Professional Documents
Culture Documents
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev. 1
June 1995
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 2
FOREWORD
The whole document has been reorganised, gathering the contents based on
monitoring methods and devices which have been reviewed. Reference has
been made to applicable normative references, when available.
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Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 3
CONTENTS
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
1.2.1 European normative references
1.2.2 Normative references of other organizations
1.3 Definitions
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Foreword
2.2 Monitoring techniques
2.3 Classification
2.3.1 Class 1 - Direct-intrusive devices and methods
2.3.2 Class 2 - Direct-non intrusive devices and methods
2.3.3 Class 3 - Indirect-intrusive devices and methods
2.3.4 Class 4 - Indirect-non intrusive devices and methods
4 PROBE INSTALLATION
4.1 Exposure modes
4.1.1 Central position
4.1.2 Flush mounted probes
4.1.3 Water traps
4.2 Retrievers
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Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 4
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
In the present specification are indicated the methods and the characteristics of
the devices for internal corrosion monitoring, necessary for the selection and
the installation of each equipment.
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Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 5
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Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 6
1.3 Definitions
Access fittings
Fittings flanged or welded to a pipeline or a vessel for the installation of
corrosion probes.
Bioprobe
Probe for corrosion monitoring in aqueous environments by microbial growth
on exposed coupons. Coupons are eventually removed and microbial analysis
carried out.
Hydrogen Probe
Device for corrosion monitoring in environments containing H 2S, based on the
measure of the hydrogen entrapped in the metal.
Probe
General term to indicate a device for internal corrosion monitoring.
Retriever
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 7
Water trap
It consists of a small section of pipe, welded or flanged on the lower side of a
pipeline or equipment, where separation and collection of water from
multiphase systems occurs. Inside the water trap, corrosion monitoring probes
are installed.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 8
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Foreword
2.3 Classification
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 9
Another evaluation parameter is the time needed to obtain the reading. Some
techniques, such as corrosion coupons or electrical resistance, provide the
average corrosion rate for the exposure period, while other ones, as for instance
linear polarisation, provide the instant value.
It is good practice to use at least two different methods for each monitoring test
point, in order to obtain more reliable information.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 10
It represents the most simple and the most used corrosion monitoring method.
Corrosion coupons shall be used just once; the reinstallation of previously used
coupons is allowed in case of progressive exposures (two or more coupons are
mounted on the same coupon holder only one coupon being removed for
examination).
The most adequate length of the period of exposure shall be assessed case by
case, applying for instance the following procedures:
− exposure of two probes, 1 and 2, for a month; removal of both and
confrontation of weight losses to control the reproducibility;
− substitution of coupons 1 and 2 with 3 and 4; exposure for two month and
removal of coupon 3 only;
− substitution of coupon 3 with 5; exposure of coupons 4 and 5 for four month
and removal.
The procedure allows to estimate corrosion rate for exposure periods 1, 2, 4 and
6 months long. The optimum length of the period of exposure is then defined
by examination and interpretation of the results.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 11
Corrosion spools are flanged sections of pipe, usually 500 or 1000 mm long,
made of the same material the line to be monitored is made of, installed on the
line.
Instrumented corrosion spools are sections of pipe equipped with sensors and
devices suitable to detect and to monitor internal corrosion.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 12
The procedures for carrying out linear polarisation measurements in plants are
discussed in ASTM G 96.
In fewer cases, two electrode probes are used (working electrode and counter
electrode) are used.
The latter, are applicable in multiphase systems for rate corrosion measurement
of metallic surfaces wetted by water.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 13
During the starting period of the plant, or while executing particular tests (as,
for instance, for corrosion inhibitor dosage), reading shall be taken at least
every 6 hours. After steady conditions have been reached, reading can be taken
less frequently, approximately once a week.
Probes are available both with metallic element as a filament, suitable for
exposure into the bulk of a fluid, and with metallic element as a spiral
embedded in resins, for flush mounted installations.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 14
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 15
The probe consists of two different metallic elements (for instance iron and
gold), in exposed to water; short circuit current is measured between the two
elements, whose intensity is proportional to dissolved oxygen concentration.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 16
3.8 Bioprobe
The reading can be taken from the outside, measuring the energy (gamma rays)
emitted by the activated layer. Intensity of radiation is proportional to the
residual thickness of the activated zone.
The thickness of activated layer can be controlled very precisely, from microns
to millimetres; the most used thickness ranges from 25 to 300 micron.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 17
Measures can be easily effected with plant in operation and during shut down
periods.
This method has specific advantages: it is not necessary to penetrate the pipe or
vessel to be inspected and results are obtained as residual thickness.
Instruments are available in portable versions. All accessible areas of the plant
can be monitored.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 18
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 19
4 PROBE INSTALLATION
Insertion of the probes into the pipeline is made through specific access fittings.
Access fittings are usually located, flanged or welded, on the upper part of the
pipe or on the most adequate position for retrieving operations, also considering
geometric and interference bonds with near structure.
This exposure mode is intended both in the centre of pipe and at different levels
between bottom and top of the line.
It is adequate in situations where the corrosive phase (for instance the aqueous
phase) is present in the whole cross section of the pipe or at least in most of it.
Probe position is determined calculating the correct length of the holder of the
probe.
Flush mounted probes are installed near the internal surface of the pipe or
vessel without protruding into the cross section; hydrodynamic conditions are
not modified and the probe experiences same corrosive conditions existing on
the internal walls of the pipe.
Flush mounted probes are not always applicable because there is often not
space enough below the line to allow removal of the probes. Excavations may
be dangerous because of the possible presence of gas and because of the
difficulty to evacuate the plant in case of accident.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
03584.VAR.COR.PRG
Rev.1 June 1995
Sheet 20
Fittings mounted on bottom of the line require special design to allow removal
of deposits from threads.
In multiphase systems when water quantity is low (below 20% of total liquids),
it is convenient to create artificially, in the pipe to be monitored, a water
collecting area where probes can be placed (water traps).
4.2 Retrievers
The retriever allows to insert, substitute or remove probes with the pipeline or
plant in service.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà dell'AGIP. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of AGIP. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.