt оfбсе had diStriЬшеd news packer No. 99 а
few days earlier, попе of the mailings had асшаНу Ьееп delivered, because
several rnembers of lJp Аgаiпsr the Wall, Motherfucker, а Lower East Side
anarchisr col1ecrive, had sшffеd copies of опе of their оwп broadsides iпtо
LNS's епvеlоре5; iп 50 dоiпg, rhey caused rhe пеws packets to Ье in viоlаriоп
ofLNS's р05саl permir, and 50 all four hundred of rhem were rerurned (о 160
Сlагетопс. As а reslllr, LNS-NY was 50ОП аЫе (о соттипiсагiоп
wirh their sllb5cribers.
Alrhough сЬеу were determined (о rerrieve the пеws service, rhe New
Yorkers found themselves iп а bind. They геаsопеd thar filing сгiтiпаl сот­
рlаiпts аgаiП5r В!оот апd his cohorrs was ош of rhe question, because they
had always held that rhe legal issues regarding LNS's согрогасе stшсгurе and
оwпегshiр were largely irrelevanr.!O~ Besides, as геvоlш:iопагiеs dedica(ed (о
overrhrowing сЬе srare, rhey cOllld scarcely арреаl (о аш:hогiгiеs (о resolve а
Моvетепt dispure. Nor were rhey аЬош: (о capirlllare and allow Bloom, who
they disliked inrensely, (о гип LNS from а гетосе farm, wl1ere they expected

QtiЕSПОNING WHO DЕСШЕS 161

(по( uпгеаsопаblу) (hat the news service \vould wi(her away. 1<1" That left опе
choice: (Ьеу would go ир to Montague аnc! simply take сЬе news service
back, Ьу force if neccssary.
Some(ime around eight o'clock (Ьа( night, а hastily arranged posse of
nearly thirty angry гаdiсаls-iпсludiпg LNS staffers, wri(crs for Rat, тет­
bers of (Ье Newsreel collective (who \vere owed some of (Ье Ьепеfir's pro­
ceeds), Columbia SDS members, and а local, multiracial rock band called (Ье
СЬildгеп of God-erammed iшо four large vehicles and set off for wesrern
Massachusetrs. ТЬе Viгшоus Caucus larer сЬагgеd сЬас СЬбе поп-LNSегs
\уеге recruited as "muscle," wЬегеаs (Ье Vulgar Marxisrs claimed сЬас сЬеу

wашеd to assemble а gtoup сЬас symL)olically гергеsешеd а broad tange of

Моуетепс opinion. Ei(Ьеt way, а( leasr some of сЬет were in а vengeful
mood. "Everybody, 1 теап сЬе enrire sraff, we were jusr ourraged," Dreyer
remembered. "So everybody piled in cars and wеш looking for сЬет .... Ас
сЬас poinr, we were аН confronrational and figured ir Ьаd со Ье dealt wirh."lji)
Having done so тисЬ (о establish LNS's New York office, Сауаllессо гетет­
bers being livid. "ТЬеу took everyrhing, аН (Ье addresses, сЬеу rook abso­
lurely еvегуrЫпg, because in сЬе collective meetings, сЬеу hadn'r won сЬе
уосе."lII Ryan, rЬоugЬ, does пос гесаl1 сЬе Ne\v York crew deparring for
Monrague wirЬ уегу тисЬ bloodlust. "! tl1ink ту feeling is we \vere gonna
са(сЬ 'ет Ьу surprise, and we were going (о (еН сl1ет сЬе пurЬ: (Ьа( this was
а bad (hing to l1ауе done, and уои need to give us юте sшffЬасk. Вш I don't
feel as if people were епгаgеd or wапrеd со Ьшс МагsЬаll ог do апуrЫпg
геаН у, rea!lу bad." 1
That night, Mungo and РогсЬе paid а friendly visit со Bloom at сl1е farm.
Around midпigЬt, just as (Ьеу were about (о lеауе, (Ье caravan's rumbling
engines and sЫпiпg hеаdligЬts pierced сЬе counrryside's ink-black darkness.
Several of сЬе New Yorkers took Mungo's саг keys and usllered сЬе two back
inside. "LigЬts flashed everywhere as саг after car pul1ed into (Ье farm drive­
way," Mungo later wrore. "ЕасЬ of сЬе invaders was carrying sотеrЫпg­
sticks, mostly, tЬоugh опе had а knife and а beanbrained fellow named Тот
[Hamilton} was waving а теса! rod wildly in сЬе air. Very fe\v words needed
со Ье said, it was absolurely evident сl1ас we were hosrages now."l;; Later,
Diamond and НurсЫпsоп pulled ир, and сl1еу соо were promptly raken
captive.
In subsequent starements, ЬосЬ sides in сЬе rift tried to casr сЬе orl1er in
(Ье Ьагshеst possible lighr. According (о LNS-Mass, the New Yorkers were
brutally violent, bearing пр В!оот, desrroying (l1ings tЬrollgl10Ш the farm­
110use, and frigl1tening сЬет with threars of worse tЫпgs со соте. LNS-NY
admitted engaging in some minimal аmоuш of violence, Ьш mosrly сЬеу

162 I SMOK1NG TYPE\XO'RIТERS

emphasized how nefariously Bloom's group had behaved in the lead-up to сЬе
con(ronration, and they insisted сЬас попе of the hostages had Ьееп hшt. '! ll

Nevertheless, through close attention (о сЬе available primary SOllfCes, опе

сап gather а rudimentary sense of what happened tl1at
The 1\ew Yorkers' primary сопсеrn was to retrieve сЬе printing press,
\vhicll was being stored in а neighbor's Ьаrn-Ьш only Bloom kne\v its ехасс
whereabouts, and еуеп after Ье was assaulted and bleeding from сЬе nose, Ье
refused (о divulge its location. Ву LNS-1\Y's ассоuш, "опе [1\S тетЬег
Ьесате ешаgеd ас Marsha11's arrogance and slapped him twice: Marsha11's
nose bled briefly."II) Mungo described а тисЬ тоге harrowing scene: "Now
Marsha11 was bleeding, scarlet rivers running down his face across his
chest and down his legs. Now Marshall was naked and limp. Now his body
itself was being rossed, banged againsr а wa11, kicked (о сЬе floor." I!(,
О( а11 сЬе 1\е\у Yorkers, Hamilton was said to Ьауе Ьееп parricularly
menacing, smashing someone's guirar and viоlешlу swinging his теса! rod
jusr il1ches аЬоуе сЬе heads of his caprives, сЬет со scream iп сепor.
Even сЬе LNS-NY crew admirred сЬас Натilгоп had "flipped ош, ... ralked
аЬоис torturiпg members of Marsha11's group," апd "gепегаllу acted like d
fascisr." I! - Orhers dismantled сЬе telephone to ргеvепt [Ье hostages (roт
calling the police and traipsed through [Ье (armhouse, rifling through рео­
ple's роssеssiопs and sсоорiпg IIp I.NS's corporate documents апd [Ье deed to
the farm. Ас опе poinr, two of Вloom's crew, Bill [ewis апd Steve Магsdеп,
dюvе ир iп ап Avis гепtаl truck, which (Ье Marxists тistаkепlу thought \vas
саrrуiпg сЬе press. Whеп опе of them rushed [Ье truck, he was kпосkеd оуег
Ьу the тоviпg vehicle апd suffered а fe\v cracked ribs. Surргisiпglу, though,
сЬеге were also some moments duriпg (Ье пight whеп сЬе mood lightепеd
сопsiсlегаblу. At опе роiпt, members of the Сhildгеп of God еvеп lJroughr
ош rheir guirars and sапg sопgs. ш "Ir \Vas ап odd siшагiоп," Millman
remembered, 'Ъесаusе 1 гhiпk we thought we \vould go ир there, they would
сарiшlаге, and we would leave. After all, we had тоге numbers and \уе \vere
тоге тап/у, if уои will. We were And rhey didn'r [сарiшlаtе}."!!~
However, I.NS-NY did тапаgе со seize а cashier's check fют
Bloom's group. Precisely how сЬеу ргосшеd it is uпсlеаг. Ву опе ассоиnr,
Marshall was dragged into а separare roот, \vhich (Ье captives heard а
loud and terrible ruckus. Wrote Mungo, "We couldn't сеН whether the поisеs
from rhe liviпg roот were legitimate homicide or а sraged melodrama of
flуiпg fшпiшге and сЬе like, Ьис fют whar we had juSt witnessed, \ve couldn'r
risk it. '·I·tI At that point, Нurсhiпsоп pulled Ollt rhe check, \vhich had Ьееп
made out to Ьег, and endorsed it "рауаЫе ro [iberation Ne\vs Service." Вш
according to LNS-NY, Diamond was repenrant (rom rhe very Ьеgiппiпg.

Ql'ЕSТЮЮNС; WHO ОЕиОЕ' 16з

"During the night, some of us had а 10ng ta1k with Steve Diamond," they
said, at which point he readily аdтiпеd to embezzling the benef1t funds and
"revea1ed that there was а $6,000 cashier's check оп the premises .... Sreve
seemed genuine1y eager [о extricate himse1f [roт rhe entire mess, and ro
re1ieve himself of апу further responsibility for the money."lcl Ас аЬош 4 АМ,
Diamond produced rhe phone number of the person who was storing сЬе off­
set press, and Cavalletto сапв the barn's оwпег ас his home. Ву LNS-NУ's
account, the woman who answered сl1е phone asked ro speak to B1oom; accord­
ing to LNS-Mass, Bloom had to Ье "hust1ed" to the рhопе Ьу rwo 'Ъга\vпу
10пgl1аiгs," at which роiпr Cavalletro ordered шт со "сеll her ro give us сl1е
press. Either way, B100m he1d fast. "Don'r Ье alarmed," he reported!y said.
"Тl1еу сате with sticks. If they ну to ЬосЬес уои, саН the po1ice. Dоп't 1et
сЬет l1ауе сЬе press."I2J

Ву about 6:00 АМ, as tl1e sky Ьевап со ligl1tеп, еvегуопе was tl1orougllly
exhausted, and сЬе New York fасtiоп f1паllу dec1ared that сЬеу wou1d геturп
Ьоте апd simply вес а пеw offset press in order со сопtiпuе гuппiпg LNS
fюm Clагеmопt Аvепuе. Ассогdiпg to LNS-Mass, af"ter tl1e "muscle" l1ad
1eft, B100m еуеп tried to [есоппесс witl1 сЬе геmаiпiпg LNSers, giving them
а tош of [Ье farm and arguing tl1at it was the best place from which LNS
cou!d serve сЬе Моvеmепt, uпril he happened to spot Саvаllепо апd Ryan
"rummaging сЬroивЬ his suitcases," ас whicl1 point Ье sprinted back со сl1е
farmhouse as they scrambled into their truck. Jusr as they fired ир tl1e engine,
Diamond and Marsden grabbed сl1е vehic1e's side апd briefly l1e1d оп as it
pulled away, before fаlliпg опсо сl1е dirt road. Cavalletto, howevet, сетет­
diffегепtlу. After most ofhis crew had left, l1е said, B1oom's group "sud­
dеп1у rea1ized сl1еу оutпumЬегеd us .. , апd they attacked us!" As сl1еу tried
to escape, Cavalletto fougl1r back after someone 1iterally grabbed 1101d оЕ hi5
arm and tried со уапk him from the mоviпg truck. "It was like а movie, ап
асtiоп Ыт," l1е recalled. "1 don't know what wou1d have l1аррепеd to те if
they'd вос те ош."12;

THERE WERE KOW TWO GROUPS ргiпriпg LNS пеws packets, еасl1 proc!aim­
ing со Ье the уеаl LNS апd саsriпg the other as ап ersatz version. Immediate1y,
ЬосЬ sides took their case to the left-wing and uпdегgrouпd media. "The
crucia! questiоп," Dreyer to1d а Neu' York Times reporrer, "is who will estab­
lish 1egitimacy with the movement."126 Вlooт held that сЬе ugly сопfroпtа­
tion ас сЬе farm оп!у caHed attention ro сЬе tетрегаmепtа1 and ideological
differences coloring the two groups. Ассordiпg со а Viliage Vo;ce reporter,
Bloom had said that сl1е огigiпа1 heist "was done with style, а sепsе ofhumor,
and а сегtаiп e1an, "IГ Мипво 1ikewise rook mischievous glee in helping to

164 SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

pilfer the news service. "It was to Ье rhe u!timate defeat for Allen УОlшg:' 11е
crowed. "{Не'а} Ье in Bu/garia ас some kind of сиn(еуеm'е when the roof Ееll оп
11im,"I.'"
Ву сошгаst, rhe Marxists portrayed the robbery as а rhuggish Ьесгауа! оЕ
the Моуетепс and all it stood for. When Bloom's group canceled tl1e $6,000
clleck and pressed kidnapping charges againsr rhe thirreen New Yorkers­
Sllpposedly а capiral offense in Massachusetts-LNS-NY railed againsr them
tor cravenly шгniпg со сl1е autI1Orities. 1'Y 'Tl1is i$ В1оот's тогаl ргоЫет,
пос ошs," Cavallerro told ап East \/i!!age Other герогсег.' Neu' Notes
printed ап angry роlетiс-uпsigпеd, Ьш obviously wгittеп Ьу sотеопе
Егот LNS-NY--describing hov.: LNS had received "а gllick, well-placed
kick iп tlle balls from Marshall Bloom." "This i5 ргоЬаЫу the first time that
Моуетепс people have Ьееп charged \vith capital crimes Ьу 'brothers' in the
Моуетеnr," the author поtеd. And уес LNS-NY declared tlley would пос
bring legally \vell-founded соuпrегсhагgеs of embezzlemenr аgаiпst Bloom's
grollp. "Согрогасе апd сгiтiпаllаws," they таinrаiпеd, "аге rhe kiпd ofbull­
shir (о Ье used as соуег апd pressure оп the Мап, поt as wеаропs аgаiпst each
other."'"
Тl10ugh пос епtiгеlу withour support, few iп the uпdегgtouпd press were
ЕауогаЫе toward LKS-Mass. Ву iпsistiпg that the пеws service s110uld соп­
form со tl1e fоuпdегs' origiпаl visiоп, rather thап еvоlviпg inro а \vorker­
сопtгоllеd collective, they seemed апtitiетосгаtiс. Ву thеп tаkiпg tl1e ле\vs
service со а disгапt Еагт апd Ьuildiпg а соттнпе аГОl!пti it, rhey sttLIck some
as cliguish and self-absorbed. Апd \vhеп they sigпеd сгiтiпаl сотрlаiпrs
аgаiпst their erstwhile colleagues, tlley triggereti апgгу геsропsеs from those
v.'ho guestionecl their revoll1tionary соттitтепt. Ассогdiпg со Огеуег апа
Smitll, "most оЕ' rhe New Lefr and а large percentage оЕ' the UПLieгgгоuпd
papers Ьоусоссеа the Massachusetts grol!p, especially becaLlse оЕ the kidпар­
рiпg charges.'" "We were rl1e olltlaws оЕ the Моуетепг," Diатопd [етет­
Ьегеа 1 '; Еуеп В!оот later гесоgлizеd that iп most uпdегgrolша circles the
тоуе со а Еагт was "iпfатоus."1
Angry lerters сl1ас рошеd iflto Montaglle llnderscorea che роiпс. "Оеаг
Acid Heads," Ьеgап опе. ''Уов gllY5 аге fагсiпg аГОLlпd with а тilliоп dollar
idea. This i5 соо big со go dоwп tl1e dгаiп."'" "Whac the fLlCk аге уон people
tгуiлg со ргоуе," asked апоthег соггеsролdелt, "тоviлg HP there го che
woods оЕ- Massacllllsetts wllеп che леws ... is 999<' in tlle cities i "

Апd if уон take yourselves го Ье radical organizers as well as пе'.vsтеп,

\VllO аге уон trying со organize besides assorted rabbits, horses, апа
bumble-bees i Doing уош оwп tlliпg апа Liгоррiпg ош алd moving со

Ql'ESTIONIN<~ »;'НО DICCIDES 16 '5

 сЬе country is а groovy idea, Ьис 1 сшпk сЬас сЬе more serious of us
\уЬо are working for а [еа! revolution in сшs соиппу (ее! сЬас сЬе \vork
is with сЬе people, in day со day сопсасс .... Not only are уои general
fuck-ups, Ьис you're traicors со еvеrуtшпg which we аll ... are working
fоr. I .Ч,

From Detroit, Fifth Estate editor Ресег Werbe wrote, "Ош staft" feels сЬас
аН criminal charges must Ье dropped against сl1е New York people .... Rev­
оlшiопагiеs do пос use tJ1e сошts of сl1 е ruling c]ass со settle cl1eir disршеs
and especially do пос make use of сl1е repressive арраrашs of сЬе Stace со
РLшisl1 fel!ow revolutionaries по mапеr lю\v heinollS their aHeged crime. "1'­
Marc Sommer, who had worked for LNS when it was heaJquarrered in Wash­
ington, DC, cold В!оот, "1 сап'с believe сЬас сЬе clash necessicaced making
off witl1 аН of сl1е equipmenc, lying, caHing in the pigs, [and] setting ир а
ЬLшсl1 of ridiculous legal charges."liH Anotl1er wricer, WllO ассиаllу sympa­
cl1ized wicl1 LNS-Mass, nevercl1eless cold Bloom, "1 [еаНу сшпk уои oughca
drop сl1е пар cl1arges ... сl1ас jusr ain'c a-gonna ride well wicl1 соо тапу
people, y'know)"l;'1 Someone else advised, "As for уош тоуе into сl1е i<1yllic
countryside ... don't get toо pretentious аЬоис it!"'i[) From Lon<1on, ап LNS
correspondenc expressed disappoincment \vitЬ Ьосl1 sides in сl1е dispure,
tl1ougl1 l1е тау I1ауе Ьееп targeting Bloom wl1en l1е said, "Serious radicals
ап<1 revolutionaries, сl1е people wlю are plltting their fuшrеS and their necks
оп сl1е line, don't wanc со deal with nitwirs."lll
Realizing tl1ey'd overplayed tl1eir l1and, LNS-Mass tried со persllade
autllOrities со drop аН criminal complaints against LNS-NY. TI1eir entreaties
were пос completely slIccessful, Ьис сl1е kidnapping cl1arges Were еvепшаllу
redllced со d isшгЫпg сl1е реасе, and everyone got off ligl1 сl у (althougl1 сЬе
Franklin Соипсу jlldge infuriated сЬе five female defendancs Ьу fining сl1ет
only \vшlе еасl1 of сl1е теп got $50 fines). Тl1е $6,000 check was rrozen
in ап Amherst bank, and soon сЬе State of Massachusetts and lawyers began
gobbling most of it lIР со соуег variolls legal (еб. For а time, LNS-NY and
LNS-Mass borl1 printed their own news packets, Ьш tl1e New York collective
proved а hardier, тorе decermined 1ос. In lасе Seprember, сl1еу told slIb­
scribers сl1ас tl1eir staff l1ad bonded tl1roUgl1 tl1eir sl1ared adversity. "For сl1е
most ран, people are digging еасl1 осl1ег and аге геаНу excited аЬощ сl1е
work сl1еу are doing," сl1еу said. "We are working 12 110urs а day, often ас а
lеуе!
ofhigl1 tension, getting по salaries, eating соттипаl spagl1etti dinners;
Ьш still l1aving time со engage ourselves in сl1е sensory and erotic pleasнres
we аН 110Ы so dear, and (ironicallyJ managing со wander off со оиr (аст
wшсh we are renting in upstate New York!"] l'

166 I SMOКl~(; TYPf.WRlТERS

 Although some {еlс that the Сlагетоnr Avenue off1ce churned ош соо
тисЬ overheared rheroric in the lасе 19605, according ro media critic Nat
Henfoff, LNS speedily Ьесате more poli5hed and sophisticated, and Ьу the
early 1970s, if helped ro foster а sense ot' community among the nation's
"amorphous, nor-so-New Let't." "1 have seldom picked ир ап uпdегgГОlшd
newspaper сl1ас lacks а sizable питЬег ofLNS credir-lines:' Henroff noted.!
And while Mungo had stereotyped LNS's New York collective as humorless
politicos in FаШО#J Ago, the group published а slew of material favorable
со rlle уошЬ culrure, personal liberar10n, and feminism. "1ronically, whar
they did in New York in [Ье years afrer [he split was по( far a-f1eld from wha[
\ve'd l1ауе done, had we srayed," Wasserman said. "And they \vere better
organized and in [l1е 10ng гип, they were аЫе со survive. ",
Ву contrast, LNS-Mass produced only а few dozen more ne\vs packets
betore а combination of еппору, rorpor, and the cold winrer аН conspired [о
kill tl1e operarion. As ir happened, running rhe news service from ап isolated
farm proved every Ыс as cha11enging as опе might have expected. For опе, сЬе
group's offset press-nicknamed "Little ]ohnnie"-fe11 inro disrepair, and
during cold snaps its inkwells froze ир. Меап\ушlе, сl1е 10саl stationery store
stopped extending them supplies оп сп:dit, farm animals began overrunning
rlle Ьаrn where сЬе press was scored, and the group spent considerable time
atrending со chores necessary for fheir own survival, including chopping
wood and raising foodstuffs. Steve Diamond Ьесате сl1е editor of LNS-Mass,
Ьuc Ье especially gre\v estranged from rhe secrarian \varfare and abrasive mil-
that characterized some of rhe lасе 1960$ New Left. "The main reason
1 \vanred со srop prinring Liberation Ne\vs Service," l1е larer said, wa$ because
the group "didn'r have anyrhing more со say, осl1ег than perhaps get some
land, gec УОЩ реорlе together, and see what happens. "!1(, Elsewhere, Ье
\vrote, "AltllOugh we 11ad по idea what сЬе fшurе held in store, living ... оп
the land as ап organic communal family had со take precedence со pumping
our сЬе latest political Ыас from far tluпg of the соuпtгу.
In ап undated letrer, Вlooт likewi5e second-guessed whether moving
LNS со а counrryside outposr was such а good idea afrer а11. "ТЬе news ser­
vice is, of course, quite а drag," he said. There "i5 пос the na'ive joy there was
iп the beginning." Не а150 acknowledged having hurt some of Ш5 old col­
leagues Ьу moving со Montague, and observed сЬас he'd earned "а certain
атоипс of hO$tiliry from not-roo-distant friends."I'H Certainly he was
\vounded Ьу tl11S: 1П his unfinished memoir, he complained that the unsigned
Neu' Nutes article condemning шт \vas "so ludicrollSly ill<lccurate that it
seemed hopele5s со correct it." When he \vas last in Washington, DC, he said,
Mike Spiegel and Cathy Wilkerson, two of his old {riellds from SDS, ret-used

(~r.;ЕSПО;-';I;-';G "'·НО ОЕСШЕБ 167

to еуеп speak со I1im. 14Ч То Mungo, Ье wrote а letter complaining аЬоис а1l
сЬе bad press LNS-Mass received after сЬе heist, adding, "it is difficult to
sшvivе all this. if [sic] 1 seem со Ье reaching Ollt for help it is Ьесаше lJelp is
needed."I'"
ТЬеп сЬеге was сЬе despicable PВI forgery. As опе оЕ сЬе Вшеаu's Еипс­
tionaries explained in ап intema! тето in tl1e ЕаН of 1968, 'ТЬе New I,e{(
press has сопrаiпеd considerable charges and СОlшtегсhагgеs" conceming сЬе
newspaper Ьеisг and сЬе midnight raid оп сЬе farm. "We аге attempring со
use this situation со fuпhег sp!it сЬе Ne,v Left." То this end, someone fгom
сЬе FBI's New York оЕБсе drafted а letter that ршрortеd со Ье а missive from
а former LNS staffer.I'1 Titled "......... And \ХЪО Gor сЬе Cookie Jar),"
сЬе аutlюг drew апепriоп со B!oom's аррагещ mеща! instability, cleclaring
Ье 'Ъаs always Ьееп а Ыс of а пш" and skewering him for making hyscerical
accusations, ripping оЕЕ сЬе Моуетепс, and descгoying LNS I )2 Wasserman
remembered сЬас сЬе letter, \'1hich was reprinted in some Моуетепс papers,
"dug into Marshalllike а dagger."'»)
Despite аН this, Bloom sometimes seemed со enjoy Мопrаgllе's pascoral
simplicity, especially аЕсег such а srress{ul period. "IjЕе is 50 mllСЬ less сот­
plicated and trollbled Ьеге, уои Ьауе по idea," Ье wrote со АЬе Peck, есЕсог
оЕ сЬе C!Jicago Seed. "No need Еог bread allowances for [сЬе} subway, plastic
submarine [sandwiches}, гепс, parking tickets. It is infinite!y сЬеарег and we
live Ьепег."I)j In апосЬег letter, Ье said Ье enjoyed the challenges of eking
ош а Spartan existence оп the Еагт. Chopping wood, discarding шеlеss elec­
tric gadgets, bllying fresh milk from а local farmer, salvaging material Егот
а [оса! garbage dump, and finding inventive ways со scrimp and save-all of
this appealed со his new sensibility.;)) ln early 1969 Ье began talking аЬош
plans со сгеасе а magazine ощ of rhe ashes of LNS, which he wOllld call the
Jouma! 01 t!Je Neu'
Still, Bloom пеуег scopped having wild mood swings. Не fгеql1епrlу сот­
plained of being lonely, and ir must Ьауе pained him thar еуеп rhollgh he'd
hoped сЬе farm wOllld Ьесоmе а place for exploring "meaningf111, liberated
ыlапn relationships," Ье пеуег сате со tегшs with his own homoseXllality,
choosing instead со remain basically celibate. Apparently, Ье пеуег еуеп told
his closest friends сЬас Ье was gay. In early 1969 Ье \угосе со Mllngo froш
California with big ne\vs conceming his friend Lis Meisner, а friend since his
grad school days in London: "I_is and 1 аге getting married in August оп tl1e
farm and Ьоре со soon Ьауе BABIES. The orgy аЕсег сЬе wedding will Ье
something УОll and yours will NEVER forger."lj6
Вш сЬе wedding пеуег happened. In 1973, Allen Young, who Ьу сЬеп
was devoting тl1СЬ of his energy toward сЬе Gay Liberation Моуеmепс,

168 I SMOкr:,<c; TYPEWRlТERS

described сЬе rrip as Bloom's "lasc dicch unsllccessful апеmрс со make а go
of it romancically and sexllally \vicl1 а woman friend, Another рroЫет
Вlooт faced was сЬас alrhough his drafr board had awarded шт conscien­
tious-objeccor sratus in March 1969, he was srill expected со perform а
two-year stint ас rhe Denver General liospital-an entirely unappealing
prospect, perhaps in рап becallse rhe job would have рш mт in closer prox­
imiry со ms рагешs, wirh whom he пеуег was аЫе со resolve а dra\vn-our
generarional fe lld , 1\Н Тшs, соо, шшс have Ьееп hard, Оп ОсroЬег 21, 1969,
he sent them ап etTusive lепег, apologizing for пос always being "properly
grareful" and [ог taking "соо mllcl1 Еог granred," Wirh rremendolls warmrh,
Bloom reminisced аЬош а recellt cime chey shared when l1е and шs father
worked cogerher in а garden wшlе his тосЬег looked оп: "We Ьауе 50
joys rogecher we mllsr cherish chose we Ьауе," Ье 5aid. "1 wish 1 cOllld Ье
differenc for УОll, 1 геаllу do, Ьш 1 know сЬас УОll lo\'e те jusc as 1 ат and
that's ап а\vfпllу good feeling. Love, Marsh."1'>9
Теп days larer--on November 1, 1969, ас age гwешу-fivе-Вlооm сот­
miпеd suicide. Не l1ad шп а vaCUllm hose from сЬе exhaust pipe of ms саг
through rhe уепс \vindow. Не lefr по посе оЕ explanarion, jusr а lasr will and
restament providing instrllctions for сЬе disposicion of m:> meagec p05se5­
5ion5, со which Ье added ап expression of love for шs рагеnr5 and his friends,
and а brief apology: "1 ат sorry аЬош аН rhis."\<JO

THANKS LARGELY ТО FA,\IOCS I_O'.iG Асо, а cerrain lore sнrrollnds Liberacion

News Service, ас leasr in irs earliesr incamation. It i5 пос hard со see
Mllngo'5 vivid characterizarions, wiпу aside5, and fгеqllешlу confessional
prose make for delighrflll reading, and сЬе dllst-UP between гЬе Virtuolls
CauCllS and the VllIgar Marxists-replete wjrh secrer meetings, double
agents, and daring acts оЕ гшеvегу and sabotage--contain тапу elements ot'
а classic cloak-and-dagger srory. Wacmly reviewed Ьу ]ack Newfield in (Ье
Nщ.' Y(J1'k TimeJ, (Ье book sold scores оЕ thousands оГ copies (and was optioned
Еог а fеагше Ыт).I(,\

In 50теrespects, rhough, FtJ!IIOЮ L(Jng Ag(J seems llшеliаblе. For insrance,

wшlе Marshall Вlooт i5 fairblully ропгауеd as ап ессешгiс, Мuпgо skips
lightly оуег some оЕ сЬе тоге trOllblesome aspects оЕ шs регsопа/iгу, а:> well
as his роог mепгаl health. Nor does Ье give еvidепсе оfhаviпg seriollsly grap­
pled \virh сЬе perspecrives о( some оЕ rl1e Vulgar Marxisrs, who arglled сЬас
iп order Еог LNS (о survive. jr \vollld пееd со build а democratic сulшге.
Fiпаllу, опе wопdегs whether сЬе Marxisrs were every Ыс as dull апd doctri­
паiге as Мllпgо Sllggests. Givеп сЬе пео-Тhогеаllviап diгесtiоп iп wшсl1 Ье
апd Bloom were hеаdiпg, 10ts оЕ people рroЬаЫу srruck сl1ет сЬас \уау.

QLЕСSТЮ~ I~(; \}, НО DECCJDECS 169

Although сЬе LNSers who remained in Ne\v York certainly slblred tleep
political commitments and ап intense seriollsness of ршроsе, they \уеге пос
аН of сЬе same mind аЬощ МОУетепс and in addition со their lengthy
meetings and workdays, сЬеу enjoyed "tablllous dinners," recreational рос
smoking, movie nighrs, romantic couplings, \veekend excllfsions to rl1eir
upstate farm, and "late night boogies" ас cheir commUn<.l1 арапmепts.
When Sllррlеmещеd Ьу а \vider range of primary sошсеs, lю\vеvег, }.'fun­
go's memoir сап help us со appreciare how fuHy сЬе underground press
Ьесате sаtшаtеd \yith (Ье ideas аЬош democratic participation сl1ас SDS had
nllftured jusc а years earlier. In addicion со publicly calling tor с1lе
democrarizarion of sociery, New Lefrists built а large nerwork of altemative
media insticutions tlblc were теапс со showcase tl1eir democratic valLles. Опе
way of doing this-and this was сЬе tack taken Ьу Bloom and МLшgо~wаs
Ьу making their resoutces available со сЬе commllnity. Just as most Llnder­
ground newspapers opened their pages со whoever wanted со рщ cheir
lefc-\ving vie\ys inco circlllacion, LNS initially poscllfed itself as а "national
clearinghoLlSe" (Ьас would sho\ver сЬе nation's hip communities \vith texts
апd graphics. In chis way, СЬе news service cOLlld claim со Ье meering сЬе
Movemenr's democratic demands: Its dispatches wOllld [еflесс сЬе range оЕ
Моуетепс ideologies and opinions, and whatever LlSе individнal newspapers

made of tl1at material wOllld Ье со tl1eir preference.

АпосЬег аррroасЬ (and сl1е с\уо were по[ тишаllу exclusive) \vas to flШ
сl1е underground newspapers communally, \vithout ап editor ог а Lюss.
Instead, сЬе епtiге made editorial decisions, and everyone was епсош­
aged со Ьесоте iпvоlvеd in а11 aspects оЕ newspaper prodLlction. То сЬе Vul­
gar Marxists, as well as сl1е vast majority оЕ radical news people in сЬе late
1960s, this seemed perfectly appropriate. Here сЬеу тау Ьауе Ьееп gLlicJed
Ьу а generalized tear of сl1е сопuрtiоп ot- power сЬас was соттопрlасе iп сЬе
Ne\v Left, Ьщ more specin'c сопsidегаtiопs were ас work as \vell: сЬе belieE
сl1ас radicals oLlght со live сЬе values сЬеу wanted со see enacted in с1lе
sociecy, and сЬе l10ре that participatory democracy would Ье attractive
enoLlgh со lure people inco demanding Ьш fLllfilling Моуетепс acrivities.
When LNS broke wide ореп ас сЬе end of сЬе slImmer оЕ 1968, it wasn'(
сЬе only New Left media organization (о Ьауе experienced а fierce intemal
po,yer stfuggle. Two montl1s earlier, а б1(tiоп of сl1е Воsшп Лz'аfm' pllblished
а "пе\vs-огiепrеd" isslIe сЬас wаsп't со сЬе liking о{ сЬас paper's mysrical
leader, Меl Lyman. Iп response, Lyman directed а grollp of ms follo\vers (о
steal some thirty-five tl1ошапd copies of сl1е рарег, \утсЬ сЬеу sold as scrap
paper for а pittance.16~ Nevertheless, сЬе LNS telld proved something о{ а
bellwecher. In сЬе following years, statIs gre\v restless ог revolted ас several

170 SMOKING TYPEWR1TER5

ieading paper5 that had traditional mапаgеmеш 5trucrures. With сЬе
.ldvent of radical feminism in сЬе late 19605, тапу women began railing
.lgainst the crude sexism and ugly male chauvinism оп display in тапу
papers, and in February 1970 а women's collective famously seized perma­
пеш control of сЬе Rat. 1{'(. According со а Rolling Stone journalist Wl10 toured
сЬе country in 1969 со take stock of the New Left's media infrastructure,
Who's in of making decisions is а уесу large topic ас the тотепс for
nearly every underground paper."16- That same уеаг, Dreyer and Smith noted
tl1at сЬе trend in the underground press was toward encouraging democratic
participation. "Mosr papets are rrying (о create а democratic work siruation
.lnd decision-making process," they wrote.

Often staffers are listed alphaberically or in random order as рап of ап

ассетрс со avoid esrablishing hierarchies ОС power. Trying to work
collecrively is always а strt1gg1e-we are аН 50 corrupted Ьу rhe ego­
rripping есшс of capitalism. Sraff conl1icrs аге often grear, rensions
50metimes шп high оп layour night, Ьис people gradually develop the
abiliry со work togerher, sharing responsibiliry for policy, beginning
со purge rl1emselves оС rhe need со give or rake orders,l(,H

In this \уау, the underground newspapers оС сЬе lare 1960s were zeicgeist
tollchscones Ьу which radicals cOllld measure the purity оС their commir­
mепrs со iпtегdерепdепсе, power-sharing, and self-rule, In аdditiоп со
sеrviпg some of rhe same funcrions as radical papers in orher eras-building
ап adversary culrure and tгуiпg со соuпrеrvаil сЬе distогtiопs and shibboleths
thar 5pilled forth from tlle mainstream media-mos( оС the New Left's jour­
nalists behaved as t1пbliпkегеd democrats, dеrегmiпеd (о usher а spiri( оС
mlltllality iшо their Моуетепс. Ас the same time that they used their пеws­
papers as platforms (о espouse their viеwроiпrs, rhey rransformed the papers
iпtо egalitarian communities iп (heir own Perhaps there is ап irony in
this. Just like Mar5hall Bloom, most оС those who worked in the under­
ground press in the late 1960s saw со it that their acrivism and their lives
were аН mixed rogеtЬеr.

Ql5ЕSПОNING \Х'НО DEClDES 171

7

"From Underground
to Everywhere"
A/ternative Media Trends since the Sixties

IN ТВ!.: 1977 HOLLYWOOD FILM Вешееп :1)1: LineJ, direcred byJoan Micklin
Silver, rhe colorf111, tigl1tly knit, and idealistic staff of' а formerly '\шdег­
grol1nd" newspaper, the Back В,1)' i\fainline, f1nds itself in flllX. Althol1gh tl1e
рарег was опсе kпоwп for its пшсkгаkiпg bravado, in this POs(psyclledelic
era of oversized collars, flared rrousers, and fearhered hair, its mаiп selling
poinr seems со Ье its randy back-page sex ads. Наггу (played Ьу Jоhп Heard),
(Ье sratTs асе reporter, опсе wоп а jошпаlism award for exposing сorшргiоп
in local пшsiпg homes, Ьщ now he's sшсk niglltlife and fаsшоп
trends and is rhinking аЬощ quitting. Anorher wricer-rhis опе а superan­
nuated beatnik паmеd Michael (Stephen Collins)-finally does decide (о
jump Sllip, Ьщ по( llП(il he's lапdеd а blockbllsrer соппап со wfite а book
called Dea:f) u/ :!Je СО/lntе/Т/I!tше.
Meanwhile, сЬе wl101e gang is distressed аЬош шmors t!щt а mегсепагу
рuЫishiпg mogll1 паmеd Roy \'Valsh (Lапе Smith) i5 (о swoop in and
Ьну (he рарег. Whеп this finally happens, Walsh plays (о суре, sl1mmoning
11i5 пе\v employees (о а mee(illg and (ellillg (hem they'll пееd со \уасег do\vll
\vhatever is leEt оЕ their cfllsading zeal in order (о make сЬе рарег тоге рroЕ­
itable. No hard Eeelillgs, Ье implies. He's jllst "pragmatically"
abollt fac(s '\уе аll Ьауе (о live with." А( (his poinr, (he s(aEE's г('пdегЬеаrtеd
гесеРСlОПlЫ rises to qllir.
 "1 kllow сЬе Mainline mealls а good busilless deal (о уои alld а lot of
топеу," sЬе tells (he пе\у owner. "Вш (о а 'ос of us, it тест! А lo(
of us \vаш (о work {ог the Mam/ine and not some ... соmnшпiсаtiоm empire."
The Back Ва; Afainline пеvег really existed; it sprang from the imagina­
tion of sсгееп\vгitег Fred Вапоп, who had pre"iously worked for two hопеst­
to-goodness papers of considerable regional clour: the Boston PIJoenix and the
Real Ра:реу (both of \Vllicll were technically еstаЫisЬеd in 1972 Ьис actually
originated several years earlier). The tгапsfогmаtiопs Ваггоп depicred in his
script, Ьо\vеvег, \vere dra\"n from lite. All across America in the 1970s,
"alternative newspapers"-wirh their circulation srrategies, reader 5urveys,
polished layours, expanded arts coverage, and upscale demographics-bid а
Ьеапу fare\vell (о the Sixties. Although the crusading and rabble-rousing
sешimепts thar colored the underground papers were пос lost completely,
henceforrh they would Ье tempered and mured.
1t is hard [о pinpoint \vhеп [Ье transformation was complete, ыlt 1978
seems like а good marker. That was [Ье уеаг that Cal"in Тгilliп, thеп wriring
for the Neu' УIЛ"kеr, published а lengthy ассоипС of the first аппuаl mееtiпg of
tlle Каtiопаl Аssосiаtiоп ofNews\veeklies, \vhich was 11eld in Seattle. Accord­
ing [о Тгilliп, the group's паmе was а bit of а misnomer; it sоuпdеd (00 much
"like сЬе mапа,giпg editor of Time meeting сЬе mапаgiпg editor of NеШJшееk
for lunch со talk аЬош \vl1y their covers 50 often tшп out со Ьауе [l1е same
person оп them."l In fact, the meeting \vas аttепdес! exclusively Ьу feisty
alternati"e ne\"spapers сl1ас l1ad eitller evolved from сl1е underground press or
were fоuпdеd iп [l1е 19605 ог early 19705 а5 commercially oriellted ne\vs­
sheets. These larrer papers, like сl1е San Frащisсо Вау G"arclian, the CIJicago
Readet", апd the Maine Тimes, were аН solidly lеft-wiпg, апd [Ьеу оftеп pri"i­
leged fiгst-регsоп (попоЬjесti\'е) героrriпg, Ьис [l1еу diс!п'r see rllemselves as
аррепdаgеs to а socia! mо\'еmепt. Wllereas сllе uпdегgrolшd press was dгivеп
Ьу уоuпg теп апd wоmеп \уl10 saw themsel\'es as activisrs first апd jоurпаl­
ists sесопd, tllese аltеrпаrivе papers made пеwsgаthегiпg апd апаlуsis rheir
chief" prioricy. In facc, а majority of them were е"еп геluсtапr to саН chem­
se!ves Чаlrегпаtiуе" because Чаltеrпаtiуе" sоuпdеd соо much like "uпdег­
gгоuпd"-апd cllese papers badly wапtеd to disrапсе rhemselves fгom tlle
апgгу epi tllets апd clamorous rlletoric сl1ас опсе sullied сl1е radical press. 2
They lшd good геаsоп for dоiпg so. As the Sixties dre\v [() а close, рессер­
tive readers of uпdегgгоuпd newspapers \vould 11ауе fоuпd it iпсгеаsiпglу
dif'ficu!c со mаiпtаiп chat [llе New Left was srill а risil1g social mоvеmепr. 1п
the summer of I969, SDS-r11e most powerful srudепt огgапizаtiоп iп
Аmегiсап llistory--descroyed irself iп а paroxysm of" fасtiопаl iпtigl1tiпg
Ьеtwееп Wеаtllегmап, ап obnoxious clique of ultгаmilitапts \\'110 drew rlleir

"ГRОМ l:~DI:R(;IЮl ~1) ТО Е\'П{У\х'НFRЕ" I 73

пате from а ВоЬ Dylan lyric, and the Progressive Labor Рапу, ап egually
unpleasant, doctrinaire neo-Marxist organization. SDS's БпаI convention, ас
the Chicago Coliseum, was а farrago of rhetoric, recriminations, and orotund
pronouncements.
"! remember reading аЬош it in the newspapers," said )im )acobs, WllO
had worked in SDS's Radical Education Ргоjеп, "and jllst feeling terribIe,
because 1 wasn't there. Helpless because ап organization Гd spent two years
totally into, reading every fucking line of Neu' Left NoteJ, every word, геаНу
believing this was going to Ье the organization of the seventies, [was} being
smashed to bits.'"
Meanwhile, а dark (even sinister) mood snaked throughout the соипгег­
culture. TI1is was the period when Charles Manson and his acid-gоЬbIiпg
followers left а string of butchered corpses across Sошhеrn California, the
Hel1's Angels terrorized concert-goers at Altamont, and сЬе Weathermen
swarmed through Chicago's Gold Coast with bricks and bats, attacking fancy
cars and storefront windows. Оп March 6, 1970, three members of that
group bIew them5elve5 ир in а Wesr Village townhouse when гЬеу acciden­
саНу detonated а ЬотЬ made ир оЕ dynamite and roofing nail5. It had Ьееп
intended Еог use against American servicemen and their dates ас ап upcoming
dance ас Fort Dix, New Jersey.
А5 а re5ult of аН ст5 negativity and violence, го say nothing of гЬе cumula­
tive effect оЕ 50 тисЬ else гЬас transpired in сЬе late Sixties-urban riots,
police crackdowns, polirical assassinations, гЬе daily killing оЕ civilians in Vier­
пат, and сЬе pointless deaths оЕ thousands оЕ American soldiers--counterjour­
nalists turned increasingly angry, cynical, and in5ular. Increasingly desperate
Еог the сопесС revolurionary formula, 50те underground jошпаlisгs Ьесате
increasingly enamored with Marxism-Leninism and third-world liberation
struggles, and as а result began dilшiпg гЬе distinctive, regional flavor оЕ their
new5papers. Soon, the radical newssheets were said to have Ьесоте 50 rigid
that, according to опе aficionado, "Уои couldn't teH the Rat Егот the Guardian
Егот гЬе San FranciJco Ехрrел Times."" In late 1970, сЬе staff оЕ Bosron's Old
Mole publi5hed а self-crirical editorial in which they admitted feeling pressured
to injecr the words "imperialist" and "capita1ism" inro every sentence, lest [Ьеу
Ье "acCLlsed оЕ insufficient zeal,'"
This i5 not со suggest that underground newspapers didn't find other
ways оЕ hastening their own demise. The collective organizarional srructure
of some newspapers proved taxing со work within, leading to Ьшпоut and
fatiglle. ТЬе New Left's extreme ancielitism and distrust оЕ authority figures
led гЬе staffs at some underground newspapers to refrain from demanding
guality Еroт their writers. And because оЕ [Ье male chauvinism that [ап

174 SMOKI:"'C; TYPEWRIТERS

гатрапс in the undergroun<! press, women's ta!ents were frequently under­
utilized; еvешuаllу, fissures between теп and women toге some papers арап.
As it Ьесате increasing!y apparent that underground sex ads were аССгасс­
ing а new subset оЕ readers, some in the underground press even began estab­
!ishing raunc!lY, apolirical pornzines сЬас siphoned ad revenue and street sales
Еroт сЬе politically orientecl papers. For instance, Marvin Grafton, tormerly
оЕ сЬе Rat, \vеш оп со start PleaJUre; Joe! Fabrikant, of Е\/О, published Kiss;
and tlle stаНЪеhiпd сЬе po!itica! Neu York Free Pms began publishing а sister
рарег, сЬе Nm YlJt·k Reziieu' (; Finally, while assuming their own righ­
teousness, some оЕ С!1е New Left's scribes тау have blurred сЬе lines between
advocacy journalism and olltright propaganda. And \v!len сЬеу s!ipped fюm
rigl1Ceousness into se!f-rigl1teousness-sometlling tllat's поt 50 hard со do-­
сЬеу subjected rheir po!itica! орропешs со scurrilous and dehumanizing гЬе­
toric ап(1 isolated tЬеl11sеlvеs еуеп further Еroт tlle principled Left.
Iп a(blition со \vanting со distance tЬетsеlvеs Егот al1 оС this, (Ье alter­
native jошпаlists \vho gаtЬегеd iп Sеапlе would Ьауе Ьееп тоге сЬап а
little tшпеd оСС сЬе Ьассhапаliап апd iп some cases dоwпrigЬt fright­
ening belIavior сЬас presided ас earlier left-wing media сопfегепсеs. Surely
che mosc notorious SUCll еvеш, sропsогеd Ьу сЬе A!tecnative Media Project,
was held ас Vегтош's Goddard College in 1970. Some 1,700 people showed
lIР (whicll \vas seven Ьuпdгеd тоге (Ьап огgапizегs expected) со Ьеаг SllCll
speakers as Rea!ist founder Раи! Krassner, Yippie Jerry Rubin, cartoonist
Gilbert She!ton, lInderground medica! advice co!umnist Dr. Eugene
ScllOenfe!d, and acid guru ВаЬа Ram Dass (tormerly kпоwп as Richard Alp­
егс). Some fond!y гететЬег сЬе сопfегепсе's good vibes; "People Ьаd cl1ese
big smi!es апd УОll cou!d just smell tl1e acid coming out оЕ their skiп,"
recaIled Ресег Wolt', а Boston DJ wЬо was thеп just launching his сагеег
\vitЬ сЬе J. Gei!s Band. Вш сЬеге was mucll uпрlеаsапспеss as well. Опе
\voman reported she'd Ьееп raped iп Ьег dorm гоот, and ас опе оЕ сЬе work­
sЬорs, а тап had со Ье forcibly ejected after Ье Ьгапdisllеd а gun and joked
аЬоис "killing people." \~Ъеп some mеп had сЬе idea оЕ vidеоtарiпg а
"lоvе-iп" near а s\vimmiпg '1О!е in (Ье woods, а group оЕ ошгаgеd feminist5
qllashed tlleir plan,' Rubin angrily declared сЬас someone had stоlеп $500
(roт his giгlfгiепd's \vallet and demanded сЬе сопfегепсе goers take up а
coIlection со he!p сотрепsаtе tor сЬе 1055. At опе point, а group о( radical5
even l1ad со Ье talked ош оС vапdа!iziпg сЬе college'5 lovely library with
gra(firi.
"As the сопfегепсе \vore оп," sотеопе reporced, "сЬе сопfгопtаtiопs kept
coming: women У5. шеп; homosexuals vs, теп [sic]; hippies vs. геvоlшiоп­
aries; po!itica! people vs. cultural реор!е; blacks ys. whites [though few

fRO~[ СС>:DЕR(;Iшt::-iD то ЕУЕНУ\Х'НЕНЕ" I 75

black5 attended}; electronic media people vs. printed media people; people
who continue СО work for commercial enterprises vs. people who've dropped
оис."9 Afterwar<.is, conference organizers were billed (ог $859 \уогсЬ of
missing bed sheets, rowels, pillows, апа blankers. 11I
TI1fee years later, represenratives (гот fifty-three left-\ving papers
attende<.i а three-day retreat in Boulder, Colorado, which was hosted Ьу
Denver's Stmight Creek ]oltrnal. According (о Stephen Foehr, а conference
organizer, опе of their goals was со Ьеlр сЬе papers present а тоге ташге
image of themselves. "We аге сЬе second generation alternatiye press as
opposed со сЬе first generation un<.iergroun<.i press," Ье remarke<.i. "ТЬе
second genecation is trying to establish itself оп а тоге stable footing Ьу
<.iropping сЬе rhetoric and getting inyolved in their communities ас rhe
пеighЬогhоо<.i lеуеl." i 1 Вис it appears they were опlу partial!y successful.
Accordil1g со CalYil1 Trillil1:

Surviyors of rhe Boulder meetil1g who made it to Seattle гететЬег it

as beil1g so <.iomil1ated Ьу сЬе rhetoric of сЬе period-al1gry speeches
Ьу womel1 аЬош со (огт their OWI1 caucus, pl1ilosophical arguments
рittiпg people committed со keeping their bodies (гее of аll chemicals
against people who had соо тапу chemicals in their bodies (о put ир
тисЬ of an argument, 10ng discussiol1s аЬоис whether сЬе пие goal of
journalism was oyerrhrow of (Ье gоvеrпmепt or getting one's head
together-that those few cOl1ferees who wante<.i со exchange informa­
tiol1 оп how (о рис оиС а newspaper had со sl1eak off со tl1e coffee shop
(ог informal <.iiscLlSsions. 1c

Ву contrast, in Seattle, almost everyone \vas сшеау сопсеrnеа \vith сЬе

pracrical problems associated with newspaper publishing-marketing strat­
egies, disпiЬutiоп problems, bU5iness models, and 50 (огсЬ. Ас Оl1е point,
ТгiШп says, "сЬе proprieror of аl1 ul1derground l1ews service"-almost cer­
tainly Thomas Кing Forca<.ie-showed ир with а fгiепd, Though по опе ас
сЬе conference \vould have kl10wn it, Ьу сЬеl1, Forcade had Ьесоте а уегу
\vealrhy тап. 1п additiol1 со his drug-smuggling activities, he had gone оп
со [оиl1а High Times, а lifestyle magazine for рос smokers that guickly blos­
somed il1to а multimillion-<.iollar enterprise. 1 ; According со Trillin, Forcade
and rus раl appeared ас the trade-associatiol1 meeting 100kil1g "Iike а retired
punk rocker and his manager." ТЬеу stayed only very brietly, сЬеп "qllietly
rook rheir leave-like а СОllрlе of massage parlor operators who had fllshed
оуег to work the largest convention il1 to\уп without having first bothered со
find оиr that it \vas а conference of Lutheral1 liturgists." Later, conferees jok­
ingly referred to сЬет as "сЬе t\VO gentlemen in costume."l j

176 ! SMOKJI"c, TYPI'WRIТERS

 Nearly six тошhs later, оп November 1,1978, Forcade committed slli­
cide llsing а small, pear!-handled pisto!. It didn't have апугЬiпg со do \vitЬ
alrernative jошпаlisт, рег se; in the preceding months, he had shown signs
of iocreasing тепса! instabiliry, which тау I1ауе Ьееп exacerbated Ьу [\уо
horrible evenrs: his best friend had recenrly died in а plane crаsЬ while car­
rying соппаЬапd [гот Colombia со Florida, and anorher friend was discov­
ered со Ье а police informer. For some of those who knew him, Forcade's
passing was уес another sign rhar rhe narion's protest erhic aod hippie Сlllшге
11ad perered опС almosr completely. 'The '80S wOllld have killed Тот if he
didn't kill himself," а friend remarked.:(,

ТНЕ ViUJ\GE \/OlCE, ESTAВIISHED IК 19)), асшаllу predared the llnder­

grollnc! press, and а handflll оЕ orhers sllccessflll alr-weeklies, like rhe San
FranciJco Ба)' Glшrdiаn (1966) and the Maine TimeJ (1968), were !allnched
\vhile the New Lefc was still оп che llpswing.l~ For tlle mosc ран, radicals
sneered асthese тоге liberally oriented rabloids, which covered the Сll!шга!
fегmеш of the 19605 Ьпс were generally apprehen5ive аЬош !eft-wing mili­
сапсу. In 1969, rhe ViIlage Voice was sllbjected со а рагtiшlагlу rococo expres­
sion оЕ disdain [гот let'ry jошпаlisг Kirkpatrick Sale, who characterized the
storied tab10id as а рарег Еог "bo-liЬs"-tllОsе who were "Bohemian, пос hip,
yip, digger or Ьеаг" and "liberal, not radical, revollltionary, lоvе-culшгеd ог
anarcl1istic. . , . [The Voice) speaks [о those whose revollltions have Ьесоте
dOllbts, whose hatreds l1ауе Ьесоте merely distrllsts, whose passions have
Ьесоте tempered inrerests." In his Боаl kiss-оtI, he told rhe paper, "Уон'уе
соте а long way, ЬаЬу, Ьш уои gOt sшсk there."IR
Вш most altemative newspapers сате аЬош in the early 1970s. At leasr
опе sllch rag, Boston's Real Paper, l1ad ап egalirarian \vorking stгuсшге mir­
roring that of тапу undergrollnd papers rhat preceded it, Ьщ сl1е rypical
alt-weekly was organized hierarchical1y, 1) And since a!temative tabloids did
пос align rhemselves wirl1 the уощh геЬеlliоп со сЬе same ехtеш rhat llnder­
grollnd newspapers had, collectively, they proved harder со define. In 1979
Тillle magazine observed that althollgll the altemative press \vas \vell esrab­
lished, irs papers varied widely in size: ас опе end, there were ощhrs like the
aforementioned Straight Сrееkjtшrnаl, which could claim а circlllation of only
),)00; ас the other extreme, rheVoice boasted а circlllation of аЬОllС Т70,ООС.
And \vhile the great majority of these papers served metropoljtan areas, а
small handflll of rhem were SllЬшЬап, гшаl, ог statewide, and one-the Maui
S"n-collld еуеп Ье described as literalIy "inslllar,".'('
The main reason rhey аН Ьесате known as "altemative" is because they
positioned themsel"es against the daily newspapers. And оЕ сошsе this \vas

"!'ROM L NШсRGRОUSD ТО t\iERY""HI'RI''' 1 77

in ап ега before commercial dailies faced competition f'rom (Ье Intemet, саЫе
television, or satellite radio. "Nobody else [\vas} using (гее circulation, шп­
ning personal ads, writing seriously аЬоис сЬе Clash and Funkadelic, telling
kids аЬош local bands, covering сЬе independent Ыт scene, writing frankl у
аЬош Бех, [or) printing cuss words," гететЬеГБ Richard Karpel, сшгепtlу
сЬе executive director of [Ье Association of Altemative News\veeklies (AAN).
"So back сЬеп we were 'the altemative.
Ву setting themselves оп sounder economic footing сЬап tl1e underground
papers, and Ьу making gllality joumalism their top priority, [Ье alt-\veeklies
also usually managed to ршsuе а wider variety of stories and fearure more
substantial reporring сЬап [Ье suЬtепапеап press. In ЫБ 1981 book, А Tnml­
pet {о Arms: AltematiX'e i\Jedia in Ame/'iC,I, former Berkele) Ва,-Ь editor David
Armstrong described how some alt-weeklies had begun to exert а powerful
liberal influence in their communities. In Northem Califomia, for instance,
[Ье Mendocino Grapex,ine helped со sрш reforms in [Ье state's housing code,
which llad previously Ьееп unfavorable [о migrant llomesteaders who'd built
environmenrally sound саЫПБ that used solar power, wind turbines, and
compost privies. In nearby San Francisco, [Ье BtlJ GUt1l'clian llelped drive а
[оса! пюvеmепt against higll-rise buildings, whicll ,vere scraining сЬе city's

finances in ways that тапу citizens barely understood. With writers like
Аrthш ВеН, Richard Goldstein, and others, [Ье Village \!riice was often ехсер­
tional in its coverage of issues of concern [о gays (thougll [Ье paper also осса­
sionaHy fOllnd ways of rankling gay activists). According со а jошпаlism
prot'c:$sor, Ьу [Ье late 19805 [Ье \/oice was а chief $ошсе of reliable information
about AIDS, "еуеп as it lleld ир а miпог to сЬе grief, anxiety, and fшу that
raged througll [Ье {gay} community. For several years, and working right ир
unril hi$ death in 1994, Robert Ma5sa was [Ье ЬеБС AIDS reporter in [Ье
country. In сЬе 1980s сЬе рарег also began pllblishing ап аппиа! Queer
Issue [Ьас provided ricll coverage of [Ье LGBT (lesbian, gay, ЫБехиа!, and
transgender) community.
Other stories сЬас emerged from [Ье a!temative press proved rather sensa­
tional. Уп I990, [Ье Chicago Readey's John Conroy uncovered allegations (Ьас
since as far back as 1972, !оса! police Ьаd Ьееп torturing African Americans
with hideous beatings, suffocations, mock execution, and e!ectric shocks, in
order [о coerce confessions. Ultimately, the startling claims were found [о Ье
credible; in 2000, Illinois govemor George Ryan put а moratorium оп ехеси­
tions in l1is state, and in 200., Ье cleared its death row. 24 (In June 2010,
former Chicago police lieutenant John Burge was convicted оп federal cl1arges
of lying аЬоис abusing suspects in а 200., civiJ lawsuit.) In Plloenix, (Ье Nezl'
Times publislled articles that led [о [Ье twenty-tllree-counr federal indictment

r 78 SMOKI~G TYPEWRITER;'
of Arizona's governor, Fife Sуmiпgюп, 1П 1997, and сЬе paper broke numerous
sюгiеs concerning tlle law-enforcement abllses of Maricopa County's llldi­
crous sheriff, Joe Arpaio. 2j lп 2001, сЬе Boston Phoenix's Kristen Lombardi
revealed how arcl1diocesan officials had covered llр allegations сЬас а priest
had Ьееп sexually molesting young cl1ildren. А (иН year 'асег, сЬе Boston Globe
picked ир сЬе sюгу, and with irs superior resources (Ье рарег was аЫе (о
obtain previollsly secret legal documenrs сЬас led (О сЬе resignation of Bos­
ton's агсhЫslюр, Cardinal Law. lп 2005, Nigel Jaguiss, а reporter (ог Рогс­
land,Oregon's, alr-weekly Willamette Week, won а Plllitzer Prize (ог revealing
сЬас аЬош сшпу years earlier, Oregon's governor, Neil Goldschmidt, had
sexually abused I1is family's fourteen-year-old babysirrer.
lп some cases, altemative journalisrs had со pracrically insist сl1а( (l1еу Ье
allowed со ршsuе Sllcl1 work-intensive, and long-winded, exposes. Accocding
(о Clif Garboden, ап alt-press veteran witl1 сl1е Boston P!JOenix \v110 got his
start ас Ray Mungo's ви Neu'J, "Whi!e publisl1ers in (l1е early '80S \vere
busily coming llр \vith 'Iifestyle' concepts (ог сl1е 'те generation,' сl1е staffs
were devoting еуна! energy to thwarting сЬе accompanying artiflc1aliry. "28
David Сап, formerly of сЬе Tuin Cities Reade,. and 'W'ashington City Раре,-, said
sometl1ing simi!ar: "We did tlюsе narrative l1eaves becallse we liked
doing сl1ет. ТЬе inrerest in those ambitiOllS news features mostly сате from
сl1е sraffs, as opposed со readers, altl10ugh occasionally сЬеу cOllld land \vitl1
big impacr."2()
Alr-weeklies have also provided havens (ог writers whose experimental
brio was !ess welcome 1П сЬе daily papers. Неге сl1еу were рroЬаЫу less influ­
enced Ьу llnderground press journalism сl1ап Ьу сl1е New Joumalists of tlle
1960s and I9705, who \vere тоге artfu! in rheir application of lirerary сесЬ­
niques со nonfiction reporring. \(1 Even if т05С a!r-weekly journalisrs cOllldn't
write as \уеll as Тот \'Vo!fe, Gay or Joan Didion, rlley u'anted ro, and
ас а time \vl1en сЬе pllblic had а grearer appetite (ог long-form
journalism and rlЮllght tl1an ir does today, alremarive newspapers were тоге
condllcive со rl1eir aspirations сl1ап сl1е daily ОПб.
"We make по assignmenrs, have по dеаdliш:s, and make по promises со
ГlШ апу stocies," boasted ВоЬ Roth, tl1e Readey's founding editor, in а
1980 intervie\v. "We want writers со l1ave сl1е time and freedom со find
stories сl1еу саге аЬош and сап wrire witl1 а poinr ofview."H In а 1985 radio
interview оп WBEZ, Roth elaborated: "As а lot of readers in tl1is town l1ave
discovered, 'professional' is а code word .... 'Professional' publications are
closed to newcomers becallse tl1ey've got their reglllars. Опе of tl1e tl1ings сl1е
Readet' has always Ьееп proudesr of is сЬас we're ореп со names we l1ave never
heard of, people we never тес, people wl10 don't have а гершаtiоп."Н For а

"FROM l'><;DER(;ROI;ND Т() [VERYWHERE" 1 79

time, it was even сЬе paper's policy со read every Sllbmission [гот сЬе SILlSh
pile tU'icc before deciding it was unworthy for pllbIication, just in case tl1ey
were in а bad mood сЬе first time ог were 5ubconsciously prejlldiced because
сЬе piece in qllestion сате [гот ап атасеиг. "Basically, what wc setcled оп i5
ап аррroасЬ сЬас rejects two of сЬе most imропаnr underpinning5 of сЬс
waY5 ЬorЬ dailics in Chicago орегасс," Roth said:

Опе i5 \ve've сосаllу rejected сЬе "objeccivity" сЬас сЬеу think сЬеу'ге
bringing to their work. .. ТЬе alternative papers believe сЬас сЬе
only way уои сап write anything that's truly worth reading is if it's
inrerpretive, if ic's subjeccive, if iC'5 got а poinr of view.. . ТЬеп
number two, [we believe} сЬас daily newspapers а11 over сЬе соипсгу
display а ridiculously пагго\у sense of newsworthiness. We, оп сЬе
осЬег hand ... сгу со find something that's broader. Thac's why уои'll
find сЬе Readel' wich amazing freqllency writing аЬоllt copics сЬас
dailies wOllldn't give а momenr's consideracion со, because newswor­
thiness со сЬет means сЬе mayor's press conference, it means сЬе
NCAA cl1ampionship game, it means Linda Evans and whoever ic is,
Joan Collil1s-Linda Eval1s and Joal1 Collins, thac's who it i5 roday.

"ТЬеге used (о Ье such а brighc white line between сЬе weeklie5 and
dailies in terms of voice," adds Сап. ТЬе alt-weeklies, Ье said, were some of
сЬе besc places со find "а primacy of сЬе importance of narrative and story­
celling. And yes, [асс was imporram, Ьис it cOllld Ье rendered in somewhat
musical ways, where сЬе prose wOllld dance and Ье animared Ьу а point of
Neu YQrkel' scaff wrirer Susan Orlean, who launched Ьег сагеег ас
Wil!allletfe wt'ck and lacer wrote for сЬе BostOfl Phoenix, is а good example of а
wricer who profited [гот сЬе freedom she fOllnd in сЬе alternative press. In а
2003 intervie\v, she remarked, "1 do think having started ту career writing
longer-form stories сЬас relied heavily 011 executiol1-al1d пос jU5C 011 соп­
cept-\vas а pertecr opportul1ity со паiп [ог сЬе kind of work 1 like most. 1
like finding storie5 сЬас are пос obvious, [like} сЬе oblique examinariol1 of
popular Сlllшге and suЬсulшгеs,"i5
Iс \vas сЬе alternative papers' impressive financial succe5s, throughout
most of the 19705, I9805, al1d 19905, tlblt allowed сЬет го publi5h such
daring and ambitiOllS news fearures. In 1971, гЬе C!Jicag(} Reader's founders
established а template that wa5 eventually followed Ьу аН сЬе other alt-week­
lies: instead of chargil1g for rheir paper and slowly winning over readers, сЬеу
began with а large free circularion and 5ег corresponding advertising гаСб.
Initially сЬе Reader lost топеу, Ьис eventually it Ьесате very рroБсаЫе, and
before long, across гЬе СОllЩГУ, alt-weeklie5 collld Ье picked ир [ог

180 I SMOКlSG TYPE'W'R[TERS

....
whether from sidewalk distribution boxes or from stacks near the entrances
of bookstores, record stores, supermarkets, and cafes. о(, Ву circulating in this
way, and Ьу providing imaginative and comprehensive listings of what was
happening around town, along with consumer reviews and aggressive cov­
erage of the апs (especially rock and ro11), the papers attracted а younger
demographic that proved tantalizing to аdvепisегs.
А typical alt-weekly [ап ads for appliances, stereos, futons, escorts, and
tattoo parlors, and had а thick classifieds section. Jirn Larkin, who helped
found the Phoenix Neu' Times and later Ьесате СЕО of Village Voice Media,
remarked, "When the Chicago Reader stапеd to get wind in their sails, that was
pretty iтропапt, because they really understood free circulation, and ... free
circulation is really а hallmark of the alternative press."'­
As closely held companies, most alt-weeklies do not reveal information
аЬош their finances, Ьш according to опе media consultant, Ьу the very late
I980s some papers were making "20 or 30 percenc profits before taxes оп
revenue of $ I million or more," and the AAN, which consisted of thiпу
papers when it was founded in I978, had expanded to seventy-six members
Ьу I99I, with а combined circulation of fош million.\R That same year,
Forbes [ап а story headlined "Воот Times for New Times," referring to New
Times, Inc., the parent сотрапу of а national chain of alt-weeklies. But as
Mediau'eek pointed out, the alt-weeklies' success was accompanied Ьу the
complaint that "as the papers have begun to make топеу, the people who [ип
them have taken to behaving like bottom-line-obsessed" CEOs. Labor-versus­
management quarrels had recently sшfасеd at the Voice and SF Weekly, and
some feared "the coming corporatization of the medium," as chains like New
Times and the Atlanta-based Creative Loafing began acquiring more newspa­
pers. Others worried that the alt-weeklies were either growing stale, or else
tшпiпg away from their advocacy roles.,9
Such hand wringing was hardly unllSual. From the early I970S until the
mid-I99Оs, mainstream press геропs described the alternative press as соп­
stantly srumbling toward таtшitу and seeking tO sever its ties to the gritty
underground press that preceded it. Nearly twency-five years worth of head­
lines tell the tale: "Press for Уошhs Seeks New Image" (I973), "The Alterna­
tive Press Goes Straight" (974), "Ир From Underground" (976), "Berkeley
[Barb] Gaining Respectability and Readers" (r 979), "И nderground Papers
Соте Ир оп Тор" (980), "Transition in 'Alternative' Press Focus ofMeeting"
(r 984), "Is Success Spoiling the Alternative Press;>" (r 987), "Alternative
Weeklies оп the Rise," (I989), "Alternative Weeklies Are Gaining Respect­
and Readers" (I989), "The Alternative Press Grows Ир" (I99I), and finally,
"Established Altematives" (I995).~() In I994 the Washington Post's Richard

FROM U~DERGROlJND ТО EVI'RYWHF.RE I 8I

Leiby found ir richly iгonic rhat rhe AAN's аппнаl conyenrion, hosted in
Boston Ьу the Phf)enix, llad Ьееп sLlch а bland, clean-cur, middle-of-the-road
affair. "н someone had sparked а big fae joint . , . then passed it over со те,"
Leiby joked, "тауЬе I'd believe for а seoned тотепс that 1 was апепс!iпg а
convenrion of the nation's most unruly, eccentric and savagely unpredictable
СОlшtегсultше newspaper editors, " I1
1n fairness, some conference goers ргоЬаЫу agreed that that еуепс \vas
especially establishmene-oriented, insofar as АТ&Т sponsorec! опе of irs
panels, and ABCs Cokie Roberts clelivered the keynote address. Bllt а greater
iгony тау lie in the tact that sixteen years af'ter AAN \vas founded in Seattle,
some \уеге apparently still expecting its trade association mееtiпgs со Ьеаг
some resemblance со а 1aee-19605 SDS conference, еуеп though editors and
publishers о( altematiye papers had alreacly gone ro suc11 lengrhs (о l1igh1ight
their respectability, lп а 1982 book about business culшге, Раиl Solman and
Thoma5 Friedman (а differenr \yriter than the foreign atIair5 columnist for
сЬе Neu lork Тi!lЮ) pointed Оllt that in I976 Boston's Не,,1 Paper prodllCed а
paradigmatic bгochure \vith which сЬеу sOllght со апгап advertisers. It \уа;;
head1ined, "ТНЕУ DONT THROW ROCKS ANYMORE."

Оп rhe соуег \vas а phoro of srudenr demonsrrarors breaking \"indows

in Har"ard Square during the Harvard sшdепt srrike 1П 1969. The
пехс page had а phoro of а cOllple 1П tl1eir mid-t\venries, lounging оп
ап ехрепsiуе couch, апd playing Ьасkgаmтоп as their сас looked оп.
Ас eheir Ееее, а сору of ТЬе Real Раре/' and а volume ог' Roberc Prose's
роесгу. The hеаd1iпе оп СШ5 page [ead, 'BUT THEY'RE SТILL
DOING THINGS THEIR WAy J,'

Especially during the I9905, the ЬU5iпеss model the altematives estab­
lishec! yielded gangbusters resulrs. 1n rhe very same period t11at dai1y papers
were 105ing readers (especially younger опеs), сЬе (гее пеwswееk1iе5 dramar­
ically boosted their сiгculаtiоп (fгom аЬоис 2.7 milliоп iп I989 со 7.6 million
lП and they сопriпuеd (о do \ve11 witl1 сЬе coveted т8-34 аето­
graphic. Alt-weeklies also fiпаllу Ьеgап dга\viпg а bit ог' narional ас!vепisiпg
iп the 19905, But this wa5 а150 а time ог' consternation in the iпdusrгу, as
corporate parenrs s\vallowed lIР 50те ог' the iпdерепdепr рареГ5. Тп 200."), (Ье
U.S JlIstice Deparrment rebuked New Times Media (which o\vned еlе"еп
papers) апd Village Voice Media (which owned six) \vhen сl1е (\уо companies
swapped assets and closecj newspapers iп еасЬ other's markets (in L,A. and
Cleveland). Вш сЬе prime ехатрlе of what alr-press паditiопаlisrs lашепt as
сЬе corporatization of their industry wa5 сЬе 200() merger of сЬе Ne\v Times
and Village Voice chains, at"ter which the new сотрапу took (11е пате Village

r 82 SMOKJ:-<G TYPIC\XRJТERS
Voice Media. Мапу in the alt-press indllstry fretted аЬОllt the merger. The
San Francisco Бау Guardian--owned Ьу Bruce BrLlgmann, who was then in
the process of suing the New Times owners--editorialized that it "could
bring тоге homogeneity into the last bastion of irreverence and print mllck­
raking," and expressed fear that even the storied Village Voice wOllld Ье forced
to adhere to а New Times--driven "cookie cutter" content formllla. 44
In addition to sharing similar designs, and occasionaliy even some поп­
local contenr, papers that belong to the Arizona-based Village Voice Media
аН claim со prize hard reporting over соттеnrагу, and they strive ro арреаг
nonideological. As а reslllt, the slIpposedly "altemative" papers in cities as
distinct as Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, and Seattle аге thollght Ьу some to
Ье virtually indistinguishable. In 2003, а journalist who assayed the papers
ас ап AAN regional meeting complained they аН "looked the same-same
format, same fonts, same columns complaining аЬоllt the local daily, same
sex-advice, same five-thousand-word hole for the cover story."45
Others agree that а rrend toward homogenization was already under way,
even before the big merger, and they hold that it was largely volllntary. Russ
Smith, who founded three altemative papers, inclllding the New York Press,
recalls that "In the mid-late 90S, there was а hue and сгу among the indepen­
dent weeklies аЬОllС New Times ... publishing 'cookie-cutter' McWeeklies."
But ас the very same time, he says, тапу (perhaps most) of the tabloids that
groused аЬош homogeneity were аН running the same syndicated sex advice
colllmn (Оап Savage's "Savage Love"), the same astrology column (Rob
Brezsny's "Free Will Astrology"), and the same left-wing political carroons
(Ьу Тот Tomorrow and Ted Rall). Furthermore, he says,

These independent papers, coasting edirorially, would act in lockstep,

пос in collusion Ьис ЬесаllSе of а confluence of leaky imaginations. So,
for example, in the eleetion of '96, the endorsements of ВШ Clinton
were nearly lInanimolls among those papers that endorsed; if ап "alt"
filmmaker like [QlIentin} Tarranrino or Michael Moore ... had а new
movie ош, УОll could Ье sше that it'd Ье а cover sllbject for most of
these weeklies .... Even as pllblishers had ever bulging wallets, they
stayed trlle to the safe lefty editorial сопсепс, and jllst churned it ОllС,
while геаl editors ... like [New Times ехесшivе editor} Mike Lacey,
the evil Cookie Сшtег Monster, асшаНу encouraged огigiпаl and
dагiпg reporting in his "chain" papers. 4 (;

Вш some hold that the papers are different, if for по other reason than
that they exist iп markets that differ widely Ьу size апd draw from different
talent pools. Others mаiпtаiп that if the cookie-cutter metaphor is ассшаtе

"FROM [J'IDERGRO[J:'oID ТО EVERYWHERE" I 83

(as applied со Village Voice Media's papers), "сЬеп сЬеу make а grear-rasting
cookie,"j7 It тау also Ье сЬе case сЬас сЬе whole debace is пос nearly as impor­
саnt as ir mighr Ьауе Ьееп, say, rhirry years ago. "1 rhink сЬе fear of homoge­
nization ot' media overall is ludicrou5, in сЬе сшгеnt context," says David
Сап. "If уои define the media broadly," со include the Internet, "chere's пеуег
Ьееп тоге sources of information, and there's just Ьееп ап explosion of
voices-a jai1break in terms of who сап pubIish and who сап gain ассеп­
tion."48 Left-wing magazines like сЬе Nation, Mother 10ТЮ, the Progl'eSsive, and
сЬе socialist-minded [п TheJe Times conrinue со play some of сЬе same roles as
alr-weeklie5 (though they тау Ье тоге associared wirh invesrigative jошпаl­
ism and strong opinions than humorous ог sprightly writing).
Furrhermore, according to S!ate's Jack Shafer, who formerly edited сЬе
Washingtoll City Paper and SF Weekly, "Since сЬе beginning of the alt-newspa­
рег Ьоот, there's Ьееп а steady migration of геаНу talented people to daily
papers. 1 don'c subscribe со сЬе notion that there remains this huge gap
between what сЬе alt papers did and whar the daily papers do; rhar gap has
narrowed." Besides, Ье adds, unlike сЬе underground papers of сЬе Sixties­
which пеуег betrayed апу anxiety оуег their libel liability-the free cicy
weeklies аН Ьауе libel insurance. "And che miпше уои'уе gO( libel iпsшапсе,
уои'уе goc а fucking suit and tie оп, Гт sorry!"~9
Changes ас сЬе Village Voice, chough, Ьауе Ьееп dramatic. According со
опе insider, Ьу сЬе end of 2008 che рарег was operaring wirh аЬоис Ьаlf of the
staff ic Ьаd before it was acquired Ьу the New Times chain, and several of its
star writers were еitЬег laid off or re5igned; сЬе legendary Nat Hencoff, wЬоsе
fir5t ЬуНпе appeared in сЬе Voice in 1958, was fired.'() In 2009 сЬе рарег еуеп
disconcinued its syndicatec{ cartoons, апосЬег mainscay of mosc alc-weeklies.
According Larkin, сЬе downsizing was necessary in сЬе face of declining clas­
sified ad геуепие, whiсЬ had gone со Craigslist and social net\vorking sites
like МассЬ.сот. "ТЬе Vi!!age Voice 105t 15 million {dollars} in classifieds in
seven years," Ье said.

ТЬе reason we ended ир wich ic i5 because it was ready со close down

when we tDok it оуег. Because we made the adjustments we needed со
make, (he Vi!!age Voice is alive and now i('5 back оп ir5 and doing well.
[Vntil then) по опе wanced (о рау сЬе piper, по опе wanted (о face сЬе
problem, по опе wanted со face сЬе union, по опе wanted со face the facc
сЬас сЬеге were а ЬипсЬ of old writer5 сЬеге who hadn'( done an)'thing for
а 10ng time, [who} were pulling do\vn big salaries. No опе \vanted со face
tlle fact сЬас сЬе рарег was maintained and рис ощ Ьу inrerns, in тапу
cases unpaid. Уои сап'с operate (Ьас way. ТЬе Voice was overstaffed. 51

184 I SMOKING TYPEWRIТERS

1
 Others тау Ье more sentimental аЬош the paper, which, after аН, has а
reputation. Ву fusing ап еЬulliепс curiosity for сЬе arts with ап uпет­
barrassed attitude toward sex, Ьу pursuing а left-wing political agenda, and
Ьу grancing tremendous liberties со its columnists and investigative reporters,
сЬе Voice helped to pioneer modern alternative journalism. Today, some of its
loyal readers Ьоре сЬас irs vегегапs might exerr а spectral iпfluепсе ас з6
Cooper Sq uare .

"FROM l:NDERGROl:ND ТО EVF.RYWHERE" r8s

Afterword

IF OFFSET PUBLISНING made the underground press possible, desktop риЬ­

lishing in the 1980s led to ап explosion in the publication оЕ "zines" (said to
derive from the term "fanzine"). The first zines are thought to date from the
1930s, when science-fiction fans circulated obsessive lerrers and commentary
about the books and comics they devoured; in the 1970s, punk rock's DIY
(do-it-yourself) ethos fed the production оЕ amateur magazines devoted to
underground bands and culture. Опе such magazine, New York's Риnk,
caught Forcade's arrention not long after it first started coming out in 1976.
According to John Holmstrom, опе оЕ Punk's cofounders, Forcade gave them
printing advice, set them ир with а distributor, and generally took them
under his wing. Не thought they represented "the next big wave in under­
ground publishing."l
Вш the defiantly amateur, noncommercial, homemade pamphlets or
chapbooks that emerged in the 1980s were guirkier and more idiosyncratic
than the sci-fi or punk mags that preceded them. Usually composed Ьу indi­
viduals rather than groups or collectives, they addressed topics including
(Ьш hardly limited to) radical politics, feminism, the suburbs, vegetari­
anism, low-wage vocations, religion, poetry and literature, travel, technology,
gadgets, рор culture, drugs, kinky sex, UFOs, and serial killers. Zines сап
sometimes Ье found at offbeat book and record stores, and for а spell in the
1990s, large chains like Tower Records and Barnes & Noble carried а handful
оЕ sporadically published titles. 2 But the vast majority оЕ them circulate
through themail .• Thoughitisimpossibletoknowtheirreadership.inI997
media scholar Stephen Duncombe estimated that somewhere between
500,000 and 750,000 youths were in regular contact with zines.~
In а few instances, like-minded zinesters have formed leagues or соllес­
tives. Опе such group-the Cambridge-based Small Press АШапсе, which
arose in the mid- 1980s-was merely practically minded. Опе оЕ its founders,
Rob Cl1alfen, recalls tllat 50те оЕ its t\venty ог 50 members \Vere 50 cJuirky
and idiosyncratic tl1at rlley bristled at tl1e group's пате; (l1е SPA sOLlnded (оо
тиС!1 like а Sixties throwback, wllereas rhey \varlted to shO\VCa5e their indi­
vidualism.' 1Ъеп il1 the 19905, (l1е femif1ist-pul1k movemef1t Riot Grrrl
spa\vned thollsaf1ds о( ziпеs tl1at circulated iп а carefully cultivated
distгiЬшiоп net\vork. Collectively, tl1eir ziпеs promoted inter-movemel1t
сотmLlпiсаriОI1 and helped со build group solidariry, af1d il1 this \vay сl1еу
served а function not unlike (l1ас оЕ сЬе lIndergroL1nd ne\vspapers оЕ уоге. "If1
tlle shado\vs of сl1е dominanr сulrше, zines af1d uf1dergrollnd сulшге mark
ош " ОипсотЬе writes, "\virhin \vhich to imagil1e and ехрегimепt
with ne\v and idealistic \vays оЕ tllinkil1g, сотmuпiсаriпg, and being." In
tl1eir сопсепс, {огт, al1d огgапizаtiсю, "[they} сопstitше аl1 аltешаrivе ideal
оЕ ho\v hllman relations, creation, af1d cOf1sumptiof1 could Ье orgaf1ized,"('

Моге cOl1seqllentially. 50те ot" what'5 hаррепiпg in (Ье let"t-wing blogo­

sp!1ere сап like\vise Ье compared (о (Ье Sixties lIf1dergrollf1d press. If offset
printing af1d desktop pllblisl1if1g l1ауе lo\\'ered the barriers of el1tty into
jошпаlism and created f1e,v means for personaJ expression, (Ье Iпtешеt 11as
completely revolutionized сЬе public sphere. As the clicbl holds, no\vadays
freedom ot- (Ье press Ьеlопgs (о апуопе \vith а laptop соmршег al1d ап
Iпtешеt соппесriоп. "Never ЬеЕоге," writes Мап Welch, "have 50 тапу
раssiопаtе ошsidегs-hl.1пdгеds оЕ thollsands, at тiпiтllт-stогтеd сЬе
ramparrs оЕ protessiol1al jошпаlisт."-
Ву тапу aCCOllnts, (Ье so-called netroots-a loose соаlitiоп оЕ activis[
bloggers-took shape in respol1se со сЬе Florida еlесtiоп гесоипс оЕ 2000,
\уЬеl1 тапу grassroots activists concluded tllat сЬе Democratic Рагсу estab­
lishmel1t lacked (Ье sromach Еог а knock-clo\vn, drag-out brawl \vith Repub­
licans оуег ho\v (Ье contested ballors ollgl1t со Ье counted." Лfrег\vагd, гЬе
highly polarizing BlIsh аdтiшstгаtiоп provided the (пюstlу) YOllnger blog­
gers ample opportllnity (о Ьопе rheir skills at polirical тшl wresrling.~
Althougl1 it's obvious сЬас (l1е established media сопtiпuеs со take (Ье liol1's
sh<lre оЕ (Ье responsibiliry for defining tlle border5 оЕ permissible debate in
tl1e United States, по опе \vho surveys (Ье early history оЕ (Ье Web сап afford
(о overlook (Ье roles played Ьу сitizеп-jошпаlists and activist bloggers.
In ас сЬе опе hlll1dredth birthday рапу о( former U.S. senator
Srrom Тhштопd, former senate majority leader Trenr Lott was videotaped
suggesting tl1at Ье \vis11ed Тhшmопd had \von his 1948 bid for rhe presi­
dency 011 (Ье segregationist States' Rights Democratic Рапу ticket. ТЬе
mainstream press overlooked his contemptible comments, Ьш after ho\vls о(
prorest (rom (l1е blogosphere, ne\vspaper and television reporrers picked lIР
сЬе story, setting in motion а chain оЕ events that led (о Lott's resignation as

АfТl'!1'МЖj) 187
majority whip. In the 2004 election, rhe liberal political action committee
MoveOn.org demonstrated the Internet's power to bring like-minded people
together, and although he didn't win the Democratic primaries, presidential
сапdidаtе Howard Dеап fОtlпd new ways оЕ hаrnеssiпg the Web's loose srruc­
tше; his infltlence оп political campaigning in the United 5tates will Ье
lasting. 1O And while the 2008 election will always Ье historic because it made
Barack ОЬата ргеsidепt, it should also Ье remembered as а watershed elec­
tiоп iп which the Beltway media was fгеquепrlу ошmапеuvегеd ог humbled
Ьу the liberal blogosphere.
l1 Ву опе aCCOlll1t, the netroots have already
Ьесоте "the most sigпiпсапt mass movement in и.5. politics since the rise
оЕ the Christian right" iп tl1e early I980s.
Givеп how чtliсklу and thorotlghly ош media environment is changing,
it is dangerous со say соо much аЬош where we might Ье headed. The Project
for Ехсеllепсе in American Journalism's аппиаl report Еог 2009, The State 0/
the Nешs lНedia, is bracing: it de5cribe5 pltlnging newspaper геvепuеs, papers
either falling into bankruptcy ог losing most оЕ their values, а speedy audi­
епсе migration to the Internet, and а lack оЕ consensus (ог even тапу very
good ideas) аЬош how со сгеасе revenue stfeams that will suрроп the news­
gathering апd геропiпg that i5 50 essential in а democracy.l; No опе knows
when it will happen, Ьис еvепшаllу-iп nve years, ог тауЬе сеп, ог 50те­
time after that-printed daily newspapers оЕ апу суре will either Ьесоте гаге
iп the U nited States, ог they will cease to exist altogether.
Вис опе prediction is safe: never again will we see anything like the
undergrotlnd press оЕ the Sixties. Опе reason is that the technology that
spawned the tlndergrotlnd press is practically obsolete; it is simply по longer
exciting ог cost-efncient [о transfer inked images to cheap рарег. Another
reason is that the movement сЬас fueled the growth оЕ undergrollnd newspa­
pers is likewise extinct. ОЕ сошsе, the Sixties remain а force in American
popular culture; so тотепrоus were that decade's events that even
Чllепt generations have соте оЕ age in its afterglow. Вш the underground
press had а specinc raison d'erre: it was created to bring ti(lings оЕ the YOllth
геЬеШоп [о cities апd campllses across America and со help bllild а mass
movement. Апd for аН оЕ its shопсоmiпgs-аеsthеtiс, iпtеllесшаl, and even
sometimes moral-this is something it did remarkably weB.
In some cases, the underground papers that emerged from сЬе SUЬСllltшаl
stirrings in local commllnities were anodynes for сЬе socially aggrieved; in
other instances, they were much more intoxicating. Whether they advanced
сЬе hard-boiled analysis оЕ SDS, Herbert Marcllse, Коат Chomsky, or Нllеу
Newton, ог championed the new liberated lifestyles associated with Wood­
stock <again, two styles оЕ radicalism фаt were поt always тШllаllу exclllsive),

I88 SMOK1NG TYPEWRIТI'RS

сЬе radical newssheets Ьесате сЬе mediums through \vhicl1 уощl1s trans­
mitted their unfiltered argllments and ideas and popularized their rebellion.
After years of 5rressing сЬе importance ofbuilding "соаnrегiпstiшtiопs" (most
of whiсЬ, frankly, didn't атоипс со тасЬ), сЬе undergroand press Ьесате сЬе
Ne\v Left's greate5( organizational achievemenr. In this way, сЬеу \vere in­
5piring and 5cimulating. "ТЬе most valuable thing аl)оllt сЬе underground
press," АЬЫе Hoffman опсе remarked, "i5 that it'5 сЬеге. It i5 а visible mani­
festation оГ ап alternative culture. Ir help5 со create а national identity. "14 And
because оГ сЬе undergrollnd papers' extraordinary inclusiveness-their ореп­
neS5 со \vrirers and оГ varying persaasion5 and capabilities, and cheir
decencralized operating struсшгеs-thеу helped со Ггате social relations
within сЬе Моуетепс.
ОГ course, СlOпе of chis сате easily. In early Т967, а woman (гот Madison,
\'<Iisconsin, \vrote со WIN magazine asking f'or advice {аг ЬО\У со go аЬоис
5tarting ап l1ndergrollnd newspaper. l ) "As f'ar as 'problems,' we l1ауе тапу,"
conf'essed WIN's editor, Gwen Reyes.

\'<Ie аге conrinually deluged wirh bi1l5 \уе саппос рау and l1ee<led
improvemel1ts \уе саl1110С make. Also, when dealing wich so тllС!1 уоl­
ипсеег help, we саl1ПОС ехресс реорlе со show ир as regularly as сЬеу
might if' сЬеу \уеге paid staf'f'workers. Time Ьесоте5 а major and
\уе иSllаllу fini5h еасЬ issue jllst 11l1der сЬе wire.... This time pressure
a150 reslllts in f'razzled nerves and occasional mistakes getting princed.
Thil1gs аге seldom proof'-read Sllfticiently, and \уе are ехнетеlу f'ortll­
пасе not со have тоге errors il1 ош сору. Also, jllst gепil1g (еп ог ы­
сееп people cogether ас опе time Гог ап editorial meetil1g is dif'ficalt
\уЬеl1 most оГ сЬет have осЬег jobs and геsрОl1siЫliсiеs. And сЬеп
there's correspondence, rejections, lасе nighcs, \vorry, f'rustration.

Even аГсег аН this, chough, she scressed сЬас their work scill seemed
\vorchwhile and falfilling. "1 Ьоре сЬас аН chese miпше points \уill пос di5­
sllade УОll in уоllt ассетрс со organize а рарег," she concluded. ТЬеге
remail1ed "countless joys in pllblishing а finished product onove-labor, espe­
cially ап lIпdегgГOlшd paper which ассетРС5 50 5trenllo1l51y ... со commllni­
сасе \vith kindred mil1ds and perhaps сопуеп а f'ew not-so-kindred ol1es." 1(,
Certainly сЬе era's screet-corner new5papers 100т large in сЬе memories оГ
тапу Sixties veterans. In сЬе spring оГ 1969, ]esse Kornbluth, а former
salesman of'Boston's At'atar, penned а Ьеашif'1I1 elegy Гог сЬе in which
Ье listed "Sgt. Peppers, sconed sex, СОllnCГУ ]ое & сЬе Fis11, сЬе Love-II15, and
сЬе bealltiflll nt\vspapers" as Ье would miss most аЬоllt сЬе era. 111 his
estimation, lIпdегgrouпd newspapers ranked alongside exciting iппоvаtiОI1S

.~ГJЕj(';;'OJШ т89
in rock and roH and bountiful Sllpplies of шагijuaпа as essential ingredients
in [Ье New Left rebellion; сЬеу were what had шаdе "а national thougl1 di5­
organized 'уошh mоvешеш' possible." Не also understood сЬас сЬе papers
were significant even beyond сЬе quality and reach of the ideas сЬеу dissem­
inated. ''ТЬе роiш \Va5 сЬас these toys \vere ош OWI1," 11e crowed, "al1d every­
thil1g worked."l­
ТЬе democratic sel1sibilities сЬас Sixties youths brought со jоuгпаlism,
thougl1, пос 0111y persist, Ьш also have already taken оп а life of their o\vn.
Al1d, barring sоше dystopian tuшге, сЬеу аге likely со endure in sоше fash­
ion or another. With сЬе proliferation of new tool5 for gathering, recording,
and tгапsшittiпg news, we are going to continue со see а collapsing of pri­
vate space and а diffusion of power around knowledge and information. For
left-wingers in Ашегiса today, сЬе Iшеrnеt lюlds SUCl1 rremel1dollS promise
and opportunity. Вис шuсh of what сЬе liberal blogosphere is already
credited \vith--democratizing сЬе шеdiа, rapidly circulating information,
influel1cing сЬе agenda of tl1e шаiпstгеаm press, and building communities
amol1g like-mil1ded gгоllрS-\Vаs accomplished оп а sшаllег scale nearly
forry years ago Ьу сЬе brash al1d saucy, threadbare papers of сЬе ul1dergroul1d
press.

190 i SMOKINC; TYPEIX,'RITF.RS

Notes

Note оп Sources
1. Quored io )0110 Kronenberger, "Whar's Вlack and White and Pink and Greeo and
Dirry and Read АВ Оуег)" Look, ОссоЬег 1, 1968,22. In 1973, ап employee t()r БеН
and Howell, which microfilmed rhe underground papers and sold rhem ro libraries,
said somerhing similar, "Теп aod уеаг; [roт now, scholars wil1 !ook аг rhese micro­
БJт copies and see how rhings have evolved," Quored in Clark DeLeon, ''LodergrOLlnd
Press Alive and WeB io 300 Ciries," Philadelphia lnqllirer, Мау 14, 1973.
2. Dicksrein, Gates 0/ Еdщ 132.

3 Ryan, Ciui( U"ars, 1 3·

Intrоdщtiоn

1. ТЬе Rolling Scones' roщ manager ас rhar rime, Sam Curler, аdтiпеd Ье provided гЬе

Angels with $500 wопh of Ьеег. Бш various parries disagree аЬош wherher гЬе Ьеег
\vas given freely, perhaps in order ro placare [he Angels, ог wherher ir was in ге[щп Еог
а pledge Егот гЬе Angels ro guard rhe scage ог provide some orher Еогт of securiry.
2. See Nicholas уоп Hoffmao, "Violence ас AJramonr," Washington Post aI/d Тimes-Herald,
)апиагу 2, 1970. The gLlOre originally appeared in Rolling Stone magazine.
3. See Roberr ChrisrgaLl, 'ТЬе RоШпg Srones: Сап'г Ger No Sa[isfacrion," in Chrisrgau,
АnуOld U/4y.
4. Rolling Stone, which was гЬеп locared in rhe Бау Area bur was пагюпаl in scope, like­
wise provided rhorough and oursranding coverage оЕ гЬе Alramonr fiasco. See epecially
ТЬе Edirors, "Ler ir Бlееd," Rolling Stom,]anuary 2!, 1970, 18-з8;)оhп Burks, "In гЬе

At'termarll оЕ AI[amonr," Ro!!ing Stone, Pebгuaгy 7,1970, 7-8.

). George Ран! Csicsery, "Srones Сопсегг Ends 1[: America Now Up [ог Grabs," Berkeley
Tribe, December 12-19,1969,1,5·
6. Derroit Annie, "Уои Always Ger Whar Уои ОесетЬег 12-19,
Wanr," Berkell:Y Tribe,
1969, 5. Anorher [оса! LlndergroLlnd newspaper, гЬе
Berkeley ВdУЬ, wrore аЬош
Alramonr in only slighrly тоге mured rones. Ir disringuished irself, however, wirh ап
 exclusive cover srory оп Meredirh Hunrer. orher papers menrioned Hunrer's
пате, сЬе Barb was [Ье onJy опе (har wenr со апу еf!оп (о find оис аЬощ him. See ''ТЬе

Kind Killed Ас Аlсатопс," Berkeley ВауЬ, December 19-24, 1969, 1,5-6, 13, 17,
7· UС:,Е;"ШJ"Е; in 1965. rhe Ехашiner worked under а joinr operaring agreemenr wirl1 сЬе
San Franci.rco Chrollicle, in which [l1е Chronicle pubIished in гl1е mornings and rhe Ехаm­
iпег in сl1е evenings. The two рарег, а Sunday edirion.
8. William O'Brien, "300,000 Jam Rock Сопсегс," San Franci",o Examiller, December 6,

9, Jim Weed, "300,000 Say It wirh Music," San FгащiJ(Q Ехаmmег, December 7. 1969·
ТЬе [а5С Ыс, referencing the JeHerson Airplane's уоurh-culrше anthem, was а particu­
larly ludicrous disrопiоп, seeing а, ho\v опе of с11е НеН', AngeJs l1ad knocked опе of
с11ас singers, Магсу Balin, compJetely LшсопsсiОLIS during сl1е бгsс song of tl1eir
ser,
10, "Rock Festival's Magnetic Draw," San Fгащi.rСIi
Examimr, December 9, 1969' Speaking
оЕ yourhs, [Ьеу wrore, "Rock and гоН со rheir ache of inhibired
, .. appeals powerfully
and unreleased energy. It produces exalrarion. Тl1е experience. . had ele­
menrs of frenzy cypica! 01- primitive religions, T110se w110 \vrire, promorc and р!ау hard
rock are ics prie5rs and Pied Pipers."
I 1. Loui5 Menand, "Ic Took А VilIage: НО\У сЬе Voit'e journaJism," Neu Yorker,
Jащtагу ), 2008, 44,
12. Ic is impossibIe со measure precisely с11е 5соре of che pres> ас апу опе cime
in сl1е lасе I9605. Some papers were well e5rabIished and had paid clrculation5 [п сЬе
ССП' оЕ chousands, while orhers were ,Ьогс lived and irregularly pubIished. In I972
Laurence Leamer estimaced [Ьа[ underground newspapers l1ad а paid circulacion of I, 5
million and а readership тапу rimes rhar number. But when talking about [Ье under­
press's toral circularion. rhere has never Ьееп а сопsепsus about wl1ar types 01­
pubIica[lons ougl1t со Ье tallied. Leamer's figure of 1.5 mi1lion inc!udes оп!у those
рарес, in the Underground Press Syndicare, wl1ereas oc11ers rnight inc!ude mimeo­
high school papers or counrerculture-flavored rock mаgаzшеs [I1а[ were по[
ран of lJPS. like СhШаh and Ro/ling Stom. hisrorian ЛЬе Peck
11O!ds сЬас "Ьу сЬе highwa[er mark of prores[," in "ас leasc бvе hundred papers
served communi[ie5 and consriruencies ll'or/d/i Ые" added). Journalist ЕсЬеl
Romm idenrified roughly 150 "Llnderground" and "Моуетепс' papers ,п rhe United
Staces [п Ьщ sl1e said rhat number was ,сiJl оп сl1е Llpswi ng and Ьу 1970 had
Ьесоте "UПСОLшсаЫе," She esrimaced сЬе undergroLlnd press', combined circu!ation
(по( со Ье аЬоис rwo million, See иатес, Paper Rez'o!utionarie.r; Peck, Uпйж­
erillg thеSiхtю. ху; Romm, Орen Соmрirщу, 17.
13. Неге ту гЬiпkшg [, influenced Ьу Goodwyn, Pop"/i.rt J101Щnt, vii-xxiv.
14. See :\fcAdam. FreedоmS/lшшеr. 17-19·
15. James Miller, DСШОI'YtI() l.' 111 ,Ье Stmts; Gitlin, ТЬе Sixtie, ,

16. See McMillian, "УОLl Didn't Науе [О Ве There,"

I7, These poinrs I1ауе Ьееп put ЕопЬ in Breines, "Whose New Lef,)"; Hunt, "W11en Did
[Ье Sixties Нарреl1?"; Isserman, "Nor-So-Dark-and-Bloody"; Wiener, "Ne\v LeГr а5
History,"
18. Since с11е [асе 1990s, nLlmerous books have described rhe New Lef'c from а 1осаl or
perspecrive, and severa! have used сЬе methods and оЕ socia!

192 NOTES ТО РЛ(;ЕS 5-6

 hisrory, See {",f,nnfmu !Ье WaT lIfа!Ьine; Fюsг, lm<rt'acia! iИQl'<щепt п/ (Ье РООУ;
HLlnt, ТЬе Lieberman, Ptf:lirie Рои'еr; McBride, "FaLl!r Lines of Mass СLllшге";
McMillian and ВLlЫ;::, 1\;еи' Le/t Re1'isimi; Michel, Вш<r 50u!I); МопЬоllоп,
Tblr is Atllerir'I,>; Rossinow, Po!iticJ о/ АЮ/Юllicitу; Wyokoop, DiJJeIIl ill II]e Htart{and,
19, АЬе Peck, foreword го Wachsberger, Vai'''J /rom Г/уе U ndergrolllld, 1 :xix,
20, ТЬеге were, however, а few exceprions, From 1962 Ю 1 ()шге роег Ed Saoders
publishecl а crucle joLltna! called FI/Ck Уаи; А Magazj//f о! (Ье ArtJ. which circLl!ared
sLlГrepririously L1ПО! Ье was arresrecl 00 obsceniry charge". Larer Ье was acqLlirted,
(l brietJy clisCLIss Fщk Уо" [о сlшргег 3.) Маоу GI-рrodLlсеd L1odergroLlod oewspapers
,,!so operared соуегс!у, aocl [о гЬе early 197cs, fugirives [п гЬе Wearher UпdегgЮLlпd

"ес[ег!у dissemioared а shоп-livеd L1пdе[gЮLlоd oewspape[ called Оsаи'аМtlli.:,

21, ВоЬ Cummiogs, "Сап You Dig Ir)" Gel)rgia Straight, ALlgusr 16-22, reprinred
io Pallls and СатрЬеll, 5trajglJt, 22,

2,2, 10 гЬе 19605, опе cOllld al50 pllГchase ап easy-ro-use power mimeograph тасЫпе for а

few hundred dollars, Мiшtо sheers, however, were ofren of such poor quaIiry thar mosr
llпdе[grollпd papers го use сЬе рI1Ого-оf!sеt merhod,
23, Joho Burks, "ТЬе Press: А Specia! Rероп," R"lIillg 5toпe, ОссоЬег 4,
1969. 17,
2+ Gwen Reyes со J lllic Wеiпег, February 2, 1967, СоnnшiО/ll Records (1967-68),
Wiscoosio Srare Hisrorical Sociery, Madison, WI, Вох 1, Hencet'orrh, rhis collecrioo
will Ье abbreviared "WSHS,"
25, John \X!ilcock, "How го Srarr УОllГ Own Ne\\'spaper," Оt/JеrSШJeJ 9 (п,d" са, 1967): 14,
26. Armsrrong, Тl'lIlпр,t to /irшs, 16,

27, See Ноdgsоп, AIII<rim 1/1 0111' Тime, I39-4С,

28, Нllпгег Thompson, ''ТЬе lJlгiшаге Freeloader," Dist,шt DrЮIIIIШ', November 1967,6,

29, Respondiog ro (111:' sреСЮllS гЬаг characrerized mosr l1ews героrriпg, New

Journaliscs sоmегiГШ:5 Ьесоте pe[sona!ly involved \vith сЬе srories rl1ey covered, aod
гЬеу f[еquепг!у drew ('гот rhe of lirerary fiсгiоп iп rheir героггiПj;!, ValLlable
collecrions оГ Ne\v Jourl1alism inC!llde Wo1!e and Jоhпsоп, ТЬе Neu' }ОШllа!jлn;
Nicolaus MilIs, ТЬе 1'\<и)ОllуnаН\IIl,

30, Joao Didiol1 and Jol1l1 Duoe, "Alicia aod гЬе Ul1dегgrollпd Press," Satllrciay
EJ'ening Post.Jaoua[y [,\,1968,14,
31 Tboгne Dreyer al1cl Vicrorla Sm;rh, "ТЬе Моvеmепr and сЬе New Media," Liberarion
Ne\vs Ser"ice packer 144, March 1, 1969. 21,
32, ТОСЧllеvil!е, Dаниmu} ill Лmеrl(а, 474,
3,'\' АlIеп Giosberg [о Thomas Fkming,Janllary 30,1970, PEN Аmегiсап Сепrег Records,
Rare Books dl1d Specia! ColI<:crions Libra[y, Princeton U niversiry, Вох Folder 7.
Непсеfопh, rhis collecrion will Ье abb[eviared "PEN Cenrer," If1 апо(hег соnrехг,

tогшег NarioJl editor Vicror made сЬе poi пг, which is гоо гЬаг

"ir is рап of гЬе of сЬе сепгег to dепу гЬаг it has ап ideology," See Navasky,
А. Matf.:t· O/Opilliun,
,,-+, Dreyer and Smirh, 'T11e Movement af1d [Ье Ne\v Media," 25,
35, Girliп, "Ul1dergroul1d Press апd Its Cave-ln," 2 1,

з6, Тl1is was сЬе opil1iol1 of Marshall Bloom, cotouoder о!' Liberariol1 News Service (LNS),
See Marshall В!оот (о Dап ВеГП5геш, o,d" Marshall В!оот Papers, Вох 8, Folder 23,
Aml1ersr College АгсhiVб al1d Collecrions, Aml1ers(, МА, (Неl1сеf(шh, гы"

NOTI;S ТО PAGES 193

 collection will Ье abbreviared "МВР.") See also Marshall Bloom ro Магсу (Pererz]
December 16, Т967, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 2).
37. Miles adds гЬаг Ье was also received watmly w11en Ье visited сЬе LOJ Ange/eJ Fne Ргш.
"We rried ош best со reciprocate," Ье said. "Ьш we were somerimes over\vhelmed Ьу
the sheer numbers of visirors со Swinging London, all of \\'Ьот wanced ю теес гЬе
Bearles." However imрепiпепt (heir reqllests, сЬеу had good reason for asking. Miles's
рарег гап ОllС of гЬе Ьаsеmеш of сЬе famous Indica Bookshop, which is \vhere ]оЬп
Lennon famollsly picked lIР а сору of Timothy Leary's gllidebook со LSD, ТЬе

delic in Т966. /Т also sometimes recelved financial support {юm (11e Beatles.
See Вану Мilе5, "Notes [гот Underground," foreword го Bizo(, Ргее Pms, 6-7.
з8. See Gregory Calvert, interview Ьу Ron Сгеlе, ]uly 1-3, 1987, Studеш Movemenr5 of

the Т96О5, СоlптЫа University Огаl Hisrory Researcl1 Office. New York. 292.
(Henceforrh, rhis collection \viJI Ье abbreviated "Columbia.") See also ]оп Wiener,
interview Ьу Ron Grele, 26. 1988 and Мау 6, 1988, ColLlmbia, 46.
)9. А good textbook-sryle 5l1rvey of сЬе gay and feminisr press сап Ье found in Streitmat­
гег, i!oices o/Ret'!i1ttioll, 2з8-74.
40. Leamec wrires, "Only гЬе сrudея shorrhand ... allows опе even го talk аЬопс {Ье polir­
ically radica! and ,Ье culturally radical papers. This cross-polleniza(ion [sic] has sшddеd
(Ье landscape wirh 11ybrids гЬаг categoriza(ion." Leamer. p"pfr RеИJ/!ltiоnariеs, 61.
See 3olso Armscгong, Tr1ttllpel 10 ArtllJ, 44-45.
41. For ап апаlуsis of гЬе New Le[('5 countercultura! шrn in сЬе lасе 5ее Rossinow,
"New 1ef( in гЬе Counrerculcure." For а descriprion of сЬе роlitiсizаtюп of тапу сопп­
tегculшгаl newspapers, see ]оЬп Leo, "Politics Now гЬе FoClls of сЬе Underground
Press," Nш' York Тi"IeJ, September 4, 1968.
42. This understanding of rl1e New Left draws vacying degrees of SUpPo[( {гот Breines,
"Whose New Left / "; Есlюls, "We Gotra Get Ош of This Place"; Са!уеп, DflllOo'a,'Y
/1'0111 [Ьс Heart; Sayres ес al., SixtieJ With()//t McBcide, "Death City Radicals."
43. Уап Gosse describes гЬе New 1eft as а "шоvеmепt of mоvеmешs," пor limjred ro
youths, сЬаг encompassed "аВ of сЬе srruggles [ог luпdаmешаl сЬапье [гот сЬе еагlу
Т9505 юugЫу ro Т975." Alrhough rhis broad (Jеflпitiоп allo\vs Ыт (о rrace jпfluепсеs
and draw connecrions among а diverse assortmenr of groups, I think it's а flawed del1­
nirion. ТЬе сЕтасе о[ left-wing opinion in сЬе lаее 1960s and early 19705 was qllite
differenr [гот гЬа( which appeared in сЬе 1950S, and (let's face i() very fe\v activists of
color еуег called themselves New Lef(ists. Noc did very тапу middle-aged adlllts. See
Gosse, Rethinkirzg ,Ье Neu' Le/t, 4-8; Ros5inow, "New Left in гЬе COlll1rerculrure,"
I09nI. I rake this аllllр il1 тоге detail in McMillian, "Locaring гЬе Ne,v 1et't."
44. See, [ог iпsгапсе, Robin Mocgan, "Goodbye (о Аll ТЬас"
45. Of course, t'eminis(s and African Amecican radicals borh 11ad rheir own racJical organs.
Iп 1970, а collective of women's liberation;srs rook over сЬе
Rat, а rabidly sexisr under­
ground newspaper ;11 New York Ciry. Iп femin;sts Iщп,hеd
rougbly this same
publicat;ons like 1! Airz't Ме ВаЬе, Washington, DCs оЛоur backJ. апd В05­
ron's No More FИll cmd Ga1lles. MeanwI1i1e, women's consciousness-caising (ог "CR")
contribL1ted со сЬе body of wriring гЬа( anchored polirical гЬеorу and спlгшаl $шdiеs
in women's сопсгеге life experiences, and in 1972, Glocia Sreinem popul3orized ап indi­
vidllalisric feminist v;sion when 5he helped establish Ms. шаgаziпе. Ву соппаs(, rlle
leadjng black radical newspaper5 of сЬе were organs of lагьег огgапizаtiопs.

194 NOTES ТО PAGI'S 10-12

 During сЬе black power movemenr's heyday, сЬе Narion оЕ Islam's рарес, М1IhаmJJшd
SpeakJ, claimed а circulation арргоаСШПб 300,000, making it опе of сЬе !argest
newspapers in сЬе Unired States, In April 1967, (Ье Вlack РапсЬес Рапу Ьебап риЬ­
lishing сЬе B!a(k Panther, which еvешuаllу reached а circularion of аЬоос 8),000.
Finally, апisrs and шtеl1есшаls associared with сЬе bIack acts movement promoted
black culшгаl narionalism in роессу, fiction, and journalism.
See Breines, "Whose New Lefr?" 5 28; Isserman, "Not-So-Dark anli Bloody," 991.

Chapter 1

1. ТЬотаs R. Brooks., "Voice of (Ье Ne\v Сатри> 'и nderclass,'" Nщ' York Times Magazim,
November 7, 196),25; Robert Pardun, e-mail (о ашhог, February 17,2004; Cathy
Wilkerson, e-mail со аисЬor, FеЬшаrу I6, 2004.
2. Newfield, Prophetic A!inorit)', 117-18.
3. SDS's mosr comprehensive biographer, Kirkparrick Sa!e, made а simi!ar observation
when Ье called SDS's new $300 mu!rilirh prinring press-which ас сЬе time Wa5
housed at irs first headquarrers, in New York City's Easr Village-"rhe organization's
proudesr symbol of becomingness.·' See Sale, SDS,
Ош ofthe WI)a!e, 120. Ву
4. Raskin, even "shorguns" тау have seemed а Jirrle сате

со ,оте members оЕ сЬе Weacherman faccion of' SOS, who advoc<!ced "revolurionary
wall paincing" ("RWP" Еог shоп). Suggesred slogans included: "PEOPLE'S WAR,"
"OFF ТНЕ PIG," "OFF ТНЕ LANOLORDS," "REVOLUTION NOW," "BRING
ТНЕ WAR НОМЕ," and "VC RUN IT' See Fire.', "Draw Уош Conclusions оп сЬе

Wall," November 21, 1969, Ч.

5. Major \vorks \vith this шшаr;vе асс include Giclin, ТЬ< SixtifJ; James Miller, Democrac)'
[! in [Ье Srmts; Sale, SDS. See also Perlsrein, "Who Owns сЬе Sixties?"
6. See, [аг insrance, Peck, tl)e SixtieJ, II-I3, 22.
7. С. Wright МШs, Socio!ogi"al llllaginarioll, 226.
8. For in[ormation concerning the FBI's operations againsr SDS, see Cunningham,
YIJm's SOlllttlJing Happening Неуе, 167-80.
9. Ап alrernarive wOl1ld Ье со сгасе SDS's ocigins аН сЬе way back со rhe firsr collegiare
radical movement in rhe Unired Srates, сЬе Inrercollegiate Socialisr which was
founded in 190). ТЬас group renamed irself сЬе League for Indusrrial Democracy in
192 I, and сЬroОБЬОШ сЬе 19205 and 1930> ir promored American socialism through
lесешes Ьу Jack London, Nocman Thomas, and Напу LaidJer, as well as ehrough irs
топсЫу jошпаl, Lahor Age. Ies srudent агт was сЬе Srudene League [ос Iпdusпiаl
Оетосгасу. After WorJd War Two, сЬе League Еос Iпdusпiаl Democracy grew wary оЕ

radical socialism and Ьесате ;nacrive. In сЬе Srudenr for Indus­

сг;аl Democracy morphed into SDS, and А! НаЬес was SDS's firsr president. Alcl10Ugh
НаЬег personally recruieed some оЕ SOS's leaders and organized ап impre5sive
сопЕесепсе оп srudent radicali5ffi ас сЬе Universiry оЕ Michigan, сЬе group remained

basically unknown оп American campuses during the 1961-62 school уеаг. Accord­
ingly, mosc scholar5 and сЬе бгеас majoriry оЕ SOS veterans dace сЬе group's origins ro
сЬе drafring 0[- rlle Ро[( Ниroп Sraremenr. As SDS narional secrerary J im Monsonis
explained in "SOS rruly Ьесате а movement and ап organization ас сЬе [Росс
Ншоп} convention." See Jim Monsonis, SDS лrеmЬmhiр B1I!!etill, September 301962,

:-;OTJ3S ТО PAGES 12-15 195

 1, SOS Records, Reel 34, Series 4А, No. 19. Sec also Salc, S[)S, 673-93; апd James
Milltr, [)еmосуаl)' /5 in the Streets, 29.
10. See Тот Науdеп апd Oick Flacks, "The Рон Нurоп Sraremenr ас 40," The Natioll,
(Augusr ')-12, 2002), 18-21. Lirerary scholar John Oownron Hazlerr argues rhar Ьу
rheir personal experiences \virh rhose of rhe so-called "Sixries Generarion,"
сЬе manifesro's ащhоrs esrablished а rempJare and сеСесепсе poinr for тапу fщше
memoirisrs. See Hazlerr, iИу Gmr:ration, 40-49.
11. Аllеп Smirh, "Presenr ас rhe Crearion." For scl10Iars rhe Роп Ншоп

Sraremenr as а warershed in rl1e hisrory оС сЬе American [efr, see Sale, S[)S. 49-51;
МШеr, [)mюcrarу l! in the Strel!ts," 1 3-14; Isserman, l! 1 Had а Наттеу, 213-14.
12. Smirh, 341. Бее also Gosse, "Моуетеnr о! Movemenrs," 279-84. Works Ьу journalisrs
rhar discussed rhe Рон Huron Srarement in rhe mid include Fred Powledge,
"The New Srudenr Lek Моуетеnr Represenrs Serious Activisrs in Orive (ос Changes,"
Neu' York Times, March 15, 196s;Jack Newfield, "T11e Srudenr Lefi:: Idealism and Ас­
rion," NatlolJ, November 8. 1965,330-33.
1 3. For some SOS vererans, rhe Роп Ниroп Statement seems со have elicited ап llnusual
сотЬiпаtiоп о! excitemenr and redium. For insrance, Todd Girliп опсе recalled being
"absolurely enraprured" \vhen he read а clrafr оЕ rhe documenr, "rhinking, 'Му God,
rhis is whar J feel.'" Вш elsewhere he said Ье found its "programmacic parriclllars" to

Ье so dull сЬас he didn'c finish reading ic (see Jsserman, 1/1 Had (1 Натте", 214, and
Girlin, The Sixties, 101). Similarly, SOSer Cathy Wilkerson recal1ed fiпdiпg parrs ot- rhe
manifesro "уесу powerful and inspiring," whereas orher parrs srruck 11er as "boring."
See Carhy Wilkегsoп, inrerview Ьу Ron Grele, February 17, 1985, Columbia, 26.
14. SOS, "Роп Нщоп Sraremenr," as quored inJames Mil1er, [)Ш/lХ'rа<} /J in the Streets, 329.
АН sU[)se'Cjll"nr qllorarions [rom [he Роп Ниroп Staremenr соте from Mil1er's book.
1'). Jbld., 374.
16. Jbid., 329.
17. SDS some rwшty rhousand copies оЕ' rhe Роп Ншоп Sraremenr Ьегwееп 1962
апd 1964, and anorher rwenry rhollsand Ьу rhe end of 1966. (See Allen Smi[h, "Presenr
ас rhe Crearion," з60.)
18. The phrase belongs [о Еllа Baker (see Baker, "Bigger rhan а НаmЬщgег," in Carson ес
al., o,zthe Prize, 1 п).

19. SeeJames Mil1er, [)еmосуасу 1! in theStreets, бр. 145-47.

20. Echols, Ground.72.

п. SOS, "Росс Huron Srаrетепr," 333.

22. This was сше llnril сЬе уесу lаге 1960s, anyhow. The Wearherman fac[ion оС SOS
(which did пос exaccly enjoy good sranding in гЬе New Lefr) fгеqш:nrlу adhered СО che
Lепiшsг погюп of"democraric cenrralism"-a polirical framework rhar allows СОС vig­
orous debare wirhin ап organizarion, but also requires members of rhar organizarion to
pubIicly adhere to wharever dесisiопs the mаjопrу reaches, of rheir privare
beliefs. The Marxisr grollp Progressive labor, which iпfilпагеd SOS in rhe lасе 1960s.
also adhered со democraric cenrralism.
23. As III Кlarch, А Generati011 [)ivided, 25.

24. ВагЬага НаЬег, iпrеrviеw Ьу Всес Еупоп, Seprember I978, Conremporary His[ory
Projecr (TI1C New Letr in Апп Arbor), Universiry of Michigan, 4-5. Hencefor[h [11is
collec[ion will Ье abbreviared as СНР.

196 NOTES ТО PAGES 15-[7

25, SOS, "Рап Ниroп Sraternenr," 329; emphasis added.
26. As guoced in Кlarch, А Generation Divicled, 24.
27. frichjof ВеГбтапп, incervie\v Ьу Вгес Еупоп, June 18, 1978, СНР 5·
28. Girlin, Who/e Wor/d Is \'(Iatching, 135; Flacks, "Making Hisrory vs. Making Life," 1 39,
29, Richard flacks, inrerview Ьу Вгес Еупоп, Sepcember 25, 1978, СНР, 14,
30. Jert:'my Brecher, interview Ьу Вгес Еупоп, Seprember 20, I98з, Colurnbia, 13·
31. Brt:'cher incervlew, 12.
32. Elise Boulding, interview Ьу Вгсс Еупоп, Novernber 1978, СНР, 4.
,в. Ресег Dilorenzi, intervie\v Ьу Вгсс Еупоп, Мау 31, 1979, СНР, 4.
34. Вапу В!uеstoпе, incerview Ьу Вгес Еупоп, August 1978, СНР, 3.
35. Brecher interview, 14 .

., 6. НаЬег interview, 11.

Л· ВlUбсопе incerview, 7·

}8. Sara E"ans argues that wornen were socialized inco taking secondary roles in SDS

because rf}ey \veren't accusromed to making and aggressively ГогсеГul argu­

mещs. See Evans, Personal Po!ilics, 11), 166 .
.39· Wilkerson incerview, 19·
40. Kirty Сопе, as guoted in Gottlieb, Do УОII Believe in i\1agic? 144.
41. Alan НаЬег and BarbaraJacobs со "f'riends," ОесетЬег 1), I962, SDS Records, Reel2,
Series 2А. No. 1.

42, Sale, SDS, 78-80

43 Sale, SDS, 74.
44. See Mickey Flacks, intervie\v Ьу Bret September 25,1978, СНР, 6-7; В!uеstопе
in(ervi~w, 7,
45. Sale, SDS, 81.
46 Ibid., 78-81.
47. Тот Hayden со "SПS execurive comrnirree, others," n.d., са. 1962, SПS
Records, Reel I, Series 1, No. 6,
48. Апhuг Waskow ro Рап! Boorh, Augusr 2, 1965, SDS Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No.
42.
49. Clark Kissinger to Раи! Ронег, January 31, 1965, SDS Records, Reel4, Series 2А, No.
29. See also Кеп McEldowney со Jim McDougall and George Brosi,July 1965, SDS
Records, Reel 14, Series 2А, No. 69·
50. Richard Chase, "The New Сатрп> Magazines." Harper's, ОсгоЬег 19CJ1, 170.
51 Тот Hayden used borh forrns; SDSer Вену Garman Robinson recalled rhar Hayden's
drarnaric leHers describing rhe Srudenr Nопviоlещ Coardinaring Соmmшее's activ­
iries in the Оеер Sощh were "rhe reason [she] wenr inro SDS," guored in Роllена,

Еndiш Afeeting, 125.

)2. QlIirc а few inrernal пеwslепегs сате and wenr during SDS's hisrory Sorne were spe­
cific ro SDS projecrs, such а> rhe Economic Research and Acrion Projecr пеwslепеr, the
Реасе and Research Education Projecr newsletter, and rhe Viernam Surnmer пеwslепеr.
There was al50 а Аl<JlJЬепhiр Blllletll1 and а DiSClшiоn Blliietin, which were larcr сот­
bined inro rhe SDS Blllletin. Neu' Еуа and Саи' were rwo оГ' SDS's уегу shorr-lived
rnagazines. Some of SDS's older тетЬег> founded rhe Radica/J in Ihe ne\vs­
lerrer, which larer changed irs пате го Something Else. SDS's bigge5t publicarion in
сегт> of size and circlllation was irs rabloid newspaper, Nш' Nош, which brietly

:-;OTES то PAGES 17-22 197

 morphed inro ТЬе Fire Next Titile and сЬеп jusc Fire.' In addition [о аН chis, dozens оЕ
individual SDS chapters pubIished cheir own newslerrers.
53. As edicor оЕ [Ь .. SDS БII//еtin, ]effShero freguently reprinted arrieles ог essays сЬас firsr

appeared elsewhere. "We just lift chese areicles, rarely getting permission Егот еЬе

publisher," Ье cold опе friend. See ]effShero со C';'ideon Sjoberg, August I8, I965, SDS

Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No..3). Shero later changed hlS пате со JeffSheco Night­

byrd, and (Ьеп simply со JeffNightbyrd. In this book Ье is referred [о Ьу his original

surname.

54. See Becky MiI1er со "Sceve," n.d., SDS Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No. з8.
5'). Мах added, "1 Ьауе repeatedly asked пос со пауе ту communications со (Ье [SDS

Narional Соипе;!) printed unless 1 say (Ьеу are for рuЫiсаtiоп." Despite 11is аппоуапсе,

howevee, Ье сопсludеd his lerter оп а humorous по[е: "L<:t те warn УОll edirors of Neu'

l..eft Notes [Пас if УОll prin[ апу шоге о( ту сorгеsропdепсе w;rhollt ашhorizаtiоп, 1

shall sепd уои а lе((ег whieh 1 guагапtее wi1l iпvоlvе уои iп ап obscenity suit. ShOllld

уои dесliпе [о print such а letter ! wiH hold уои llР before сЬе sсогп оЕ сЬе National

СОllПСН for оис со сЬе misgllided Viпогiап morality оЕ сЬе Posta! Establis!l­
ment." See Steve Мах,
"Angry Letter," 1\'"" Notes, ~farch I1,
4
56. This discussion draws [гош сЬе minutes of сЬе SDS National Couneil Meeting, June

16, 1964, taken Ьу Helen Garvy, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 10.

57. Don ~cKelvey со Donna G. Hayes, December IO, 1962. SDS Records, Reel ), Series

2А, No. 21. The Membership БIIIIеtin featured repofts Еroш SDS presidenrs, l!pdares оп

chapter activity and pгojects, norices of llрсотiпg еvрП[s, and suggested reading тасе­

rial. However, like [Ье DБ, it al50 we1comed feedback and partieiparion Егот сЬе SDS

rank and Ые. See SDS Alembership BlIlletin, Seprember 1962, 1, in SDS Records,

Reel 34, Series 4А, No. 19·

')8. Sale, SDS, 78.

59. ТЬе Student Реасе Union flourished Егош 1960 ю cosponsoring several marches

оп Washingron, DC, and attraering some 3.')00 members. Unlike SDS, [Ье Student

Реасе Union was shaped Ьу Old Left ideas, and concentrated its energies оп а single

"issue"-nuclear arms (опtюl. !с collapsed in 1964, jLlst as SDS was gaining

тотепrum.

60. Ediror's Note, SDS DiSClшiоtl BlIlIetin, Spring 1964, п.р., SDS Records, Reel ). Series

2А, No. 40.

61. Don McKelvey to R. М. Glee, November 17,1962, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А,

NO.21.

62. Неlеп Garvy, iпtеrviеw Ьу aurhor.

б',. Неlеп Garvy, "From the Editor," SDS БlIlIеtin, ОсroЬ<,г 1964,2. in SDS Records Reel

:'\ 5, Series 4А, No. 35·

62. Don McKelvey со Donna G. Hayes, December 10, 1962, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series

2А, No. 21; Don McKelvey [о А!lап ТоЫп, November 23, SDS Records, Reel

3, Series 2А, No. 21; Dickie Magidoff со Не!еп [Garvy) and Clark [Kissinger), January

19, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 23.

65. This pгocess has since Ьееп described Ьу lirerary scholars as "fгее\vг;гiпg" (or, some­

times, "focused fгееwгitiпg"). See Peter Elbow, \~'riting \~'ith РOlау: ТесlJniqщs for

Лfastering 'Ье Writing Рухе.Н (New York: Oxford lJпivегsitу Press, 1981),213-20.

66. Don McKelvey ro Dауюп Pruitt, n.d., in SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 2 I.

198 NOTES ТО PAGES 22-24

J
67. ОопМсКеlvс-у toDennis Kelly, Мау 1), ,п SOS Records, Кееl '5, Series 2А, No. з8.

68. Ооп McKelvey со Edwin Kahn,January 196з, ,п S05 Records, Кее! 3, Series 2А,
No.21.
Helen (,arvy, "From [Ье Edicor," SDS B1IlIetill, Ос[ОЬег 1964,2,505 Records, Кееl 3),
Series 4А, No..)5.
This idea тау Ьауе Ьееп inClllca[ed ,п 50S early оп. In 1960 АI НаЬег had а brief Ьш
\varm correspondence with William F. Buckley, (Ье conservarive ediror о! Natiolla!
Rel'ie,,', "f[er Ье asked Bllckley if Ье cOllld disггiЬше Боте Браге copies ot' Natiolla!
Rel'ieu' rhrollghouc 50S. Al[hollgh Ье didn'[ ехрес[ ВllсНеУ'Б magazine со win тапу
converrs, НаЬег said "1 do think , .. that it 15 valuable for ош тетЬеГ5 ro соте inro
contac( \vith vieW5 sharply COlln(Cr (о ош own," 5ее А!ап Haber ro William F. БLlCk!еу,

July 8,1960,505 Records, Reel 1, Series 1, No. 10.

71. Ооп McKelvey ro Gerald Knight, ОесетЬег 2, 196з, 50S Records, Ree!8, 5eries 2А,
;\;0,93,
72. Ооп McKelvey [о Мшгау L, Katcher, )anuary 26, 1964,505 Records, Бох 6, WSHS,
73, Ооп McKelvey [О Erik Johnson, March 29, 1964, S05 Records, Reel ,1, Series 2А,
;\;0 ..35.
74. Ооп McKelvey со 'Xim and Ресе," Мау 10, 1964, SOS Records, Reel ), Series 2А,

No. :\8.
7'5, )eifShero со Mlke Oavis, AugLlsc SOS Re(ords, Reel 28, Series~, No. 108.
Jeff Shero ro J",remy Бгесhег, ALlgusc 50S Re(ords, Reel 28, Series 3, No, 108,
Опе SOSer was тосе causcic аЬош сЬе problem 01' quality (оппоl in SOS writings: "Iс
Joesn't seem со те that ":е have со prove we don't red bai[ Ьу serving as а

{ос сl1е materia!s of (Ье !eft ,п an indiscriminare way," See Oavid Smith со "Friends,"
AL1gusr 24, 1965, SOS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 23·
SDS Melllbm!JijJ BII!!etill, 196з, П.р., SOS Records Ree! 35, 5eties 4А,
1\;0.19·
78, SDS MflllherslJijJ Вm'/щn, November-Oecember 1964, П.р" SOS Records, Ree! 35,
St:Гlб 4А, No. 19·
79, "Convenrion," SDS Bu!!etin, March-April 196з, 1, 3, 50S Records, Ree!
35, Series 4А, 1\;0 19·
80. Ооп McKel\'ey, со "Worklisr," ОссоЬег :2 3, 1968, SOS Records, Reel 5, Series 2А,
No, 48.
8! Heien Garvy, ro "Раи! Potter, Кеп, Sharon, Carol, Rennie, Todd, ВоосЬ, Oickie, Rich,
Уеrnоп, Nick, Larry, ВоЬ, Lee, Oick, Тот, Carl," October 15, 1964, SOS Records, Reel
5, 5",ries 2А, No. 35·
82. See Richard Armstfong, "ТЬе Explosive Revival оЕ the Far Left," Saturday E!lening Рои,
Мау 8 1965,27-32; Brooks, "New Campus 'Underc!ass,'" 25; Andrew Kopkind, "ОЕ,
Ву and For сl1е Poor," ТЬе Ncu' RepubIic,JL1ne 19, 1965, 15-19;)ack NewfielJ "StlIdenr
Letr: ldealism and Action," ТЬе Nation, November 8,1965,330-33; Pow!edge, "Ne\v
SCL1den( Left"; Neli'Sli'eek, "ТЬе Acrivists-Protesting Тоо МисЬ?" March 22, 1965,
48--54·
8з, РоНена, Епdlш з8.

84· Лт Russell (Q Helen Garvy, ОссоЬес 30, 1965, SOS Re(ords, Бох 34, WSHS.

85. Jeremy Brecher, "Some Notes оп сЬе J 965 SOS Сопvешiоп," n.d., 50S Records, Ree!
3, Series 2А, No, Ч.

NOТES ТО PA(~ES 24-27 199

 86. Newfield, А
Proph6ti( Minorit), 120; Sale, SDS, 204-7.

87· Greg Calverr, iщеrviе,v Ьу Run Gr<:le,JLlly [-3, 1987, COlltmbia, 158.

88. Раи! Вошh со Vernon Eagle, Sepcember 28, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Sепеs 3,
No. 1. This was а [orm lепег, apparenrly senc 10 SDS benefacrors, in а<!уапсе of ап
upcoming SDS conference ас сЬе Universicy оЕ IIlшО1S in Сhаmршgп-UгЬапа. Booch's
qL!ip аЬош "che тodеl SDS personalicy" was undoLlbredly in reference [о Тот Нау<!еп,
W!1O WIOre а master's rhesis оп С Wrighr Mills while ас [Ье Universicy оЕ Michigan.

See Hayden, "Radical Nomad."

89. 11 15 [ше, however, that more попsшdепts were coming [о SDS. 1\ccording [о ап SDS
membership sшvеу in Marcl1 1966, unly аЬош 40 percem of SDSers ,vere tegistere<!
Llndergra(ls; anorher 25 регсещ were gra<!uare sш<!епts, and 1 о регсещ о! members
were in high school, 1\s Sale poinrs ош, while оп сЬе опе hand rhis means сЬас
75 percem ofSDSers were operating in ап aca<!emic 5etril1g, rhere was srill а sigl1ificam
"campL!s-оtТсаmрus splir" in SDS. See Sale, SDS, 271-72.
90. Sreve :vfax, "From Роп Ншоп со :vfарlеhшsг," Natio>la! GlIardiall [са, summer 1965J,
fragmenc, SDS Records, WSHS.
91. PardLln, Ргаiri, Radiml, 1
92. Dick SI1ОШ со RоЬеп Pardun. 1\uguSt ,. 1965, SDS Recor<!s, Reel 6, Series 21\, No,
35
9,. Кеп McEldowney со Jim McDoLlgall and George BIOS!, July 7, 196" SDS Records,
Reel 6, Series 21\, No. 69.

94· Pardun, Prt1/rie Radica!, 119.

95. JeffShero [о "Comrades," 1\ugL!St 3, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 28, Series 3, No. 108.
96. Роllесса, ЕlId!ш !,,!eetillg, 145.
97 Carol McEJdowney со SDS N.O., November 7,1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Series 3,
NO.I,

98. Scott Рirtтап со Worklisr Rесiрiешs, Ocrober 19, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Series
3, No. 1; David Sramps со Jeff Shero, November 15, 1965, SDS Records, Ree[ 28,
Series 3, No. 108. Balal1ced аgаiпsг rhis, however, was ас leasr опе highly appIOving
[etter [rom а new SDS тетЬег who called сЬе пеwBlI!letitl "опе о[ rlle finest pubIica­
rions I've sееп оп сЬе left." See J М. Wagner ro SDS, November 18, 1965, SDS
Records, Reel 2 I, Series .3, No, 18.
99· Sale, SDS, 27:\,
100. lbid., 273.
101. "Not With Му Li[e Уои Don'r!'" Л Gtftrr/!,ia Stlldt!lt H,mdf!Gok, Georgerown SDS, Fall
1968, SDS Records, Reel 22, Sefles 3, No. 26; Todd Giгliп, "Presidenc's Report," SDS
BII!!etill, December 196з, SDS Records, Reel .35, Series 41\, No. 19· Emphasis in orig­
inal.
102. lп ап undared I(;'пег [са, 1966-67] ап SDSer агtriЬщеd сЬе phrase to acri"isr and his­

torian Sraughron Lynd. See Bill Harrzog со Greg Calverr, п.d., SDS Records, Reel 21,
Series 3, No. 1 I.

Chapter 2

1. Crowley, RightJ ofPaHage, 61.

2. Time, "Ul1<!erground 1\Шапсе," JLlly 29, 57·

200 SOTES ТО PAG!'S 27-.)]

 ", These \vere атопь rhe lirsr six underground newsp"pers; rhe orl1ers were Dепоir's Fi/tl;
Estatt, San Francisco's О/щ/е, and Lower Мапhапап 's EVO, Founded Ьу eigl1reen-year­
old Насуеу Ovshinsky, сl1е Estatt was Ьу far th~ mosr аmаtешish of сабе аmаrеш
papers, Тl1е Оуас/е and rhe Е\/О reached considerabIy larger audiences, Ьш inirially rhey
\vere berter kno\vn for rheir colorful psychedelic graphics and zesrful espollsals of rhe
соunrегсulrшаl LOsmology,
4, ]effShero Nightbyrd, as quored in I.ieberman, Prairie Роиtt', 86,

5, George Orwel!, "Iпrюduсriоп," in Orwell and Reynolds, Britis/) 15,

6, Srreirmarter, VOiCfJ 11' Rеvо/шiоn, 55, The tlrsr type5 оЕ radical newspapers а150 champi­

oned l1npopular issues rhar [arer won broad acceprance,jacksonian Ега labor-тоуетепс
papers called Еог shorter \vorkdays, rax-funded schools, ап end (о debrors' prisons, and
rhe right оЕ workers ю оrgашzе, Тl1е abolirionisr press, оЕ сошsе, crusaded оп bellalf оЕ
сl1е 5rruggle againsr And iп rhe af'rermarh 01' the Civil War, Elizabetl1 Cady
Stanron and Susап В, АnrllОПУ published rhe Rel'oI1ltioJl, rhe f1r5r newspaper devored (о
women's righrs, iп wl1ich сl1еу denounced sexual ехрlоiгаriоп ас home and iп rhe work­
place. and cal1ed for equal рау [or equal work,
Gral1am, Yours jor гЬ. Revolution, Х, 15,
8, Sransell, Alllfriit1l1 Лlоdmн,
9, See J Glепп Gray, "Salvarion оп rhe Campus: Wl1y Ехistешiаlism is Capturing rhe
StL!dепts," Harp<r~r, Мау [965,53-59
10, Dmеш, "А \'Vord ео Ош Readers,' Winrer 1954,6-7,
11, Abrams, "From Madness ю Dysenrery," 435.
12, ,McAL!liffe, GrMt АПIi:riсап 1\J",',h"h"y 1 3,

13, McAuliffe, GrMt Americcm Nш spuper, 3; Frankforr. ТЬе Voice, 32,

Ц. judy Feiffer, as guoted iп Manso, М"Нег, 222,

1 5, Wolf and Fапсhег, Villagt Voia Rttldet,. 5,

16, Srokes, Village VOiCf Antho/OIzy. 8,
17· Ibid" 8-9,
[8, McAllliffe, Great American NeU'Jpapfr, 20,

19, The V01"['S forerunner5 were Qllill's \X1,"k/) апсl ВГШIO'j Bohe71lia (in (he Т92О5) and
Cari{at!lre (iп rhe 19505). Other publications rhar '",ere $Оше\vhаr iп sync wirll сl1е Vil­
lаье'5 avanr-garde c!imate were Nщ' Мане,. (v.'hicll had irs heyday in rhe 19305) апd the
left-wing daily newspaper РМ (which expired ,п 1948), The \/i//age Vi;ia's only direcr
comperirion iп the 19505 was а shopper paper called rhe \iillager,
20. Mailer, А'/1'егtiшnt!litJ, 278,

2 [. Mailer, Лdl'eI,tiJеnшlfS, 325,

22, MaiJer, Adl'ertiselllf:lm, 317, Mosr оЕ Mailer's readers would have recognized rhe соп­

ceprs о!' hip and square from rhe liгеrашге оЕ rht Ьеас gепегагiоп; ,п rerms, "sqlIares"
were dull сопfогrnisгs, and "hipsrers" were edgy, sensual wanderers looking tor "kicks,"
Вш iп Mailer's evolving undersranding, "hip" was le5s ап adjecrive rhan а соmргеhеп­
sive prulosophy, which he larer arriculared i[1 his I959 essay "The Wrure Negro," Hip­
srers, Mailer said, "еге "rhe Ашегiсап exi5renrialist[sJ" whose sнЬсопsсiоus minds
were 5upposedly awhirl wirh rhe rhrear оЕ meaningless dearh (whether caL!sed Ьу fas­
cism, пuсlеаr war, or а "solIl-dеsrrоуing сопfоrшiгу"), Вш ош оЕ rhis de5pair arose ап
alrnosr iпшiгivе self-awarel1ess, ап lIпlшгпеssеd id, апd ап idеаlizаtiоп of society's
"ошlаws"-Ьеашiks, jtlvtпilе dеliпquепгs, and (supposedly) African Arnericans, The

NOTESTOPAGES~!-35 201
 phil050phy ofHip, Mailer later said, "offered ап ащidоtе [о other people's hablts, other
people's defeats, borec!om, quiet desperation, and muted icy self-destroying rage,"
and had the рorепиаl со usher in а "modern revolution." See Mailer, AdvertisemenfJ,
3:)7-58.
23. Peck, Unпwсring the SixlieJ, 1 r.
24· Krassner, Con/mioIIJ, 13,45.
25. Кеп Kesey, "Introductlon," lП Krassner, Besl o/Ihe Realist, 5.
26. Krassner helped Bruce write his аutоЬюgгарhу. See Bruce, Нои' 10 ТаП Dirt)'.
27· Krassner, Вш о/ the Realist, 6; Boskin, RehelliollJ IAl/ghter, 7).
28. Krassner, Best о/ the Яеаlis/, 102.
29, Krassner. C07z/fJS;Om, 51, 92-95.
30. Leamer, Рарег Revolutionarie.r, 24.
31. In 1967 Krassner puHed off а Swiftian satire that was gross and tasreless еУеп Ьу the
соuпtегсultше's loosest standards, when he printed what he false!y claimed was "ап
unpublished excerpt" from а гесепг book оп Jоlш F. Kennedy's assassinarion in which
Lyndon Johnson was said [о have Ьееп sропеd copulating with Kennedy's neck wound
а> the deceased ргеsidещ was being f!own from Оаllм [о Washington оп Air Force
Опе, See Krassner, Best o/lfJe Reali.rt, 190-93; Peck, Uncovering fhe Six/;es, 62-6з. Iп
1968, feminist Robin Morgan skewered Krassner's sexism in her famous po!emic,
"Goodbye [о АН That."
32. Thorne Dreyer and Victoria Smith, "The Моуетеnr and the New Media," Liberation
Kews Service packer 144, March 1, 1969,3.
33. Krassner, Вех! о/ the Realisf, 2.
34, Gruen, Neu' Bohemld,
35. Jacoby, их! lntellel'tllals, 21,115.
See McBride, "Death Ciry Radica!s"; Hayden, Tria/, 1')8-65.
37. Brick, Age o/Contradi.·firm, 11.
з8. Riсlшгd Flacks, e-mai! [о ашЬог, Seprember 4, 2004. Prior ro сЬе lare 19505, тosг
paperbacks were of [Ье pulp variery, and [Ьеу were sold in sLlpermarkets and drug­
stores.
39. Richard Flacks interview, 4.
40. Jim O'Brien, "Мепюгiеs of the Student Movement and rhe New Left in rhe United
Srares," unpublished manuscript in ашhог's possession, 28. Another оНЬеас hangoLlt in
Madison was the Universiry оЕ Wisconsin's sшdепt Llnion, which had а Ьаг cal1ed rhe
Rathskel1er rhat sold 3.2 регсепг beer.
4I. PaLll Buhle, interview Ьу Вгсс Еупоп and Ron Gre!e, 1985, Columbia,
42. See McBride. "Оп the Falllr Lines," 1 22.
43. Renata Adler, "Fly Trans-Love Airways," Neu' Yorker, February 2'), 122; empha­
sis added.
44. Jerry Hopkins, "Los Angeles Scene," Rolling Sfom, JLlne 22, Т968, ] 1.
45. McBride, "Оп rhe Fault Lines," 124.
46. Ап Kunkin, "Опе Уеаг оЕ гЬе Free Press," Lo.r Angeles Fm Pms, Ju!y 23, 1965,6.
47. Lionel Rolfe and Пеппis Когап, "Freeping Ош," Los Angtles Reader, JLlne ] 9, 198 I, 5·
48. Wil1iam Мшгау, "The L.A. Free Press is Rlch," E.ftJuire, June 1970,54.
49. As quoted in Peck. Uncovering the Sixties, 22.
')0. Маупагd, Vmict' West, 20; Lipton, Но/)' Barbarians.
51. Land, Aaiu Radio, 66; Тот Nolan, "The Free Press Cosrs 1'5 Cents," U//!Jt, ОсroЬег 12,
40.
52. Richard Srone, "Н!р Papers: The Underground Press Succeeds Ьу Inrгigшпg the
Rel)els and Sgl1ares," \У'аи StrM jOllrtlal, March 4, 1968.
53. Lionel Rolte, "Ап Kunkin: Mysric in Paradise," hrrp://www.dabeJly.comicolumnsi
Ьоhеmiапзз·hгm.
54. Rolfe, Litet'(lIJ L.A, 27.

)). See Peck, UnC01tring ,Ье Siхtiб, 25. Kunkin's 0"10 personal invesrment 'Nas said го

Ье jusr $15. See Nolan, "Free PressCosrs," 40; and McBride, "Оп the FaultLines,"
124·
56. Quoted in Peck, U mщ'еring {Ье SixtieJ, 21.
57· Мuпау, "Free РгеББ i5 Rich," 54·
58. Phyllis Рапегsоп, inrervie\v Ьу aurhor, Seprember 7,
59· See LOJ Рl'eе Руен, Мау 23, 1964, 1

Nolan, "Ргее Press Costs,"

61. Агс Kunkin, "Dear Reader," Los AngeleJ Fm Рут, Мау 25, 1964,2; emphasis in
inal.
62. Seymour Stern, "Puritanism Scores Vicrory: AII Womal1 Jury Fil1ds Кеl1 Anger's
Ащi-Fа$сiS( Film 'Obsccl1e,'" LOJ Free Руен, ~fay 25, 1964, 1. M!chael Gerz,
manager о( LO$ Angeles's Cinema Tl1eater, was convicted оЕ "lewd exhibition" [ог
$creening Scorpjfi Risi"g оп Macch 7, 1964' Latec the Саlifоrпiа Supreme Сонп over­
turned rhe obscel1lt}" verdicr.
6з. "Notcd Singer Ret'uses ю Рау Тахе> rhat Go [ог War Preparation," Los Ar;geles Руее Pms,
Мау 25, 1964. С.
64· Quored in Nolan, "Free Press Cost$," 40,
Saftord СlштЬегlаiп, "Death 0[' а Jazzer: ап ОЫшагу'" LOJ At1,!!,eles Рт PrtJJ, Мау 2),

1964, 5; Jimmy Garrert, "Black Ршше," [,OJ Angeles Free Руен, Мау 25, 1964, 5. See
al$o Мау, Goldm Slale, Go/den Уоиh, 156-)9.
66, Ап Кlшkiп, "Why We Appear," LU.i Angeles Free Pm,r, July 30, 1964,2-3.
67. МсВпdе. "Death Radit:als," 1 10,11).

68. Nolal1, "Free Press Costs," 40.

69' Rolfe, L.A .. 18.
70. МсВпdе, "00 the Fault Line$," 1 35­

7 Adler, "Fly Tral1s-Love," 20.

72. McBcide, "Death City Radlcals," 1 15; Rolfe, L/ter(JYY L.A., 18.
7 3· KUl1kin underscored this poiot iп аl1 апiсlе he wrore ю mark rhe paper's ooe-year
anniversary. See KLlnkio, "Опе Уеас," :\.
74. McBride, "Death Ciry Radicals," 1 1).

75. RoJl'e and Когап, "Freeping Out," 5. See al$o На! Draper, "'IЪе Mind о! Clark Кеп,"
L,/s Angeles Free PmJ, November 5, 1964, 1':\; Напу J Coffey, "Berkeley Report," [AS
Аllцеlеs Free Рпн, December 11, 1964, 3; Macio Savio, "Savio 011 Рсее Speech: Issl1e$
Behind the Student Рюtеsг," LOJ F"ee Руеи, )al1uary 1, 1, 3; Веа Rechnitz,
from Berkeley," LOJ Руее Рут, January 1 1965,3.

Peck, Um'Olerir;g t!Je Sixries, 27.

77. Мау, Gulden Slt1fe, Golden Yf)/(th, 56.

78. Jol11150n, Sears, aod McConahay, "Black 1I1Visibiiity," 698,

1'<OTES ТО PAGES 39-42 2О3

 79, Peck, Un(01'("iflg {Ье Sixties, 27, See also Dori Scl1affer, "Bank of Аmепса vs, Соге: А

DlIe] ofAcClIsarions," Los Лngеlеs FreePms,]oly 30,1964,1,3,4, 6;Лm B!anchfie!d,

"G!1епо Уоге Drive," Los Лngеlез Рге" Ргш, AlIgllst 20, 1964, 1, 6; L. М, Meriwether,
"Cirizen's Coonci! Орропеnrs Convicced," Los Angeles Ргее Ргш, ОссоЬег 29,
4; Irvan O'Conne!l, "Кеер Уош Буеs оп сЬе Prize," lдs Angelts Ргее Pms, November
12, 1964, 1, 3; РЫ! L, Snyder, "Will Рroр, Ц Sшvivе' ТЬе Conflict wirh сЬе Соп­
stirution," l.оз AfI,ge!es РУее Pms, Jаrшагу 8, 1965, 1, 3, A!though voters supporred
Proposition Ц Ьу а two-to-one margin, Califomia's Supreme Сошt struck it down
,п 1967.
80, А, goored iп Peck, UnШI'ег;ng [Ье SixtiH, 27,

81. Аге Кuпkiп, "ТЬе Negroes Have Voeed!" Los Angeles Руее Ргт, August 29, 1965, 1,
82. Аs Чllоtеd in Peck, Uщопring ,Ье Sixties, 26,
8'" B!ack perspectives оп сЬе W'atts геЬеlllOП were рис fопh iп ВоЬ Freeman, "Соге Leader
Observes Ghetro Fightiпg," LOJ Angeles Руее PresJ, August 20,196),1-2; НегЬ Ропег,
"Аrrогпеу Ana!yzes Causes of Warrs Demonsrrarions," Los Ргее Руен, Augusc
20, 1965,4, 5; !ДJ AlIge!es Руее Ртх, "Dоcumепгеd Case-Srudies of Роliсе Malpracrice,"

Augusr 27, 1965, 6; LOJ Angele.r Free Ргт, "Los Angeles Groups Соттепс оп Riocs,"
August 27, 1965,7; Los AlIgeles Руее Pms, "Discussion Unlimited: Public HeariBg Gers
Буеwitвеss Testimony from Warts," ОсroЬег 1, 1965,2-3,
84' Freeman, "Core Leader Observes," 2.
85· Мшгау, "Free Press is Rich," 56.
86, Kllnkin. а> quorcd in Murray, "Free Press " Rich," 56.
87· McBride. "Оп сЬе Faнlr LiBes," з6.
88, Dшiпg Holly\vood's golden аье, оЕ сошsе, fancy restaurants and Ьоuriчuеs lined the
sпееt, Ьш Ьу сЬе 'асе 1950S сЬеу had ]osr their ]uster, See Adler, "Рlу Trans-Love,"
1 17. See also, DomeBic Priore, Riot 011 Stmset Strip: Rock '71' RolI's [ди Stand in Hollyu'ood
(London: JаwЬопе, 2007),
89' Mike Fessier, Jr., "Sunset Boulevard's New Bohemia," IДJ Ange/cs Magazine (December
1965), 34'
90. McBride, "Оп сЬе Faulr LiBes," 206-8.
91. Adler, "Fly Trans-Love," 1 18;Jerry Farber, "Big Mike ас Веп FraBk's," Los Ange!es Fr.e
Рут, Jапнагу 7, 1966,6. А writer [or LOJ Лng<lеs magazine advised, "If уои wanr со Ье
inconspiclloUS" ас Вев FraBks, "соте dressed а> а Нор! IndiaB or сЬе ]оllу Green
Giащ," See Ft'Ssier, "SUBser Boulevard's New Bohemia," 39.

92, Т/те. "Sunser А!опь гЬе Srrip," December 2, 69, See also Look, "Ca!ifornia Fash­
iоп: Dressing for сЬе Sпiр," ]ипе 28, 1966,74-75; Neu'щееk, "ТЬе Teenagers," МагсЬ
21,1965,75·
93, Ове such еvещ, he!d ас ап "aerospace Ьаll" (presumably ап airplaBe haBgar) near сЬе
Srrip, bilJt.d itse!f а> а "Lysergic A-Go-Go," and promised "а specracu!ar оЕ lighr, соlог,
SOUBd, and morion." See lдj' ЛngеlеJ Free Руеп, "Lysergic A-Go-Go," November I9,
1965,1,
9+ Ad!er. "Fly Trans-Love," I 17·

95, Paul], Robbins, "ТЬе Strip is а Bummer / " LOJ Angeles Ргее Рут, ]anuary 4, 1966,6-7.

96, Jerry РагЬег, "MakiBg Ir: Оп гЬе S(rjp," Lo.r Angeles Руее Press, December 24, 1966,6.

97. Anrhony Веrпhагd aBd Edgar Z. Friedenberg, "ТЬе Sunser Strip," Neu' York Revieu
о/ Books. March 9, 1967, hrrр:/lwww.пуЬооks.сот!агtiсlеslагсl1ives/I967/mаГ/09/

204 "ЮТЕ, ТО PAGFS 42-44

 che-sunser-srrip! А Uf~ wrirer opined, "The police are panicked аЬоиг rhe whoIe
scene, rhey don'r know whar го do. Crime is ир along the Strip, Опе real-estare
owntr had а couch in rl1e 10ЬЬУ of his араптепг house scolen five [imes ill as тапу
monrhs, еуеп afrer he bol[ed i[ [о [he сетепг Ноос ... There was rhe а half-

drunk тетЬег о! some motorcycle сlиЬ rhrew а coffee сир аг а mororcycle

policeman from ап ourdoor еагее}' place. TweIve cops descended оп rhe place and
couldn't find anybody со апеst." See Roger Vaughan, "The Mad New Scene оп Sun­
set Srrlp," Augllsr 26, 1966,82-8з.
98. А> qlloted in Bernhard and Friedenberg, "Sunse[ Srrip,"
99. Асс Berman, "Shur-downs of Тееп-Аве Clllbs Demanded Ьу Businesses," [о} Angel.s
4,
[00. "Sunser Srrip,"
10[. As qtюtеd lП Bernhard and Friedenberg, "Sunser Srrip."
102. McBride, "Dearh Ciry Radicals," 1 17,
103. McBride, "Оп rhe Faulr Lines," 229.
104, Опе pair of lerrer wricers Егот rhe SlInser Srrip Association toId the "Although
'уе do пог песessапlv agree with уош concll1sions а> со rhe саи,е and effecr of rhe [есепс
Sunser Srrip disгшЬапсеs, we , , , wanr уои со know rhat we consider уош геропаgе in
rhe finesc jошпаIisriс rradicion, Of аН rhe Iocal press ... we found уош соуегаве rhe
ffiOS( сотргеhепsivе," Fred Rosenberg and SheIly Davis, lе((ег [о rhe edicor, [os Лпgе/еs

руес Рут, November 25, 1966,4·

105, Оуег chirning guirars, the lyrics marveI ас the sighr of "а rhousand peopIe lП the
streets," Ьш саuriоп, "Paranoia srrikes deep, .. Srep ош ofIine, rhe тап соте and (ake
уои away" (BufIalo Springfield, "Рог Whar Ir's WocrhlDo 1 Науе (о Соте Righr Оис
and Say It," Ассо 45-6459),
106. McBride, "Оп the FaLllr Lines," 233-49.
107. Аг опе рпiш the inrerview, Kunkin f!icked his checkbook toward the геропег
who was in[erviewing him. "Неге," he announced, "we've вог $110 lП [he
Ьапk, and rhat's аН .... We сап'г еуеп afford а readership survey со find оllt who reads
сЬе рарег," See Nol<ln, "Free Press Costs," 39.
108. LII,r Undel-grllund, "UndergГOllnd Phenomenon," АргН 2з-Мау 7, 1967, [, These
питЬег> аге admirredly hard со verify; newspapers commonly claim more readers than
chey have. and геропs аЬоllt the Руеер', circula(ion in this аге inconsis­
геш. А> nored аЬоуе, KLlnkin professed со have "close го 9,000" readers in ап interview
rhar сап in rhe lдх Лngеlеs Т!lIlеs' \Иш magazine оп ОссоЬег 2, ыlt in April 1967

[11e LlIs Undеrgrошufs геропеd [har six months prior (that i5, iп ОсгоЬег, 1966)

che Рпе Рr<п's сiгшJагiоп was ! 7,000, Eirher way, [he рарег', growrh аЕсег rhe Srrip
riors was phenomenal. See Nolan, "Рсее Press Cosrs," 40; LQS Лnglеs Underground,
Рl1епотепоп," 1.

109, 1"0; ЛnglеJ

Underground, "Undergгound Phenomenon," ).
[10, Wachsberger, "А Tradirion Conrinues: Easr Undergcollnd Press,
" in Wachsberger, Vоiщ from {Ье U"dnground, 234,
1I!, Heineman, Саmрю \f<1r,r, 20. MSU was founded as гЬе Agriculrural ColIege оЕ rhe Srare
and ir was rhe ргогогуре Еor nearly sevenry established
under rhe 1862 МопШ Ап, It was upgraded Егот а со а lIniverslry in 1955,
112, Adams, ТЬе Te.>t, 18-19' See also Lowen, СоМ \Var Univm-ity.

NOTtS то PAGES 44-47 205

1 {). Heineman, Саmрm \Vars, 20.
1 Ц. Kindman, "Му Odyssey,"
1). Kindman, "Му Odysse)!," 370-71,
1 1 6, Kindman, "Му Odyssey," 37 1, See also Michael K;ndman, "Merjc Рroьгат Srill Соn.
t'lISed," Рареу, Мау 5, 7,
117, Неinетап, Саmрю W"rJ, 85-86, Boch groups \\'еге ,о iпsignifiсаnc rhac wl1еп rhe State
NeU'J publlshed а lengchy "Hiscorical Ощlinе ot' Radicalism ас MSU" ;П rhe
УОllпg Socialisr Clllb \vasn'r mеnгiопеd, and SOS did nос арреаг uшil rhe nапагivе
reached [966 Marion Nowack, "Historical Oucline о{ Radicallsm ас MSU," St<1tt :\'tU'J,
Арп122, 6-7
118, Nowack. "His(Orica! Оllг!iпе," 6; Kindman, "Му Odyssey," .'1' 1-72,
1 19, Атоn!, [111': lаstiпg ,таье, of [IH: {гее speecl1 mоvеmепt was [1];;с о!' а stнdеп[ wе'lгiпg
а cardboarci sigп [ha[ read: "1 ат а UC sгш1епr. Plea5e ао по( bend, fold, spincile, Ог
mщilаtе те," (ТЬе phrase refers (О а wаrпll1g сЬаг was соmmопlу fоuпd оп computer
рuпсh cards, а150 kпоwп а, Holleritl1 cards ог!ВМ cards, No\v ol,so!ere, rl1e carcis were
wide!y used tor dara inрщ, рroсеssiпg, апd ,сorаье,) See В!оот and Breines, Takill' l:
'о tlJe StreetJ,
93-'94.
120, Kindman, "MyOdyssey," 371,
12 1. Larer сЬе CSR \vou!d lobby [ог !Ibrary imрrovеmепtS, and rhe grollp опсе picketeLi а
loca! арапmеnr сотрlех knо\vп ш discГlillinare ilg~inst African Americans,
122. John Mi!lhone, "MSU's 'Schiff Affair," Аn Echo оЕ Berkeley'" Dttmit Fnt РУб",
ОесетЬег 19, 2'В'
12". lп а ierrer го rhe ecJiror о!' rhe State l\Щ'J, а studепг \носе а hllmorous роет \vith rhe
!1I1es: "ОЫ CSR, rhose crazy beards! Jusr simply 11ave ш ьо." Oaniel L, СоЬЬ, lerrer ro
rhe ediror, Stdle "\'еи", Febrllary 17, 1965' АРРUГtПГ!У, ,оте ln rhe CSR \Vere <!efens;ve
аЬош [11e ribbing took tor rheir попсопfОГП1isг арреашпсе, А wrirer [or [he CSR's
ne,,'slerrer, Logo.r, conrendecJ rl];;r "rhe isslle is nor beards and sanda!s vs, таага, and
сгаnЬепу, Ьпr whar гоlе we srudenrs аге \villing со aSSllme [n rhe campus sociery
соаау. ,,1п conrrasr со [Ье 'beamiks' of сЬе 19505, ш(!ау's 'rebels' по !onger aim со
escape [шт sociery, Ьпr со ггаП5fогm ,С into Ьеггег оnе," Lo,~o.", Sllmmer 1,
Srudenr Proresr Fi!es (r 965-7 1), Michit:an Srate Сnivегшу Arcllives апcJ Hisrorical
Collecrions, Conrad Hall, Easr Lansing, Michigan.
124. Kindman, "Му Ociyssey," 37!,
12), See Michae! Kindman, "W!lY "т ;п CSR," Sшtе NшCf, FеЬГШlfУ 17, Michae!
КincJП1аn, "SchifT Са,е Мау Ве А Sесопd 'Berke!ey, '" Statr NeUI, Ocrobtr ц, 1965'
126. КiпdП1аn, "Му Odyssey," 372; Michae! Кiпdmап, "Zeirgiesc: or, Но\\' \\(/е Learned ro
Srop Wоггуiпg and Кеер ощ Соо!," РареУ, Apri! 7, 1966,2
127, Kindman, "Му Odyssey," .'172,
128. Larry Tare, inrerview Ьу aurhor, March 4, 200).
129. Kindman, "Му Odys5ey," ,П3. А wrirer tor rhe Universiry ofMic!1igan's campus news·
paper, rhe Dcтil)', like\vise norecJ rhar Ьу rhe tэJ! о!' MSU scudencs were
"srarring [о quesrion policies ' . , as сЬеу srarreci [о quesrion policies here [ar rhe U ni~
versiry ofMiclliganJ ago,"). Russe!! Gaines, "MSU-Painflll Po!irical Маtнгiпg,"
MiclJigall Dail)', November 20, 196),
не, The issue was frameci wirh аn epigram {'roт Wa!r \Xlhirman's "Song оЕ Myselt": "1 roо
аш nor а bir [ашеа-I toо ат llnrranslarabIe, i 1 sOllnd ту barbaric yawp оуег rhe roots

206 l"OTES то РА(;Е, 47-4<)

.....
 оЕ rhe
world," See "\'<lhy Zeitgeist) Ог: Prolegomena to Апу Future Journals ofIdeas and
rhe Arrs and а Modesr Proposal for Ending the Fашiпе in East Lansing," ZшgеiJt 1
(SеprешЬег 1965): 4,
13 [, . W 11y L,eltgelst, 10.
[32. Michael Кiпdшап, "As We Begin: А Loyalry Oarh," Рарсу, DесешЬег 3,1965, [.
133, А, Borgsrrom, "Food ,п Hisrory and rhe Future," Paper, December 3, (96).
3; WilJiam Pritchard, "Studenr Government-Up {rom the Sandbox," Рареу,
DесешЬег 3, 4; David Fгееdшап, "Сошшittее {ог Studenr RevolHtion / " Paper,
December 3, 1965, 5; Marshal1 Rosenthal, "Three Interviews wirh ВоЬ Dylan,"
Paper, DесешЬег 3, 1965,8.
[34. "Раи! Krassner was ош снlшге here," Larry Таге гешеmbered, See Tate interview,
[35. Michael Kindman, "MSU-The C10sed Society," Рареу, DесешЬег IO, 2.
{Sreve Badcich], "The Children's Сшsаdе: ТЬе Рарсу Looks аг rhe Rose Bowl," Рареу,
Jantlary 20, 1966, [,
137. Michael Kindman, "Schiff is Back, Внг Nor Forgorren," Paper, JanHary 20, 1966, 2.
Schiff had Ьееп presidenr of rhe YOHng Socialist С1t1Ь, а шешЬег ot' rhe sreering сот­
mirree of rhe Commitree оп Viеrnаш, an active шешЬег оЕ the CSR, and ediror ,п chief
of irs official пеwslепег, LogoJ. Ву rhe spring оЕ [965 he had nearly earned а шаsгег's
,п economics, Ьиг he decided he wanted ro earn ап МА ,п the hisrory deparr­
тепс as well. Alrhough rhe history departmenr had approved his application, MSU's
registrar denied his applicarion for readmission ,п Jtlne The following month,
Scl1jf{ won rhe supporr оЕ the American Association Professors and Lan­
sing's branch оЕ rhe American Civil Liberries Union. In ап a{fidavit оп Schiffs behalf,
MSU Russ АlIеп described а meeting with MSU vice John Fнzak,

during which Fuzak admitted thar Schiff's campus political accivity led со his поп­
readmission. When а federal сошt ordered MSU го specify irs againsr Schiff
and schedtlle а hearing оп the танег, the State Neu'J' {aculry advisor, Lotlis Вегшап,
prohibited rhe рарег froш prinring material relating со the аг which point
[оиг ot' irs editors resigned. Although their departures were not covered in the State

NeuJ, rhe ofMichigan's рарег, rhe Michigan Dail), gave the fiasco exrensive
coverage, Schiff was later allowed го еnrоll for rhe [966 winrer сегт. See Charles Lar­
rowe, "The Schiff Case: А Chronology," December 8, 196'), in "Schiff, Paul-Legal
Documenrs," Collecrions Library, Michigan State University; John Millhone,
"MSU's 'Schi{f Affair,' Ап Echo ofBerkeley?" Detroit Руее Руен, December 19, 1965, I;
J. Russell Gaines, "MSU-Painfu! Political Maturing," Michigan Daily, NоvешЬег
20, 1965.
1з8. LaHrence Таге, "AIl's Fair ,п Love and Реасе," Paper, DесешЬег 10, 1,6.
139. Sоше of rhe university's regularions prohibited srudenrs [гот оп the аоог
while waitin!! in line for dinner, banned card playing in сашрus and required
tlпшаrriеd pregnanr scudents ro leave сашриs afrer the first trimester. See Robert
Вао and Раг Grauer, "The Sixcies ас MSU," MSU Aluтni Janttary 1974,
9. See also DOtlg Lackey, "Why They Lock Уои Ир аг Night," Paper, January 27,
1966,7; Denise R. Ivanovirch, "Опе Day ,п che Lift: of 413522," Рареу, Мау 26,
1966, 8.
140. Larry Таге and S.P.B., "Раliпdгоше Revelarions Rock CampHs," Paper, Apri! 14,
1966. r

NOTES то PAGES 49-51 207

141. The Lounge, "Land Granr Мап," Paper, Мау 26, 1966, 1. Кindman !arer described
Hannah as "ап easy mark, а Michigan farmboy made good, whose only docrorare \vas
ап honorary degree ,п pou!rry science, and whose ideas [or building а grear universiry
seemed ro соте mainly [roт сЬе world of corporare developmenr." Kindman, "Му

Odyssey," з8о. Surprisingly, НаппаЬ never discussed сЬе Paper or rus conrreremps \virh
scudenr radicals ,п rus ашоЬiоgгарhу. See Hannah, А Л1еmоir.
142. "Уои Won'r Бе!iеvе This Бш. ." Рареу, March 1966, 1.
143. ТЬе Paper's negoriarions wirl1 сЬе universiry were ludicrously complicared. Ас firsr, сЬе
Pap<'r seemed со Ьауе сЬе ашhогiгу со se1l issues оп campus, owing ro а "special dispen­
sarion" 'С received from сЬе Srudenr Боагd. Ас сЬе rime, rrus seemed ап imропапг
vicrory, since earlier сЬе ,п сЬе year сЬе Board had inrer[ered \virh сЬе CSR's апеmргs

со disrriЬше irs lJyers and peririons оп campus рroрессу, In (еаliсу, сЬ/:' Srudenr Board
\vas simpJy rrying [о do сЬе РареУ а favor, оп ассоиnr оЕ [Ье [асс сЬас сЬе Boar<i of Sш­
denr Publicarions-an separare organizarion. made ир of srudenrs, faculry, and
adminisrrarors (also ca!led [Ье "риЬ board")-Iacked esrablished guidelines for inde­

pendenrly operared srudenr publicarions, апе! even seemed unsure аЬош irs jurisdic­
rion. Вш Ьу ruling оп rrus mапег, rhe Srudenr Board srrerched сl1е limirs оЕ ,с> own
ашhогiгу, and 50 in February сЬе Рареу was ca!!ed before сЬе Srudenr Judiciary­
уес another organizarion-for apparenrly uпашhогizеd acrivities: sel1ing issues оис­
right (instead оЕ accepting "сошгiЬшiопs") апс! generaring аdvепisшg геуепие. TI1e
Рареу responded wirh а mimeographed ridiculing сЬе universiry and pleading ,с,

case ro сЬе pllblic. Two weeks larer, rhe Рареу was back in Ьшiпеss, operating сетро­
rarily L!nder the aL!spices of rhe Srudenr Board (only rhis rime officially) since Ьу now
rhe рнЬ ooard was c!aiming ir had по aurhoriry over rhe mапег, and МSГs adminis­
rration was нпаЫе to immediare!y псасе а ser of guicle!ines under whicl1 rhe РареУ

could exisr, See Paper, "Уон Won'r Believe This, Вш .. " Marct\ 1966, 1,8.
144. Таге inrerview.
145. Kindman, "Му Odyssey,"
146. Warren Hinckle, "ТЬе l:niversiry оп сЬе Make," Ramparts, April 1966, 14.
147. RampartJ adverrisemenr, Рареу, АргН 21, 1966,4·
148. Michael Кindman, "ТЬе Rires/Righrs of Spring," Рареу, April 7, 1966, 1, 6; Brad
Lang, "FUEL: The Torch is Passed," РареУ, Apri! 7, 1966,6.
149. Incidenra!!y, опе of сЬе diner's regulars was Richard Ford, сЬе celebrared novelisr and
shorr-story writer. Spiro's "made те [ее! 1 was ас а berrer college," Ford remembered,
"since 1 felr sort of New York-ish rarher сЬап Moo-U-ish." Richard Ford со ашhог,

January 23, .2005·

150. Kindman, "Му Odyssey," П 1; Michael, Kindman, "Zeirgeisr: or, How We Learned (о
Srop Worrying and Кеер Ош Сооl," РареУ, AprH 7, 1966, 2.

151. Greg НШ, "The Сulгurе-VL!lгшеs," Рареу, Мау), 1966,4.

1)2. Zeitgeist, "Poetry and Тгшh, or Musings from сЬе Sad American Nighr & Goodbye ro
AII ТЬас ... or Wharever Happened ro сЬе Bear Generarion," Аргil 1966, 12,

153. Та[е, "Раи! Krassner ас MSU: IlIusion or Realisr)" Рареу, Мау 12, 1966, 1. Krass­
ner's \'isir led со а considerabIe conrroversy afrer сЬе Pa/Jt'r prinred. оп rhe fronr page, а
sma!! phocograph of him holding Ы, infamous "Fuck Communism" posrer above а
caprion сЬас posired several orher more "suitable" slogans: "Make Jove communism,
,1еер communism, ball communism, meaningful relarionship communism, Ьеашiful

208 NOTES ТО PAGES 5 !-52

 experience commllnism, do i( communism, wan( (о соте ир to ту гоот and have а

сир of coffee communism .. " The 5tate Neu'J deemed rhe issue "vulgar and inappro­
priare," а тетЬег ot' the Board of' Srudenr Publicarions called ir "prurienr," and rhe
p"per's pllblisher-rhe /ngha'll CO/mty Ne/l's-promp,ly qui, doing bLlsiness wirh ,hem.
See Р"р'У, "Неге We Go Again,," Мау 19, 1966, 1; Рареу, "Wha( We're "
Мау 22,1967,7.
154. Jolles, inrerview Ьу ашhог, March 16,2005.
155. Sale,5D5,664
156. Michael Kindman, "1"5 Вееп А Gas l " Рареу, Мау 26, 1966,2. "Le, ,he People Decide"
was ап SDS slogan.
157. Time, "Underground АШапсе," JLlly 29,1966,57.
158. Тасе inrerview.
159. Michael Kindman, "The Newspaper as Агс Form," РареУ, ОсtoЬег 13, 1966, 2,
160. Jolles inrerview.
161. Огеуег and Smirh, "Моуетепс and New Media," 17.
162. Rossinow, Po!itiiS 10.

Peck, Umшеrillg rhe Sixrie.r , 58.

164. Rossinow, Pv/iti<:r о/ Лllthеntiсitу, 260-61.
Rossinow, Pf)/itics f)/Лuthentiсit), 26-28.
166. Pardlln, Prt1irie Radica/, 22-23. See also Roberr PardLln, "I( Wasn'( Hard То Ве а Сот­

mllnis( in Texas," in Janes, No Лро/оgitJ, 51.

167. Thorne Огеуег, as in Peck, Uncor'ering the 5ixms, 59.
168. Echols, SCdYS o/Su'ret Paradise, 53.
Janis Joplin, wlю sang ас Threadgill's in the early before she was famolls, гетет­
bered him affecrionarely: "Не \vas old, а grear blg тап with а Ьеег belly апс! white hair
combed back оп сор (J!' his 11ead. He'd Ье dishin' OLlt Polish SaLJsages and hard-boiled
eggs and Granc! Prizes and Lone Scars," and sometimes at the end of the night rhe bar's
remaining cusromers would соах hlm into yodeling his favorite Rodgers tunes. "He'd
close che Ьаг down, ашl then walk ОLlС front, and he'd lay his hands across hi5 Ыб [ас
Ьеllу, which wa5 covered \virh а Ьаг арroп .. , and lean his head back and sing, jllsr sing
like а bird.... God he was fantasrK 1" As qLlored 1П Echols, Scars o/Su'eet Paradise,
170. АтОПб them was Bill Malone, who lасег Ьесате ап allthority оп the history of СОLlПСГУ
mllsic.
171, Shank, DiИQnаm /dentirie,r, 40-41.
17 2. "Gencle Thursday," 39.
17}. Echols, SCt1YS o/Sueet PaYrJdise, 56.
174. Мапсе Lipscomb, а l1ighly respected African American blllesman, broke the color line
at Threadgill's lП 1966.
175. Shank, Disson",u /de!ltiries, 42.
176. Gray, "Salvation 011 the Camplls," 56.
177. Rossino\v, Politi(J о/Лuthеmi"itу, 54·
178. Rossino\v, Politi(J U/Лlithеnti(itу, 82,
179. See Rossinow, Pu/itil1 85-114.
180. Morris, j\.'ortlJ Tou'ard Ноте, 171.
181, As quored 1П Lieberman, Prairie Рои'еу, 77. As noted in chapter 1, Shero wen( оп (о edit
the 5D5 Bulletin.

NOTES ТО PAGES 52-57 209

182. As quo[ed in Lieberman, Prairie РОИ/еУ, 88.
18з. 1n [he summer оЕ 1964, Aus[in SDSer Charlie Smi[h earned himself а small рlасе in
тоуетеnr 10re when he arrived а[ ап SDS conven[ion in ups[a[e New York оп his
Honda 250 mororcycle and iппоduсеd himself Ьу [hunderously proclaiming: 'Тт
half-horse and half-alligaror' 1'm а Marxis[-Leninis[-Gandhian-anarchis[-pacifisr сот­

muni[y organizer from Texas!" See ]ones, "Genrle Тlшгsdау," 18.

184. Gi[\in, ТЬе

Sixties, 186. Gi[\in was по[ referring specifically ro [he Aus[in SDS chap[er,
Ьш ro [he "prairie power" fac[ion оЕ SDS, оЕ which [he Aus[ini[es were а рап.

185. Pardun, Prairie Radical, 105-7. ]ohnson was а[ [he ranch а[ [he [ime, пуiпg ro escape
[he [wen[y [housand pro[esrors who descended upon Washingron, DC, for [he SDS­
sponsored pro[es[ described in chap[er 1.
186. Several Aus[ini[es were already prominen[ in SDS; Robb and Doro[hy Burlage and
Casey Hayden had аН a[[ended [he Роп Ншоп Conference in]une 1962. La[er, Shero
Ьесате SDS's vice presiden[ in 1965-66, before founding опе оЕ New York's тоя
iтропап[ underground newspapers, [he Rat; RоЬеп Pardun was SDS's educa[ion sec­

rerary in 1967-68; Thorne Dreyer was а пошЫе figure in [he underground press,
wri[ing for LNS and helping ro esrablish Housron's Space City.' Charlie Smi[h joined
SDS's Na[ional Council in 1964.
187. Thorne Dreyer, in[erview Ьу au[hor, April 23, 2005.
188. 01ап, "The Rag," 40. According [о а former Daily Техаn wri[er, af[er Economidy was
elec[ed ediror "he made а grand en[rance inro [he newspaper office wearing ап Air Force
ROTC uniform and carrying а makeshif[ swagger s[ick," which he banged оп [he rim
оЕ а шЫе as he announced: "General ]ohn is HERE'" Кауе Nопhсоп, "Gen. ]ohn
Economidy: The Firs[ 100 Days," Rag, Ocrober 10,1966,1.
189. Thorne Dreyer ro [he East Village Ot!Jer, Los Angeles Free Press, Berkeley ВауЬ, Fift!J Estate,
РареУ,Sanity, and Реасе NeU's, Oc[ober 5, 1966, unpublished lепег in aurhor's posses­
sion. Thelая phrase is а dry reference ro [he Еас[ [ha[ in 1966 тапу оЕ Aus[in's res[­
rooms were s[ill segrega[ed.
190. Pardun, Prairie Radical, 162.
191. Rossinow, Politics о/ Aut!Jenticity, 260.
192. Rag, Ocrober 10, 1966,2; Rag, "Augus[ 17, 1966," 3; [he Rag issue da[ed "Augus[ 17,
1966" is in error; i[ should have Ьееп da[ed "Ocrober 17,1966."
193. David Mahler, as quo[ed in Olan, "The Rag," 81.
194. Al[hollgh [his was supposed ro help [he paper [о seem more democra[ic, опе former
sraffer observed [ha[ i[ тау have also "reinforced [he [sraff's] concei[-[hose who knew,
knew, and [hose who didn'[, wouldn'[," Securi[y considera[ions тау have also played а

role in [he decision по[ [о use anyone's surname. See Danny N. Schweers, "The Сот­

muni[y and ТЬе Rag," in ]anes, No Apologies, 219.

195. Pardun, Prairie Radical, 162-6з·
196. As quo[ed in 01ап, "The Rag," 52-53.
197. Rossino\v, Politics о/ Aut!Jenticity, 260.
198. Dreyer in[erview.
199. Dreyer and Smi[h, "Моуетеп[ and New Media," 26.
200. George Vizard, "Ragamuffins Расе Fuzz," Rag, Augus[ 17, 1966, 1,4-5, 16, 18. See
also "ОЕЕ Сат pus Paper Sells Ош Firs[ Day," Daily Техаn, Ocrober I 1, 1966, 1. Vizard
was murdered оп] uly 23, 1967, and his killer was arres[ed in 1980 and la[er convic[ed.

210 NOTES ТО PAGES 57-60

 Police maintained rl1at Vizard was shot ;п <l Ьш several Ausr;n act;vists. сЬеп

and по""., believe сЬе murder was polirically morivared. See Кеllу Fero, ТlJe Zal'li
Лlшdm (Ausrin: Техи> Мошhlу Press, 1990).
201. Саro! Neiman, "ТЬе Тгщh Is оп Page," Rag, ОссоЬег 10, 1-10; Кау

Nortl1Cort, "Gen. )оlш Economidy: ТЬе Firsr Days," Rag, ОсшЬеr 19Ы), 1-4;
)tJf Shero, "Playboy', T;nseled Sеduсш:ss," Raf(, Occober 4, 7, 8, Ironically,
Shero larer worked !ог h"Cn"M'.' Larry
202. Ашlюпу Howe, "Provos: ТЬе Durcl1 Anarchists," ОсшЬеr 17, 1966, 3,
8,9: Chason, "Sexual Fre"dom League: ТЬе Naked ТшсЬ," Rag, ОссоЬег 17,
1966.1,4, 17: ТЬоrnе Бгiпgs Down," Ri1g, ОссоЬ",г 17,1966,
12-1.'),
20.,\. Larry геuщцег, "Grassroors SocioJo,gy: ТЬе Gceac HeadJine F;asco, ог, Who Ас", сЬе

Бгаiп Police/" Rад, DесеmЬt:г 5, 19ЬЬ , 5,

204' Бе-;пs Ьаррепес! il1 тапу cit1es il1 сЬе lace Ьш (Ье tirsr major опе took place ;п
San Francisco's Golden Gare Park оп)аПllагу 14, Also called "А Garhering о( сЬе

ТпЬеs," ir was to рсоmосе commllnion апс! cooperarion berween polirical

radicals апс! acidIJeads.
205. Ашtiп SDS proclaimed, "ТЫ, will Ье по SDS fllnction bllr а (iгсш for everyone." See
Glenn W. )ОПб. "Gешlе Тhшsdау: Ап SDS CirClls in Allsrin, Texas, [966-Т969," in
Tisc!Jler, SiglJt.r 011 th. Sixtie.<,
206. "Tl1is Тlшгsdау IS Genrle Thurs(]ay." Rag, ОсюЬеr .')I, I966, 4­
207. Pardlln, P'·,li,.j( Rш/k"l, I 61,
208. )ones, "SDS CirclIs,"
209. SllSan Torian Olan, "Бlооd Debts," in )anes, No 20,
210. )ones, "SDS CirClls," 76.
21I. ТЬоте Dreyer, "Flipped Ош \X!eek," Rag, April 10, I967, I; Gary T!Jiher. "Gentle
Тhшsdау as Rеvоlшiоп," Ra[;, April 24, Н)Ь7, 10.
212. Sale, SDS, .',27.

21;. )ones, "Genrle Thursday: Rеvоlшiопаrу Раsшгаlism," 90-I02.

2 Ц. SIJank, DiJ.if!flallt ldentitieJ, 49,

2Т5. Qlloredinibid .. 48.

2т6 Drt:yer anс! SmirIJ, "Моvtтtш апс! New Media," 26.

2 I 7. See Rolfe апс! Коrап, "Freeping ОllС," 1.

218. Peck. U'ЮJ/'еl'ing tlJe SiXlI<.!, 191; RoJte and Koran, 'Treeping ОШ," 6. In the enslIing
j'/::ars. KlInkin Ьесате studying alchemy and proselyeizing (or а

mystica! organizaeion called Way 01' сЬе Magus, In а 200.) interview, Ье

boasted of hаV1Пg ,есгес of ап ancienr reincarnation гiшаl. See Lionel Rolie,
"Аге Kunkin: Myst1C in Paradise," lшр:ilwww.Ыgmаgiс.соm!раgеs/Ыасkj/соlumп8зе.
hrml.
219. MSU-SDS аrolШ(] everything ['гот [Ь", !Jigh COSt оЕ rextbooks (() anri-dra{r
(апс! in [968 hoodwinked IЬе llniversilY in(() allowing SDS (() IJold irs
narional convention оп camplIs) wl1ile сЬе Pi1per's circulalion swelled (() аЬош [),ООО.

Margarer Hackert, interview Ьу author, I'ebruary 4, 2005­

220. Miclblel Kindman, 'The Dove На> Тот Her Wing," Рареу, November 30, [967,3,
22 [ For more оп Lyman, ,ее Felron, Green, and Dаlшп, 1:; 5-224.

22:2, "Rag Ос (()Ье r 1971, О,р,

J:<;OTES ТО РЛС;ЕS ()о-()" 2 11

223. Richards, Оnсе Ироn а Time, 125-35.
224. "Rag Hisrory," П.р. As Rossinow observes, "in Texas, of course, rhe cowboys and пог rhe
1ndians were usually casr as heroes." Rossinow, Politics 0/ AutiJenticity, 260.
225· Schweers, "Community and The Rag," 233. From Seprember [ through 4,2005, тапу

[огтег Ragsraffers gathered in Ausrin ro celebrare the thirty-ninrh anniversary of rhe

founding of rhe рарег. See Cheryl Smirh, "Everything Old is New Again: А Texan's in
the Whire House, We're in а Quagmire War-and The Rag returns го Ausrin," A1IStin
Chronicle, Seprember 2, 2005, hrrp://www.ausrinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Redirect.htmll
issues/ d isparchl2 00 5-09-0 2/pols/fearure 3 .hrml.

Chapter 3
1. Sara Davidson, Loose Change, 14 3; J ames Miller, Flои'т in the D1IStbin, 259-60.
2. Sara Davidson, LooJe Change, 143.
3. Zane Mairland, "А Hippie Non-Happening,"' San Francisco Chronicle, n.d., п.р. Frag­
тепг in Peter Srafford Papers (1960-71), Бох 2, Rare Бооk and Manuscriprs Library,
Columbia Universiry, New York City. Henceforrh, rhis collecrion will Ье abbreviared
"PSP."
4. Time, "Tripping оп Бапапа Peels," April 7, [967, 52; Neu'.IU'eek, "Mellow Yellow,"
April 10, 1967,93.
5. "Нитап Бе-1п Covers Meadow, baffles cops," Neu' Left NoteJ, April 10, [967,1;
McNeill, Moving Through Неуе, 9.
6. Frank Thompson, "Recenrly Launched U.S. Food and Drug Adminisrration 1nvestiga­
rion оfБапапа Рееl Smoking," Seed, П.р., n.d, Fragmenr in PSP, Бох 2.
7. Food and Drug Adminisrrarion Press Release, Мау 26, 1967, hrtp://counrry;oe.com/
banana.hrm.
8. J. J. Капе, "Бапапа Appeal," High Times, September 1978, 57·
9. Jenkins, Bananas, xiii.
10. Going furrher, rhe Ьапапа craze complicares rhe popular notion thar rhe counrerculrure
was so marker-friendly, co-оргаЫе, and nonrhreatening ro the estabIished values of
capiralism rhat it lacked апу opposirional significance аг all. Although the Ьапапа faJ
was пеуег Jinked го апу specific poJiricaJ ob;ectives, ir was cerrainly meant ro confound
the sensibilities of the estabIished order Cfreaking ош the squares") and ir was пеуег

wirhour polirical overrones. Repressive drug laws and the lies they were based ироп.

misguided corporate values of efficiency, hierarchy, and rarionalization, and indeed а

whole society's failure of imagination-rhese were some of the probIems that Ne\v
Lefrists perceived in the 1960s, and they go а long way toward explaining why people
smoked bananas. 1n so doing, counrercLllrural yourhs fashioned а stronger community,
in which dissident viewpoinrs could circulare. Addirionally, smoking bananas could
also Ье [ип; in the counterculture cosmology, this was по small thing. See Rossinow,
"Revolution 1s АЬош Ош Lives."
11. The song also appeared as the ritle track оп Donovan's album Меllои' Уеllои, which was
released in February 1967.
12. DeRogaris, Kaleidoscope Eyes, 59. Also see Feigelson, Undergr01md Rel'ollltion, 24; Girlin.
The Sixties, 212; Реггу, Haight-Ashbury, 82; Taylor, Tll'enty Years Ago Toda), 116; John
Wolfe, "Positively Queen Jane Approximately," Distant DrtlrJlmer, No\'ember 1967,9.

2 12 NOTES ТО PAGES 64-68

13. NeuSluek, "МеНо\'" Yellow," April 1967,93
14. Anne-Karherine Вгiп, letter со the editor, NеUSlпеk, Мау 1,

15. Donovan Leirch, e-maij roашhог,]апuагу 28, 2003.

16. Donovan Leirch, е-тall со ашhог, ]anuary 28, 2003; DeRogaris, 59. Donovan's
memory norwith5randing, 1 Ьауе anorher rheory for where he gor rl1e iпsрiгагiоп for
сЬе song. lп the winrer о! 1965, underground Lаггоопist Sраiп Rоdгigш;z began
working оп ап adult, comic tabIoid magazine called Zi!dia( Milldu'(l>p, which was
published in еас!у The vulgar сапооп оп сЬе соуес depicrs а сшvу \voman
Iying in the supine position, about со Ье molested Ьу а тап 11Оldшg а yellow
Ьапапа embIazoned with сЬе disrincrive General Electric logo аnc! сЬе words "Elec­
ссо-Вапапа." Тт, magazine did пос circulare widely, but ir was likely pubIished well
before Donovan penned ш. lyric about elecrrical bananas. See Rosenkranz, Rebel
ViJions, 43-44.
17. 1 rold сЬе srory {or сЬе first time in а shorrer and less academic ver5ion of ст> chaprer.
See McMilJian, "Electrica! Bananas."
18. See Clay and Phillips, Secrer Location, 166-68.
19. PalarreHa, "Роессу Was rhe Rage," 35.
20. Fщk Уои: А МаgаziщоfthеАrts, Мау 1963,2.
21. Afcer 1 asked Sanders аЬош rrus, he senr те this сuп reply: "There is аЬsоlшеlу

norrung relating to the hippie capitalist phenomenon kпоwп а> bananadine [in} сЬе
reference in tl1e Мау issue 01' the magazine." Ed Sanders, e-mai! со auchor, AL!gL!sr
23,2003·
22. Bromell, TQ1JIorYOu' Never Кnою, 6I.
23. ]ое McDona!d, "The Вапапа Al'l'air," l1ttp:iiwww.counrryjoe.comibanana.h[m.
24. Gary Hirsh, е-таil со au[hor, ]uly 2003. Hirsh was по doubr ап eccentric, Ьщ he
probably \vasn'c а!опе. lп I967 опе underground рГб> \vriter таiпсаiпеd сl1ас Hrhere
are, indeed, I'o!ks working rheit way through che produce departmenr, logically and
orderly looking [or new ways со сuгп оп." See ]епу Hopkins, "Making lс," Lo,f
Free Рут, March I7, J967, 16. Eugene Schoenfe1d, а medica! doctor who wrore а ,уп­
dicatec! advice соluтп [or underground newspapers, adds, "Tl1ere was 50 тисЬ interesr
in ways of getting l1igh that people rried anyrhing rhey heard аЬош.·' ELlgene Schoen­
feld, e-mail to author,]uly 22, 2003. Fшаliу, Hirsh was пос сЬе only person со experi­
тепс with тасе; Paul Krassner опсе printtd а testimonia! (сот someone \vho асе "rwo
[иНreaspoons" of тасе. Two hours larer, he c!aims he saw "funny brighr ligllts" and
heard "wobbIy nonsensica! voices." See Krassner, Magic МЮ/JrООfllS, 205.
25. McDonald, "Вапапа Affair."
26. Gary Hirsh, e-mail со aurI1Or,] и!у 13, 2003.
27 McDonald, "Вапапа AfIair."
28. ]ое McDonald, e-mail to аисЬог, ]uly 9, 2003; Gary Hirsh, е-шаi! [о ащl1ОГ, ]ttly 1),

29. ]ohn Burks, "The UndergrOUl1d Press: А Special Report," Sl&l!e, ОсroЬег 4,
J9 69,27·
}О. Ed Denson, "The Folk Scene," Bet'kele) ВауЬ, March 3, I967, 6.
31. Ее! Denson, е-таil ro author, AugL!sr 28, 2003. 111 some ot Ы, late[ wtJгшgs, DenSOI1
wenr Ьу rhe пот de plume "Вапanа Ed."
32. Anonymous, letter [о the editor, Berkeley Barb, March З,1967, r J.

NOTES ТО PAGES 68-70 213

 33. Don Wegars, "Kicks Еог Hippies: ТЬе Вапапа Тиrn-Оп," 5al1 FrШI,ism Chnmi,1., МагсЬ
4, Alrhough сЬе C)Jronic/e article оп сЬе Ьапапа гитог is dared only опе day аЕсег
гЬе Barh articles, гЬе Barl; \Vas а weekly newspaper. PresumabIy, гЬе issue dared МагсЬ

3, [967, had асшаllу шс гЬе sпееts пеаг сЬе end 01' Аргil.
34. McDonald, "Бапапз Аflа;г." Вшinш W"ek mаgаziпе later pubIished ап апiсlе оп сЬе
Ьапапа wirh гЬе рuппу ritle "Yes, ТЬеу Sell Моге Вапапаs" (july 8,
90-94)·
35. Frank, Conqlltst 8.
Orhers тау Ьауе made а (onneCriol1 between rhe Ьапапа rumors and апосЬег rock
ргоduсгiоп of гЬе ега: rhe Velvet lJпdегgгоuпd's firsr record, Thc VC!I'tf UпdеrgrlJlП1d

& Nico (sometimes called "гЬе Ьапапа album"). Iп сЬе packaging, ut:"i';Ш:U
Ьу Al1dy Warhol, гЬе record s!eeve reatured а Ьа11апа \vith а stick-on рее! гЬаг could
Ье pulled away го геуеа! гЬе Ьаге fruit undernearh. ТЬе album \vas releaseJ in МагсЬ
Ьщ гЬе image was de5;gned ;п Мау and ir has по direcr correlarion го
гЬе Ьапапа Ьоах. However, гЬе Ьапапа lad тау Ьауе given гЬе Velver's соуег ап
ironic tinge, since rheir dark, proгopunk and sоuпd is Irequently сЬагасгег­
ized as а conscioL!S reaction аgаiШI the excesses ofWest Coasr hlppiedom. See Вош­
dоп, \~'arhol, 2з6; DeRogatis, Ка!еidгшоре EytJ, Репу, Haig!JI-АJhЬu'),

37. "Tripping ол Вапапа Peels," Time. April7, 52.

з8. Armstrong, ТrJllJlре! 10 Arm5, 46.

А, g\lOred in Вшk5, "Undergгound Press," 18.

40. Бurks, "UndergrolInd Press," 25.

41. "General Marsbars" was а рlIl1 оп Gen. Lewis Б. Hershey, rhe be!eagLlered directQr оГ

сЬе U .S. Selecrive Service [гот [948 гО 1970. See al50 Schoenfeld, Dear D(;,.,or Hip
Pocrate.>.
42. Fijrh E51aft (Derroir), "SuЬscriрtlOП Sadie," Мау 15-31, [967,6.

43' Thomas W. Вщгоws го Com/ee/iom, March 8, ConneetilJnJ Records, WSHS, Бох 1.

44. А> guoted in Peck, UЩОVtriпg tЬе 5ixti.J, 2 [.

45. Регег Shapiro, inrerview Ьу ROl1 Grele, Apri] 1 [, 1984, Columbia, ! 2 1.
46. Roberr Bu!ow, !епег го the ediror, Ешl Villtlge Ot!Jtr, Аргil 1, 1967, П.р.
47. See Peck, Uncouri!lg the 5i.>:fieJ, 21.

48. Michael Кiлdmап, "ТЬе Newspaper as Ан f'orm," Раре,', ОсгоЬег 13, 2.

49· Chicago5eed,J\1!Y 2 4, [967,3·

50. QlIored;n М;сЬае! Lydon, "ТЬе \1(!ord Gets Оиг," Esqui,·t, 1 1 1.

5 Quored ;п Leашег, Рар",· RеН)!UIЮЩlrtеs,

52. See Flacks, Making Hista,'Y, 165·

53. Kindman, "Му Odyssey," 3713.

54 Fred Hoffman, "The Undergгound and rhe Esrab1JsI1ment," PRO\lO, July

7·
55. As guored in Sreve Long, ''Underground Reunion: Where Науе AlI rhe Wrirers Gone"
А!tmшtit't .i\!,dia, July-A\1gusr 1976, 24· ТЬе тоге сотшоп version 01' rlK srory о(
how UPS gor ;ts name-\vhicI1 Гт сеrtаш is apocrypl1a!,-holc!s rl!ar Боwаrr оttЪапd,

ed!y menrioned his р!ап го help sraH а f'ederarion of uпdегgГOLшd papers го а геропег
Еог Tiltle mаgaziпе. When гЬе геропег asked whar ir wOtJld Ье called, Bowarr said ht
looked ир and Sa\v а Unired Рагсе! Servlce rruck \vh.iz past his \vшJо\v, and saiJ.

214 '-'OTJ"S ТО PA<;ES 71-7.)

 ·'We're. . аЬ ... UPS-rhe Underground Press Syndicare." See Peck, Uncovering {Ье

Sixties, 39; Armscrong, Тmmреl 10 Arms, 59.

BlISiness W.ek, "Admen Groove оп Underground," April 12, 86.

57. John Wilcock, "Big Success Scory," Olher Sсшеs, Мау 1967, 7.
58. Underground Press Syndicace, "Whac 15 U.P.S.'" John Wilcock (1967-71), Вох
1, Rare Buok and Manuscripc Library, Columbia Universicy, New York Cicy. Непсе­

forcl1, chis arcl1ival (o11ecrion will Ье abbreviaced "JWP."

59. John Wilcock со UPS member;" МагсЬ 7, 1968, Соnщаiоm Records (т967-68), Вох 1,
WSHS.
60. ЕгЬе! Romm (о John
Wi1co(k, ОсюЬег 1'), 1968, JWP, Вох r.
61. Kindman, "Му
Odyssey," 378-79. See also АЬЬоп, "Каг! and Groucho."
62. Miles, in Вl>:О(, Рт Pms, 7.
Quored in Edward Р. Morgan, ТЬе '6os Experience, 206.
64. Langer, "Nores for Nexr Тlmе," 1 1 3.
6'). Peck, Uncovering (Ье Sixtie.r, 1.37.
66. Nш'SU'ееk, "Mellow Ye11ow," April 1967,93.
67. "Pick Уош Luad: Вапапа or Toad)" МагсЬ 27,1967,4.
68. (Ье Undergrolmd(Dallas), МассЬ 29,1967.
ТЬе Herballsc [pseud.], "Things (Lеда\) со Smoke and Get You " Spokane Natural,
Jtlne 26, lCJ67. 6.
70. Marvin Gar50n, "Eleccrical Banana-Very Now Craze," Village Voice, March 16, 1967, 5.
7 Капе';, ассоиnr оЕ rheir "discovery" sounds тоге сЬап а !1СС!", implausible. "EVO edicor
AJlen Кагzmап and Walrer Воwап were siгсiпg аrouпd оп ап idle аЕсеrnооп pemsing а
сору оЕ Mummg 01 {Ье i'v1agiciam, а гhеп-рорulаг раеап СО (Ье joys of LSD. Disсоvегiпg
chat acid worked irs magic Ьу а росепt сгапiаl flLlid called seratonin [ic does
пос], сЬеу wondered aluud and lП concerc whether апу пагшаl stlЬsсапсеs сопrаiпеd
сЬас selfsame fluid. ТЬеу chotlghc гЬеу found jusc сЬе substance [iп Ьапапаs]." Капе
goes оп со explain сЬас bananas асе "аcrиа11у rich (п serotin, поt serafonitl, as гЬе Вапапа

Ноах arch!rects believed." Капе, "Вапапа Appeal," 60.

72. АЬЬосс НоЕЕтап, "Наlluсiпасiопs from сЬе Real World," Wonmer РШIСЬ, June 1967,
r 2.
7}. Fiftb EJtate, "Looks Like Mellow Yellow," April 1 5-.~0, 1967,6.
7 + Oracle, МассЬ 1967, 5; Berkeley В"уЬ, "MeJlow Yellow Makes Fil1e Fellow," МассЬ 24,
1967, .~. Ас leasc rwo осЬес сотрапiеs aJso sold Ьапапа powder chrough сЬе таl1­
Bizarre Bazaar, in Hollywood, and сЬе Eleccrical Вапапа Со., (п Seattle.
75. Time, "Тгiррiпg оп Вапапа Peels," АрсН 7,1967,52. These (сет;, are оп display ас сЬе
Inrernational Вапапа Club Мшеит (п Аltаdепа, California.
76. ш Yanker, Руор Ау!, 225.
77· Warhington Free Рrш, "МоЬу Grape," 3, 1967, 15; Fiftb Ertate, "Looks Like
Mellow YelJow," April 15-30, 1967,6.
78. IN Neu' York, "Undergrollnd Uргisiпg," П.р., fragmenr, PSC, Вох 2. Writer Sol Wеiп­
sсеiп-поr normally associaced with rl1e соuпrегсulruге-реппеd lyrics со апщЬес

Ьапапа sопg сЬас арреагес! in сЬе "Leccers" secrion of Р/ауЬ"у mаgаziпе (со [Ье шпе of
сЬе C!1iqtlica jingle):
{'т а Chiquita Вапапа and Гуе соте со say:

Bananas аге ехсiгiпg (п а Ьгапd-пеw way

NOТES ТО РлGЕS 73-76 215

 Use Ьапапаs со gec Ш),н--,",

Оп, lюw gceat it

So smoke опе \vicn уош and ГII gLшгаnrее

Тnас eirner поw ог larer

Уо" wil1 boch end HP naked
[п сЬе ai! ai! ai!
Р/а)Ьо)',ОссоЬег 11.
79. АЬе Peck, foreword (Q \Vacnsberger, [Ье Undergrollnd, xix. See also Feigelson,
Umkrgrfilmd Rel'o!lItion, 126.
80. А> quoted iп Armstrong, Trumpel 10 Arms, 46.
81. Neu Le/t Notes, "Нumап Be-In Covers Meadow, Baffles Cops," Aprillo, 1967, 1.
82. Fгапk Thompson, CЬicago Seed, П.р.
8з. ]eff Snero, "Dallas Police ]ai! Вапапа Users," Rag, Магсn 27, 1967, 1. Lеgепсl Ьа> ir
,nас СШ> arric!e callgh, rhe еуе of Nогmап Mailer, wno fО\lпd it so аm\lSJПg ,Ьас he
гесоmmепdеd ir Ье гергiпrеd iп гnе \!i!/ltge VQlce. See Lovell, "Stoney Вшпs and Dallas
l'\'oteJ," 65.
84· Dеппis Firzgerald, "Gешlt Тhшsdау Ваппеd at И-Т," April СО, 1967, 1.

85· Тilm, "Тгiррiпg оп Вапапа Peels," April 7, , 52.

86. Fragmenr (рroЬаЫу сЬе \iuice), АргН 6, PSC, Вох 2.

87. Eric Schlosser, "Тnе O.S. BllCk5 а Trend оп МагijLшпа Laws," Neu York Tillm, ]НПС 1,
2003·
88. Klarch, Generation Dit'ided, 156. See а150 Mankoff and Flacks, Social Base,"
54-67. Left-wing jошпаlisг Andrew Корkiпd echoed rhis poinr as well: "Not tor
поtmпg," пе wrote, "па> tl1e 'Х7а!! ,11e wisdom of an,i­
mагijнапа la'vs. Арап {гот апу in11erenr inj\lstiCe, епtОгсеmеnr is tшпiпg ап enrire
class оЕ pre-elire kids againsr esrabIished autnorj,y." YearJ' \Va".', 1 53.
89. Lemar, "Narco В\IS' Ser." Fiflh EJlate, DесешЬег 1 1, (Lешаг is botl1 а

рsеlldопуm апd ап аЬЬгеviагiоп srапdiпg {or mаГJjllапа.")

90. RнЫп, Оо 11.' 100.

91. Bill Вluш, "HarassecJ Grass." Washington Рт Руен, July 2!,

92. Schlosser, "U-S. BLlCks а Тгепd," 5.

9.'\' FijiIJ Estale, "Looks Like Mello\v Уеllо\у," Apri! 15-30, 6.

94. Ноffmап, Вш о/ Abhie Hoffmcm, 12.

95· Gагsоп, "Elecrrica! Вапапа," 5; empnasis in original.

96. Вill Bl\lm, "ТЬе Вапапа Gap," \'(.'tlJfIingtun Free Рms,]tше 10, 10.
97. Рс,ег Вгаuпstеiп, "Нisro[jсiziпg гnе Аmегiсап СОllпгегculruге of гпе апd
19705," iп Вгаllпsrеiп and Ооу!е. 13. Neu' Lett !'10т' ассоtш, of гnе Сеп,гаl Park Ве-Iп
\lпdегsсогеd jU5r rhis poinr: ''Теlеvisiоп news cre\vs wirh their (ameras, barreries, cabIes
апd Cl",an Сш УО\lпg Меп ... appeared especially rurпеd оп Ьу tne Вапапа Deity and
irs parading followcrs. See Nell' LeJi !'Ioles. "НLlmап Be-In СОУСГ' Meadow, Baffles
Cops," Aprillo, 1967, 1.
98. Nell'Jli'eek, "Mellow Yellow," April 10, 1967,93.
99. ]ack Newfield, "Опе Cheer (ог сЬе Hippies," Natiun, ]l1пе
со Аllеп УОllпg, Мау 26, 1967, Аllеп Вох 2,

WSHS.

216 :"ОТЕ, ТО РЛGЕS 76-79

101, Todd Gitlin, "Children of сЬе Middle-Class," Rag, ОесетЬе! I9, I967, Gitlin !асег
described rhis essay as "moralisric" and "very puritanical." Todd Girlin, interview with
Brer Еупоп, September 16, 1978, СНР, 18. Elsewhere, Girlin cold а humorous story of
how Ье опсе Ье sporced а wornan who was dancing in а Chicago park whi!e wearing а
Chiquira sricker оп Ьег fore!1ead. Wl1en l1е "sourly" quizzed l1er аЬош сЬе political
есопоту оС Latin America, sl1e l1arrumpl1ed, "ОЬ, don'c Ье 50 hung up оп Unired
Fruir l " See Girlin, ТЬе Sixties, 2I2.
102. Spain Rodriguez, сапооп, Ещг \/i!!age Other, June ), I967, 2.

I03, Ресес Вап, "Bohemian Newspapers Spread Across Country," Neu York Тimes, Augusr 1,

I04. Оопоуап Leitch, e-mai! (о aurl1or,July 7, 2003.

I05 McDonald, "Вапапа Affair."

Chapter 4
I. Kornblurh, "No Fire Exir," 94-95.
2. Brienes, Comm//nif)' and OrganizatlOn, 52-53.
3. See Kewfield, РуорЬetlс м inorit)', 186; Breines, Com1llunity and Or,ganizatiiJl1, 89-90.
Newfield attribures сЬе phrase "go-it-a]oneism" со 1rving Howe, сЬе founding editor оЕ
DiJSmt rnagazine. Breines cites Todd Girlin as а prominent New Lefrist who called Еаг
activists со wark wirhin existing insriturians.
4. Harvey Stone, "Papers and Po!itics," n.d" Соmщtiопs Recards, Вох 1, WSHS.
5. Of course, ir is impossible to determine precise!y how тапу people read various LNS
articles during Its fourreen-year history. LNS rypically overesrimated irs readership Ьу
combining сЬе circulations оС аН сЬе publicarions сЬас subscribed со сЬе service and
assuming сЬас underground newspapers passed through severa! hands, lп 1968, сЬеу
i5sued а press release boasting сЬас tl1e "estimated Arnerican readership and listening
audience of LNS member puыcationss is now over 5,000,000." See LNS, "What is
Liberarion News Service'" n.d., МВР, Вах 8, Folder 44. Around this same cime,
t11Ough, Bloom confessed, "1 don't think оЕ ours as а mass audience of wharever [Г is
we spin off," See Marshal1 Bloom со Jirn Aronson, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 24.
6, Peter ВаЬсох, "Меес сЬе Women Of сЬе Revo!ution, " Neu' rork Tiтes, February
1969·
7. Jоl1О Burks, "ТЬе Underground Press: А Special Report," Rolfing Stone, Ocrober 4,
I969,22.
8. See "Prospecrus--The New Media Projecr," November 25, I967, МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der
,)2; Аllеп Young, '·PIJ.rt Reporrer Defec[s ro Руее Рrеп," WashingtQn Рт Pms, ОесетЬег

31,1967,7

9, Quoted in Kavasky, Машr ofOpillion, 270.

10. Ray Mungo, "T11e Мауетепс and 1[5 Media," Rad1"a/s 111 [Ье ProfeS.l10nS Neu;s/шеr,Jапu-
ary 2-3. lп speaking af ап acrive "Resisrance," МНПБО was ref'erring ro а narional
апridrаfr organizarion Ьу сЬас пате, [о which Ье belonged.
11. Leamer, Paper Rеl.Jоlи10nагiеs, 46.
I2. Davld Eisenhower, "1п Метогу ofCarnpus Acrivisrn," ""еи' rork Tiтes, April I973.
Though severa! сотmепrаroгs recoi!ed {гот Eisenhower's suggesrion сЬаг Bloom's
alienation in сЬе lаге 1960s was related ro сЬе caun(erculture's shortcamings and

NOТES ТО PA(,ES 80-8) 217

 failures, попе оЕ rhem cof][radicred his сhагасгегizагiоп оЕ B!oom's герurагiоп ог рег­
sooa!iry. See Roberr S. Nагhап, aod Howard В!ит, "Some Orher Memories ofMarshall
Bloom," Neu' York Times, Мау 19, 197з;]udith СоЬнrn, letter го the edicor, Neu York
Times, Мау 30, 1973; АlIео Youog, "Marshall Bloom: Brorher," Pag Rйg 5,
Summer 1973,6-7, repriored in Wachsberger, Voim /r01ll thl: Und<r,~r()/Пld, 59-60,
13, ]im FOlldy, "The Case оЕ the Aogry Youog Мао Егот Воsгоп," College jОIlП/'l/ist 4,
n.d,4-),
14. Aoonymous со Marshall В!оот, o.d. МВР, Вох 1, Folder, 7.
1). НШе! Goldberg, "The Аоасоту of а Suicide," !ntermOlmtainjeu'ish Neu'J' Literшу Supple­
тет, Мау 16, 1986, 3,
16. ЕlIiоп Iseoberg, 'The FabIe оЕ Marshall В!оот," AllIhmt Sfudmt, March 16, 1972,4,
17. Ассогdiпg го Goldberg, Bloom's rypewritteo reply oscil!ated "betweeo iпsulг and
friendship." Gracelessly геfегепсiпg Goldwater's humiliагiпg detear iп the presidencial
еlесгiоп оЕ 1964, Bloom \угоге, "GoJdwarer has fa!len. 1 shouJd have kпоwп еvеп гhеп
[iп high school], thar ту characcer гуре, ту makeup, was пог rhar of а сопsеrvагivе,"
See Goldberg, "Аоасоту оЕ а Suicide," 1,3.
18. ]оhп Н. Fепсоп, "Twenry Amherst Seniors Walk Ol1t го Protest McNamara Degree,"
Neu' York Тimеs,]uпе 4, 1966. Claimiog rhar he'd demonsrrared his parriorism rllrougll
his ехгепsivе vоJuпtеег activiries, Bloom said rhe proresr did пог express "апу ha[red оЕ
college ог соuпtгу, Ьш rather орроsitiоп го hопогiпg the leader о! rlle war еffоп iп
Vietnam." However, he is misidепrifiеd iп rhe article as "Раиl В. Bloom." See "Сопес­
tiоп," Neu' YQf'k Тiпю,]uпе 5,1966,18.
19. This was поr rhe same Walter Adams who brieily served as ot' MSU, теп·
riопеd ш chapter 2.
20. Isenberg, "Fable ot' Marshall Bloom," 5. А post morrem examioarion 00 tl1e ропег
supposedly iпdiсаtеd rhat he had а hearr сопditiоо fгom which he could have died at
аоу time.

21, Quoted i[) Schechter, Nешs Dissecfor, 52. See also Granger W. Вlair, "Srudent Proresr iп
Lопdоп Goes Оп," Neu' York Times, Мау 16, 1967, 11.
22. Goldberg, "Апаготу оЕ а Suicide," 9.

2 3. Quored jп Muogo, Fаrrюus L07lg Лgо, 26.

24, "FabIe of Marshall Bloom," 5·

25. "Leader of British Student Revolt Speaks оп Student Politics Tomorrow," ВU .'J~II·S.
April26, 1967, 1.

26, Мuпgо, Beyo7ld the Ret,o!utio7l, 7.

27, Мuпgо, Famo1lS LO!Jg Ago, 2.

28. Mungo, Beyond the RevоlшiО7l, 8-9.

29, Ray Мuпgо, 'The Роре Is Toasr," Мау 26, 2010, ТЬе
Rag BlfJg,
Ь!оgsроt.соm/2О1О/О5/гау-muпgо-роре-is-tоаst.html. Ml1ngo adds that the тап who
molesred him escaped рuпishmеог: Не was "simply rraosferred го anorher parish,
where he сопtiпuеd го 'work wirh' budding youths. Еvеошаllу he died, Stlll а
pastor to his пеwJу hогтопаl ilock."
30. Ray Мuпgо, ioterview with auchor, March 25, 2005.
31. Мuпgо, Famous Long Лgо, 3·
32. Quored io Foudy, "Aogry Youog Мап," 4.
33. Мuпgо iше!'viеw.

218 NOTES ТО PAGES 85-88

34. Time, "АН сЬе News That's Fit СО Proresr," March 22, 1968,

35· Quoted in Foudy, "Angry Young Мап," 5·

з6. Mungo, Be)'olld th. RеvоlШiОli, 23·

37. Wasserman, "Joys ofliberation News Service," 55- See also Mungo, Famo1lS LOllg Ago,
85-86
з8. Mungo inrerview. See also "High Crime," Neu· York TimeJ, February 23, 1967.

39. Foley, COll!ro1ltillg the War Machim, 158-59·

40. Peck, Uщоvering the Sixties, 72.
41. Mungo, FamouJ 4.
42. See So! Srern, "NSA and сЬе ОА," Rampart." March 1967,29-з8.
43. Ausrin С. Wehrwein, "Scudenc Ediror Ferment," Christiall Science Momtor, Sepcember
21,1967,12.
44. See Goldberg, "Апасоту оЕ а Suicide," 2; Wasserman, 52; Mungo inrerview.
45. Mungo, Fатою Ago,27·
46. Young, "Marshall Bloom: Gay Brorher," 60.
47. lowell В. Wilcbank, "New Media ProJecr Is Воrn fют Rift in Scudenr Press," Расе
College Pms, ОссоЬег 4, 1967,6.
48. Marshall В!оот, "The New Press Рюjесt," n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 45.
49. In а mai!ing со new and рюsреcrivе members, сЬе group's founders noced chat rhey'd
changed from anorher proposed пате, "Resisrance Press Service" because "resiscance"
was used Ьу several ocher gюuрs, and besides, "afcer resis[ance has Ьееп successful,
comes LIВЕRАТЮN." Addicionally, argued, "lIВЕRАТЮN would Ьауе
тоге meaning in сЬе rl1ird world." See LNS со "College Members of LIВERAТION
News Service," Sepcember 26, 1967, Underground Neu,.,paper Microfilm Colleetlon, [96з-
1973, Rее1з, No, 10.
50. Marshall В!оот со 1. F. Srone, n.d., МВР, Вох 8. Folder 23. Bloom added, "Since chen,
оЕ course, we have gone rhrough saving [гот еасЬ of ош поте banks. . Hardly
dropped-our hippies, we аге working harder [пап еуег."
51. Mungo, BeYOl/d th. Revolutiorl, 22-23.
52. Mungo inrerview.
53. Marshall Bloom [о Daviti, ОссоЬег 3,1967, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 22.
54. Marshall В!оот го Mike Kars, December 17, 1967, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 23. То
anorher friend, Bloom boasted nе was "now а геаl рагг of а rapidly growing American
'underground.' ... You would Ье surprised ас гЬе changes in гЬе US and гЬе vasrness
of гЬе тоуетепr now." See Marshall Bloom со EJliort Бliпdег, n.d., МВР, Бох 8,
Folder 23.
55. LNS го "Соllеъе Members of LlВERAТION News Service," Seprember 26, 1967,
UndergrOlmdNeU'JpaperCo//ectiorJ, Rее1з, No. ТО.
56. Thorne Dreyer and Vicraria Smich. "The Movement and rhe New Metiia," Liberarion
News Service packet 144, МагсЬ 1, 1969, 5; emphasis added.
57. Thorne Dreyer, "Radical Media Conference," Liberarion News Service packet 123,
December 5. 1968,28.
58. See Peck, Uncot'ering гЬе Sixties, 45·
59. Walter Н. Bowarr го "Editors of rhe Underground Press Syndicare," June 15, 1967,
Соrmшiоm Recocds (1967-68), Бах 1, WSHS,
60. Dreyer апс'! Smith, "Моуетепr and сЬе New Media," 15.

NOTES ТО PAGES 88-92 2 19

 61. ]ohn Бгуап го "frit;nds" [UPS edirors] ]uly .31, 1967, Соmшtiоm Records и967-68),
Бох 1, WSHS.
62. \'Vayne Hansen, to "EDIТORS OF UPS," ]uly 26, 1 Cmmeaivl1J Records
68), Бох 1, WSHS.
The meering was originaJJy 5cheduled со take place ас the Institute о! POI1CY Sruaie5, а
le[c-wing think rank оп New Hampshire Avenue.
64. Мuпgо, Fall/MJ Long Лgо, 18.

65· Leamer, Rel!ofutionarieJ,46.

66. Dororhy Dеviпе, "Radicals Stап Xews Service," 'X7effeJle) NeU"i, November 2,1967,
There are some very miпог disсгерапсiеs Ьесwееп Dеviпе '5 ассоuпt о! rhis mеегiпg апd
Mungo's iп Fатою lJing For iпsгапсе, Мuпgо has Bloom Ьuгпiпg his drafr саПl
ajfer the meeting Ьесате а fracas, whereas Dеviпе says he did ir ro ореп rhe meering.
67. Мrшgо, Раmо1lS Long Лgо, 18-19,
68. Michael Grossman, 'ТJпdегgгоuпd Press ]оiпs Theater of rhe Absurd," \'VС1J!Jillgtrщ Ргее
Рут, November 2,\, 5.
69. Devine, "Radicals Stап Xews Service," 4.
70. Mungo, Fаl1l"Ю IJIng Лgо, 19, The following December, Mungo sепг LNS subscribers а
посе ргоfessiпg, "We didn't епvisiоп LNS as enrirely 'ош rhing: а news service whose
ideas апd iпsрiга(iопs соте ещiгеlу [сот us." However, he added, "rhose о! you who
\уесе ас the October 20 LNS-l)РS теегiпg iп \'Vashing(on wiJJ remember how difficul(
ir 5t:t'med со garher а пагiопаl cooperarive iп rhose few hours, Ьш rhe пееd [ог оог Lшiоп
and rhe circumstances со achieve ic аге much grea(er now [as а гещlс of repression
against llпdеrgrСlllпd рареГ$ and (he iпсrеasiпg radica!ism оГ the Ne\v LefrJ," As а

resulr, LNS cal!ed Еог сопгшuеd feedback fгom members, dS well as smaller, "genrle
gасhегiпgs о!' like souls агоuпd tl1e соuшr}' го cliscuss how we сап l1elp each orI1er."
Rауmопd Мuпgо ю "fгiепds," December 19, UndergrlJlmd Neu'spaptr С,Ле,,/iОll,
Reel }, :\ТО, ICJ.
71. Devine, "Radicals Sгап News Service," 4.
7 2. Ргеdiсшblу, esrima(es о[ the пuтЬеr оЕ proresrors vatied. March organizers cJaimed
rha( upwards of 200,000 assembJed а( the Lif1Coln Memorial, whi!e rhe ро!ке апd сl1е

mi!irar}' сопгепdеd chere were по тоге гhап 55,000 dетопsгrаюгs. See Ointon, ed.,
Oppo5llion, 34; WilJjam Сhартап, "55,000 Ral!y against War; GГs Rep(:'l Репга­

gоп Charge," 'X'aJbl'lgtOll Рой, ОсгоЬег 22,1967.

73. ]ack Newfield, "Репгаgоп Day: Flight over rhe Cuckoo's Nes(,"

26, I967,40

74. Mai!ec, ЛmliеJ ,'\'ight, 5.3.

75, VПN, "МоЫlizагiоп l October 2I," ОсгоЬег 30, ).

76. Quo(ed iп Small, Сопriпg Dissent, 7""

77, QLюгеd in ibid., 74,

78. The day belore the Репгаgоп march, some (еп thousand radicals~many equipped
wi(h army-surplus helmets and rrashcan shiеlds-iпrrоduсеd "mobile tucrics" го (11e
]\;е\у Lefr whеп rhey епgаgеd in а six-11Our melee wirh police tha( rempocaril)' shш
down (he Оаklапd IndocrJOn Сеnrег. Earlier iп rhe \veek, ас rhe lfпiv~гsiгу of Wisсоп­
siп, rio( !,olice viciot!sJy evic(cd srt!denrs who had Ьееп occupying а campus Ьuildiпg
rhar was hosring а rtcruirer {rorn Dow Chernica[ Сот рапу, (he maker (){ Agenr Огапgе
апd пара1m. This marked (he firsr rime thar (car gas had Ьееп used оп а major сатрш,

220 'ЮТЕS то РЛС;ЕS 92~94

 and ir а charged counrer-response, as studenrs assau]ted wirh rocks
апс! bricks.
79. SшаlJ, Diпenf. 74. Sma!! nores tl1at Todd Girlin raisecl rhe rnar
ner\vork bras5 а150 mignt nave caved [О gоvегпmепгаl pre5sure со ,гау away ['тт rhe
proresr. See Girlin, V/I'ol< W:';rld is \'(/:;шhing, 228П5.'\.
80. Sma!l, Cot'ering Dшеnt. 80.
8!. Kip Sl1a\v. guored in John K[Onenberger, "Wl1at's Black and Wl1ire апс! Pink апс!
Green апс! Diпу апс! Reac! A1I Over)" Look, ОсгоЬег 1, I968, 22.

82. Anorher rime, Mungo рщ th!;' тацег тоге 5harply, arguing rhar "American jошпаlists
lead а momnic life5ryle апс! тО5Г American new5papers pander го а гl1аг
wOLlld Ье and amusing were ir пог 50 dangerOLlS." See Ausrin С. Wehrwein,
"Sшdепг Edi[Or5 Plan New Aggressiveness," C};rUlli,,/e и/ Highu' Е{/ша/iоrt,
1'" I967, 8.
8з. MLlngo, FшllVШ Lortg 76-77.
84. Iblcl., 7(,. Readers shoulcl Ье advi5ed, though, tnar Mungo has sinc<: <:xpr<:ssed cOl1sid­
егаЫе Ьетшетеnr cnat scholars would ever scrurinize wnar he по\\' describes as mus­
ings С}ШГ ,оте crazy shit 1 wrore wnen 1 was уегу young and stoned to che шs"). Ray
МllПьО, e-mail to author, April 20, 2005.
85. "Leaders Divided nп Aims of March," Washirtg/rm POJt, ОсгоЬег Mailer,
234·
86. See Calverr, il1rerview Ьу Ron Grele, July I-3, !987, ColumbIa, 244.
87. ВПlCе Jackson, "The Baccle of rne Pencagon," Atlal1ti( MQl1tbly, Janllary [9()1:!, 35,
88. Se<: Small, DiШflt, 73.
89. See НоНтап, Best Hojfman, 14-35.
90. Саlvеп, DШlOсrа,)' /у"m ,Ье Heart, 248-49. See alsn Cathy Wilkerson, "Viccory ог
ОеЕеас(' W~~sЫngton f;щ Рут, Penragon Special, n.d., 9.
9 I. Ассогdiпg го Вшсе Scnulman, cne р110ГО has since Ьесоте а "srock image" in Ameri­
сап history textbooks, altnough JronicalJy, most of cnese books igl10re tlle connections
ber\veen rne New Lefr and counrercнlrure thac tne image depiccs. See Scnulman, "Ош
оЕ C11(" Srreers," [53 [ .
92. Mailer, ,1rшiе.г 262, This was [l1е "largest mass draft сагс! Ьшпiпg in che
of che procesr againsr rne Viешаm War." See Ferber and Lynd, RtJiJtаще, 1

93. Mailer, i1.ymifJ 272.

94. Eclward "То the Реnrаьоп and Away ro JaiJ," Village Vuice, Ocrober 26, I 5
95- Tnorne Dreyer, "No Longer а Near LirrJe Game," WashingtoТl Рт Рут, Penragon
cial. n.d., 8. Мапу оЕ сl1е earliest LNS news packers аге difficult го find, and some of
rl10se ауаааЫе in rhe Nnl'Sp,tper Соllшiоtl were originally printed оп dark
рарег, cllereby ir dit'ficlllr го pnorocopy cnem. As а reslllt, ту ofLNS's
rests оп articles rhac appeared in а specia! isslle ot' rhe \Vash­
illgШI Free РУ".IJ, which Jea!1cd heavily оп LXS Еог сору.
96. James Resron, "Еуегуопе Is а Loser," Nщ' rork Times, Ocrober 2,\,19(,7.
97. Веп А. Frankli!1, "War Prorescors Defyi!1g Deadline Seized in Capiгal," "'еи York Tiтes,
Ocrober 2,\,
98. Jimmy Breslin, "Quier Ral1y Turns Vicious," \VaJblngto" Рои, ОсгоЬег 22,

99· Wnire. Tropio 85.

ICO. \r"<:lJhmgtoll Рт Prm, "Two G.I.'s Defecr ar Penгagon," Pentagon Special, n.d., 7.

:-ютES то PAGES ')4-99 22 I

IOI. Dreyer, "Near Lirrle Game," 8.
I02. Washington Free Press, 'Two G.I."s Defecr ас Penragon," Penragon Special, n.d., 7. Even
movemenr vererans clash over rhis quesrion, Iп а 1987 oral hisrory inrerview, Еостес
SDS narional secrerary Greg Calverr claimed со have wirnessed опе of сЬе defecrions
from his perch оп а balusrrade (see Calverr inrerview, 50). However, two wrirers who
were exrremely sympatheric to сЬе anriwar movemenr, Michael Ferber and Staughron
Lynd, described сЬе defecrions as а "movemenr " See Ferber and Lynd, Resistance,
137·
103. Hazlerr, Му Generation, 51. Hazlett briefly compares Mungo's sense of тусЬ wirh
Hof'fman's (225).
104, А тотепс larer in сЬе сехс, Mungo rel1s his readers сЬас Ье knows he's sald ап exrreme
rhing ("ОК, 1 сап see some of уош faces сЬас Гт пос going со ger away with it сЬас
easily"), and Ье confesses сЬас Ье shares some of rheir есшса! concerns ('Тт пос saying
ir \volild Ье okay ro broadcast а false rumor"). Не mainrains, however, that the news
media's preoccupation with fапs еап actually disrorr сЬе underlying rruth of ап evenc.
Vlrimately, his maxim was "Теll the гшгh, brorhers, and lес сЬе faccs [аН where they
тау." Mungo, FartlOUS lдng Ago, 76, Again, Mungo cautions scholars по( ro read toо

deeply into his youtblul musings.

105. Mungo interview. Dreyer said тuсЬ the same rhing: although Ье never witnessed апу
defection, himselt', Ье сесаВ, 5peaking with, and believing, 5еуеса! demonstrators who
claimed ro have seen сЬет firsthand (ТЬоспе Dreyer, interview Ьу aurhor, April 23,
2005). Allen Young, а joutnalist who joined LNS not long afrer сЬе Рещаgоп March,
а150echoes Dreyer and Mungo: "1 can't say 1 spoke со аnу of сЬе {defecringJ soldiers,
Ьш 1 spoke со numerous eyewirnesses who saw ir Ьарреп," Ье said. Allen Young, inrer­
view with author, March 11,2005.
106. Rader described how his training in the Green Berers had duJled his personality and

made him "accustomed со the idea of killing."' Ву becoming а pacit1sr, Rader said, Ье
faced uр to ten years оп prison. According to LNS, Rader's remarks "mау have Ьееn
instrumental in the defections of cwo, and perhaps three, soldiers," Gary Rader, unri­
tled speech, Liberation News Service, n.d., UndergrOlmd Neu'spaper Collection, Reel 3,
No.10.
107. 'Two GГs Speak," Liberarion News Service, n.d., Underground Neu~paper Collection оп
Microjilm, Ree! 3, No. 10.
108. "Vpholding Law and Order in Washingron," Liberarion News Service, n.d., Under­
grou11d Neuspaper Mi{rojilm Collectio11, Reel 3, No. 10. The original handwritten copies
of ст, testimony survive in the МВР, Бох 9, Folder 33·
109. Ellioc Бliпdег, "Tear Gas Conrroversy," Liberation News Service (n.d.), UndergrOlmd
Neu'spaper Соllшiоrl оп Aficrojilm, Reel 3. по. 10; "55,000 Rally Againsr War; GIs Repel
Pentagon Charge," Wa,[hingto11 Po.rt, October 22,
1 IO. Raymond Mungo, "Zany Notables," WaJhington Free Руел, Pentagon Special, n.d., I 1.

I 11. Dellinger, Yale to Jai/, зо6.

112. See Benjamin Spock, Spock or/ :-'pock: А A!emoirofGrouing ир u'ith [Ье Century (New York:
РапсЬеоn, 1989); Lynn Z. Bloom, Ооаоу Spock: Biograph)' C(jmert'ati~e Radical (Indi­
anapolis: БоЬЬs-Меггill, 1972); Michael S. Foley, ed" Оеау О,. Spock: Letters аЬоllt гЬе
Vtetnam War {о Amerka's Favorite ВаЬу Doctor (New York: New York lIniversity Press,
2005); Thomas Maier, ОУ. Spock: Аn Aтerican (New York: Harcourr Бгаее, 1998).

222 NOTES ТО РлGЕS 99-101

113, МиПБО, "Zany KocabIes," I2,
1 Ц. Allen Young, "Posr Reporrer Defecrs со rhe Free Press," Washington Руее Рут, Оесет­
ber 31,1967,7 То Ье precise, Young was со the "scraggly crew" ot' jusr опе
parcicular paper, che WashingMI Русе Рут, wirh which he was briefly affiliaced, Clearly,
сlюugh, his соттепс has wider applicacion.
115, LiЬеrаrюп Kews Service, "Liberation Kews Service (Speaks) Freaks Ош,
Again," n,d" Undergl'lJund Neuspaper Collection, Reel I 3, Ко, IO,
I I6, Marshall В!оот со Оап Bernsrein, n.d" МВР, Вох 8, Folder 23,
1 I 7, Mungo, Fаmош Long 21,
I18. Аllеп Уоипь, e-mai! со aurhor, June 26 2005,
I19, See Sheila Ryan, "А Kind of Jusrice," Liberacion News Service packer 27, January
1968, 12; Harvey Wasserman, "'Crazy' Indian Quirs Navy," Liberation News Service
packer 27, January 1968, r 1; Mark Sommer, "Ооп'с Pray for Реасе: You're in che Army
Now," Liberarion News Service 42, February 1968, 15; Аllеп Young, "SDS
Nacional Council Meering," Liberarion News Service packet 24, January 3, 1967, 3;
Todd Gitlin, "M!ghtier rhan rhe Sword (ВШ rhe Machine-Gun' , .. )," Liberarion News
Service packer з6, February 1968,2; James Petras, "The Politics o[Loocing and Looc­
ing as Politics," Liberarion News Service packet 16, ОесетЬес 1967, 2; Leroi Jones,
"the bIack роес [aces the basrard justice of America," Libecation News Service packer
32,January 24; Mike Lucas, "The Evil Weed Srruck Down Опсе Morc," Libera­
rion News Service packer 24, January 1967, 3; Jerry Rubin, "Whar the Rеvоlшiоп is
АН АЬош," Liberarion News Service packer 26, January 10, 1968, П.р.
120. Ron Luucas [О LNS, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 21.

121, Pe[er Werbe [о Marshall Bloom, April 24, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 21,

122, JetTShero (о "dear brothers," Мау 7, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 22,

123, Mungo, Fатою AgO,55-56.

124, George Сауаllес[О, inrerview wirh auchor, July 28, 200,; Мипьо, Famou.r L911g

139-40.
125. Опе student who enrolled at Colllmbia in 1962 recaHs а universiry dean standing
before incoming {reshmen го warn rhem: "Wharever уои do, don'r ьо inro Harlem, and
especial1y don'r go wearing а Columbia sweacshirt," See David Glibert, inrerview Ьу

Ron Grele, January 16,1985, Colllmbia, 29·

126, Neighborhood organizarions charged Columbia with rrearing irs nonsrudent renanrs
rlltblessly and with breaking а сотрас! concerning irs future acquisitions, According
со а faer-hnding сеат rhat investigated rhe Со!итЫа rebellion, "А пumЬег оЕ
spokesmen made pubIic, condescending remarks as со the irrelevance оС communiry
needs when placed in opposirion со chose оЕ Columbia," See Сох, Crisis at Columbia, .? 7;
Kahn, Battle/or Л10millgsidt Heights, 87-88; Peter MiJlones, "Gym Conrroversy Began
in Late 50'5," Neu Yoyk Times, April 26, 1968,
127, !п fаirпеss со Columbia's planners, rhey рroЬаЫу designed che rear door еnrсапсе with
rhe convenience оЕ Harlem's residents in mind, The ьут \vas [о Ье builc оп а sreep,
rocky hill, whereby Columbia srudenrs would епсес the upper-Ievel {rom Morningside
Drive, and Harlemites would ешеr through а lower level door nearer to where they
lived. Accordingly, the "back door" nomenclature that was used during the conrroversy
("Ко Мосе СУJl1 Суои''') тау have Ьееп unfair-it was more like а "Io\ver level door." 1
thank Аllеп Уоипь t-or poinring this оис after he read ап early draft оЕ this chapter.

NOTES то PAGES 101-104 223

128. Alchough Columbia sсапеd working оп сЬе gym, as а result оЕ сЬе protesrs [с was never
finished ас сЬе Morningside Park 10cacion; instead, it v.'as built оп Columbia's campus.
129. Avorn, Ир Agaimt [Ье lvy, 15.
1.,\0. 1п Мау 1965, sшdепсs disrupced а Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps av.'ards cere­
топу; beginning in 1967, SDS began interfering wirh С1А, И.S. Marine, and Dow
Chemical Сот рапу recruirmenc оп caтpнs; [п February 1 а raucous demonscra­
rion againsr сЬе gym led to сЬе arresc оЕ а dozen sшdепrs; сЬе following тоncЬ, SDS
defied а Ьап оп indoor demonsrracions Ьу rromping rhrough Low Library wirh placards
and а bullhorn, denouncing сЬе IDA. Final!y, оп April9, 1968, ас а memorial со honor
che memory оЕ Rev. Marrin Lurher King Jr., Columbia SDS's newly elecced chairman,
Mark Rudd, bursr опсо сЬе srage, called Columbia's administrators "racists," and
denounced the proceedings а.> sham. See Сох, Cri.ris а! СО/lIтЫа, 63-74.
131. See Rudd, "СоlитЫа: Notes," 290-312. ТЬе phrase "policics оЕ confroncation" belongs
to Jeremy Varon; see Varon, Bri'lgi,/g [Ье War Ноте, 26.
132. See См! Davidson, "New Radica1s," 323-24. See al50КаЬп, Вап/е /оу Moming.ride
HeighfS, 76-77.
1 33. Specifically, сЬе handbiH said сЬас those who opposed "Columbia's unjusr p01icies"
should пос Ье disciplined. and that six studencs who had Ьееп p]aced оп discip]inary
probation for leading an indoor demonstration сЬе previous топсЬ should receive а
public hearing, "with ЕиН rights оЕ due process." Curiollsly, although SDS and SAS
jointly organized the rally, сЬе gymnasium was пос тепtюпеd. See Сох, Crisis аг
Со/итЫа, 100.
134. These were their main demands, anyhow. ТЬеу a1so called for the administrarion со
drop criminal charges against сЬе scudent who had just been arrested at сЬе gym соп­
sпuсtiоп 5ire, withdraw а Ьап оп indoor demonsrrations, and re5cind сЬе probations
againsr six sшdепt leaders who had organized an lIпащlюгizеd demonstration against
сЬе IDA а
monrh earl1er.
135. See Сох,
Cri.ris а! Со/итЫа, 99-142.

1з6. Sreve Diamond, e-mail to allthor,June 12,2005·

137. In addicion со LNS, writers from а new newspaper, сЬе Rat. provided derailed coverage
of сЬе April uprising. According со Peck, "СоluтЫа made. . [сЬе] Rttt сЬе under­
ground press's horresr publication." The cover of its Мау issue picrured а Nazi
helmet covering Low Library's granice dome, under сЬе banner, "Hei] Colllffibia."
Inside, readers could find "!iberaced documenrs" from Grayson Kirk's оН}се, which
revealed some оЕ Coll1ffibia's bllsiness partnerships. See Peck, ИnсО'!'еring гЬе Sixties,
93-94
1з8. ЕсЬе! Grodzins Romm, "Уоu Go ИпdегgroLшd for 'Inside' Rероп," Editor & PubIi.rher,
Мау 11, 1968,12.
139. Steve Diamond ее аl., "Columbia: ТЬе Revolurion 1.> Now," Liberarion News Service
packet 70, April 30, 1968, 1.
140, Avorn, Ир Again.rt {Ье 111,47·
141. See Kahn, Btttt!(:/or i'vICJrrJing.ride HeightJ, 145·
142. Diamond ес аl., "Revolution is Now," 1,4.
I4 3· Ву conrrasr, сЬе N/!U' York TlТlle.r геропеd сЬас тапу SDSers were "deeply rroubled over
their relarionship со сЬе Negro sшdепrs and Harlem residencs who ejected them [rom
Hamilton На!!." Опе sшdепt seemed disшгЬеd because Ье failed со measure ир со сЬе

224 "OTES то PAGES ('4-r07

 blacks' high radica1 standard. "We jusr didn'r Ьауе сЬе same commitmenr," Ье said,
"50те of the bJacks wer<: асшаНу wiJliлg ro die. lt made те wолdег what ту сотт;с­

тепс real1y was, and ir frigh(ened те," АпО(Ьег Тi'Щ5 article quO(e'1 а тетЬег of 5А5
distancing himself from 5D5. "Ош organization is in liaison wit11 сЬе communi(y and
по( \\';сЬ [eftist whi(e radicals," Ье said. 5ее Nell' York Time,r, "Colt!ffibia Closes Campus
After Oisorders," April 25, 1968; 5teven V. RоЬепs, "5i(-ln 5ресtшт Has А Wide
Range," Nell' York ТiПIeJ, April 25, 1968.
144. Сох, Crisis аf С?!UПlЫа, 102.
145. Аvогп, "Up Аgшпst сЬе Ivy," 46.
146. Каhп, Battle for Morning,(ide Heights, 126.
147. Oiamond ес ,,1., "Rеvоlшiоп is No\v," ,).
148. Ibid., 3-4. Iп conrrast, а \vrirer for сЬе Neu' York Т/ПlCS dismissed сЬе sшdепгs' рге­
tences, dеsсгiЫпg Rudd as "givеп со quoting ге\'о!шюпагу s10gалs 11е picked up оп а
гесепс rrip со СиЬа." 5ее RоЬепs, "5ir-In Sрес(шт."
149. Oiamond et аl., "Revolt!tion is Now," 1 1. Jacobs larer joine'1 Wearherman, ап ulrra­
тilitапt oiTshoor of 50S. After tl1ree members о( \'Vеа(hегтап died while
bombs оп March 6, 1970, Jacobs was expelled (гот сЬе grollp. Не еvепшаllу moved ro
Vancollver, Сапаdа, \\,Ьесе Ье died 1л 1997.
150. Ibid" 4­
15 Ibid., 4,10.
152. Ibid., 10.
153· Ibid·,9·
154. Наmiltоп was тorе ассшасе гhап Ассordiпg to с11е Сох Сотmissiоп, "Eighcy­
seven persons ... оЬгашеd пеастепс ас Sr. Luke's," апd fifceen more wещ со Knicker­
bocker hospiral. (Опе officer also required treatment сЬеге.) "ТЬе character of сЬе
injuries гапgеd Еroт heavy Ьшisеs апе! со
sprains <lпd severe frig1](,"
scalp lacerations
along with rwo Ьопе (гасшгеs. Сох,
Crisis а: СО!Ш!lhiа, 142.
155· Ramparts, "Apologia," June 1), 1.
156. Rampam, "ТЬе Siege 01' СоlитЫа: Ап Exclusive Rероп," Jllne 15, 1968, 27-39·
157. Аdd;гiопаllу, АЬе Rоsещhаl, the paper's аssisraпt тапаgiпg ediror, was said со Ье ап
"arc!ent аlllmПllS" о! Colt!ml);a College. See Sale, 5D5, 442.
158. Sylvan Fox, "Columbia Sшdу ofCrisis Ordered Ьу Fac111ty Uпiг," Nш York Tim1:J, Мау 2,
52. Апогhег group of placard-bearing studепts rallied ot!tsicle tl1e Ьоmе ot"Wil1iam
PaIey, сЬе ргеstdещ о!' СВ5, who was also а Colllffibia rfllsree. ТЬе sшdешs aJJeged rhar
CBS's edirorials had Ьееп biased iп (avor оЕ rhe police апd сЬас Ене the Nation, CBS's
f1agsl1tp Sl1пdау тоrпiпg пе\vs program, gave Kirk half ап Ьощ of airtime WlсhШJГ
ехtепdiпg tqllal сопsidегагiоп ro his сшiсs. See Тот Натаroп алеl Аllеп Уоuпg, "COlllffi­

Ыа: ТЬе SttJdещs Srick \'Virh Ir," LiЬегаtiоп News Service packer 71, Мау :;, IQ68. 6.
159. Steve Оiатопd, e-mail со аllСЬor, June 12, 2005.
160. Опе splenerlC ББау, rirled "Hoodlumism ас Colttmbia," raJled аgаiпst "сЬе dеgгаdiпg
о! studеЩ5 exalring "irresponsibility o\'er reason," as \vell as сЬе "inrolerabJy
llndemocra(ic пашге о( dicraroria! srudenr minorities. . wlю lшdегmiпе academic
f'reedom апd сЬе free soclery irself Ьу resorring ro sш:h juпrа тег1юds." Anorher ediro­
ria1 alleged сЬас 5DS had "suЬsгiгшеd dictarorsl1ip Ьу temper гапtшт for undergrad­
uate democracy," апd seemed ((J endorse Kirk's еvепшаl decision to clear сЬе buildings
Ьу lorce. "Сопtrоl о( сЬе camplls саппог Ье шшес! over ro sшdепr junras operaring in

:"OTl'S то РЛС;ЕS 11:) 225

 defiance of every considerarion of academ1C discip!ine and democraric ru!e." See Neu'
York Тimes, "Hoodlumism ас Co!umbia," April 25, 1968; Neu' York Тiтes, "Ciradel of
Reason," Apri! 29, 1968
161. Meanwhile, borh edicorials skimmed over the causes of the protesr. The firsr оЕ the rwo
ассиа1lу said, "The quesrion is пос \vherher аН of Co!umbia's pasr acrions have Ьееп
sound, eirher academical!y or in relarion со rhe commllniry," before adding rhar Со!ит­
bia's acrions had ас leasr provoked "constructive debate among Co!umbia's own faculty
and administrarion," Of course, [roт the protestors' perspecrive, this was rhe most
perniciolls sorr of !iberal с!арпар. The university had already sreamrolled оуег rhe
objecrions оС 10саl politica! Jeaders who opposed the gym, and its spokesmen insisred
that !ongstanding !egal commitments prohibited Со!иmЫа from abandoning or signif­
icanr!y revising rhe projecr. Witlюur the prorests, the gym would have Ьееп built;
because of the protests, it wasn'r. See Neu' York Тiтes, "Hoodlumism at Columbia";
Сох, Cri,[is а' Со/ишЬ/а, 87-89.
162. Fox, "Columbia Study."
16з. Allen Young, "Columbia Eyewitness: Си!сща! Revo!urion," Liberarion News Service
packer 73, Мау 13, 1968, 11.
164. Although rhe police assault happened in rhe early moming hours оп Apri! 30, that
day's !асе edition of the Times carried а [ull report of the raid, most of which had actually
Ьееп written several hours before it 100k place: "Only а few facts had со Ье added when

reporters caHed in the асшаl details," Мосеоуег, ас around I :00 АМ. оп Apri! зо--iust
ап hour before the роliсе action began-Newfield says he spotted Тirnes assistanr тап­
aging editor АЬе Rosenrhal "emerg[ing] f'rom а secret meeting of 1Ор роЕсе brass."
Slighrly embarrassed, Rosenrhal "claimed he did пос know if а police raid оп rhe sш­
denrs was imminenr." This was almost cerrainly unrrue; larer, Rosenthal admitted thar
in а lapse of judgmenr he had асшаllу ridden uptown 10 the busr in а police car. See
Jack Newfie!d, "Pre-Fitting the News Ас the Рарес оЕ Record," VШаgе Voice, Мау 9,
I968, 7. See also Newfield, Sornebody's Соиа Тe//lf, 226, Rosenthallarer acknow!edged
rhar !etting himself Ье chauffeured Ьу the police was пor 'the most brilliant [decision]
in the world." See Tiffr and Jones, ТЬе Тrю!, 439
165· Gitlin, ТЬе Sixfies, 308.
166. А. М. Rosenthal, "Combat and Compassion ас Со!иmЫа," Neu York Тimes, Мау I,

1968.
167. Quored in Newfield, Sоmеtюdу:r Gotta Те!! lf, 226,
I68, Rosenrha!, "СотЬас and Compassion," Murray Кеmрюп, а writer [ос the Neu' York
POSf, found [his last quoce so improbable chat he essentla!!y called Rosenthal а fabulisr:
"1 (есаН thinking rhar Rosenthal's sense of thearer had led him оуес rhe brink with rhat
!asr couch," he wrote. The "dramatlst has [о Ье careful in the assignmenr of rhe аррro­
priate sentimenr 10 rhe appropriare character." Quoted in Newfield, Somebody's Соиа
Te"lt,226.
I69· Lemisch, "2'5 Cheers," 189,
I70. Tifft and Jones, ТЬе Тrю!, 226-27, The passage is a!so quoted in Newfield, Somebody's

Сйиа Te"lt, 225-26.

17I. Kewfield characterizes the Post's coverage in "Pre-Fitting [he News," 8; Margi Werner,
"Columbia Eyewitness: Radicalization ас the Sundial," Liberation News Service packet
73, Мау 13,1968,6.

226 NOTESTOPAGESIIC-III
172. Newfield, "Рге-Fiпiпg rhe News," 8.
173. Мапiп Amold, "Lindsay Orders Rероп оп Polke," Neu' York Тmш, Мау 1, 1968, 35.
17+ Ne\vfield, "Pre-Fircing the Ne\vs," 8. According ro а
Look magazine, "When
writer [ог
(he Neu' Y01·k Тi"щ аН Ьш ignored (I,e injuries inf!icted Ьу
dшiпg last spring'spolice
Colllffibia Universiry insurrecrion, а number оЕ imparriaJ observers had со agree сlш(
(he undergrollnd SlIspicions [оС mains(ream media bias] had Ьееп some\vhar vindi­
cared," See Kronenberger, "БJасk and Whi(e," 22.
175. Peck, UncolJerillg theSixties, 92; Diamond, e-mai] со <!Llchor,JlIne 12,200).
176. According со che Speaator, а "large, dripping ink оп the \уаJl оС опе professor's

office Ьесате а Бlvоше subjecr Еor press photograpllers соvеппg the aftermath оС che
occupations." Но\уеуег, rhree ma(h said rhac srain \vasn'( there when rhey
сате ro rhe building ас 7 АМ оп Apri! 50, and the only orher people who had access ro
che building between сhеп and the rime rhe ink appeared were phorographers and
po!icemen. Kenneth CJark, the famous even c!almed со l1ave wimessed
wha( I1е believes were plainclotl1es pollCe officers breaking furnj(ure in Fayerweather
НаН. See Ауоrn, 'Тр Againsc che Ivy," 190,201-2. See also John Kifner, "Мапу Tholl­

5ands in Damage " Neu York 71111<,1', Мау 1,

177. QtlOted [п Еох, "Colllmbia Srudy."
178. Titr( and Jones, Т1х Trust, 440.
179. Mungo incervie\v.
180. Marshall BJoom [Q Оап Bernscein, n.d., МВР, Бох 8, I'older 23.

181 Gicl1n, Т1Je SixtifJ, 309.

182. Diamond, e-mail со зшhог, JlIne 12, 2005.

18з. Qllo(ed iп Jоlш Leo, "Po]itic5 КО\У (he FocllS оС (he Uпdегgrollпd Press," N</-C· York
TitlleJ, Sepcember 4, 1968, 95.

Chapter 5
1. J. Hoover СО all ЕВ! offices, November 5, 1968; J. Edgar Hoover со Albany,
К.У, tield oftice, JlIly 8, 1968, Ьосl1 qlloced iп Streitmarrer, Vоiш о/ Rel!{j/lition, 215.
2. J. Edgar Нооуег, "Violence iп American " reprinced in and Door, .\fay
24,1968, Concomi(tant ro (his, in la(e 1968, а CIA алаlуs[ \vho worked in Projecc
Resi5cance (essencially а domestic spying fi!ed rhis inelegancly \vrirren
тето:

А modern рhепоmепоп wmch has evolved in (he las[ rhree ог {ош уеаг> [, the vasr
growth оЕ (he UпdегgГОlшd Рге55. UпdегgЮllпd means оЕ mass сотmllпiсаtiоп
llcilized [Q a\'old suppression Ьу legal ашhоritу andior a[[ribution 15 по( new СО
(his age, bu( lts vo!ume l> and (I1е apparcnr Ireedom and case ,п wl1ich Ы(I1,

s]anderolls and ]ibelous sca(ements, and what арреаг со Ье almosr rreasonolls anci­
esrab!ishmenc рюраgапdа is allo\ved [Q circulate 15 difficll![ со rarionalize.
Since (11e CIA was по( sllpposed [о ,ру оп American ci(izens, тапу of" irs SL1ggesrions
for saboraging rhe lInderground press were likely passed off (() (he FBI. See Anglls
.\facKenzie, "Sabo(aging che Dissidenr Press," СО/lImЫа jOilrtlalislll ReI'iel<', МагсЫ

ApriI198r,60.
3. Rips, "Dissiden[ Voices," т. Iп опе issue of f1rmageddon '''ею, rhe ЕВ! agenrs
wl10 posed as Ш1Опуmоus Indiana Universj(y studепts pre(ended со lament that

NQTES ТО РЛGЕS 1! с-1 1(, 227

 dis5arisГacrionwirll rl1e Vietnam War was ''being used Ьу а few го selze rhe univer­
siry and 5rrike аг сЬе hеап of сЬе democraric SY5rem." Agenrs who reviewed сЬе
publication were unimpressed. "ТЬе пехг issue ... апd subsequent marerial musr
conrain а тоге sophlsricared approach wirh regards ro the siruarion аг Indiana
University and in relarion го rhe broad proresr тоуетепг in rhis соuшгу." See
Armageddo!/ Nms, ОсгоЬег 25,1968,1; FБI Mernorandum, ОсгоЬег 11,1968,
РЕ:1\ Records, Бох 89, Folder 2.
4. David К. Shipler, "'UndergrOllnd' Press Coverage Shifts From Rock, Sex and Drllgs го
Politics," Neu' York Times, March 7,1973,45,
5. Wilcock, "МапЬапап Меmопеs,"
6. Кех Wеiпег, jшегviеwеd Ьу John Holmsrrom, "Agenr ofChaos," High Times, Ocrober
1988,86.
7. Коп RosenbaLlm, "ТЬе Secrer life о!' Тотту Когсеп: ТЬе Mysreriolls Мап Беhiпd
D.O.A.," Ртшk, Арга 1981,24.
8. Chip Бегlеt, "Alrernarive News Service in сЬе U.S.-Parr П," A!temative }Qurflafism
Rе!'JIe,JаПllaгу-I~'еЬruагу, 1976, 17·
9. Quored in John Бшks, "Тl1e UпdегgГОLшd Press: А Special Rероп," RoIliflg Stощ,
ОсroЬеГ4, 1969, 15·
10 John Wilcock, "МапЬапап Memories," Lшрublishеd mапusсгiрt in ашhог's possession.
11. John Wilcock со UPS members, МагсЬ 7, 1968, COflflel'tiom Records (1967-68), Бох 1,
WSHS.
12. Wilcock, "МапЬассап Memories."
13. In а circular lerrer (о аН сЬе UPS members, Wilcock ruefuHy admitred сЬаг "EVO has
used UPS funds for irs own purposes and rendered по accounring of such t'unds." See
]оЬп Wikock со UPS members, March 7, 1968, Connectiom Records (1967-68), Бах 1,
\'VSHS.
Ц. John Wilcock, e-mai! со аигЬor, January 19, 2009.

15· Бurks. "Cnderground Press," 17·

16. Jоl1О Holm5trom, "The Ultimare Hippie,"High Times, Ocrober 1989, з6.
17. James Retherford, e-таН ro author, September 42009.
18. Quoted in Wilcock, "МапЬапап Memories."

19· Тот Forcade, "From UPS," liberarion News Service packet 135, JanLlary 30,1969,9.

20. Holmstrom, "Ulrimare Hippie," з6-37.

1. Бшks, "UпdегgГОlшd Press," 17.
22. Тl1Ошаs King Forcade, "Write Оп!" East Vi!lage ОгЬеу, November 19, 1969,5.

23. Тот Forcade, "Frorn UPS," liberation News Service packer 135,January 30,1969,9·
24· Бшks, "Underground Press," 15.
25. Peck, "Under,ground со Alternarive," 157. See al50 ТЬоrnе Dreyer, "Radical Media
СопЕегепсе." liberation Ne\vs Service packer 123, December 5, 1968,27-28.
26. See Hale, "White Panrhers," 134.
27. See HaJe, "White Ращhегs."

28, Don DeMaio, tшritlеd sidebar, Rofling Stone, October 4, 1969, 19·

29· Don DeMaio, interview with aurhor,June), 2009,

30. Quoted in DeMaio, sidebar, Ro/liflg Stone.

31. See Pelz, "Fall of (Ье U nderground Press," 6 1.
32. See Time, "ТЬе Tribe is Restless," July 8, 1969,46.

228 ~OTES ТО РЛGЕS [16-122

В. ТЬе infamnus ad io guestion рiпurеd а group оЕ forlorn hippies siпiпg in а jail сеll,
surroL1nded Ьу proresr and LPs, alongside сЬе "Вис ТЬе Мап сап'с busr
ош music." This ham-fisted апетрс to cash in оп rhe РГОСБС СL1lшrе was widely ridi­
culed. Radicals bruired аЬош various responses, including rhe systemaric "liberaring"
(read: srealing) of Columbia's records Еroт srores, and а sir-iп а[ irs сотрапу headguar­
[ers. Вш insread of rhese approaches, [hey agreed rhar Jоhп Sinclair should wrire а
full-page essay rhar would гип in а1l UPS papers, calling оп musicians and artisrs со
pressure Columbia iпrо changing irs policy. А.> it happened, Sinclair's piece ecstatically
praised сЬе uoderground press, Ьис he пеуес menrioned Columbia Records. See Rat,
"Underground Press Conference, + [.р.т,," July 24-Augtlst 7,1969, 7; John Sinclaic,
"Undergгound Press Syndicate," John Wikock Рарег.> (1967-71), Rare Books and
Manuscriprs Library, Columbia Universiry, Вох I, Folder 6.
34. Walr Crowley, "RPM," Helix (Seartle) 8, по. 9, са. "иттег 1969,8.
.~5. исег, Wenner dispured rhe characrerizarion, "When we srarred ош," he said, "we rea1ly
had rhe idea rlblr we were gonna Ье dift-erenr fгom rhe undergrotlnd papers. TI1eir
reporting was sloppy, rheir lауоис was ugly, [and] rhey [espoused] radical sandbox pol­
irics. We didn'r want со look like rhem, sOllnd like them, ог Ье like them." Jann
\Veoner, inrerview with аllСЬОГ, June 25, 2009.
з6. See Atkio, "Over-rhe-Collnrer Culrure," 191. Опе оЕ ту former studenrs wrore ап
ехсеllепr honors rhesis rhar addressed Rolling Stone's шlrurаl politics. See Ages, "Gather
No Moss."
3 7· ТЬе SQlIfh End had previollsly Ьееп known as гЬе Collegian, lIotil ir was соттап-
deered Ьу black-power тilirашs, who began carrying the fronr page то[[о: "Опе
Class-Conscious Worker is Wопh 100 Sшdепts." See Georgakas and Surkin, Derroit.
Do Mind Dyil1g, 54-55, 59, 57·
з8. Don DeMaio, "Saurh End Sropped," Distant Drummer,JlIly 17, I969, 5·
39. Ресег Rabbit [Forcade], "UPS Odyssey," Rebirth (Vol. I, No. 5), n.d.,).
4::1. Demaio, "Sошh End Sropped," 14; Raf, "Undergrouod Press Conference + r.p.ill.,
July 24-Augusr 7, I9 69, 7; Berketey Trlbe, "U.P.S. and Downs," July 25-31, I969, 14­
4I. Liberarion News Service, "Media СопЕегепсе Raided Ьу Shorgun-Toting Pigs," Libera­
rion News Service packet 179,JlIly 19, 1969, I7·
42. Marc Fisher, "Vo;ce of rhe Cabal: ВОЬ Fass and rhe Slow Fade of СОllпrегшlrurаl
Radio," Neu' Yorker, December 4, 2006, 58-65.
43· Rabbit [Farcade], 3,
44· "Undergrollnd Press Syndicate," undared pamph1er,JWP, Вох 3, Folder 7·
45. See Wilcock, "Мапhаtrап Memaries"; Goldman, "Living and Dуiпg," 4-I2.
46. Wilcock, "МапЬассап Memaries."
47. A.JWeberman, interview wirh aurhar,June 28, :2008.
48. Weiner, "Agenr оЕ Chaos," 4 I.
49· Forcade, "Wrire Оп!" 5,
50. See Haines, "G.I. Resisrance."
5 1. See Rips, again.rf ,Ье Undеrgrшmd Press, 82,
52. Rips, Campaign againsf ,Ье Undergrollnd Руел, 45. Та some, rhe PEN Cenrer's findings
did пог соте as а grear shock. In 1975 and [he Senare Select Commirtee оп
lotеlligепсе, headed Ьу Fгапk Church (D-ID), revealed тапу of гЬе гасс;с.> сЬе govern­
теш used in its апетрс со dеsпоу New Lefr and civil righrs organizarions. Ir docu-

NOTES ТО PAGES 122-125 229

 menred numerous insrances ,п which inrelligence-communiry operarives overlookecl or
violarecl exi5ting laws, and concluded rhat the gоп'rnmепts "harassment of ,ппосеnr

cirizens engaged ,п lawful forms of txpre5sJOn did serious injury го rhe Fir5r
Лmепdтепr guагапгее о( t-reedom оЕ speech апd rhe righr of' rhe ю assemble
реасеаЫу and ю perition rl1e gоvеrnmепr for redress о{ grievances.·· Sепаtе Select Сот­

mirree го Sшdу GоvеП1mепtаl Орегаriопs with Resptcr to Iпtеlligеп(е Лсriviгiеs. ln­

(<!!Ii;;m"l! Acril'ilies and (/)[ Righ(J о/ Americtms, Book 2, Final Reporr 01 rlle Selecr
Committee ео Stucly Governmenta! Орегаtiопs With Respecr to Iпtеlligепсе Лсtiv­
iries, 94th Cong .. 2nd se5S., 1976.
5). This seemed го he!p sa!es, Iп lare John \1Vikock remarked rhar six mошhs prior,
,отс пеwssrашls hadn'r \vanred го sell his unc1trgrouncl paper, Olher S,шеJ, because 'г

ha(J пшJе picrllres insicle. "Now," he said, "they don'r want те unless 1 рш а пшJе оп rhc
cover." See Баrгу Farrell, "For rhe Оп!у Fteak ,п Ohio," и/е, Nov<:ml)er 21. 1969, 32Б.
54. Баilеу, StX in Ihe HeC1rl!and,
55. John Sieler, guoeed ,п Баilеу, Sex in (Ье HrC1rl!C1Ild, 156. This noeion was refined ,п
Herbere Marcllse's Ела)' IЩ Liberali(JII, in \vhich he held rhae is а moral шп­
еерс in ehe уегЬаl аГ5епаl of the Esrablishmenr, which abuses rhe еегт Ьу app!ying it.

пое со expressions о! i(5 own тогаНсу Ьиr со rhose of another. ОЬsсепе is пос the pic­
еще о!- а naked woman who exposes her pubic hair Ьш rhar 01 а lully clad who
еХР05б h!s medals re\varded ,п а \var of aggression" (8).

56. Jack ]ackson, glюrеd ,п Pilcher, Eroli, СQ/liЩ. 148. Orhers J10Id сЬас rh~ meaning оГ rlle
sреШпg of"comix" was пос 50 specific, зп,1 rhar ,с \\'а5 s!mpl}' теапг to signify а dШег­
спсе I'rom mainstream comics (wherher оЕ rhe DC or Marve! variety, or rhose fгош rhe

Sllnciay funny pages). lt is al50 necessary со add thar alrhoLlgh some оЕ rhe era's comix
were ,п (omic-book form~an(] r!1~refore совЫ Ье said ro Ье rechnically

iпdерепс]спr of гаgs-uпdегgГОllпd ne\\'spapers апс! llnderground (omic

oooks al\vays shared rhe sзmе distгjЬшiоп nerworks ашJ readersl1ips.
57. Qlloted iп Лгmstгопg, ТrШIl!'еt {О АпllJ. 85.
58. Ран! Бuhlе, "Komix Коuпrегтеdiа," Ln'iаth.t!I,]lllу/ЛllgllSГ. I969, 1,,-17.
59. Jаmб Leed, "LJпdегgГOlшd Comics," DrJlid РУ," Рут, Ko\'tffiber 12-I9, I968,
60. G. Mason, '·Sick. Sick Comics," Na(iollC1! lшid<l', December 15, ! 968, гергjшеd 1п
Exlm: December 24-January 7,1969,
(,1. Л t'ederal jlJdge rhis point wl1en he rhrew ОНС ап obscenit)' indicrmenr
аgаiпsг Ne\v Orleanss 80LA Expm.r. Лссогdiпg ro rhe Sllpreme Сошr, marerial needs
со Ье evall!ared [п irs elНirety before опе сап illc]ge wherher of пос it " obscene. "Л
casual g!ance ас che isslle оЕ NOLA Ехрт' incllKled ;п rhe iпcliсrmепс shows thar Ьу по
reasonable srandarc! сап сЬе ne\\'spaper <iS а \v1101e Ье held olltsiae rhe prorecrion оС rhe
FirsrЛтепdmепr," l1е ruled. S"e 'Гimrs-РiCtlуmе, "Federa! KjJl, Incl icrmепr оп
Obsceniry," September 2, 1970,6.
62. Eric Motgenrha!er, rhe РГбsеs: LJndergrollnd P<ipers Hit Ly, Official СшЬs."

'WJ,:!! StreetJ(llirna!, Jllly 7, 196'),

6з. Ellgene Gllerrero, iпtег\'iеw [)у .Ron Grele. t\ovember 1984, Columbia, 86. Л
\\'riter Еог rhe ]ackson, Missisippi, Klldzll геропеd rhae rhe G'!'blt Biy(1 \уа>
busred for using the same \vord that "Мауог Da!ey sholltecl ас Senaror ЛЬгаhаm Ribi­
cotT clшiпg the Democratic Кзriопаl Сопvепriоп." See KmlzlI. 'The Мап SlюOfS rlle
Бiгcl," Janl1ary 14, 1')69,5·

230 :--iОТЕS ТО РЛС;ЕS 125-127

64· See СУМ! Spe,-kled Вird, January 13, 1969,4.
65. Mike Abrahams, "Quasi-Crimina! Rap," Chicago Seed 3, по. 6, 2.
66. Sall Diego Door, "Door Wins Fighr for Freedom оЕ Press," Augusr 14, 1969, 3.
67. Morgenrha!er, "Sropping rhe Presses." While Burns was being arresred, poliee a!so
seized rwo rons of papers, a!ong wirh Burns's rypewrirers, еатеса, and several persona!
irems, and ir аН in protecrive cusrody.
68. Thorne Dreyer, "Law Harasses Underground Papers," San Diego ТещроО71 Door, January
17-30, 1969, 1.
69. Burks, "Underground Press," 32. Orher papers faced similar prosecurions. 1n Apri!
1969, а Canadian interviewer asked Lennon, "Do уои realize there асе underground
papers аН rhroughour rhe Srares [char] have had obsceniry raps rhrown ас rhem because
chey've published the picrure о( уои and Yoko оп rhe соуес'" Lennon answered, "I
know rhere's а [ос of rhar Ьееп going оп," and added, sensibly, rhar сЬе Ти'о Virgim соуес
wasn'r nearly as obscene as rhe "obsceniry [rhar's] in people's minds," See Fred Larrem­
оиil1е and Dan McLeod, "Lennon, Lenin," Georgia Straight, Арс;! 4-10, 1969,8.
70, Тот Paine [pseud.], "Radical Press: Мосе Hass!e," East Village Other, January 31,
1969,5·
71. See Hagle, "Do They Науе То," 1045.
72. Quored in Agis Salpukas, "Underground Асе Thriving оп Campuses and in
Ciries Across Narion," Nеш York Times, April 5, 1970,58.
73· Forcade, "Wrire Оп'" 5·
74· Helix (Searrle), "Srraighr Ruled Srraighr," vol. 10, по. 1, РаН I969, 5.
75. East Vi!lage Other, "Black Marker Research," n.d., са. summer 1968, reprinred in Rips,
Campaign AgainJt the Underground Pms, 101.

76. Rex Weiner, inrerview Ьу ашhог, РеЬсиасу 10,2009,

77. Berler, "Sex, Drugs," 66,

78. Forcade, "Wrire Оп!" Еаи ViIlage Other (November 19, 1969),5·
79. Agis Sa!pukas, "Freed Роес Hails Michigan Ruling," N/?/i' York ТimeJ, March 12, 1972.
80. Тime, Sroney Вшns," November 25, 1974, р. 20. Texas was rhe lasr srare ro
соuщ possession ot' grass as а felony, and сЬе ехсса day was added ro Burns's senrence
because under Texas law а judge could пос рroЬасе а senrence of more rhan сеп years.
The UPS parricipared in а campaign оп Burn's behalf, and ulrimarely his senrence was
commured at'rer he served only ninereen days in jail.
81. Easf Vi!lage Other, "Rar Оп!" November 19, 1969,5.
82. Лт O'Brien, "Connecrions Ediror Unfir, Says Воу Scour," Distant Drummer, March
27-Apri! 2, 1969, 12. Gordon is now а disringuished professor of American hi5rory.
8з. Roberr Е. Baskin, "Underground Press а Тооl оЕ Traitors,' Рооl Asserrs," Da//aJ
Morning Nm's, November 7,1967.
8+ Quored in Thorne Dreyer and Vicroria Smich, "ТЬе Моуетеnr and rhe New Media,"
Liberarion News Service packer 144, March 1, 1969. See al50 Marshall Bloom, "НИАС
Confronrs Underground Press," Da//as Nutes Frum Undergroulld, Seprember I-I),
I9 67,7·
85. Sall DiegQ Free Press, "Which Brain Police had Ramparts Thrown offLocal Newssrands'"
June 11, I969, 3. Ramparts was а monchly magazine, пос ап under­
ground newspaper; bur по doubc ics readership overlapped wich сЬас ot' тапу under­
ground rags,

NOTES ТО РЛGЕS 127-129 23 I

 86. Rips, "Campaign Againsr гЬе Undergraund Press," 97.
87. ТЬогпе Dreyer, "Law Harasses Underground Papers," ~I'~,rmtel' Рllшh, February, 1969,
12; Chip Berler, "COINTELPRO," Л!tеrnаtiи:
Afedia, Fall, 1978. 11, as cited in Rips,
"Campaign Against (Ье Underground Press," 97.
88. Forcade, "Wrire Оп!" 5.
89. Rips, "Campaign Against сЬе Underground Press," 98.
90. Of course, по опе аС UPS knew af сЬе FBI тето. Вис а UPS aclvertising reporr from
1971 (wilclly) alleged that ;'when Nixon was inaugurared, Ье immediarely traded а !ес­

up in anri-trust heat оп NBC, CBS and АВС Еог dtasric currailmenr оЕ adverrising in
(Ье underground press." Presumably (Ье ашЬог (almost certainly Forcade) believed [Ье
same (уре of pressure could Ье used against record companies. See UPS Bulletin, "Acl­
verrising Report," October 21, 1971, П.р.; Clive Davis, who was гЬеп presiclenr of
Columbia, did not respond ro а reguest ro Ье inrerviewed Еог rhis book.
91. Quoted in MacKenzie, "Sabotaging гЬе Dissident Press," 62.
92. Eugene Guerrero, interview Ьу Ron Grele, November 10, ) 984, Columbia, 90. AroLlnd сЬе
same time, Rolling Stone magazine attracting а considerable аmонnr of advertising
[roт Columbia; see Draper, RоШпg Stone iИаgаziпе, 18. Jann Wenner, however, doubts
this had anyrhing со do \vith сЬе FBI. In his view, Rotling Sfrme proved atrractive ro record
execurives because Ье was аЫе го make а persuasive sales pirch. "1 rold сЬеm, ir comes
down ro tWO things," Ье said. "Support Rolting Stone, because ;С'5 аЬоис your industry and
it's about our !ives. And Rot!ing Sfone is the way to геасЬ реор!е who buy сЬе most records!
ОсЬег newspapers [including сЬе underground papers] weren't covering ir, сЬеге weren't
осЬес [music} magazines, [rock} wasn'r оп television, rhere was по incemet, obviously по

MТV. so here's апосЬег way ю get to уош fans. Ргессу simple." Wenner iщеrviе\v.
93. Qlloced in Armsttong, Тrиmре: f() Лrms, 175.
94. Lawrence Lorenz, "Does а Ргiщег гЬе Right to Print What Не Chooses'"
Have
Grалroоts Editor 10, по. 6, No\'ember-December, 8- 1 1; reprinred in Howarcl
Rusk Long, Main Streef Mi/ifants, 139-40.
95. "Obscenity Debate Hurrs PubIisher," Neu' York Times, Augнsr 10, 1969·
96. This суре of arrangemenc was пос unuSllal; in various periods, гЬе Washington Рт Рут
was prinred in New York; Atlanr,,'s Great Spe,k/ed Bird was prinred in АlаЬата,
Ausrin's Rag was printed in San Anronio; and Bloomingcon, Incliana's, SpectatlJr was
printed in ЬосЬ Kenrucky and ото.
97. Franklin wrote, "1с is unreasonable to imagine Prinrers appгove оЕ every rhing сЬеу
prinr, and to censure сЬет оп апу parricuIar rhing accordingly; since in [Ье \vay of their
Business сЬеу prinr sLlch grear of rhings opposire and conrradicrory. 'С is like­
wise as unreasonable whar some assert, Thar Printers oughr пог со prinr апу Thing Ьш
\vhat сЬеу approve; since if а11 оЕ сЬас Business should make such а Resolurion, and
abide Ьу ,г, ап End wouId сЬегеЬу Ье pur [о Free Wriring, and сЬе World would аЕсег­
wards have norhing со cead Ьш what happen'd to Ье the Opinions ОС Prinrers ' Set
Benjamin Franklin, "Ап Apology [ог Prinrers," 1731.
98. John Pekkanen, "ТЬе Obstinacy оЕ Вi11 Schanen," и/е, Seprember 26, 1969, 59.
99. lndianapo/ir Free Рут, "Free сЬе Pre5s," n.d., са. spring 1969, 17.
100. Victoria Smi[h, "Space City.' From Opposition го Organizational Col1apse," in Wachs­
berger, ed., Voicer /rom {Ье Underground, 171. See а150 Ra,~, "Space City News Bombed,"
JuIy 31,1969,4

232 NOTES ТО PAGES 129-131

 interview.
102. Vicroria Smirh, "Lowe Down," Space Cify.' )uпе 1, 1971, гергiшеd in Waschsberger,
the 178-80. The Space City.' пеw confirmed Lowe was а Klans­
тап when опе о{ rheir phorographers, posing as а righr-wing minisrer, snapped а photo

о( Lo\ve dГбsеd in {llll

105. 0111' Dai/) Bnad (Minneapolis), "Free Press Bombed," Мау 17-19, 1968, 2; Good
M1rning "Los Free Press БоmЬеd," Мау 8, 1968,3.
104. Guerrero inrerview, 86.
105. )ulier Wiпmап, "Law & Disorder," Westu'ord, )anuary 4, 1984, 10. Wirrman's firsr­
person essay does аl1 job 01" derailing rhe harassmel1r rhe Streef }оиrnаl
faced and i rs devasraril1g effecriVl1ess.
106. Da//aJ Nощ, "Note, Ediror's Car Shor Flllla Holes," Feb 19-March 4, 1969,4.
107· Wiпmап, "Law & Disorder," 9·
108. Ibid.
109. Rips, "Campdign Againsr rhe Ul1dergrOUl1d Press," 130-34.
1 10. Quored in David Е. Kaplan, "ТЬе СОod Old Баd Days," I).S. Nею and World Reporf,
)al1uary 9,2(;06,22-23. The Sal1 Diego Door (formerly сЬе Тещрооn Door) suffered sim­
ilar hагаssтеш. St'e Door, "Ош Moral Defense," )апuагу 17, 1969, 4; Sal1
Dieg(J Door, "Duor Trial )uJy 31," )ипе 19-)uJу 2, 1969, 1; Sa11 Diego Door, "Door Wil1S
Fighr For Freedom of rhe Press," Augusr 14, 2-4, 16.
1 I I CJalldia Dreifus, "Newsreal," East Other, )uly 2, 1969,6.
112. Russ Nobbs, "Confessions of а Smur Peddler," Spokane Natural, )uly 5-18, 1968, 2;
Naflmtl, "Unrirled," )uly 7,1967,7.
113· tierkeley Bar/I, "Vendors " November 7-13, 1968,4.
1 Ц. Glen Swi{t, "Бustеd l . оп the Stick," FRlNS, March 9, 1970,5,
115- Agis Salpukas, "Underground Рарег> Are Thriving оп Campuses and in Ciries асюss
Narion," Nt:u' York Times, Apri! 5, 1970.
116. ,'v");ti F,'oJl1 tl'e "J'\otes Бusrеd Foг Selling Ar Srone Маll," Augusr 1-14,
19('7, 1.
117. Rat, "Mississippi Undergrollnd!)" November 1-14,1968,2.
118, Tillles-РiсаУilJ1<, "Officer's Fine WilI Бе Paid," Мау 4, 1970, 12.
119· Rag, "Snip 'п' Save," )uly 25, 1968,7.
120. )ames Rerhertord, "Events Timeline, 67-68," unpubJished documenr ,п aurhor's
possession.
121. RonaJd SuJlivan, "Forr Dix Soldiers PubIish Newspaper Opposing War," Neu' York
Тimех, April 5, 1969, :>'
122. Hail1es, "SoJdiers Agail1sr rhe War ,п Vietnam: ТЬе Story of А Ь(JIлgrОU11d, " in Wachs­
berger, ed., Voi<'t:.r jrIJlIl thf Undergrou11d, 181-82.
123. Оstепаg, People's Л'/оumеnts, 133-34. Priesr could, however, Ье very inflammarory. lп
011е issue Ье observed "If Spiro Agnew jumped (ог was pushed) fют rhe spire of rhe
Empire Srare Бuildiпg, and was саиБЬС Ьу а favorabIe сюsswiпd, Ье would шг 34СЬ Sc
аса velociry Of281.6 feer per second." See 01'.1, "The Беsr ofrhe Worsr," Мау 1, 1969,
quored ,п Osrerrag, МИJеmеnts, 1:\4.
124. Quored in Тiще, "Priest's Progress," Мау 11, 1970,78. See а150 Cortrighr, Soldiers i11
Rt:U!It, 1(;7,
125- Quoted il1 ·nvr.·Аfl';VП {IJе Wor Machme, 159.

:-;OТES ТО PAGES r 32-1 35 233

126. In June 2009, DeMaio said he'd Ьееп wrong со prinr rhe lепес "Ir's пос something 1
сап defend now," he said. "Вис back сЬеп we had rhe idea сЬас if someone had some­
thiпg ш say, we should print it." Ооп DeMaio, iпгеrviеw wirh aurhor, June 5, 2009.
127. Quored iп Dreyer, "Lэw Harasses Underground Papers," п.р.
128. 5ее Alperr, Grou'ing Ир ИndеrgrОllnd.
129. Berler, "5ех, Dшgs," 67; Gabrielle Schang, "How То Handle Communiques," Altema­
tit'e]ollmalism Revue, May-April 1976,
130. See Varon, Bringing {Ье War Ноте.
131. Quored in Armsrrong, Trumpet {о АпllS, 158.
132. Burks, "Underground Press," 17.
133. Forcade, "Write Оп!" Еай VШаgе Other, November 11, 1969, 5.
134. Quoted in Armsrrong, Trumpet {о Arms, 60.

135· Jules Wircover, "Wel1, А. Leasr Ir Wasn'r а Danish," Los Angeles Тimes, Мау 14, 1970.

1з6. "Wirness Presents Pornography Commissioner With а Pie (in rhe Face)," Neu' York

Тimes, Мау 14, 1970.

Chapter 6
1. Marshall Bloom, "LIВERATION NEW5 5ERVICE 15 ОЕАО. LONG LIVE LIBERA­
TION NEWS SERVICE," n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 46, 1-3.
2. FBI, ". . ...... And Who Got сЬе Cookie Jar'" Political Research Associates Library
and Archive, 50merville, Massachusetts. Henceforth this archival col1ection will Ье
abbreviated as "PRA Library." Reprinred in WacIJsberger, Voices from {Ье ИndеrgrОllnd,
61.
3. ТЬе rroubled woman ended ир sraying ас Bloom and Mungo's house (or аЬоис а топсЬ
before сЬеу 6паllу committed her со а тепсаl lJospital. See Mungo, Fal1lOl1J Long Ago,
92.
4. Mungo, Fатою Long AgQ, 26.

5· Bloom, "NEW5 SERVICE IS ОЕАО," 4.

6. In Fатою Ago, Mungo describes tIJose who called for а democraric internal Struc­
rure in LNS as "Vulgar Marxisrs" who saw "everyrrung-music, сЬе planers, sex, love,
everything-in limired political rerms." Laurence Leamer similarly describes the соппе­
temps in LNS as ап episode in а larger movemenr-wide conflict between ruppies
(''Ьеаds'') and poliricos ("6srs"). АЬе Peck presencs а more rounded perspective, tlJougiJ
he шо describes сЬе LNS scrusm as being berween "Marxisrs" and "freaks." See Mungo,
Fатою Long Ago, 188-89; Leamer, Рареу Revo/lltionaries, 46-47,49; Peck, Иnиvеring the
Sixties, 122-25.
7· Daniel Ben-Horin, "Journalism as а Way ofLife," NatiOfl, February I9, 1973,242.
8. Harvey Srone, "Papers and Politics," n.d., Соnmаiощ Records (I967-68), Вох 1,
WSHS,
9. Young, "Red Diaper ВаЬу," 26.
10. Ibid., 27.
11. АlIеп Young, "Journalism," unpublished manuscripr in ащhог's possession.
12. "Donald" ro АНеп Young.)anuary I5, 1967, АУР, Бох 2
1 3. Eric Levine со Allen Young, February 3, 1967, АУР, Вох 2.
14. Young, "Journalism."

234 NOTESTOPAGESI35-144
1). УОlJПg, incervie\\' Ьу ашllОГ, Marel1 11,2005.
16. "] ощпаlisт. "
17. Уоипь incervie\v.
18. The media аcrепсiоп, ас leasc, musc have Ьееп со cl1e LNSers. Firsr, а 1\'еи' York
Ti!lM arricle оп cl1e Репсаgоп protesr тisidепtifiеd che ВиrЬ а, "ап uпdегgгоuпd
lealkt in Brookville, Ohio." Two weeks lacer а Nеюu'ееk \vriter claimed thac
опе lJПhегаldеd result of the Репrаgоп march was "а mt:rger оЕ two Еаг-ош песwогks, rhe
Press Sупdкаtе, which offers re(ipes апd рос poetry, апd Lil)­
eration Ne\\'s Service, which promoc<::s New Lt{r сашеs," Obviously, this was iпсоггесt:
а> we've sееп, В!оот апа Mungo's ассетрс со uпifу the ипаегьгоипа press was а fiasco,
There was cerrainly по "тегьег" Ьегwееп CPS апа LNS, апа сопrгагу го what the
герогс tl1<: two шgапizаtiопs Ыипеа, rather than encapsulated, disrinctions
berwC't:n hippi<:s and policicos. See ]ohn Her11ers, "Youchs Dominate Capical Throng,"
Neu' YO/·k ТimeJ, ОсгоЬег 22, 1967: NШШ'ееk, "Unicing che IJпdегgrol1пd," November
1), 26.
19. See Nell' YQl'k Тшш, "1.eftist апа War Foes Set
]оhп Н. Rarick, "Сопь НеаdglШпегs iп Recm,j 114
26, EI156.
Мlшgо, FtI/J/ollJ [оn!] 1\80, ,,8.
2 I Bloom made rhis роiш hiшsеlf айег 1.NS was dепоuпсеd 10 rhe Ноше оГ Rергеsеша­

tives. "T11e опl)' гhiпg which Ьшhегs те is rh<: vt:ry unkind norion tl1at we wiJI Ье
тошhрiесеs for (I,e Vier Cong ratl1er rl1af1 for ошsеlvеs," Ье cold а fгiепd. See bl<lrshall
Вlooт со "Dап," п,а., МВР, Вох 8, Foldt:r 23·
22. Мl1пgо irнerview.

23, Нагуеу \'<lаssС'гтJ.П, iшегviе\v Ьу аlltlюг, Мау 24, 2005.

24, Wasserman, 'Joys otTllx-rагiоп News Service," 56,

25, Raymol1d МlIпgо, "Оеаг Friends," 1.iberation Ne,vs Service packet 21, December 19,

26, \Х!а"sегшап, '']ор о[[il,егагiоп Ne,vs Service," 53,

27. Harvey Wassermal1, "Rusk Faces che Flllbright Соштiгtее," IjlJeration News SеГ;'iсе
5.), МассЬ I,'I, 1968. Tl1e same passage was also in Ti!llt', "АН tl1e News
Тlшt's Fit со Prorest," March 22, 1968,67,
28. Mllngo, F"/IЮliJ [дn!] 1\,~и, 42, 41.

29, Mungo interview

30, Wasserman, '']оу> оt'1.IЬегасiоп News Service," 5.)'''54,

I. Wasserman interview,
32. Jоl1О Diатаrю: го Marshall Bloom, Novernber 23, :\ШР, Бок 8, Folder 2.'. 1п

rt:ply, В!оот iпс!iсаtеd that "тотепшт [\vus] llР" iп 1.NS. Не \VuS pleased
vvith Аlleп dеfесtiоп from the 1J~j!Jinf!.tolJ PO.ft, апа he said that а t(io of тоуе­
теnc hea"ies~Jeremy Brecher, Аrthш Waskow, апа ToJd Gitlin~hac\ а1l pledged
periodic сопггiЬшiопs со the news service. В!оот al50 11l1morollSly аааеа thar siпсе the
пеw oГlice only а siпglе flош, there wOl1ldn't Ье апуmorе "flуiпg," althol1gh he
said he could поt "[ог пог lblving wlth те ас all times ту рhопе сjiгесюгу."

See Marslblll Bloom to John Diаmапtе, п.с\., мвр, Вох 8. Folder 2).
:'>.'\ Ryan was апesгеJ along witll six otl1er wоmеп iп March [ог sitгiпg ,п аг rhe

\Xlhite HOLlse го z!emanJ ti::Jeral iпtеrvепriоп in the civil cгisis in Selma, Alabama.

:--iОП:S ТО PAGIOS Ч5- I -Р 235

 While incarceraced ас Washingcon, DCs, Women's House of Decencion, Ryan alleged
сЬас she had Ьееп severely Ьеасеп Ьу guards, denied medical ссеастепс, and kepr in
solirary сопбпетепс. See Margie Scamberg, "Sheila Ryan Веасеп Ьу Prison Guard,"
Washington Free Press, November 23,1967,4; Sheila Ryan, "Sheila's Srarement," Wash­
ington Рт Рут, November 23,1967.4,8.
34. Sheila Ryan, incerview Ьу author, July 21,2003.
35. See Mungo, Fатою Long Ако, 101-4; "LNS edicors BUSTED again," Liberarion News
Service packer 65, April 10, 1968,30.

з6. Аllеп Young inrerview.

37. ТЬоrnе Dreyer and Viccoria Smirh, "ТЬе Movemenc and the New Media," Liberarion
News Service packer 144, March 1, 1969, 19.

з8. Ray Mungo roJol1n Wikock, April !О, !968,JWP.

39. George Cavalletto, interview Ьу author, July 28, 2003·

40. Mungo interview.

4!. Cavalletto interview.

42. Аllеп Young со Marshall Bloom, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 37.
43. Wasserman, "Joys of Liberation News Service," 55. Steve Diamond similarly
claimed сЬас "several cadres of polirical leftists" in LNS had launched а "scealth
campaign со cake over the news service." See Steve Diamond, "Magical Mystery
Тош: А Sixties Memoir Еос Twenty-somechings ofToday," unpubJished manllscripc
in author's possession.
44. Саvаllепо interview.
45. Thorne Dreyeret al., "Dear Friends," LNS-NY packer 100, Allgusr 19, 1968, 2.
46. Ryan interview.

47· Mungo, Famous Long Ago, 154·

48, Marshall Бlооm со Raymond Mungo, n.d., МВР, Бох 8, Folder 23.

49. Mllngo interview.

50. Mungo, Fатою Long Ако, 155. These labels are used freguent!y in Mungo's memoir.
Although he теапс сl1ет го Ье caken humorously, rhe New York group (plus YOllng)
understandabIy did пос like being called "Vulgar Marxis[s," especially given Mungo's
self-serving decision со cal! [he Wasl1ington crowd (pllls Diamond) rhe "Virtuous
Caucus." lп writing cl1is chapter, 1 inirially rried со avoid using these tenden[ious
labels, before бпаllу concluding [11аг rl1is was all Ьш impossibIe. Technically, i[ \vould
Ье inaccurate со say гЬе scl1ism was ber\veen rhe "New York group" and сЬе "Wash­
ington group," because the alliances weren'[ srricrly geographica!; nor would ir Ье fair
[о speak о! сЬе "В100т facrion" versllS rhe "Yollng, Cavallerto, and Ryan" fac[ion,
since rhere were others in each group who played decisive roles, and besides, по опе in
[he New York group wащеd со elevate апу of rl1eir питЬес to leadersl1ip stашs. Fi­
паllу, regardless of whether ос пос these rerms асе appropriate, we're sшсk wirh them.
lп ту ГбеагсЬ for tl1is сЬарсег, 1 iшеrviеwеd nine former LNS members, and every
опе of [hem used, or made reference to, rhe terms "ViГШОtlS Саисш" and rhe "Vulgar
Marxists." Accordingly, l've accepred [!1е labels as we!l, Ьис оп!у [ос che sake оЕ sim­
plicity, 1 don't теап ro endorse the loaded connorarions rhat Mungo intended, and
occasionally П! refer simply to "the Caucus" and "гЬе Marxisrs," without rhe modi­
fying adjecrives,
51. Mllngo,FamousLongAgo, 154-55.

2з6 NOTES ТО PAGES 147-151

52. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberation News Service," 55. Support (ог Mungo and Wasser­
man's characterization of (Ье conBiC( сате in сЬе [ост of а letter сЬас LNS received
from edirors оЕ сЬе highly regarded San Francisco ExpreJJ-ТimeJ, in whicll сЬеу regis­
rered their disарроiпrтепt over сЬе dereriorating guality of [есепС mailings. Whereas
rhe West Coast рарег had опсе Ьееп pleased wirh the "hard political news and engaging
panoramas" сЬас originally filled LNS news rhey sensed rhat around rhe rime
(Ьас LNS moved со New York, it started distriburing "ponderous prose deco­
rared wirh marginal cultural bIurbs," "It seems ro ш," гЬеу said, "that ас leasr some 01'
уои are assuming сЬас serious sruff Ьа, го арреаг gray and docrrinaire lП order го Ье
'correcr.'" Quoted in "Newspapers as Cartle Feed," LNS-Mass packer 100, August 16,
1968, ).
53, Although (Ье 1:\ew York facrion admitted сЬас а couple of LNSers had managed ro
inscrr "simplisric" and rheroric-heavy srories iпrо гЬе mailillgs, they гЬаг ГЬбе'

disparches weren'r representarive of гЬе Ideology ог illrenrions, If гЬе чuаlitу о!

гесепс mailings had suffered, (Ьеу said, сЬас was ollly because both L1:\S factions had
Ьееп forced ro expend 50 тисЬ епеГБУ rrying ro resolve their dispute, SeeDreyer ес al.,
"Оеаг Friellds," 4,

54, Огеуег interview,

55. Ryan interview.
Саvаllепо iпrеrvlеw,

57. УоиПБ inrerview,

)8. Ryan inrerview,

59, Mungo, Famo1iS L011g Agu, 156. Ву ту esrimarion, гЬе Vulgar Marxisrs had roughly

thiпееп member5, rhe Virruous Саиси> аЬоис five. Ir is impossible со Ье more precise
аЬощ this because еасЬ group challenged rhe of rhose in сЬе orller сатр, For
insrance, сЬе Viгшоus Саиси, claimed гЬас the Vulgar Marxisr facrion was packed wirh
neophyre5, whereas the Vlllgar Marxisrs poinred ощ rhar Mungo would soon Ье leaving
LNS, Wasserman had only worked in гЬе narional office for five week5, and orhers in
their сатр only worked part-rime, Also, УоиПБ objects ro МиПБО'> charaeterlzarion of
гЬе Virruous Саиш, а> а Washingron-based group, since Ье leels rhat l,y mid-I968,
LNS had уегу few holdovers from \'Vashingron, ос. Besides, in addirion ro DJamond,
асleasr опе orher New Yorker sided wirh Вl(юm-а woman named Насс;е Нутап,
60, АlIеп Young ro George Сауаllепо, July Ч, МВР, Вох 8, Folder
61, AI50 durшg гт, period, ап anarchisr sггееr-figllriпg gang, lIр Against гЬе Wall, МогЬ­
erfucker, prowled the Lower Easr Side, peddling cryprlC poetry and angry agirprop,
while гЬе city's ractical pollCe force rehearsed maneuvers designed (о рш down insur­
recrionists, and rhe РВ} srepped ир irs campaign (о infilrrate and desrroy сЬе New Lefr.
According го sociologisr David Cunningham, rhe Columbia uprising "provided гЬе
imрешs for гЬе esrabIishment ofCOINTELPRO-Nеw Lefr оп Мау 9,1968.. , . ТЬе
srared purpose of rhe program . , . was ro 'еХР05е, disшрг and otllerwise пешrаlizе гЬе
acrivities оЕ {гЬе New Lefr) and persons connected wirh ir." Some suspect rhar Ьу rhis
poinr, сЬе FВI тау have already had informants wогkшg in LNS. "Ву 1 " Angus
McKenzie alleges, "гl1е FBI had assigned гЬгее informanrs (о репепасе гl1е ne\vs ser­
vice, while nine orher iпfогшапгs regularly reporred оп it from гЬе ollrside... , ТЬе FBI
also artempred to discredir and break ир rhe news service rhrough vatious СOlшrеrinrеl­
acrivities," See Cunningham, There's Happening Нете, 50; Angus

NOTES то РАС;Е> t 52 237

 MacKenzie, "SаЬшаgшg the Dissident Press," ш Rips, СЛllр,tign agamJf '!Н иnаа­

grblmd Рrш, I60,

62. Mungo, FаJlЮIIJ Ago, I56.
6~, Wasserman, ")ОУ' ofI.iberation News Serv;ce,"
Dreyer ег al., "Dear Friends," 4.
65, Diamond, "Magical Mystery Тош.
66. Mungo, Е,mlOlIJ Long Ago, [88,
67. Gitlin, Не SixtieJ, 186,
68. Alrhough ,отс had suggesred that LNS 11ad much со gain Ьу ап шstirutiопаl

connecrion wirl1 SDS, Mungo \vгites thar ended up heeding rhe cOl!nsel of тауег­
ick jошпаlist Sюпе, "wlю rold us ю make the пе>у, setvice оЕ SDS

and everybody else if' \ус didn't want го end HP the mощhрiесе оЕ ап esrablished роliг­

ical group." Мrшgо says that neirher he пог Bloom \уеге еуег тетЬег, oi SI)S, Ьш in
I968 ,оте in LNS claimed that Bloom го rhe organization, and in his uпfш­

ished memoir, Bloom menrions having friendly relations \vith тапу оЕ SDS's narional
officers, See Mungo, Е,unоllS Long Ago, ,,1; Dteyer et al" "Dear Friends, :,,; Bloom,
"NEWS SERVICE IS DEAD," МВР, Бох 8, FokJer 46
69, Mllngo со "Dear Friends," I.iberation Ne\vs Service packer 21, December 19,
UJ"аеi'~riJШlа I'iИГif1лп,'r Micrufi/JJJ Coff<ctillJl, Reel No. 10.
70. LNS to "Dear Frien<is," November 27, I МВР, Вох 10, Folder I7·

71, An<ire\v Nagorski, "Former Sщdmt Chairman Bloom Неаа, Un<iergГOllnd Ne\vs Ser­
vice," АmJ,шt Sшdent, Арпl 8, I968. П,р.
72, Kornbluth, NoteJ!rolJl rl.,e Neu' Unciergrошzd, 94-95.
73. Dia/oglle, "From rhe Еdiгщ." Мау I967, 2,

74· Grallpa, November 17, 1967, П.р., SDS Recor<is, Rее1ч, Series 3, No. 49,

75. Ресег Shapiro, iшегviеw Ьу Ron Grele, April 11,1984, Columbia, 2~,
76, Quored in Robert Cohen, "Underground Connecrions," rragment, COJlmctiollJ Rесщ<is
(1967-68), Вох
77, Mungo, FаllllJЩ .')8, Bill Blum, who wrore [ОГ che V(/aJhillgt'JJl Рт Рrш ш chi5
period, shared Mungo's opinion,
Ош planning meeting5 [аг rhe рарег} had пос include<i discus5ions оЕ anyclling
50 Ьапаl as joucnalistic style ог standar<is, Ьш people's leanings in tnis direcrion
soon Ьесате clear enough wnen rllere оп che oflice blackboard rhe
diсшm: "Grammer [, bourgeois," It \vas теаnr in only minor рап а, Joke. Ir
гшпеа ош 1 \vas che only опе who was rrllly сопсеrnеа abour rhe qllalicy о! rhe
\vriting апа who seriously апа consisrencly c<!ired rhe articles, аlтоя аН о!
which needed iпdllStгiаl-scгепgгh polislling,
Blum ad<ie<i that althoL!gll che рарег improve<i witll оте, "ic never quite 105t the ар­

реагапсе rhat it ha<i Ьееп la!<i ош оп drugs, рroЬаЫу Еог the obviollS reason, " See Blum,
\f;'eJt-В!о( DiJJidmt, 66, 70,
78, Mungo iшегУiе\v. Gary Vаlепzа, \vho \vorked brietJy ас Вloomingron, lпdiапа's 5рес­
talor, ro!а а identical story. Не recalled laboriol!S "Sunday nighr mecrings rhat
were а раеап to rhe SDS 'participatory ,i"m•• rr;lГV

\v!lerher ог пог they ha<i еуег соппiЬucе<i со tl1e па'nеГ'-i:()IШd апепd, , , , TI1ere were
certainly cacir net\vorks and !eadersllip саасе, wiгlнп rhis communal Ьш
cjearly еуегуопе', inpllt \vas welcome," Gary Valenza, e-mail со auchor,June 3, 2003,
79. bugene Guerrero, incerview Ьу Ron Grele, November 10, 1984, Columbia, 85.
80. Mungo, Fatllous IJong Ago, 154.
81. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberarion News Service," 56.
82. Paul МilIтап, inrerview Ьу aurhor, March 20, 2005.
8з. Ryan incerview.
84. This caused rroubIes Еor ЬосЬ of chem. As mentioned in chapter 2, Kunkin [еll ош of
favor wirh тапу Los Angeles activiscs afrer he seemed to Ье making а handsome profit
ot'f сЬе Freep. Не was also criricized for insricuring srricrer workplace rules and insralling
а time clock. In 1967, опе irate staffer, John Bryan, lefr сЬе Freep со srarr а rival paper
City) after Kunkin refused ro prinr а phorograph оЕ а disfigured napalm vicrim
(apparencly (or (еас of offending adverrisers). And in r 969 а whole group of staffers lefr
en !!ИМ to starr уес апосЬес rival paper, rhe very short-lived ТШ5Му', СЫМ. (See Leamer,
Рареу Revo!urionaries, 56-58). In Berkeley, Sсhеп епсоuщегеd еуеп more strenuous
opposirion when someone calculared rhat сЬе рарес was generaring considerabIe [еу­
епие while the sraff was paid а pirtance, and попе оЕ rhe paper's profirs were
шrnеd over ео сЬе Моуетепс ln June 1969, tl1e Barb's sraff revolted. princing а paper
caJled ВауЬ оп Strike, in which someone ediroriaJized, "It is sheer hypocrisy for сЬе ВауЬ
ro mouth the words оЕ revolurion while lining Max's pockets with сЬе peopJe's cash. We
[feel] сЬас ВаУЬ profirs shou!d go [or bail funds, lega!-defense funds, [and] medical
сliшсs." Eventually, Scherr sold сЬе paper, оп!у ro buy ir back а lirrle while larer. Вш

because о{ аll rhis contгoversy it quickly (еll ош of (ауос in the Вау Асеа. Мапу of his
[остес employees, however, helped со launcl1 а new, harshly milirant рарес, the
Tribe, in which edirors were elected and everyone received the same рау of еасЬ
week. See Leamer, РареУ Revo!litionarie.r, 58-59; Peck, Uщovеring :I)e Sixties, 159.
85. Millman inrerview. ОгЬес Моуетепс collectives wirh cJose links ro rhe underground
press, such а> New York's Morhertuckers and rhe San Francisco-based Oiggers, рсе­
senred rhemselves а> radically decenrralized, bLlt iщеmаllу, charismaric leaders exerted
а посаЫе influence. In Ир Againsr сЬе Wall, Motherfucker, Веп ,чorеа played а
role; in сЬе Oiggers, Еттесс Grogan was а ringleader.
86. Ben-Horin, "Journalism as а Way ofLife," 242.
87. Steve Halliwell со Jay М. Ressler, August 4, 1967, SOS Records, Reel 19, Series 3,
NO.I.

88. Henrv \ХТ. Haslach, "Thoughts оп LeadersnJ ., Neu' Left No:es, June 16, 1967,4­
89. Micl1ael Grossman. "SOS Calls (ос Nationwide Srudenr Srrike," WashingfOn Free Pre.rs,
July 21,1967,5·
90, Flacks, "Making History vs. Making Life," 143. Flacks also engaged in ,оте оГ rhis
intormal policing himself. In 1965, Ье wrore а lerrer expressing his frusrration that
"polarizarion" in SOS had recently "occurred around the figures оЕ Steve Мах and Тот
Hayden" (ЬогЬ of сЬе Рогс Ншоп "These guys should Ье reminded thar
[Ьеу аг leasr implicirly promised со withdraw Егот сор staff or leadership in che orga­
nizaclOn in ап effort со encourage the development 01' а new generation of leaders. 1
think ... everyone would find things а lor happier if сЬеу srepped away а little." For
his рап, Hayden regretted thar SOS culrivared "а resenrmenr оЕ апуопе wirh
сапс aurhority and а dire fear of formalizing ir, еуеп if rhar aurhoriry was based оп
асы1уетепсr or could Ье useful in communicaring through гЬе media." See

Rmniot/,45·

NOТES ТО PAGES 155-157 239

 91. Огеуег е, аl., "Оеаг Friends," 2,4 This is по, со suggest, though, that Vulgar Marxisrs
пауес! соnrгоl of LNS in order to шгп ir into ап SOS mouthpiece, as rhe Viгшоus
Cauclls conrended. Besides, rhis wOl!ld have Ьееп difficult tO do. Ву 1968 SOS had
perhaps 100,000 oEficial members, spread across пеагlу [ош hundred chapters, who
етЬгасес! а broad spectrum of left-wing views.
92. "Оеаг Friends," LNS-Mass packet 100, Augusr 16, 1968, 7-С
93. Mungo interview.

94- Oiamond, \'(Ihat the Tms Said, 48

95. See Tlmothy Miller, 605 COllmumes.

96. [Marshall Bloom}, "ON MOVING ТНЕ MAIN I.NS OFFICE ТО А C01JNTRY
FARM," МВР, Вох 8, Folder 26.
97. "Oear Friends," LNS-Mass packet 100, August 16, 6.

98 Bloom, "ON MOVING ТНЕ MAIN LNS OFFICE."

99. Minutes о! I.NS board of directors meeting, August !О, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder
ТОО. Mungo, FаlJ/liШ Lmzg Лgо, 16з-66.
!о 1. Some 1) mi1lion viewers in England sa\v Afagi"a! MY5tetl Тоиу when the ВВС Ьюаdсаst
it оп Boxing Dау (December 26) of 1967. After it got almost universally negative
reviews, ho\vever, NBC сапсеlес! а mil1ion-dollar deal to broadcast the Ыm in ,he
United States.
102. Oiamoncl, "Magical Mystery Тош."

103. David Bodie, "Маgш.1 Mystery," Ьш ViIlag< Other,

104. Wasserman interYie\v.

105- Мlшgо, Fатою Long Лgо, 171.

106. Мllпgо interview.

107. Mungo. F'lIIIOI(S Лgfl, 166; Mungo interview.
108. Oreyer ес al., "Oear Fпепds," August 19, 1968,4.
109. Аs they indignant!y рur ir, "ir sеешеd guite clear со Н5 tha, rhe Моуетепс could not
Ье adeguacely served Ьу Marshal1's news service, established in defiance of democraric
procedures wirhin а шоvеmепt group, prinring оп presses stolen fют тоуетепс staft'.
Бпапсес! Ьу топеу taken f'rom а тоуетепс gЮllр through subterfuge-and based, 1п
isolaeion, оп MarstJa!1 Вloom's $2),000 farm." See Dreyer ее а!., "Dear Friends,"
AUglJSC 19, 1. See also Steve I.erner, "The I.iberation ofLiberaeion Nt\vs Service,"
\'i/lage \10 i,(1, Augusr 22, 1968, 37-з8.
1 10. Dreyer ineerview.
111. Саvаl!епо intervie\v.

1 [2. Ryan inrervie\v.

113· Mungo, Famoll5 ЛgD,175-76.

1 Ц. Tl1is \vas ehe case, апу\уау. Оап McCauslin, а spokesman (or I.NS-NY, \Vas

quoted Ьу а Ntu' York TilllfS reporter as having said thar "по опе had Ьееп Ьеасеп or held
capeiye" ас che farm. This was far (гот rhe rruth, and McCaus!in later comp!ained thar
he'd Ьееп misquoted: he теаnr со say ehae по "brutality" cook Either way, по опе

dispures that LNS-NY held ehe riya! LNSers hostage ас Бloom's farm for аЬоur six
hours. See Jоl1О Leo, "Liberation Ne\vs Service Rocked Ьу Serife," Neu' Yoyk Тiшеs.
August 1), 1968, .'>4.
11). Oreyer ее а!., "Dear Friends," 1.

! 16. Mungo, Fатою Llil1g Лgо, 178.

240 NOTES ТО PAGES 157-16з

117. Dreyer ег al., "Dear Friends," 1. During the siege, some in LNS-NY apparently шеd
(о resrrain Hamilron, and la(er he was purged from LNS. Around rhis rime, а rumor
circulated rhar Hami!ron might have Ьееп ап agenr provocareur.
1[8. Ryan inrerview.
119. Мillтап inrer'l/iew.
120. Mungo, РатDЮ l~ong Ago, [78.
121. Dreyer ес al., "Dear Friends," 1. In Diamond's unpubIished, essay-!engrh memoir dea!ing
wirh rhe LNS feud, he glosses over the issue, rhough he advises readers ю consulr Мип­
go's Fаmою Long Ago "for rhe complere sюry and а1l rhe gory derails." In а" likelihood,
rhough, Diamond genuinely believed himself го ье in danger. According го СаvаIlегю,
Diamond only revealed rhe existence of' rhe check when he "thoughr somerhing was
happening" ro Bloom. See Diamond, "Magical Mysrery Тош," П.р; Сауа"епо inrerview.
[22. Mungo, РаmОI/5 LOllg Ago, 180.

123. Dreyer ег al., "Dear Friends," 1.

124. "Dear Friends," LNS-Mass packer [СО, Augusr 16, 1968, 7А-В.
12). Cavallerro inrerview.
126. John Leo, "Liberation News Service ro go оп in Rit'r," Ne1.1' lork Times, Augusr [6,
3С.

127. Lerner, "Liberarion of Liberation," з8.

128. MlIngo, Ратош Long Ago, 166.
129. Those charged wirh kidпарршg were Daniel McCauslin, George Cavallerto, Perer
Cawley, Тот Hami!ron, Dino РаЬоп, Norman Jenks, Thorne Dreyer, Charles Pasrer­
nak, Shei!a Ryan, Miriam Боskеr, Vicki Smith, Sa!ly LaSal1e, and Connie Lenham,
According to Mungo, ir was necessary ro Ые rhe charges in order (о reclaim rhe $6,000
thar had Ьееп rurned over [о LNS-NY.
130. Bodie, "Magica! Mysrery," П.р.
131. "The Case of the 2 News Services," Neu' Left NOleS, September 9, [968,8. А hand­
wгiпеп сору of rhis arricle, also unsigned, survives in rhe SDS Records, Вох 35, WSHS.
132. Dreyer and Smirh, "Моуетепг and rhe Ne\v Media," 20.
133. Peck, Uпcovermg theSi:aies, [28.

134' Marshall Вlooт ro "АЬЬеу," n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder 18.

[35. ТОО Tekla ro "LNS in Monrague," September 30,1968, МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der 25.
[з6. Margarer Heggen го "LNS in Ехае," n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 25,

137. Регег Werbe ro Marsha!! Б!ооm, Augusr 2 [, 1968, МБР, Вох 8, Fo!der 29·
1 з8. Маге Sommer [Q Marshall Вlooт, Seprember 6, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 29,
139. "Groovy l\1arc" ro LNS-Mass, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der 2).
140. ВоЬ ОУегу [Q Marshall В!ооm, Augusr 20, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 20.
14 1. Micl1ae! уоп Haag го Marsha!! Вlooт, Augusr 20, 1968, МВР, Бох 8, Folder 29.
Alrhough rhe aurhor added rhe еауеаг "1 ат not specifical!y referring го апуопе," опе
senses rhar he теаnr jl1H rhe opposire. Ваlапсеd againsr аН of rhis, rhere are оп!у rwo
shоп nores in rhe Marshall В!оот papers rhar are enrirely favorable го LNS-Mass, See
Christine М. Dwyer ro Marsha!! Bloom, Augusr 29, 1968, МБР, Бох 8, Folder 25;
Kitry Rhodemyre го LNS-Mass, Augusr 28,1968, МВР, Бох 8, Folder 25.
142. "Бгогhегs and Sisrer," LNS-NY packer 107, Seprember 27,1968, А.
143. Nar Henroff, "Life!ine for the Underground," MORE: А ]oumalism Reliieu', ОсroЬе!'
1972,5·

NOТES ТО PAGES 16з-т67 241

144. See Mungo, Fатаю Long Лgо, 187-88.
145. Wasserman inrerview.
146. Diamond, WJJaf fhe Тrш Said, 47.
147. Diamond, "Magical Mystery Тош."
148. Marshall Bloom со ЛЬЬеу, n.d" МВР, Вох 2, Foldcr I8.
Ц9. в!оот said tnar borh were "wonderful people," and he seemed baffled and hurt Ь}· rhis
"quaranrine" оЕ nis personaliry. "[ could haye undersrood if rncy greeted те wirh
'Morherfucker, motherfucker .... Вш пос speaking[']" See Bloom, "LIВЕRЛТIОN
NEWS SERVICE IS DEAD," 7.
1 50. MarshalJ Bloom [о Ray Mungo, n.d., са. lace Augusr 1968, МВР, Вох 8, РоЫег 29. In
опе апiсlе, Bloom was described а> а "spoiled Ьгас" who sюlе LNS's funds simply 50 he
could Ьиу his own farm and Ьесоте а "News-Service сусооп." See Brian Кеllу, "LNS
Heisr Necs $12,000," Войоn Free Рут, n.d., 9tn ed., 16.
151. FBI тето, ОсюЬег 21, 1968, РRЛ Library. The agenr wno disггiЬшеd che miS5iye
was instrucced ю "rake аН necessary steps to insure that the Вшеаи is пос identified as
сЬе sошсе of this ["нег."

152. PВI, ". ... And Who Gor сЬе Cookie Jar)" РRЛ Library; reprinred in Wachsberger,
Voices from fhe U nckrgro/.md, 61.
153. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberarion News Service," 58.
154. Marshall В!оот to Лье Peck, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 29.
155. Marshall В!оот to Doug, n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder I8.

I)6. Marshall В!оот со Ray Mungo, n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder I6.

I 57. Young, "Marshall Bloom: Gay Brorner,"

I58. In late Bloom's morher wrote, "It is with а heayy and broken hearr that Гт

writing ю уои, Ьис 1 Еее! 1 must, somehow, someway, get thru to уои .... Wirh уош
greac qualiries-leadership, brains, education-how сап you do rhis со yourselP Уои
Ьауе changed ,о much, Marshall." "Мот" со Marshall Bloom, September 20, 1967,

МВР, Вох 2, Folder 16. В!оот', lerrers in reply were somecimes plainriye and concil­
iatory, and somecimes incoleranc and angcy. Once he wrore, "Уои musc undersrand ...
char che world is changing, Thar che young of Лmегiса, who naye grown ир in afflu­
епсе, а> 1 haye, аге по longer inreresred уегу much in making топеу ог srarring Ьию­

nesses. Of сошsе тапу аге. Вщ when 1 say young 1 теап rhac rhose оЕ ту age, тапу
of rhe mosr ralenred and mosr energeric, аге excired and stJmulared Ьу ocher kinds of
challenges, Ьу their efforrs to make rhe world Ьепег. , , . We musr learn со respecr
differences." Marshall Bloom со "family," n,d" МВР, Вох 8, Folder 23. Лпогhег rime,
rhough, Bloorn senr а bIisrering seyen-page lепег со his farher, railing againsr his sup­
рогс Еог сЬе Viernam War and concluding: "То haye опе', own family оп the side of
ignorance and besrialiry is тorе rhan 1 сап Ьеаг." Macshall Bloom со "Dad," n.d., МВР,
Вох 2, Folder 17.
I59. Marshall Bloom ю "Мот and Dad," ОссоЬег 21,1969, МВР, Вох 2, Folder 19,
160. Marshall Шоот, "Lasr \1(!Ш and Tesramenr," Noyember 1, I969, МВР, Вох 1,
Foldec 6.
16 I. Jack Newfield, reyiew of Fатою Long Лgо: Му Life and Hard Till1eJ U'ifh Liberatio!l N(u's
Sen'ice, Ьу Raymond Mungo, Neu' York Times, June 28, I970'
162. Young inrerview; Касуа Taylor, "Karya/Nina's Reminiscence5 of Liberarion News Ser­
Yice," unpubIi5hed manuscripr in aurhor's possession.

I6з. "What is Liberarion News SerYice)" n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 44.

242 NOTES ТО РЛGЕS 167-170

164. Peck, Unarvering гЬе Sixties, 54; Felcon, Аfind/шkеrs, 178-8з. Incidencally, сЬе Vir·
шои> Санш, al50 was пос сЬе only undergrollnd media group (о engage in polarizing
high jinks. The following monrh, in New York Ciry. аЬон( twenty hippies stormed
into rhe live broadcast of \VDNTs Neu'J/ront program, which was supposed со feature
аdiscussion of гЬе lIndergrollnd media, and hijacked the show сог аЬонг Ысееп mi·
nlltes, онг ас rhe aboveground media and childishly saying "fuck" into rhe
microphones. Seven of che intruders were arresred. See Nщ'su'ееk, "Nores from Undec·
ground," ]uly 1968,
165. Seenore84·
166. In ]anuary 1970, ап aH-wоmап grollp а( сЬе Rat, led Ьу]апе Аlреп, won rhe righr
го produee а speeial "Women " Isslle" of the newspaper. PlIbJished (Ье following
month (wirh assisrance Егот ,оте LNS women), irs cenrerpiece was Robin Мог­
gan's classic feminisr пасг, "Goodbye го АН Thar." "Rat mllst Ье taken оуег регта­
nenrly Ьу women-or Rat mllsr Ье desrroyed," Morgan arglled. ТЬе уепотон,
arricle denounced гЬе encire "male Lefc" and especially raised hackles among (Ье
Rat's male sraffers, who began pasring up ап isslle rhar was to make lighr of (Ье
feminisrs. When (Ье women discovered whac was in rhe works, chey Ьесате
and seized сопггоl of tl1t entire paper. For а rime, rl1e Women's Rar Edirorial Col­
lecrive allowed some теп го remain оп rhe sraff, Ьш еvепшаllу аll (Ье теп were
asked го leave. According со Alperr, ЬеЕоге гЬе rakeover, сЬе Rat was ,ег го expire;
"In women's hands, ,г sruck ош anorher cwo years, lIndergoing rhree тоге rake­
оуег> Ьу splinrer grollps ЬеЕоге ,г ceased pllblicarion forever." See Peck, UII(oz'ering
the SixtieJ, 212-15; Robin Morgan, "Goodbye со AII Thar," Rat, РеЬшагу
1970, 7; Rat, "Rar BlIsred," FеЬшагуч-Магсh 9, 1970. 2; Аlреп, Grotl'ing Ир
Ul1dtrgrOlll1d, 244.
]оЬп Burks. "ТЬе Underground Press; А Special Reporr," Ro!lmg Stone, ОсroЬег 4,

1969, 19·

168, Dreyer and Smirh, "Моуетеnr and rhe New Media,"

Chapter 7
1. Calvin ТгШiп, "Al[ernatJves," Neu' Yorker, Арг;1 10, 1978,118.
2, See Daniel Ben-Horin, "Jошпаlism as а Way оЕ Life," Nation, FеЬшагу 19, 1973, 239.
The Narional Аssосiагiоп оЕ Newsweeklies Ьесате гЬе Narional Associa[ion of Alrer­
nacive Newsweeklies in 1979, and then in Мау 1982 ir Ьесате сЬе Аssосiагiоп ot'
Alrernative Newsweeklies.
3· ]ames ]acobs, incerview Ьу Beet Еупоп, Ocrober 24, 1984 and ]uly 3, 1985, Columbia.
4°·
4, KornbIllrh, Notes /1"0111 the Neu' Undergrollnd, 6-7.
5, "Ап Апiсlе АЬош Ошsеlvеs," ОМ Mole, n.d., са. la[e 1970, eeprinred in Leamer, Рареу

Rl'Vo/!ltionaries, 123.
6. See Newron Н. Fulbrighr, "Underground Press Sreives го Fuse Sex wirh Polirics,"
Editor & PubIisher, December 27, 1969, 34·
7. QlIored in Goldbeeg, Bllmping into GеШllШ, з8.
8. Afrer сЬе conteeence, ап LNS тетЬег composed а bIisrering diarribe againsr the gro­
cesque sexism rhat she said was omnipresenr rhere. А.> tor che "10ve-in," she героп.> char
when а few \vomen put their hands оуег (Ье сатега.> со disшрr rhe filming of other

NOТES ТО РЛGЕS 170-175 243

 peopie having intercourse, some of che теп cried "censorship," ас which poinr the
women rhreatened со seize rheir equipment and throw it in the lake. See Nina Sabaroff,
"Nores [roт the First Gathering: Ап Alternare Media Message," Liberation News Ser­
vice packer 272,July I), 1970.
9. Parker Donham, "Media Freaks Act Our Battles of rhe Radicals," ВОПО11 С!оЬе, June 18,
I970; AIso see Alfred G. Aronowitz, "Уегтоnr Vibrarions," Neu' York POJt,June 19, 1970.
IO. Goddard College Business ОЕБсе ro Jerry Witherspoon, June 29, Х970, in ащhог's
possession.
11. "Press [ш Youths Seeks New Image," Neu' York Times, June 11,1973. See also David Е.
Shipler, '''Underground' Press Coverage Shifrs From Rock, Sex, and Drugs со Polirics,"
Neu' York Times, March 7,1973.
12. Trillin, "Alremarives," 1 19.
13. Forcade was rhe Altemarive Press Syndicare, which evolved оис o[UPS. Ву rhe
rime of rhe Searr1e conterences, he'd also written а уегу good, overlooked book аЬощ
hippie capira1ism, fended off charges rhar he inrended ro disrupt rhe 1972 RepllbIican
Narional Convenrion, opened а booksrore in Soho, and f1nanced а docllmenrary аЬош
rhe Sex Pisrols' 1978 American roш called D.O.A. See Forcade, СаУаШП о/ LOl'e and
МQl1еу;Jо!щ Holmsrrom, "Тl1e Ulrimare Hippie: The Life and High Тiтб ofThomas
Кшg Forcade," High Тimes, October 1989, 35-44,77.
Ц. Trillin, "Alrematives," 120.
15. Gabrie!le Schang, inrerview wirh aurhor, Аllgшt 21,2008. АЬоис eight mош11S before
he die(J, Forcade revea!ed himse!f (Q Ье reck!ess!y in 10ve Gabrie!le Schang, \vho was in
а гоот \vhen he shor himse!f. "Being wirhout уои 1 fee! incornplere, етрсу,
sick, para1yzed," he wrore. "1 was rhinking аЬош kidnapping you. 1 ат dead serious.
Гт а desperare тап. 1 rhink 1 ат righr [ог you and 1 !оуе you and 1 rhink уои love те
and ir is cidicu!OllS со Ье арагс. 1 wаш уон, 1 need уои .... Please say yes." Тот Forcade
ro Gabriel!e Schang, March 11, 1977, in author's possession.
16. Ed Dwyer, а, guored in Ho1msrrom, "U!rimare Hippie," 77.
17. The ТехtlS Observer, esrabIished ,п 1954, is а member оЕ the Associarion of Alrernarive
Newsweek!ies, Ьш if it were со геарр1у roday, ir mighr по( gain admission. Аs а ы­
weekly, srapled newslerrer, published Ьу а nonprofir, wirh а paid cirClllation and по
lisfings ог ads, ir's rarher differenr from orher тетЬег papers.
х8. Quored in McAulifte, Gr"at Ameri"an Nе1.ирарer. 235.
19. The Real РареУ was rhe collecrively owned srepchild of а rhwarted union drive аг irs
previous iпсагпагiоп, rhe Boston PhOt:mx, А good аССОllШ of irs origins, and of rl1e ways
rhar irs decenrra!ized working environmenrs callSed fami1iar rensions, сап Ье t6und in
Solman and Friedman, and Death, 184-205,
20. Тm/е,"Press: Nores from rhe Underground," Аргil2}, 1979,49-50.
21. RlChard "Dап ro Мап Wekh and C]R," Associarion о!' А1гегпаrivе News­
weeklies \'Х!еЬ 51се, hrtp:!laan.org!alremativel AanlView Article'oid; 129696.
22. See Armsrrong, Тrшnреt (о Arms, 201-5. See also Brugmann and Sletteland, U/tlt!latt

23. АЕ5а S01omon, "Ош Неап>Were YOllng апd Gay," ViI!age Voice, ~ovember 1,2005, )2.
24. See Сопroу,
Umpeakabfe Am.
25. Symingron was сопviсгеd of bank fraud in 1997, Ьш сl1е сопviсгiоп was overrurned
in Х999. ОП Arpaio, see Clinr Bo1ick, "Мissiоп L'naccomplished: The Misplaced

244 !'OТES ТО PAGES 175-179

 Priorities 01' Maricopa Соипгу Sheriff's Office," Go!dwater [nstitute Reporr
229, December 2,2008.
26. Kristen Lombardi, "Cardina! Sin," Вшf9n Р/юeniх, March 23, 2001; Carl 1'.1. Саппоп,
"The Priesr Scandal," ЛmеrimnjОllrnаliШl Ret'iш', Мау 2002,18-25.
27. That srare's flagship рарег, the Oregonian, пос only failed to break rhe ногу, Ьиг al50
borched irs subsequenr coverage when ir сllагапегizеd Go!dschmidr's 5taru­
(Ory (аре оЕ а young reenager as ап "affair," and expressed symparhy for the !ormer
governor. "Еуеп {а[гег the revelations]," rhe Oregonian editoria!ized, "it i5 painfu! (О

wa(ch him lеауе." See J ill Rosen, "ТЬе Story Behind rhe Story," Л7llеriсаn jQ//r!la/isJIi
Re!'ieu', Augusr/September 2004, 44-5."
28. СЫ Garboden, lепег to аигЬог, Al1gust 10, 2009.
29. David Сап, intervJew Ьу author, ALJgust 2, 2009.

з0. See Weingarren, Gal1g ТЬа! WOllfdl1't Write Straight .

.31. Ste\vart McBride, "Ипdегgгоuпd Рарег> Соте Ир оп Тор," Chr/'tian Scimce Allmitor,

Мау 22, 1980.

32. Roberr А. Roth, inrerviewed Ьу Jerry Nemanic, April29, 1985 оп WBEZ. Transcript
in auchor's possession.
33. Robert А. Roth, interviewed Ьу Jerry Nemanic, 4-29-85 оп WБЕZ-FМ. Tran5cript in
ашЬог', possession. Linda Еуап> and уоап Соlliпs ЬогЬ sr<1rred in (11e АВС primerime

soар орега Dyl1aJty.

34. Сап inrerview.
35. QLJoted ,п Sharon Баs>, "Media Srars Remember Their Early Day,," оп сЬе Аssосiагiоп

of Alrernarive Newsweeklies Web ,ire, http://posring.alrweeklies.com/aan/media­

srars-remember-their-early-days! Апiсlе)оid = 1 1)918.
з6. The V(J/(e, thoLJgh, remained а paid-circlllarion РllЫicагiоп LJntil 1996.
37. Jim Larkin, interview Ьу aurhor,July 28, 2009·
Albert Scardino, "Alternarive Weeklies оп the Rise," Nш' Уйrk Tillles, Мау 29, 1989;
Thomas Winship, "ТЬе New СштLJdgеоп," Editor a1ld PubIisher, J llly 6, 1991, [8. 'П
2009, the AAN had 131 тетЬег papers.
39. Еуап Smith, "The Alrernarive Press Grows Ир," Лlеdiati'eеk, June 21,1991,19-21.
Creative Lоаfшg filed [ог bankruptcy in September 2008.
40. See "Press [or Уошhs Seeks New Image," Nщ' York ТinleJ, Jllпе 11, 1973; Na(han
СоЬЬ, "ТЬе Лfаgаzillt, Jllne 9,
Alternarive Press Goes Srraight," BOJtoJl Globt Slll1day
1974,6-14; Dап Wakelield, "Up From ИпdегgГОLJпd,"
Neu YOj·k TimeJ Suш/а; Mag­
a::iue, Febrllary 15, 1976, 4; "BerkeJey Newspaper Gaining Respectabiliry апd
Readers," "'еи' York TillleJ, Febrllary 11, 1979; Stеwап МсБгidе, "Underground
Papers Соте Up оп Тор," Christian Sciel1ce Afonitor, Мау 22, 1980; Jопагlып Friendly,
"Тгапsitюп'п 'Alternative' Press FoClls ofMeeting," Neu' York Тiпю,JlIпе 17, 1984:
Chrisropher Swan, "Is Sllccess Spoiling гЬе Alrernative Press~" Ch,.istian S"iепа: МОIl­
itor, July 1987; уопагЬап Friendly, "Transition in 'Alrernati"e' Press FOCllS of
Meeting," Neu' York Тiпш, Jllne 17, 1984; Albert Scardino, "Alrernati"e Weeklies оп
tlJe Rise," Neu' York Тiпю, Мау 29, 1989; Kathy Hogan Trocheck, "Alrernarive
Weeklies Аге Gaining Rеsресг-апd Readers," St, Реtщ!)шg Т;IIЮ, Seprember 3,
1989; Еуап Smirh, "ТЬе Alternarlve Press Grows Up," Alediau'eek, Juпе 21, 1991,
19-21; Ed Avis, "EsrabIished Alternat1ves," Qltill, January 1, 1995.1"5 worrh poinr­
ing ощ гЬас гЬе сгоре srill has пог died comp!etely; in 2008, the Qllill published Ed

r-;оп·s то PAC;ES 179-181 245

 Avis, "A1rernative Newsweeklies: Growing Up," Quill, ]anuary!February 2008,
16-22.
41. Richard Leiby, "Whar Alrernarive? The Ауаnr Pres"s Convenriona! Convenrion,"
Washington Post.]uly 16, 1994.
42. А> quored <п Solman and Friedman, и/е and Death, 201; rhe ad appeared afrer rhe ReaI
Рареу'> collecrive ownership fell арап, and ,г> iпvеsюгs сате со include David Rocke­
{еl1ег and fuшге RepubJican gоvеrnщ of Маssасhusепs BiH Weld.
4 3· Kim СаmрЬеll, "Free and Quirky," Christian Science Monitor, Seprember 7, 20СЮ. In
2000, about 10 percent of alr-weekly revenues сате {гот narional ad buys. ТоЬассо
companies especially began using [Ье alrema[ive pre5s а> а теап> for reaching а younger
demographic. See Sandra Yin, 'The Week!y Reader," American Demographiu, Мау 2002,
27; Sepe and Glantz, "Bar and Club ТоЬассо Promorions."
44. Tim Redmond, "I.osing а 'Voice,'" San Francisco Ба; Guardian, ОссоЬег 26-November
1,2005,4; See also Mick Farren, "Alrernarive [о Whar, Morherfucker?" Los Angefes
Cit; Беаt, ОсroЬег 6,2005. Brugmann's lawsuir alIeged rhar rwo New Times papers,
rhe SF \f'/eelгIy and East Бау Ехруш, were sеШпg ads below СО5Г in ап illegal апеmрг ro
рис сЬе San Francis(o Бау Guardian ош of bU5iness. Jn March 2008, а jury ruled (п
favor оfБгugmапп and ordered SF Weekly го рау rhe San Franris(o Бау Guardia" $ 15,6
millюп.
45. Мап We1ch, "BJogworld and irs Graviry," Cofumllia ]ollrnaliJ1r1 R/!!,jeu', Sep[ember!
ОпоЬег, 2003, 21.
46. Russ Smirh, e-mai1 ro ашhог, AugusI 12,2009,

47· ]ack Shafer, interview wirh ашhог, Atlgusr 3,2009.

48. Сап iшегviеw.

49. Shafer inrerview.
50. See Srephanie Clifford, "Village Voice Lays OffNal Hentoff and Two Orher5," Neu' York
Times, Оесет[)ег 30, 2008.
51. Larkin inrerview.

AjterUJord
1. ]оЬп H01msrrom, iшегviеw Ьу ашhог, ]uly 1,2008.
2. David М. Gross, "Zine Dreams," NeU' York Тime, Slinda) Л1аgаzine, Seprember 17,
1995,72.
3. In сЬе 19805 and early [990S, rhe zine Fашheet Fi!'e was ап imporranr clearinghotlse for
informarion оп orher personal magazines; today, Fашhееt Fi/'e i5 published оп гЬе Web.
See Friedman, Fашhееt Fil'e Zine Reader.
4. Duncombe, Notes /уо1l'l Undergro1llld, 14,
5. Rob Chalfen, inrerview wirh aurhor, Augusr 11,2009. See а150 Pagan Kennedy, "Zines
Run Amok!" VilIage Voice Literary S1lpplement, November 1988, з8; Sally Cragin, "Ver­
Ьаl Agreemenr: The SmalJ Press Аlliапсе Finds Srrengrh ,п Numbers," Boston Phoeпix,

]ипе26, 1987,6, 13,

6. ОипсотЬе, Nош /r01ll Undergrollnd, 195-96.
7. Мап Welch, "Вlogworld and irs Gravjry," Columbia ]o!lrnalisrtI R/!!'iщ, Seprember!
ОсtoЬег, 2003, 22.
8. А, опе journalisr has explained, alrhough some conflare rhe "nerroors" wirh "liberal
blogs," rechnically speaking, rhe nerroors are only а subser оЕ lefr-wing bloggers rhat

246 NОПS ТО PAGES 18т-т87

 "аге direcrly involved in polirical acrivism, ofren urging rheir readers со volunreer for,
ог donace топеу со, Democraric candidares," Вш nerroors acrivisrs and liberal bloggers
are definirely parr of сЬе same movemenr, See Jonarhan Chair, "ТЬе Lefr's New
Machine," N~u'
RepubIic, Мау 7, 2007, 20,
9, See Armsrrong and Moulirsas Zuniga, CraJhing [Ье Gate; Rich, Greatest Story Еи:r Sold;
Greenwald, Tragic Lega<)',
!о, See Trippi, ReI'o/ution \fliI/ Not Ве Те/lшisеd,
! 1, Careless commenrs Ьу candidates, which in а previous era would have gone unnoriced,
were picked up Ьу bloggers and rurned inro news, In March 2007, when innocenr
Iraqis were being blown up almosr daily, Arizona senaror John McCain claimed оп а
righr-wing radio show сЬас chere were "neighborhoods ш Baghdad where you and 1
COLlld walk roday." When а lefr-wing liscener posred сЬе audio from сЬе show
online, сЬе remark was broadcasr globally (and roundly cririqued), Thirreen monrhs
larer, а HlIffingto1l Post blogger recorded ОЬата сеШпg а roomful of supporrers сЬас ir's
"пос surprising" сЬас some economically disenfranchised cirizens "ger birrer" and

"cling со guns or religion ос ашiрагhу со people who асеп'с like сЬет," Coming оп сЬе

eve of а crucial primary. сЬе remarks rhrearened his candidacy. See Boehlerr, Вloggers оп
[Ье Вш, 20!-3, 168-171,
12, Chair, "Lefc's New Machine," 20,
13, "ТЬе сЬе News Media," Pew Project for Ехсеllепсе in Journalism, ТЬе State о/
Srare of
сЬе Neu~
Media 2009, htгр:ilwww,stаtеоfthеmеdiа,огg/2009/iпdех.hгm,
14, АЬЫе Hoffman, "Ап Аdvеггisеmепг for Rеvоlщiоп," interview wirh Thoma.s Forcade,
Руее Ranger lntertribal Nею Sert,jce, March 16, 1970, 1.
15, As апorgan о!' гЬе Commirree tor Nonviolenr Acrion, WZN wa.s ап unusl1al суре of
undergcound paper, Ьщ сЬе diffiCl1lries ir experienced were соттоп in сЬе New Lefr
press,
16, Gwеп Reyes со Julie Wеiпег, РеЬшасу 24, 1967, Cormeetiom Records (1967-68),
WSHS, Бох 1.
17, КогnЫщh, "No Fire Exir," 94-95,

NOТES ТО PAGES r87-190 247

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260 BIВLIOGRAPHY
Index

tlbO!'egrolllld (Fоп Carson, СО), 134

slavery оЕ, 20 ш6

АЬгаhаП1S, Mike, 127

See ,;Iso Black Panther Рапу

ассivisП1, 4, 9,10, 15, 19, ,"7,45,53-54,79,

Agenr Oraoge, 220-2In78

122,144
AIDS, 64, 178

саП1рus-Ьasеd, 31, 42,51,62,72,85,86,88

Air Force Оое, 202031

(m a/Jo individual schools)

Аllшtrоss, 21

Interner, 187-88
Albert, Stew, 12',

grassroors, X1V, )-6, 24, 71, 187

Allen, Russ, 2070137

labor, 22, 32, 54, 143, 174, 196П22

Ally (Berkeley, СА), 134

See ,;/ro Imder press

Аlреп, Jaoe, 13'), 2430166

АdаП1S, Walrer (of london Schoo! of Есо- alr-weeklies, 5ее press: alreroarive

ПОП1iсs), 86
Alramonr, 1-3, photo g,;lIery 7

АdаП1S, Walrer (of MSU), 46-47

Alrernarive Media Projecr, 175,
10
Adelsrein, David, 86-87
Alteroative Newsweeklies, Associarjoo of

adverrising, 1 з8
(AAN), 178, 181, 182, 18з, 244n17

classifieds, 125, 130, 181, 184

Americao Civilliberties Union (AClU), 13 1,

personal, 63,175,178
133, 20 7 nI 37

See also lInder press

Aml1ersr College, 85-86, 140, 160

African АП1егiсапs, 12, 40

tlшЬerst Stю:knt, 86, photo ga//ery 4

arts mоvеП1епr among, 194П45

аП1пеstу, 106, 107-8

Black Power МоУетеnc, 7, 43, ТО3, 105

aoarchism, 25, 50, 52, 57, 60, 64, 84, II5

civil rights of, 5, 14-15, 16,41-4,0,52,56,

Anger, Keooerh, 40, 92

57,60,79,84,86,14з,144,147-48, Ano АсЬос (MI), 20, 37,120-21

158
А'm АуЬоу 5"11, photo gallerJ 4

discriminarion againsr, 2, 35, 55, 104, 143,

Anoenberg, Wa!rer, 8

178,201022, 206nl2I (seealso racism)

Anthony, Sllsan В,, 20106

in Coltlmbia rebelJion, 105-1,"

Апtопюоi, Michelangelo, 41

segregation ot~ 25, 56, 58, 86, 187,

Appe';/Io Reasoll (Kansas), 32-33

210nl89
Armies 0/ [Ье N ight, 93

Агmsггопg, David, 7, Т78

Berke!ey Сгее speech mоvеmепг, 25,42,48

Аrпоld, Marrio, т 11
B<Ykeley Tribe, 1, 2-3, 4, I30, 155, 2)9084

Arpaio,)oe, Т79
Berke!ey, LТoiversicy оЕ Cabloroia ас, 76

arr5, з,6,7, lС, 41, 44, 48, 49, 5С, 79,17

Вегlег, Chip, 9, т 213, 135

т81, 185
Вегтап, Louis, 2070137

reviews lП, 34,60,62,72,73,74,76, 119,

Вегпsгеiо, Carl, 144

155,168, т8т
Big ВгосЬег and сЬе Holdiog Сот рапу, pIJO!D

а5sаssiпаtiооs, 148, I7 4
ga!lery -t

Associaced Press и\р), 8з, Т02, 10.1, Т58

B!ack Рапсl1ег Рапу, 1.,9, 146, 151, 194­
AJ!erick (Omaha, NE), 126
95 П 45

autheoriciry, 11, 16,55-56, 6с, 71,125, Т79

bJogosphere. 187-88, 190

аvапг-gагdе,4, 32, 4 1,68, 79-80, 92

Bloom, Marshall, iЦ-8 7 , 89-91, 93, 99,

iп пеwsрарегs, 72,125, 2010Т9

102-3,109, II:;, 140-42,144,

Al'a!ar (Боsшо, МА), xiii, 92,99, 1;6, т 70,

145-68,169,170,171,193-94n:.,6,

189, p/JOto gal!ery 3

photo gal!/!Y)' 4

В!Обroое, Вапу, 19

БаЬа Ram Dass, 17;

Blum, Вl!!, 2з8П77

ЬаЬу boomers, ), Т), 43, 88

Blum, Shelly, 22

Баеz, ]оао, 40
bombings, 2,120,121,124,131,132, I'I),
Bailey, Berh, 125-26
1з6

Ba!dwin, )ames,
Booch, Рао!, 27

Balio, Мапу, 19209

Bosker, Miriam, 2410129

Ьаоаоа hoax, 74-81, 128

BQJton Americall Record, 88

Вапаоа Labeliog Аег оЕ 1967,67

Bosroo Агту Base, 89,134

banaoadioe pow(jer, 67, 80

Во.',",! Glob" Т79

Вапgs, Lesrer, 9
BOJton Рlюеmх, 173, Т79, 180, 182, 244Пl7,

Baok of America, 1,8

рhио [аllеуУ 10

Baraka, Amiri,
Боstоп LТпivегsiгу (ВО) (Boscon, МА), 85,

Ваrnе> & NobJe, т86

87-89, ЦI,рhotоgаl!<r) 1,.3

Вапоо, Fred, 17.'

See a!so Ви N ею

Barisra, Fu!geocio, Т07

Boudio, Leonard, 15.'

Беасh Boys, 4." 69

Bou!ding, Elise, 18

Ьеаг geoerarioo, з8,201022

Boulding, Кеппесh, 18

Bearlemania,2
Воwап, Walter, 73,92, II8, 215П71,рhvtо

Беаг!еs, 2, 55, 60, 66, 69, 81,92, 159, 189,

ga/le1) 2

194037
Bcadlee, Beojamio, 144

Бесkтао, БШ, Т26

Brecher,)eremy, 18, 19,26, 2:15По2

БеН, Arrl1Ur, т 78
Вгеопап, Juscice Wi1liam, Т27

БеН & Howell Сотрапу, xiii, т Т7

Brezsoy, Rob, 18з

Веп Fraoks, 44
Brighc, SUSlt', 9

Bergmao, Lowell, 8, 1.,2

Bromell, Nick, 69

Bergmaoo, Frirhjof, 18
Brugmaoo, Вшсе, 18з

Berkeley (СА), 55, 75, то.з, т 22

ВYlinD·" Bohemia, 2О rn 19

Berkeley В,;У/), xiv, 6, 7, 70-73, 75, 76,122,

Вгуао, )0110,92, 127, 2'9п84

13, Т56, 178, 191-9206, 2350т8,

ВU Neu.', 8), 87-89,134, ЦI, 147, 179,

gailerJ "1 рlюtD ga!ltr; 3

262 INDEX
Bl!Ckle}', \V'illiam F., 1991170
!(M,ie,' (Ch!cago, IL). Т7" Т78, 179-НТ
Buffalo СЫр ЮmаЬа. NE), [51
СЫ,-ако Sced(C1Jicago, IL), 7.". 7(), 122, Т27,
Buffalo Spri11gfield, 40. 45
[ т 161:3, /11:)0[0 ка!!",) 4

Buble. Paul, 9, ,'7

Cbildren оГGоcl. [62, т6"

Bllkowski, Cnarles. 9
Cbiquira. 215-т6п78, 2!7П

Burge, JOn11. I7H

Cbomsky, Noam, ТОО-ТО[, [НН

Burlage, DororllY, 17,21011186

Chrisrian Fairh-af1d-Life Сошшuпirу. 55

Burlage, Robb . .2 10п Т 86

ChriJlicm Scimi'( Mo"ilor, 144

Burns, 5roпеу (aka Вгеп! 5rein), т 2"1. 129,

ClшЬЬу Cllecker, 55

1,2, т"
Cnurcll, Fraf1k. 229n52

Busn adminis[raTion, т 87
c1\'il disobedierrce, ';)6

BIi..-inеiJ \feek magazine. 2 '4ПН

Ci,ic \vtm, xiv

тnе Byrds. 4",

Oark, Кепnеrl'l, 2270 т 76

rlle Clash. т 78

Cage, Joho,.p Cleyelaod (ОН). 1:31. ТО), 129

Саlуеп, Greg, 26.96, 222ПЮ2 Clinron, Bill, тв"

Calypso Joe (aka Ge11. Herslley Bar), photo clubs, уошЬ. 45, ()2

Дц!/е,') 5
СоЬЬ, Ron. 126

Cambridge (.'vIA). Cold War. 4.5,9, [5, Ч, 47

C'llllpaigH /i~f?,r:li){j/ ,the Сlldо:r.nшud Рrси. I2)

COlema[1. Henry 5.,

Саппаш, Cup, 35
collecr1ves. 14, 165. т 86-1:37, 2'9085

Сашег's ResTaura11[, 44
magazioe.85
Capiral Records, 1
College Pres5 Service, [28
capiralism. 2, 6. 84, 17 1.174.2441115
col1eges and uni,-crs1ries. 1 т, 46, 47-49,50,
Са,'jЙl!lIt'е,20IПI9 rlT

Carmicbael, 5rokely. 85
ашlюrirу lП [. ), 1,0

Carг, Oavid, 17')-80, 184

cerrsorsh!p ln, [,76-77,86-1:37,

Car500. Clayborne. 9
.ос

carrooos, т 84, 2 т 50 т ()
dropours, 27. уН. 12 Т

comics, 5 [.74, 2, Оl1 5()

t'ree, 52. 82-8)

comiX.9, 126
in\'o!veJYH:n( ln \\'аг, 1. 104-5

polirica1.,. !" ."1), 8с, 8,. 12(), [8,

sшdепr power, 64

Case, Harold с.. НН

See "!iO individual schools: press:

Саvаllепо.Gеогgе. 10,,1'9, '4') 52. '59,

uшJеrgrоuпd: Srudef1ts for а Оето­

16т-62, [64-65
cra1ic Society

Ca,vley, Per"r, 24 rn т 29
Col1if15, Srepl1en. 172

cenrer, ideology of, 84, 1,6. 1) 1. [9,11)3

C'J!II/l/bia D:lil) Spci'tatol', 107. 1 Т 2, 144

Ceorral Imelligeoce Age11CY (ОА). 5 [.89.

ColLlmbia Records. [22,1

224П 1,0. 227П2 ColLlmbia Uoiversiry, 8),10,-1,\, Т20, 14,. 144

Сеппаl Park (Ne,v York, NY), 66-67, 77

colLJmnisrs, .,. 8, 54-55,41,44, 60. 70, Т 28,

сепrгаlism,dеmопаriс. 17, Т51, 196П22

[75,18). т85

Cnalfen. Rob, т 87
соlL1ПШS. Ч-.'>5, 44. 60, 72, 7Н, [28. 1,0,

Cnampaign-Urbana, Universiry 01 IlIinois in,

[75,18,

200п88 comics. S,e carroons

Cheetah, Т92ПТ2 Commission 00 Obsceniry and PornograpllY,

Cl.icago (lL), 1,,7.), 10,. [29. Т74, т80 1,6, Т'9. g"l!er) 'J

INDEX 26з
Committee fot Stш{епt Riglш (CSRJ, 4(), 4Н,
lапgШlgе оС 4, Н, 122, 125-27, 1,0,
50, 52
1,.,-,H, I7Н, 245П1()4

соmпшпаl cultuгe, 2,10, 5()-57, 141-42,

lопglшiгs, 44, 45,55,66, Н4, 102

151,155, I()(), 170

попсопtогm1Sts, 12, 15, ,7,45,54, Н7,

commllnes, 120, 121, 1-'(1, 147, 149, 15Н,

20()ПТ2 1

Т()5, Т()7
oppositional significance ot', 21 2nlO
СоmП1Llпism, 25, .14, 50, НН, 1,.1, 14.1
politi(o", 4,11,12, ,'(), '54, 5Н, 61-()2,
at ОТ, 54, 5 Н , 59, 199 П 7()
Н4, 105, 151, 15Н, 167

соmmLlпi[у-ыlIJiпg,, 4, (), 16,2".17,52-55, subversive po,ver of, 71

59-б" 71-7), Н2, 92-9,,170, 17(), yoLlth", 4-7,9, 11,,2,44, 52 71, Но-Н 1,

19° 102,122,147, 1()7, IHH-H'), 1')0

соmmLlПi[у пе'Л'sshееts, 4, .12, .14, ,)7, ,Н, 5сс ,'/,1(1 Left: New'; nev.'spapers: unJergrounJ
,9-41,45, Но, В,
СOLlПtеГСLlltuге Hall of Fame, ,,5
Conason, Joe, Н
СОLlnrегiпsriш[iопs, 4-5, Н2-Н" 85, I т 2,

conformism, 5', 50, 94, 20lП22

17С, IH')

Сопgгеss, O,s, 21, НН-Н9, 117, 1,(), 2,51I21

СОLшrег-геvоlLlriопагiеs, 155

Congress ot' Racial Equality (CORE)"H, 4,

Соuппу Joe апJ [11e Fish, 6')-70, 1Н')

CrmXn:JJiotlc1! RtOJt"cl. I..-J.S Сох, ArchibalJ, 107

Соппесtiсut, l,пivегsitу of(Greater Harttc)rJ Сох Соmmissiоп, 107, 11О

CampLls), т г;
Craigsl is[, 184

CfIIlfm-llOm (MaJison, WI), 72, 129, 155

Creati,'e Lоаtiпg Iпс', 1Н 1

Соппегу, Colin, 14')

Cro,ve, Сатеroп, 9

COnl]lleroo, ()2
Crowley, Wal[, ) I

сопsепsus ЬuilJiпg, I(), 5"

Crumb, Robert, '), 126

conservatism, 54, 5'5-5(), 5 Н , 144

Csicsery, George PaLII, 2

conse[\'atives, 5, ,15, 1)0

CLlba, НН, IC" 1-\2, 14", 151

Сопsri[шiоп, lJS, 64, 127, 1-\ 1, 1),,-58

Missile Crisis, 20, 21, ,-\5

copyrigh[s, 22, 1 1'), 124

CLII[, Lуmап family, ()4, 15()
COJTf:JjJOJuien(f:, .18
culrure, esrablisl1menr, 5, Н, ,,1, ,,9,71, 7(),
Coscr, Lewis, 5,'
79, 8,,-Н4, 106, 2I2nlO, 2,ОП55

СOLIП[еГСlll[ше, I Т, ,1,), у;, 44, ()I, 7," 77, 79,

СLlппiпghаm, OaviJ, 2,7П() I

Но, 174
сшfеw геgLllаtiопs, 44-45, 47,50, ЧН
bearnik, 4Н, 49,54-55,62,78,172,
Сшlег, Sam, 191П1 (]ппо)

201П22, 206п I 2,

Ьоhеmiап, 1О, :\()-5", 5'),4 1, 4,,-44, 4(),

D<1i/) Р/аne! (Miami, FL), 12Н

55, 57-5 Н , ()0-()2, 7-\, Но, 12-\, 177

D"i/) Т'Х,III (Аustiп, ТХ), 5Н-60

соmmс)(1jriZ.lrjоп 0(, 122

Oaley, Richar({, 129, 2,опб,

gay, ()4 D,,//m I''';r,fб (ТХ), 75, 127, 12Н, 1,2, 1,,-\

11ip! hip zопеs, 4, 7, ,,5-)Н, 4'-44,55,

ОаviJsоп, Carl, 105

6), 6(), ()'), 71, 72, Но, 85, Т22, 147,

OaviJson, Sara, ()()
152, 170
Оеап, HowarJ, 1НН
hippie, Т,:\, ТО, 11, 12,,).1,58,41,44-45,
Oebs, ЕLlgепе, 1,'
54,58, ()Т-()2, ()6-()7,71, 72, 75-7(),
Оеlliпgег, OaviJ, 51, ')'5, 100-IOT
7Н,7')-НО,92,9(), II(), 121, 125,
OeMaio, Ооп, 12 1, 1,5
126,142,144, 14(), 15 Н , 175, 177,
Jemocracy, 4,12,15-17,28, ,,(), 40-41, 4Н,

229 П'5 142,170,188

 'l1 Civil Riglш rnоvеmепг, 16. 1.17-41'
iпеfгесrivе, 6'),21\1124 (J« J/JU ЬЗПЗl1а

iп шsrirш!Опs. 4
nоах)

il1 LNS. ')1, [.'12-4'. '-16, чН. I ~ 1,

politically mш;vагсd perseclНiol1 [ог, I

15.'-'-I·15".1()') 122-2.+, 128, 1 ~6

'l1 Nev; Lek 4.').12, ['5.'.:, .\2, 79, 10Н, ps\'Chedelic. 5.\' 62. 64-65, 69, 76.8').

1..12, 1'j()-57. [70, I')C 1941137, 2I Т02(,-\. 215!171

parricipc1tor\'. Ц. [()-17, 21, Ч. Ц2, 14(), tГ<ll'tickin,l! of, 7), 116. ! 2,\-2,1, 1

[5 1 . 1 5'.,157,lfC in Ш1l{егgГОllпd press~

il1 SDS. Ц. I(), '7. 21, "7.15.,,156-57, ше ot', 04,85, НН, уо, 98, 12\, 121'5, 144,

цб-.р,15 1 , 2,Нп'77

iп llпdеГI:rolшd press. 14.40. 5..1, 6,\,

А; а юрiс, 11.54,59,72, 119, 126, 127,

Но, ')\, I )5-~6. [70-71. 1 Ну-уо

121'5,186
I)еrnосгас;с Na[ional Cun\·ention, 2. I
violence associared \\'i,I" 1-", (,4. 12 , 17.+
2::'ОП(). /,Ьм" i'",lltn -+
,п уошn mоуеmеп" .\, (,2, 12.1

Dепюсгагic Рапу, 1:;, т у ..\9, I Н/-НН

DllлсоrnЬе. Srepl1cl1, 11'56-87

Denson, Ed (aka "Вап,ша Ed"), 70

ОН11пе, Jol111 Gregory, Н
Dераrrmепr о{ Deti:!1se, lj.5., 9()
I)tlllpl,y, 1l"n (aka 'Gел. Wasre Маге Land"),
!)eRogaris, Jim, 6Н
pi1Гjtf) ,~'i.liit1J 5

Dtl,'t;it F I"ее P"t'.f) , 1 2 r

О}'lал, ВоЬ, 1" ,О, 6Н, 69, 1)'), 142,

DeVlne. Dоrutlч·. ').)

Di,шыше. Jоnп, [-17

В,!) Г:хрl'еУ.', 24{,ПН

Di"mol1d, Steve, 10()-9, 1 Ц, I 152,

Ен/ L. А. AIHMJI./(. .,Н
[')1'5-65, I()7, 2',-71159, 26'04::'
F:as[ Lansing t?vШ, ",!. 46-5.\
DI(JIOI1, JO<lI1, Н, 1'7у
See also Р,//,,,'

DICksol1, J IIП, 4 '5

Еаы Village (NY) ..,6, 6(). 7.::', I(,С)

[)ickstein, Mottis, xiv

E,I"/ \Ш"хс ()/Ье,. (EVO), xiv, 6, 11,71-75, Но, 91,

Disney, Walt, 69, Т.р

92-<).), 118, 119. 12:;, 126, иН, !6'j,

DiJ.rellt\ 17n,~
f7), 2С'IП_1 , 22Hnr 1,

Di,'/,III/ /)1'11111111"" (PhiladelpI1ia, РА), 121, 1.' 5

Easrern Bloc, 56

DiPrima. Diсше, ')

ы
tl11ап •• Мах, )2

Dixiecrars. 16
Ес]юls, Alice, 54

Оопоуап. ()(i, ()Н, 1, Н I

EC0110midy. ]оlш, 5Н, 60

Doors t 4; EJU(It, & PI,bIiJ/)"" mаgаziле. ю{,

Оо> Passos, Joh11. '-1 ec!irorial pLJliCJtS

Oow CI,emical Соmрапу, 220П7Н, 22.+П I .,0 of ве 8иl'!. 1'101
dratt. ",ее 1111,1"" Viеrлаrn Ruu!ry, 1 79-8()

Огеуег, Тl1Огпе, 9, 5.\, :;Н-59, 62, 72-7.\, ot' K'7kblo.r,·o/,t, 150. I.\!

91,97-99,129,151,162, Т()4, [7Т,

ot'LNS, Ц2-4', 146. 154-5'), 170

2 !ОП 11'56. 222П [05. 24 I Пl 29, РЬutй

оГ АП,('е/с\ Fnt: Pn-JJ. -+,0)-41,74

p.Jllt 1:1 9
of j\im' i',,·k Timo. 110-12

"dropping ош," 144, rб5-('(V, 176

О!' rlle Р,;Рс,,, 50

dшр о{ r11c R.1X, '9

ad уосас}' о{, иН. 1\0, 17(1, 189"90 o{S[)S пеwslегtегs. 2,- 25, 21'5-29, 142--+),

сгimiпаlizагiоп ОГ, -+6, 51'5, 77i8, 116, 12~', IS'j

122,125, 212nl0, 2_~Tn9;)
of ltпdеГрЩl!1d !1c\\'spapers, 7, Ч,

сulшге оС 9, 64, 84,90, ')2. ')5

1'5,170,180.189

INDEX 265

edirorial policies (conl;1l1m{)

ТЬе Balllc o/I\I.~;er.f, 145

of Vil!"I;< Vo;,<, 54
B,'Iu·mlllJeUtlt'J.17 2 -7.1

ас \fl.QJhingll)l/ ["'ее Р"ш, 78, 2,8077

В/т,}"/;. 60

in \f/ZN magazine, 189

BI"" Fasu.fl/l, 41

edicocials [п mainstream media", 4, 9-10,

CeOllp, 60

4.,,87,88, 1
ЕlIгореап, 41

245027
GiПШlt' SlJf;:ift:t", 1-2

egaliracianism, 21,29, 142-4', 1)," J 55,

T/Jc 1m"idcr. 1.,2

Лlr/Р"J! i\lушrу Тош. 159, 160

Epsreio, Beryl, g"lIe'J' .,

Smrpio Risill/!., 40

Epsreio, Ho\vie, ,f!.il/kry

f'irsr АmепdmеIlt . .1), 1)6. 22 ';)-",СЮ 52 ,

EisenllOwer, Davic!, 85
2,С116 ,

Eisenho\ver <:га, ~ 3
Flacks, Richard, 18, ',;),5", '57

electioos, federal, 18",188.2)2

Flt:e' S,reer (LondO[1, UK), 118

Е/са";, Коо/-/!М AciJ Jesl, '1"/;" 8 J

Flemil1l"' Thomas, <)

magazine, з8 l'l)'i[11' Вuпito Brochers, J

Evans, Sara, 197пз8 l'l)'пr, Larry, 6'" 2110201

ехisrешiаlism, 4, J 4-15, 20In22 FoellI, Sreve, 176

l'oley, Michael S., Ч

Fabrikant, ]ое) , 175

1'ooer, Eric, 144, 145

['асе ,Ье Nali"", 158

Fсюd aod Dшg АdmiоisrrаГЮI1 (РОА),

F.щsheel 1';/'е, 24(Ш, 67,78

Fai", Fne РУеН,
Fm"btJ Л1аgаZlпе. 181

Famof(J Lощ:. /!до, 89, 94, ч8, 1

ForcarJe, ThomJs Кiпg,7, 116-2C, '22.
2чп(1,24ШJ21 12.1-25, !28. ..,6-09, !76-77. ,Н6.
ЕаосЬег, Ed, p!JOt!) ~,tllerj <)

ЕагЬег, ]епу, .Н Еог,!, Riсlшгd, 2СНnr .19

[ascism,)7, 16,,201022
foreigl1 policy, ll.S" 2 1.25,51. 146

Fass, ВоЬ, 12.'

Franklin, Bel1jamil1. 2,2П97

Federal Вшеаu оПпvеsrigагiоо (FBI), 10,

Fгееdliшd, Nar, 6..,

22,51,116,124,1 140,168.
freedom

195п8, 227П2, 237 п61 асаcit:шiс, Н6

COINTELPRO, 115-16,129,2,7[161
of assembly, 229-.101152
Feiffer,]ules, r,
регsaпаl,

Feinsrein, ВагЬага, р,/lIсг) 7

ofpress, 129, 1:\1, '37-3';), ,Но

Fеiпsrсiп, Mark, Kal!ery 7

ofspeech. <), 40, 45, 46,50,52-5" 6с,

femi[1ism, 12,64,95,1,2,167,175,17(1,
127, 1 '\4, 1,5-""7, 1'>9,229-"'>01152

186,187, 2О2п,1, 2.1.111166

Freedom of'lnf()rmariol1 Acr, 12')

Ferber, Michael, 22211 102

Егеетап, ВоЬ, "13
fesrivals, 1-4,55,39,62,67,80,152
tree\vrrting,

Fields, \Х!. с.,

Freudiger, L,шу, 60

Fi/lh ЬЫlе (Derroir.l'vf!). 72, 75, 7'1,103,

Fгiеdmап, Тlюmаs, 11'12

128. ,66,20111.1
Frolll/;I1<', 8, 1,2

Fif'rh Esrare Cofft:e Ноше, 41,44,4')

FlIck СоmПlllпism . .1), 2с8-9 0 15",

filШ,4 J ,44- 7 [
А/пиs/ E..lf}joIfJ. 9

INDEX
fundraising, 20, 149, 155-56, I 59-()0
Guevara, Che, 107
Funkadelic, 178
Glli/t lIit/JOllt 50:, .'\5

Fuzak,John, 20 7 nI 37
Gurley, James, pIJoto ха//fI) 4

Gabriner, Roberr, 155

Haag, Miclblel уоп, 24 I n 14 I

Garbodtl1, Clif, 179

НаЬег, Al, 17, 18, 19,20,24,195119,1991170

Garson, Marvin, 75, 78,12)

Haight-АshЬшу, 67, 75, 81,144

Garvy, Heltn, 2'\-24, 2()

Haines, Lionel, 130

gay righrs, 11, 54, 145, 17Н

Halliwell, Sreve, 157

Gay Liberatiol1 Моуетепс, I()8, 178

Hamilron, Тот, 108-9, I()2, 16з, 24ln129

gtnder, 5, 12, 19
Hannah, John А., 50-5 I

General Elecrric, 2 I,\n I()

Hansberry, Lorraine,))

Genrle Тlшгsdау, ()0-62, 7(), Но

Hansen, Wayne, 92

Georgia Srart Universiry, 24

"happenings," 43, 44,52,62, 6(), 71-72

Gfo"gi" 5t,.aig/]f (Canada), (), 128

harassmenr of ntwspapers, 6, 117-18, 12 1,

Gerrh, Jtff, Н
124,125,129, I33, I)4, 139,

Gerz, Michael, 20311()2

2 10- II П200, jJ!Joto K"I/tI) 9

Ginsberg, Allen, 9-1 о, 125, 127

al1d affiliares, 6,\, 124, 129-32, 13()

Girlin, Todd, 5, 9,10, 19()nI3, 22, 26, 57,79,

Ьу campus oHicials, 10, 49, 59-60, 64,

19()I1I3, 217nlOl, 217П'\, 2211179,

7()-77

23')П3 2 Ьу federal aurhoriries, 10, 14, II 5-1(), 124,

Goddard Colltgt (Plail1f1tld, VТ), jl/JO!o К,,//еУ) 1О 125,129, I32, 140, 145

Goldscllmidt, Neil, 179

Ьу local authoriries. 10, 115-16,120,125,

Goldsrein, Richard, 12 1, 178

132, I3(), 142, 145

Goldwater, Вапу, 85, 86, I,\O

Ьу politicians, 125, 129, I,O, 135

Good TilllfJ (San Francisco, СА), 12'\, 135

Ьу vigilanres, 10, 125, 130, I,\I-.'\2

Goodbye {о А// That, 132

Hari-Krishna,93

"Goodbye со All Тlыc," 24.011166 Harlem, 104-5, 108

Goodmal1, Paul, .'\3 H"'jm.'J magazine, 55

Good\vin, Ricllard, 88
Harris, John, 4 I

Gordon, Апп, 9, 129

Harrison, George. 159

Gould,JaY·147 Harvard Ul1iversiry (МА), 67, 89,107.182

Grafron, Marvin, 175

Hayden, Casey, 19, 20, 2 I 011 I 86

Grallam, Bill, I 18, 159

Hayden, Тот, 15-21,25,29,55,108,

grapllics, 7, 24, 74, I,O, 151, 170

1971151, 200п88, 2391190

Dadaisr, 119-20
Наzlеп, John Оо\упroп, I 96п I О

psychedtlic, .,\, 60, 112,120,155, 201П)

Heard,John, 172

Gmlt 5pe(k/ed Bird (Arlanra, GA), xiii, 127,

Hearsr Ne\vspapers, 4, Н

I,\O, I'\2, 155, 2,\2П96, photo К"//fI) 8

Heller, Joseph, 33

Greenspan, Ralph, photo ,~"I/frJ 7

Hell's Angtls, 1-3, 174

Greenwicll Village (New York, NY),,\2-33,

Hendrix,Jimi, НI

3(), 48. 55, 77

HenrofI, Nar, Н8, I ()7, 184

Grizzard, Vtгпоп, 22
Htrscl1ltr, Dalt, 127

Grob, Btnjamil1, I30-3 I

Htrshty, Lewis В., 214114 I

Gruenberg, Alan Ho\vard, p/JO!O Д,,//tI) :'

Hig/J TilllfJ magazil1e, 17()

Guerrero, Eugel1e, 127, I30, 155

Hinckle, Warren, 51,109

INDEX I 267

Нirs!l, G<\r}' "Cl1icktn," J. Geils Ваш1. 175

НIV,64 Jacksonian Era, 20Тn(]

НоЕГтап, Лl,Ьоп (ЛЬЫс), 7'), 78, 99,12,,189 jacobs, НасЬага (по\" B'lrlxlra НаЬег), 17,

Но!!еу, 1\leXctnder [утап, т' 18,

HoJly\vood,204n88
Holmstrom, Jоlш, 18()
Но/у Вагh"rlаm, fhc, ,18
homoeroricism, 4':;
lюmорllОЬiа, 11, А(),
l100rепаппi<:s, 41,
Hoover, J Edgar, 1 15
Норklпs,JО!Ш,74
Ноше 1\rmed Services Соmrrнпее, 1,'4
HOllSC (1n.1\merican
(НО1\О,
Jacobs, Jim, 174
Jacobs, John, 1С7-8
JlCoby, Russell, :\(]
Jagger, Mick, 1-2
Jan anJ Dean,
JaCJlliss, Nigel,
]efferson Лiгрlапt, 1, :1
Jenks, Normal1, 241Пl29
]ezer, Marry, 148
Лсriv;riеs Соmmiпсе )оlшsoп, Ly"don В" 57. НН, 95-9(), уН. ч(],
21,1,9 I5 1 ,2C2n.;p

hOL!Sing code re!()rms, 42, 1:8 Jolles, О1аС,

Ho\ve,lrving, 217П, ]опеs, Glеп W" (] 1
Ниtflll;';nll РйJf, 247П11 ]опes, Lеюi,)

11llmor (;п rhe press), :'14, ,),;-,,6, Joplin, Janis, 2Оуп 1(]9
(Ю, [25, 146 Jошпаlism

H\lmpJlГey, НпЬесс, (]2 iПVбrigаrivе, Н, 1H4,IH5

HlInter, Meredirl1, 191 п(], phOf,j ,~а!ltl') .!'itW Le11, 5(] С<си!!,," press:
llnс1tгgгщшd)

"рrofеssiогшl," Н, 9, 74,
Нутаl1, Напiе, 2ПП59 1Н.,
proressionalism in, 25' р6

/, F. ,)'/'т,'" \f/eekIj, 5.' JlIStic~ Dерапшепt, LJ,S, IН2

i(jeallsm, 2, 12\ 172,1Н7

iшрегiаlism, 12, 1,,-+, 174 Kw!,iJOJtI!P" (Milwallkt'e, \Х!\), ] 27, 1

mIиm /!m'clI/iJ, 4(), 48, 50 Ka!riJ',Jtf!pt CMacJisol1, WI), ]

/n JhcJt ТiJlle.! mаgзziпе, I1Ц Kal;sl!, ]\шку, 12()

!п(liаnа, LJniversity 01', 227 .... 2НП:" Karpel, Ricl1arcl, 171'1

/щ/i",It1/m!i" F!'te Рпl'J (IN), 1 1 Karzman, 1\Нао, xiv, 5,215071, pho!!!

!ncjllsrrial \X!orkers of cl1e Workl, 1,

Inscicure [,)г l)eli:nse Analyses 001\), 1СЧ-5, K'lCzmao, Ооп, 1'['0/0 др!!е,:!' 2

Jllsciгше of Polic)' Sшс1ies, 22006; Kallfman, 1\гпоЫ, I(]

Iпtег-1\mегiош Press 1\S50(iarion, 1+,1 Kazin, 1\1i(llзеl, 9

Iшегсоllеgiаtе Socialisr Sociery, 195"У Keasr, Williаш, 122

Iпtеrnаl Revenlle Service (iRS), 40 Кешрroп, Мшгау, n()Сll()Н

Iпсегпаtiопаl Вапапа Cllll, 1\1usеlIШ, 2] 5П75 КеС1l1 ес\ у, Jоlш Е, 2, Н8, 2С21l,;1

/ШtmtlfirJliО! Тimг.! (/Т ог 111, 10, 74 Keppltr, Ernest с., 129

Iшегпег, 171'1, 11:'-+, IH7-HH, 190 КеГОllас, Jack, 87

Ir<"I<111(I, OOllg, 22 Kesey, Кеl1, ,5

lrons, Greg,; Kewpeeires, ') 1 ,.. ') 2

Issегшап, Mallti(~, 9 Klt'oer, Jol1n, 112

/! AiT;'! ,\1" в"Ь", 1940..15 Кiпdmап, Michael. 47-5), 51'\, (14, 72-7;, ..ч

268 INDEX
King, M,min Ltlrl,er, .Ir., 4Н, чН, 22-1П I у: :1l1t1-еJi[ism o(~ 19,22, 142, [5-1,
Kirk, Gr"yson, 107, lС'). I ,224 ПI Л, lЧ

225 П1 s Н ,11 <Jecllneo{, 2, I,.t, 170-71, 17-=>-7-1-, 17'"7,

Kissinger, Clark, 21 IНН

Knickerbocker Hospiral, 109 (lеvеlорmеш оС 4-12,:;0, j6, 52, 1'12-1'1"

КпоЫег, Реее, рlЩfб ,~,I/ltrJ 7 II~, 14.;;. 11'1<)

Кпорs, Ммс, I.\C j'lаglllеllгагiоп io, (),j. [()5- I ,,14 2 ,
Kois, ]оlш, 127-21'\ t()I-()(-),17 0 -71. 175-7«

Кuрkiпd, Апdгеw, 84, 216пНI'\ 2.:;4116

КОГl1Ыщl" Jesse, 11'\9 lJtological clivelsiry il1, 154, [62,

Кгаs,пег, PaL!I, 14, 52, 12:\, 17), 1:;П24 2\5 лr8

Klld211 (]ackson, MS), 127. I.'H intellectLТals i iorellectuallsm ill, 4, 5-7,14,
Kllnkin, Ап, Л-411, )1'1. 6" 7 1,72, 12'), 1511 [), 24, 26, ,:;, .,6. 57, -/О' 6'), Н2, IHH

tltera[l[re of", xiii-xl\'. 9-I 21-22,

1--tI/;f)J' .r\gf'; 19509 29-_)O~ ~I-)2 {Jt.r:dls() лt'\\/sрарегs:

Lac<:y, Mike, тВ, lшdегg1'Оuпtl)

Laicller, Нану. 19511') llliiIгапс}' 'll, 52. 95-96,1222,

LаМапп, Amber. p/Nf(, f!.dlkr)· 1 poli[ics 0[, 1 <), 24,49, 6,), 79, Н 1, 151
Landau, JO[1, 9 ,,!Се (('Idrions in, 12,42-4), 1С,-н,

Lагkiп, Jirn, т 1'\1 14\-44, ,sH,

L'Irsen, Оно N .. 1:;9, р/юtli ~('!!I7'J 'J S(I100Is of. 42, 52
LaSalle, Sally, 24ТПI29 sexisfil in (Jet' sexisn1)
lауош, 7, 59,Н..!, 112, [Т9. 17Т, [7.'1.2290.1'\, sCJlIrl)eln. 5 -1-54, 57, 58, 1'\(,.
2'11'\°77 (see also R"f!.)
laWSllits, .'1,6:;,114, т )2, Т78, IS, Sj'пtl1еsis ot'polirics апJ Сlllсше in, [[-12,
LeagL!e гor JnclUSП1аl Dеmоешг}', 195"9 :;6, 5'1, 5(), ')1'1, 61, 7,. 7')-1'11,
Leamer, lallfепсе, 192nI2, I94ГЧО, 2\4п6 106-7.144,151,11'8-1'19
Leary, Но\уапl R., [О') ,,'I,ilt, 11 12,1'1-1,97, 10(), [58, 2/ЩI()6
Leary, TimorllY. 19-1П\ 7 C,et ,,!и Whice PanrhcI Рану)

LeCr, 4:;, 56, 7'), 1'12, 11'1), 11'\7-I'\H, [ Se:: ~'/\O СОШlсеГСlllCllfе
liЬепrl, I.t , .Ч-5), ()2 исс а/59 newspapers: Leggiel'i, Perer, 1 ,Н
аltешасivе) l,ci!)j'. Riclblrd. [Н 1-82
liL1erals, 5. 11, 15, У)-40, 49, Но, ')(), 104, LеоlыП1, Соппiе, 241 f1 1
I 11, I77 Lепiпism. 151, [7-1. 196022

rnОУt;mеП($ Leonon, .10110, Н 1, 127, [9·ln 07

1)'lCk-ro-сI1t-lаllcl, 151'1, [69 Leos. SiJпеу, 22

Civil Rigl1rs IIfld,"' Afriran Americall') 'су}', cl. 9

lkacl)s cluring, 2.0, 1'17, 17-1 Le\vis, Bill, 16-\
llеmогГ<!су iп (.rn clemocracy) li!)cl iпsшапсе. 18-1
temillisc-pl!nk, [Н7 li l)есасеа zones, 56, 14 5--I(), 155, l'1Jotu :.:а!!СУ1 .'
реасе, 1).)7,9(1 Liberarion News Service (LNS). xiii. (),
уошl) (Jce !.R{r: Nev.') 79,1'12. Н" 1'11'1, 9/)-95, 97-IC-l, 106.
OW, 21, ~9, J9HnS9 IСН-IО, 112-1,,+, 11').1 12," 127.

Lefr, !\;е\у, 'j-6, 11-12, ')[, ')1, 5,\. 64, 79, I)'j, 140-'71,11'..\. ron1H().pIJiilO
174, [8')-<)0 ,r,,'!!<I}' 1.). ~. 6,
JCci\ilsm ot' (хее acrivjS(H} liЬегшоп, personal, )4, fЧ, 1) 1. 167, IHH-H9

INDEX 269
Li!,eralor (Воstоп, МА), '\2 Мапhе\vs, ]ое, 5(,
Liеbliпg, А.)., 114
M""i 51111,177
Li/e mаgаziпе, 44, 111-12
Мах, 5teve, 19,20,21,28, 239П90

Lipscomb, Мапсе, 2О9Пl74 Maysles, А1Ьеп апd David, 1-2

Liрtоп, Lа\vгепсе,,\8 МС-5, I п, pholo ,~a//oy 5

Lombardi, Кгistiп, 179

McAllliffe, Кеviп, 34

Lопdоп, ]ack, 195П9

McBride, David, 41-42

London Ame,.ica", 87
МсСаiп, ]оlш, 247ПI I

Lопdоп 5chool of Есопоmiсs, 86-87

МсСаrrеп Iпtеrnаl 5есшirу Act, 25

London Times, 87
МсСапhу,]оsерh, 55, I,\O, I'\7, I'\9

Look mаgаziпе, 44, 111-12, 227П174

McCarrney, Palll, (,8

Lопоп Ргisоп, 97
МсСаusliп, Dап, 240П 114, 240П I 29

Los Апgеlеs (СА), 7,10, ,,\8-41,4,,\,62,120

МсDопаld, "СОllпrrу" ]ое, 69-7 1,8 I

Los Ange/eJ F,'ee Руеп, 6, ,,\ 1, .'17-46, 50, 52, 54,

McKelvey, Dоп, 25-26

58,6,\, (,7, 71-72, 74, 75, 78,119,

МсКепziе, АпgllS, 2лп61

)26,129, I'\2, 156, 194П'\7

МсLllhап, Marshall, 53

Los AlIge/es Hem/d-Exami"er, 42

McNamara, Robert, 86

LOJ AlIge/e.r mаgаziпе, 2О4П91

Mechanic:r Free PreJJ (Philadelphia, РА), ,'\2

LOJ AlIge/e.r Times, 42-4.'\, 44-45,1з6,

Medi"'i'eek mаgаziпе, 181

205ПI08
medical сliпiсs, free, 8'\

LOJ Ange/eJ Ulldergro/llld, 45-46, 2О5Пl08

Меisпег, Lis, 168

Lott, Тгепr, 187-88

"Mello\v Yellow," 66, 67, 68, 7 1,75-77,79-80

Love (music grollp), 43

Меlпiсоff, Rozzie, pholo ga//ery 6

Lowe, Mike, I,\2

Мепапd, LOllis, 4

Lowell, RоЬеп, 100

,\!endoC/llli G/'ареl'iпе (СА), 64, 178

Lуmап, Mel, 64,156,170

Micheler,] llles, 98

Lупd, 5rаllghrоп, 200ПI02, 222ПI02

Мiсhigап, Uпivегsirу оf(Апп Arbor, MI), 18,

"Lysergic A-Go-Go," 2ЩП93

20,26, .'17,121, 195П9

MiJJigall D"i/) (М5Щ, 72, 88, 2О6П129, 2О7Пl37

Масdопаld, Dwighr, 100-101

МiсI1<~ап 5сасе Опivегsirу (Easr Lапsiпg, MI)

МасКепziе, АпgllS, I,\O

(М5Щ, 46-53, (,4

,\Iad mаgаziпе, 14, Я, .'\5

middle class, 5,18,27, '55

Magic!off, Dickie, 22-2,\

Мiffliп 5пеес (Апп Arbor, МЛ, .п

Mahler, David, 59
Miles, Вапу, 10,74

Mailer, Nоrmап, ,'1.'1-35, 39, 93, 95, 97, 100,

milirапсу, 10

101,2I6п8,\
iп Ne\v Letr, 9(,-98,121,122,127-74,177

ЛIаine Times, 173, 177

iп press, I 1, .'\ 2, 1')5, 15 1, 239п84

Маlопе, Bill, 209П170

iп YOllrh mоvеmепr, 64, 96-98, 105-14,

Мапsоп, Charles, 2, 174

121,122,158,177 (Jeea/Jo proresrs:

JJшquiS, 73
viоlепr)

MarCllse, Herberr, 151,188, 2,\ОП55

milirапrgГОllРS, 12,35,97,132,158,
Магsdеп, 5сеуе, 16'\-64
224-25ПI43, 229 П .'\7

Marxism, ,,\8,41,4(,,174, 196П22

5ее "/,.0 Wearher UпdегgГОllпd

5ее а/,.о Vlllgar Marxisrs

milirary, 0.5,,40,64,92-102, 174,2 IОПI88,
Massa, RоЬеп, 178
224 ПI ,\0

Мапе> (New York, NY), ,'\2

Miller, ]ames, 5, 1(,

270 INDEX
МШег, Marvin, 6з
Nеimап, Сагоl, 58-59

Millman, Paul, 1)6, I()"

I1е(гошs, (87-88

Mills, С. Wright, 1), [6,27, ,',3,143

Ne\v )ournalis(s, 8, [79

Mill/a, ~ce}OIт",' (Wl), 1 1

N8U' L8Jt Nu/es, 22, 2), 29, 7(,,144,157,1(,5,

Мiпdiсh, S(ephell М" photo gall,,'j

167, 174, 1971152,2 [61197

Mi(chell, Al, .р, 45

Neu MaJJfJ, 20[1119

МоЬу Grape, 76
Ne,,; MetJia Project, 90, 151

МОП50пi5,) im, 195П9

Ne,,' Scl1001 (Ne\v York, NY), J 55

Мошаguе, МА, 8з, 15!J, 161, 162, 165,

"'eu Т;nШ (Phoeoix, AZ), 178-79, 181

167-68
New Times Media, 10(.,181,182-84

Moore, Michael, I!J}

}\'У о,,;/у N'ln, 9

Morgan, RobifJ, 202П~ 1, 243[] 166

Nt'u YrJrk Free Рут, 175

MoY"i'lg о/ the Маgiciаш, 2 [5[]7 I

Neu' }(Jrk ОЬmпr, 8

Morrill Ап (of [!J(2), 2О5П [ 11

Ne!l' Yurk POJt, 111

Morris, Willie, 56-57

1\eu York PmJ, 18з

MoveO[],org, 188
Neu' Yurk Тimef, xiv, 8.10, 19,7(,,8(,,98, 102,

Mother }OlШ mаgаziпе, 184

109-14, I,В, 134, 144, 159, 164,

mororcyclis(s, 1-4,40, 62-6), 12 1,

(69,224-250143, П148, 2'151118,

205П57,2ТОПJ8з
24 0lН 14

MJ, Маgаziпе, J94П45

Neu Yorker, з8, 173. 180

Мlfhаlllшаd ""рмЬ, I 94[]4 5

Ne\\'neid, )ack, 79, 84, 93, ( 111-12,1(,9

Mulvihill, Ka(t1Y, phuto ,ga!!oJ 8

,'\eu! and иttеп, ,,8
MUfJgo, Raymond, fЧ-85, 87-95, 99-100,
Newsreel collective, 120, [62
102-,),1[.)-14, I14-35, 141, 14.'"
NЩ'J,,~tk magazil1e, 44, 68,75,79,17,\,
145-70, 179,plJotogallery 1, 235 П18
music, 1,31, ,,8,41,4,,-44,48,52,54-55, Newron, Huey, 188

61-62,69,78,84,121,124,151, ni!1ilism, 35, 115

159, 1!J6, 214пз6 Nixon, Richard, 2,115.127,13(,,1з8,

2)2I1')О, ph"lo galln) 9

Л'аkеd a"d (Ье Dсщl. 34

;';и :\!оуе F,ш and G'allteJ, 194-95П4 5

пара1m, 220-2 1(\78, 219п84

1\'ои\. Ехрrш (New Orleans, lA), 1.В,

папаrivеs\
2500(,1

11isrorical, 5,98
Nolao, Dick, 3

i(\ journallsm, 179-[80

Nопh Beach (СА), з6

Nalio!! magazine, 184

Narion ofIslam. 194П45

ОЬата, Barack, 188

Na(ioI1al Association of Newsweeklies, 17 ?"

O'Brien,) im, ,37

175, 176
obsceoiry, 10,40,54, 124, 127, 128, 1)(,-3"

!\'alioJlal Gllardiall, 28
u// МУ ba,ks, 194I14 5

Narional MobilizarioI1 Commirree ro Еnа (he Olan, Susal1, (, I

War il1 Viешаm (МОВЕ), 95,рhио O/d Лloft (ВО5СОП, МА), 174

galle'J 6
0110, Yoko, 127

Natiooal Newspaper AS50cia(ioo, 1" 1

Opel1 Cit) (l05 Лngеlеs, СА), 10,92, IГ,

National Ra';eu, 199П70 239084

Na(iooa! Srudeo( Associa(1011, 89

Орeli Руосен (Sal1 Francisco, СА), 155

Navasky, Vicror, (9.'\"'3

Oregon;atl,245 n2 7

INDEX 2~ 1

ОгleаП,SllSап, 1 Но narcotics ilgenrs, _~~,( ()). 7(" 1

O'Rouгke, Р]., R provocarion of, 62-6" ~8, 79, Но, 120,

O'1,1!NIS, 117,119-20 1:'I5,220-2IП7Н

Orwell, George, .,2 viоlепtс ос ,!,\, 42-45, ')()-1(;2, T:J()-I"

(JЩU'rliЩJ/if:, 19_~n2C 1,122-2),174,178,1

ОIIШ'SШЩ,2,'ОПS," 2, s-;()п"
Оvsl1iпskу, Haгvey, 20!П, Роllепа, FгапtеsсJ., 21'\
О\vеш, Тагу, 62 Pontecorv(), (ji1lo, ц5

Ozt/"k", p,'tJJ, 1', 1 Pool, Joe, т 29, 1,,9

РorС]1е, Verandah, Ц9, 150, I()О, 162
Pal)()l1, Dino, 2-1 т n т 29 pornography, 6" 6Н, I 1 (), I Г-28,

Pacitica Foul1darion, "Н 175

Paine, Тlюmаs, 117 pornzrnes, 175
Palarrella, ]оlш, 6Н Рап НШОll St"геm(;'ш, Т2, 1

Paley, William, 22511 [')Н 2-1,,2, ,07· 4(;

pamphlers, ц, ,,2, ТО5, Т!7, т 155, тН6 Роп Publitarions (WIj, 1,0

р,фсr (Easr I-ansin", MI), 31, Л, -16--17, Postal Service, (J,S., и:), 151{, 161, 19HnS5
-19-55, 5\, 51'1, 6,-()4, 1111220 Роесес, Paul, 1Н

Раг<1\ш, Roberr, 2Н. 5.\, '59. 210[1IН() роvепу, 6, 42-4.'\' 52, 56, 7f!, 86,90,
раrriсiрапr ol)ser\'ers. 2, +- f!, 62-()3, 76, Sr., Цl

9-1, IC-I Powers, Jerry, 121'\

"'се alsu sнbjectivlry РГБS

Pasrernak. Charl"" 2-11 n 1 abolirionisr, 1116

Parrers()n. Phy·lIis. ,,9 "lгеГПdгivе, 172-.), I"5-~5, 2.\4П<5

Реасе Corps, 21 аdvегшiпg in, rHo-l'\l, 2-I()П4.'

Pcck. ЛЬе, 5-1, 74, 92. 106, 127, 16R. 1921112. [гее circll1,Hion oi, 17Н, 11'10-81

224П 1', ~, 2\411() ]юmоgепеiгу in, 174, IH,c;-8-1

PEN Аm~гiсап Сепrег, 9, 125 arнi-Nazi,6

Penllsylvania Sгзге Universiry, 127 tonsolitl,It;ol1 апd monopoly of, 8, [Н2-В,

РепrаgОI1, 79, 1 Ч <1(;'(1;11е of рс;пг me<1ia, IK7-1'\1'\

Barrlc оС 92-102, 11'" 1 ц6 early Аmес;ст, ,',2

Рбрit mаgаziпе, 56 graphics iп ип graphits)

Phoenix (ЛZ), 7,117, l1R, 119, lаЬог-mоvеmепr, 201 I1()

Pilari, Joe, 1'1)010 ,,,Iftr) J marnsrream, .1, Н, 9, б" 66-();, 7(), В,-Н+-

PI'I}bo)' magazine, 6:), 2 Т 5117S

}>.\1. 20111I 9 adv'errising in, IoH

роессу, .), 9, ,'')' -10, \К,4'), 52,55,61, edicorials iп 1St< eclitorials)

6к, 92-9',.1 1';1, lН2, lн6, fаilше oi, 40, ,12-4),84-85,

IЩ-95П45 1'),1\1.). lК'7,·К8. 2451127

;,25,-11,-14,51, 7С--I, 96, Ц4-15 misrepresenrarions in, .1, .;2, К.1 -Н4.
аЬШt:оiашhoriгу, 77, 110, 124, 125, 128, 9,\-95,1.)8,100-102,109-15,1'7,
129, 1\0, Р,2, 1B, 1',7,1'/1010 ;;,,11<".1 Ц5,1 I
5 (5е" а/со l1агаssmеш) lш<1егgгоuпcl

arresrs [)у, 76.1'\6,95, rО5~ТJС-II. aclverrising in, 7-1,91,' 1),1 [7, r 19,
12), 127-29, н,. 148, т 7К-71.), (2), 12'), 1,0, 1 , 1 ',2,

224111 ч,рhОIО ,~a//и) 2\91184

272 [~OEX
 bla,k raJical, [')4П45
ptlOto-оtt'sег, 6-7, 24,5'),6" 1

caJendars in, 7, '+о' 44, (10

16}, [(,'\' х67, lH(,-Н", 1').;С15./'/'''/''
гiгшlагiоп of, 4, 67, 1, 2.
I:.,,//ey) 8
dl:arh ос 1С, 11,)2, 115, 1 ,16,
prisoners, polirical, 14,64, 1О!

I7С-7';, 1НН-Н') РГЩ:'n:'J1iu' magazine, 1Н4

emL)uzJemenr in, 91, ')2,164,165, Projt(t t()r Excellence ,п Аmеriс.ш Jоuгшl­

22НПl, ism, rH8

,П Ешоре, [,),74 proresr, 25, ·Ц-'4') , 4Н-49, 57."71 86, ')4,
t'1kt, 116 144, pl,olo 1;"11,,,:)
G! (mi!irary), lЧ, 1'),оП20 (l!![ше of, 4
harassmenr о{ (Са l1arassmenr) peace!'ll, [,2,21,26,42,45, 4Н, ')2, (,с,

iпfогшапts in, ,оН, 60, 1 1)16, иГ), ()6, 77, Н7. 10'j-(" 121, 14"'. Р,\,
12" 12')-)0, Т"4, 1 1(;9, 177, 189, 19НЛ59, 21 1П2О4
227-2НПо, 2',7п61. 24lП1 17,p!JUt', YioJeo(, 1-4,42-4."8,, Н6-К'7, 92-1С2.
!!illlerJ 5 104-1), 1 146, цК, 174. 1Н2,
,nrегпа! (onAict in, 1 122, 1. 220-2Il17Н. 2'>50J8, 2.17062
22')П)7 the Provos, 60
!аП,l(uа,l(е 01 (s,< соunrегсuJtшс: lan,l(Llage 00 P"lirzer Prize, 9'1,
mапаgеmепг strtlcturts in Ршzk mаgаziле iNew York, NY), IH6
l)ierarch!Cal, Н4, ')" 1 4'), 1';')-')7.
т 7"7, г8т, Qшп, LazarllS, 1 5')
с!есеппа!izеd, 11, 16, 17, 27-2Н, QllilГ, \feekly, 20 1 ЛJ 9
Ч. 59· 6,-64,142-4,-\,14",
Ч9-5 С , [, 17.\, IН'), 209ПНS racism, 4.11,12. 4С', 42,55-56. 7К, Н("
и<,· 111'0 IIIZJCI' ,len1Ocracy) 104-5,127,12'),14.'
misrepresenrarions 'п ,(,,9')-1 '::>0, .. S"e ,,/ro IIII,f" Аfгiсап Лmегiсапs

10(,-10 Rader, Ciary, 1,)0

ntr\vorks ot', 50' (,7-('Н. .,>, Но, ')2 Riljica/ Лmt:t"!Йl, 57
Iх" al.l" LiЬегаtlОЛ 'Jews Service; Иn­ radio, ,. Н. .'К-59, 41-.р, 66, 1,12,>,178,
Jегt:rol1лJ Press Sync!icarel 17'), ч,Л1()4
obsceniry iп, 125,127,12Н-, RI1I:. U\usrjn. ТХ), xiji, .> 1, 5'>-54, 58-65,
21On'S5 72-7j, 7)-77, 97,126. I29, 1

seXJsm in (Jet' St:XlSn1) 2-\2096, рЬмо 1:.(/lle,)

spread о{, 4. 1, 1-'7'>, Но-Н,>, Rall, Ted, [н"

')1, !О6, Т1Н--\9, 192П1 RашрйrtJ шаgаziпе, ) 1. 109, 1

sщ)ргt'Ssiоп о{, '), (ч, J 16-1 Н, гаре, 175,2451127

114,1.'16, .I!\(} h,1raS«imenr) Karick, .Jоlш R., 14S
"епс!ш,l( ог. 7, ", 39,46, "9-6~, Н2, R./I С'';,,,у York, NY), 24, 119·129,
124, 1213, Т0 2, 1 156,1(,2.171 174,17'\, 1tЧП45,
Priesc, Ro),(er, 1,14 2JСП1Н(,.2,ЦОТ'I7

print ш!шге, 142, 17(" 1 нн Rarllskeller \ Uпiуtгsitу о( Wiscoosio), 202040

ioSDS, 1'), 17,21,2,>,2') Rаrriлег, Dап, plJoI" K"llerJ
рппгшg, 4-7 Re,JJers OI,Ce.\/, 9, 15 Н

deskrop publisllint:, 1Н()-Н7 Reagan, Konald, 9, 69

mimеоt:гаrll,15-Ц, 2,1, 1::>~, 118, R",! Рl1l'е,' !В(Jstоп, МЛ), тН2

124, 1')2Л12. 1'),,022 Rc,,!iJI, 14, У\-,(" [75

INDEX 273
Reed, Ishmael, 9
Rlltgers 1,]Пlvегшу, 24

religioo, 40, 44, 55, 56, R4, 86, 87, 88, 95,
Ryao, George, I7Н

10.'-4,108,10'),186,2471111
Ryao, Магу, xiv

Republicao Parry, 92, 1 R7, 24401,

Ryao,Sheila, 11'),122, Ц7-4Н, 150-52,

Resroo, James, ')8

156, 161, 162,164,24InI29,phoIO

Rerherford, James, 11') '20, IВ

ga/le.) 6

Reurers, 10.,

Rez'оfШ;О1l,20106
Sainlt-Marit, Buffy, 48

Rеvоlшiоо, Frel1ch, 98
Sale, Kirkparrick, 2'),

геvоlшiОl1агiеs, 64, 79, 8,,158,161,165,

5(1/('" magazine, 8

166, [74, 175

San Diego О!lО' (СА), 127,2",.,01

third-wor!d, ,)2, 84,132,174

Sao Oiego Perioc!ica!s, 129

геvоlщiооагу ,уа1l paioriog (RWP), [')SЧ

Sao Oiego 5meljOlmza/(CA), 1'\2, 10,)

Reyes, Gweo, 189

Sao Fraocisco (СА), 1, "', ,,6, :\Н, 5" 62,

Rhodesia, Coiversity Co!lege ос 86

69-70,155

Ribicoff, АЬгаlJзm, 23006,

5аn F'ran"jjco Ва)' G/шrdiаll (СА), 9,,\,17,,174,

Riclblrds, Oavicl, 64
177, 17Н, [В,

Rior Cirrrl, [87

5аll FrашjJ((j Chrollicfe (СА), 71, 19207

riors. 5ее protests: violenr

5ап F'rащiJCU Exallli,m' (СА),

Rivers, L, Meodel, JЧ
San Fraocisco Expm.r,ТillltJ (СА), 2)7052

Rizzo, Fraok, 155

Sao Fraocisco 01',1(/" (СА), 7,11,75,9.',

Robbios, 10т, 9
20In3

Roberrs, Cokie, 182

Saoders, Ed, 68-6'), 19,020
Robil1soo, Вену Garmal1, 197051
Sarнaoa, Carlos, 1

Roche, Joho, 88
Savage, Оао, I~."
Rock aod Ro!l Hall of Fame, 81
Sclbloen, WiШаm, 1,,\0-,,1

Rockete!ler, Oavid, 246042

Schang, Gabrielle, 24401:\
Rodgers, Jimmie, 55
Scherr, Мах, 75, 76,122, 1)6,jJhologa!!t!) "

Rodriguez, Sращ 21,016

Sclliff, Paul, 50

Rolfe, Liooel, .)')

Schoeoberg, Arnojcl, 41

Rolling 5/blle magazioe, 8" 120, 121, 122,

Schoenfeld, Ellgeoe, 72, 175,21,024
150,171,19401
Schweers, Оаооу, 64

Rolliog Srooes, 1-.'>, 142

I.Ье Seeds, 4:\

Romm, Ethel, 74, !О6, 1')2012

Selective Service, US, 2 Ч041

Roseobat!m, Roo, 117

Selma (АЦ, 86, 2'15-.,>605.'>
Rosenberg, Fred, 45
Seoate Select Committee 00 Inrelligeoct,

Rosenrhal, АЬе, 2250157, 2260164

229-50052

Ross, RоЬеп, 22-2)

sex, 35,60,95,125-26,154,172,175,178,

Rossioo\v, Oot!g, 54-56

[8.,. 185, lН6, 1Н9, 23406

Rosrow, Walr, 88
Sex Pisrols, 2440 [ .'\

Rorh, ВоЬ, 17'),8::1

sexism, 1 r, 1), 19-20, .,>6,5'),60,

Roth ", ЕЬе U"ited 5lateJ, 1

121-22,125,126-27, [2'),166,

Rubio,Jerry, 77,12',,175
174-76,194045,2430166
Rudcl, Mark, 105-7,2240 r ,'>0
5Р \r'eekly (СМ, 181, 1H4, 246044

Itudoick, ВоЬ, 11 R
Shafer, Jack, 184

Rusk, Осао, 146

Shahn, Веl1. r:\

274 INDEX
5/){Ik,с/mПI (Fort Dix. N)i. 1.>4
stаш.!роinc episremology. 95, 11;

511ank, Ваггу. 55. ()2

Sranley. Ovv>ley, 7

Shapiro. Peter. 155

Srапгоn. Elizabeth Cady. 20IП()

SI1e!ton. GilЬеп. 126. 175

5гаг;п. Lшу. 75

Shenton. Jamts. 1с;8

Stale Neu'J (МSЩ, 46-49, 52, 2О7П 1;7

SI1ero.)elf, 23-2(). 28, .'10 •.р. 5(). ()о. 10,\.

Srei пеПl, Glor;a, 194П45

119.129. 15(), 198n5'\. 2lCn18()

SгockmaIl, David, 9

SI1Usrer, Ы] ke. 8
Srone, 1. F. (lzzy),,,,. 2~Нп68

Si!ver. )оаn Micklin. 172

5/raip/Jt C"!Ek }ШlПш/ (Dспvег, СО), 128, 176. 177

Sinc!air,)oJ1n. 121. 12,. 128, 229n",phUlo

Srre;rmarrer. Roger, )2

.~a//cY) 5
Srudenr CommuI1ication Net\vork (SCN).

сЬе Sixties. xiii. 2. (). 12, з8. 17.1. 187-88

10)-4.149
5/,,!е mаl!аzше. 184
SrLldenc Nonviolenr Coordina[ing Commirree,
Slorin. Мое. рlюtu "а//ее) 8
16,197 0)1,247 nI 5

Sma]]. Melvil1. 94
Stlldenr Реасе Cniol1, 2;

5mзl! Pre:;s Alliance (SPA). 186-87

Studenr Pres> Аssосiа,;оп, C.s. (USSPA), Н7,

Smirh. Charlie. 21 18,.2 IOnI8()

89-91, 10;. 141

Sm;r11. Davicl. 1991176

StudeI1ts for а Democrar;c Society (SDS), 5-6.

Smirh. )асК. рlю!о "а//е') 3

13-30·42'48, )0. 54, 57, 76,95,

Smir!1. Lane. 172

96,10;-1 ц6, 151, 153. I()7-68,

Smirh. Russ. 1Н,

17 3-74, 1 Н8, pllO/o /','111"у) 2

5miril. Vicroria. 9. 62. 1 1. 24111 129. рЬмо

chaprers of. 2С-2 1, 26, 52, 5.'1. 57-(11.

.~,,//e'T 9
76-77. lC4~I,. 155, 162,2100184,

SI1yder. Gary, 9
21 IП22С, 240П91

sосiаlisщ .,2-.:;:1. ,8,88. 195n9

meerin,o;sol, 14'15. 18,21, 2Н. 57, 121.

Solman, Paul. 182

174, 200п88. 210ПlН(), 211П220

Sommer, Маге. 146. 16()

Narional Council of. 18,22,2,. 2Н.

гЬе Sourh, 50, 5.), 58. 8(), 197 n 5'

2IОП186

Sourh America. 79, 14.3

pLlblicariol1s 0[,25,5.,,57, 197-9Нn52

5f;1/1j, End, 229П'\7

DiJCIlssil)'I BII//eti" (ОВ). 2,-,\0.

SO!lt!Jem Сuшier. 86. Ц 7

197-9 8П 5 2

Sovier Ul1irш, 35, 54, "(), 15 r

I,'щ' I~ef/ NО/б (see Nщ IJ:ji Л'и/б)

Sp,,,,"Cit)'.' (НОЩГОI1, ТХ), 1'11-)2. 1

Weatl1erman Б!Сtiоп (..-ее Wearl1er

2 1 ::JП 1 8() phot!) ",1I1er) с)

U пс.!егgгоuп,])

Sp"(lalm' (Bloomingron. IN). 119. 1

sl,bJt(riviry

2 ,О2П96, 2;;Нn78
alrernar;ve. 68

Speerer, ArJen, 135

io reporring, 4.Н.47, 50, ()2-6з.76,

Spiegel. Mike. 167-6Н

84,94-95.98-99. 101-2, 109-10.

Spiegelman, Arr, 9
ln, 175, IНО, 18,

Sr iro's, 49. 52
а, IГurh, 8, 94-95, 102, 11,

Spock, BenjamiI1. 100

S111zberger, Arrhur "РипсЬ," 109-12

5p"kdl1e Sallo'''/ (\VA). 75. 1 В

"Summer 01 Love," з8, ()6-68, Ц4

Sprarr. Craig. 159

Sun~tS[cip, з8,41,4,-45,6з. 20511104

Sprinl!steeo, Bruce. 9
Supreme Сошt. Calitornia. 20,n62. 2О4П79

St. Ltlke's Hosp; [al.

Sl!rreme Соше, Michigan, 129, рЬо/о ,~'III<'J 5

St. Mark's Place, 57

SUl'reme СОШf. U,S .. 64. 127-28

J~DEX 275

 lJniform CoJe оГ Мi!iщгу ]LТsrice. 1Ч

Swi пroп, Рас 1, 'i

lfnicec! Ащо \Vorkus, 15

Symingron, Flte, 17Н-79

LJnireJ FrLlir Сатрап)', 75. 78, 7':}

lJnired РГб> !nrernariona] (ОРI), 102, 10.,.

TaJese, Gav·. 179

151)
Tarrancino, Qнеnсiп, [Н '>
\.'.5, Agency (or Inrernariona! Dе\'е!ортеnr,
Тасе, Lппу, 49, 51, 5~. 2;:)7n 1)4
47
taxes, 40, 6,
LТпivегsities, S« (olleges

tear gas, 96, 220-21 n:K

lJ niversI(]' Chrisrlan Моуетеnr, 1 С,

television, Н, -15, 71, Н4, 129, 1,2, I/H, lН2,

ир Against [11t W"Il, Morl1ertucker, 161,

r87,22SП1sН,232П90, 2400 217П(,1

telccype machines, 10." ц6, I')Н шЬап cris;,,). у\ 4.1, RS, 90,10.1, ISH
Texas, Cniv'ersicy of (at Ausr;n) (СТ), 2'),
5-1-60,6-1, -'5-77, 1». p!JoТIi /!,.;;/k,) V,11еПZ<I, Gar\', 2,НП7Н

O!JJ""/',r, 2.ЦО J 7 \'аlщ:s

cheater alrernative, Но, В" r 1Н7

sпее" 44, J 20, P/i(;I" ;';,II!<-') American, Л, 56,78, 112

Х-с,нес!, 6') l1lТrnan;sr,2"

lзсh FJoor Elevators, 62 rnainstream, Н4, [2(,

Thomas, Norman, 195П9 Velver lJп<1еrgГОLlf\d. 2ЧП,'16
Thompson, Frппk, 67,7(, Vеп;сt (СА), .,(" ,Н
Thompson, Нtlпtеr S" 8 Viегсоп!-" 145-46

Threac1gill, Keonerl1. 55 \,iеtпаП1, St'( !lн,/еу \var

Тlш,,,dgil!'s Ваг (Atlstin, ТХ), 5') \'l/I,,/!,e \'lii", 1'>, 14, .'1.'-.))' .'16, .09, 7'),
Тl1Urmond, S,rom, 1 Н7 7Н,Н4,88,':}5, 'IO, IIH, 121, I(Ч,
Тi,ш Magazioe, 17-', 17Н, lHI-8". 216П76,/'[,О{I)
I02~119,I29· 177 J,:a//eJy 1

TocqLТevilJe, Altxis de, 9, 9К VilJage Уоке Ме,!ы, ,Н1, IН2-Я4

Tomassi, Carcer, phlJtu ,Ralle') 8 \!i1/,,/!,о·, 201 f\ 1 9

Tornorrow, Тот, 18.:, violence. ,[асе, Н4, 97

Tower Records, 1 Н6 ViГШОllSСаLТСLТS, 15С-5.'\' 157-62, I6Н

Trans-Love Energits lJпlimiEtll, 120-2 [ VizJrd. George, 59-60,ро,,!u ,~"II'TY 2

Tr;Jlin, Cal\'in, 17,,17(, Vоnnсgщ, КlIН ]r., .»

Tro[skyite,. ,8 vorer reb"lscra[lOn, S:'
Тгнтап, Da\'id, 1 VlIlcan Gas Со, (ALТsrin, ТХ), 62
/\ Тr!lЩрt;f 'и Апm,' A./tt:t"Jkl/l'n' ЛJI{(!iu jn Amrri((/, VLТ!gar Marxists, 150"5.-'. 156. 159, 1(,0-6,.
1-,8 16').168, I6 9,2)4п6

T!leJday:r Child П,Оs Апgеles, СА), 2,9П1)4

TU';fl Cili", RM,/U" (Minneapolis-Sr. PaLТ], MN), Ift!l/ SII'cutJo!lmal. 2 r(JпЯН

17') It,,/I'!/' (Champaign. IL), 10.,

\'Vаlrш, ]оlш. /,/JiJ«) .~,,/I"J.J

и JIt1е.r"rЩf)'1C/ :'itll'r/JcltIP" C(;//eC!iOll, 221 П95 \\'аг. 20,54,56, IOS, 126, I'Я' 19fiП59,

UшlегgГОLТпd Press 5vndicact (lfPS), 6, 46, ')Я. 2'::)1 П22

.1-74,81,1).0,91-92.112, II6-21, Ci"j!,2Cln()

12;:)-24,126-29,1,') "'9, 19 2Пl2 , consci"ntious obJ~(cor, '(,9

2',5 n 1 1). рЬnt,1 ,~"lle,) 1, ':) Fral1co.AI!'er,an, 145. 15'

INDEX
 1гач. 247111 1
\\'iilйll/tllf BI'J,/~t (Рorгlапd, OR), 15,\
Vi~шаn1, 4,5, (,,11,41, .р, 51,65, Н8,
\\'i!iаll/ШС \\';Tk (Ропlапd, OR). ! 79. [8е)

97.99. {О1, I)1, 174, 207пr_~7,f7IЩ!f.! \X'iJlian1s. RоЬtп, 126

1!.,,!!tlJ 6
\Vilsoп, Cicero, ]06

cov~ra,l:e 01', 7, 57, ,,'), Н,;, 10("

\V'ilsol1. S. Clay, 126
1Iraf'(, '), 7, 106,88-10'), ')2,
\\''11\ magazine, 95, [89
1"5, 1,5. 1Yt' 16'),21 !!122с:, 2 ГО \'ViSСОJ1siп, lJniversiry of, 12», 151

opposiriol1 ш, 1 2(,. ,р, 5(" ') j, '\ ~, \Viгtn1ап, J1Ilie, 1,\2

61,64. 8~,H8-H'),')2~[03. 121, 12(" \Vizard. Магiапп (t(}[mtrly М,triапп Vizard),
1)0, 1'14, 144, 2р11 1 58 59, /J/JO!I) ga//eгJ 2

\V<1[1101, АПl!У, 6с, 2чп,6

\'Volf. 0<111. ,,-ч
\I":n/lill,t;lщ/ (;i/) Ри!"" (ОО, 1 Н.,!
Wol(, Pet;:r, [7 ')

\r;lS!JlII.t;I'JII Free Р,'О.' (ОС), 72,76,77-78, 1 \3,

Woll<:, TO!I1, НI, ] 79

Ц'j, 1Л, 1 221119'),22,11114, \ХТотсп', HOllS,. о!' ОеttщjОI1. 2\ 5-,(11)"

2:',21196 \\'om('!1'S rlg11rs, Il! Т 2, 1-22, 20IП()

\\;J,f,i"l!./un PIJ.f! (ОО, 84, 98, f 1)1 1 --k), SCC' JfHJ {t:Пl1пiSIn

14,+-45. ч Н , 181, 2\5п,2 \V'ood, Granr, 75

\X'asko\\<" Ar[hltf, 2 т, 255Пj2 Woodsrock, 7, I,H, 1НН
\Vassern1ao, Harv~v, 88. ц6. Ц9, 1 'i 1. \Voodsrock Wesr, 1

152,156,151>-60,16;-68 Woociwarci. 130Ь, ] 144

Ir:,I(I' '[Юlllе! (Р~пп Sra(t), 127 \l~f)n'tJtt''' РI1!!СЬ,

\Vartri'a(t, 1 ,(" I~4 \vогkiпg class, 55, 122, 145, ] (, 1. ] Н6. 2~ 1п("

Way о( (I\t M"i'llS. 21 1 п2 229n~7

W"yne Sra[~ lJl1i\·tr;ir)', 122 \\u,'kmX ,'!,lIl! ,r\Jur;'{/le (Ntw York, NYJ. ,2
\Vearllt:r lJпJеrgГОLJПlI, 2, 1\5, Р3-74. \Vorll! \>;1"r Н. 6, ]')5119
['),,1120. [95Щ. 1')(,1122. 225ПЧ')

\VeiI1t[. Rt", 1 1 6, [2,j, 128 Хапасlll cotl<:ehot!se, .\9

\VеiI1,,~iп, Sol, 21 5117Н

Wt'iss, Nar, 159 Yasplf, Мах, ]

Welcll, Ма[[, 187 YI\!CA,Y\VCA, 56. 6]

\Xlekl, Bill, .:ц6П42 Уоопь. AlIen, 79,14,'-45, ЦН-5i, ] 51',

WeOl1er, Jal1l1. 121,22')11\5,2\21\')2 Th8. 222Пl(;5, 225ПI 2,':'')П';''':.

Werbt, PE·rer, 10\, 166 p/;'J/rj I<dlk.) 6

Wt:srern [;I1JOn, IO) УОllПь Socialisr Club. 4Н, 20711 [ \­

Wllire, H"yJen. 98 68
\Vhire Hl)lJSe. IЧ, 1 [7. 146, 147 Уошh /nrcгnarional Party (Yirp;CS), [2,.
\Vllire Panrl1er Рмсу, 121. 122, p!JII/rr ,~а!l,,) уошl1 гthеlliоп. See Lefr: Nt\v
\Vhiгmап, Walr. 49 Ушci; п, Larry, f'hOIIl ;:all"r] I ')

\'Vien~r, Jоп, 9
\Vilcосk,)оlш, )"74,1[8-19. [21, ]Ч, 7t'lI,<;cisl. 49. 52

148, 2,\OO'j5.pl"jf;, ~a!!el:1 J zines. 1 Н6-Н7

\V'ilk~rson, С~tlч', 19-20, 167-6Н, [')6п] 5 Zrzt!ir{( ЛlinJu'?п J?, 21 ,;п I 6

1'\ , .