‫لتحميل المزيد من الكتب والمراجع باللغة العربية‬

‫تابعونا على‬

‫صفحة موسوعة الهندسة الكهربية على الفيس بوك‬

‫‪Electrical Engineering Encyclopedia-Arabic‬‬
‫‪www.facebook.com/EEE.Arabic‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫جروب موسوعة الهندسة الكهربية على الفيس بوك‬
‫‪EEE-Arabic‬‬
‫‪www.facebook.com/groups/EEE.Arabic‬‬
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    


   
   
 FF

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 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
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{ TRANSFORMATION STATE –‫}א‬‫א‬ •
{RECTIFICATION STATE }‫א‬ •
{SMOOTHING STATE }‫א‬ •
{REGLATION STATE}‫א‬‫א‬ •
3 éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß@
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪W ‬א‪ ‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫א‪(Transformers)‬‬
‫** ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻌـﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ‪ .‬ﻳﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ " ﻭﻳﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻨـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠـﻮﺏ ﻳـﺴﻤﻰ " ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻮﻱ " ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻮﻻﺕ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـــﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴـــﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤــﻮﻝ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴــﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿــﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤــﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘــﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﺯﻳــﺖ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳــﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣــﺎ ﻣﺤــﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘــﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫** ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣــﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘــﺮﺩﺩ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔــﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴــﺔ ﻳﻨــﺸﺊ ﻣﺠــﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﻟﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ – ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺚ – ﺟﻬـﺪﺍ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴـﺎ ﻳﻌـﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫××ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ × I P‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ‪. N P‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـﺴﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻣـﻊ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺿـﺮﺏ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ × I S‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ‪. N S‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫‪) N S . I S = N P . I P‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ × ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ= ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ × ﻋـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ(‬

‫‪NS‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪N P‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ = PP‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪) PS‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻘـﺪ ﺷـﻴﺌﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ (‬
‫‪ PS = PP = P‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ= ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ = ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ = ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ × ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪P = VP ⋅ I P‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ = ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ × ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪P = VS ⋅ I S‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ I P ⋅ I S = N P ⋅ N S‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ × ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ = ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻮﻱ × ﻋـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ VP / VS = N P / N S‬ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ = ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪ /‬ﻋـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ N S / N P‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ V S‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘـﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ ، V P‬ﻭﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ I S‬ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪I P‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻓﺾ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ N S / N P‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ Vs‬ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘـﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ ، V P‬ﻭﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ I S‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪. I P‬‬

‫‪CC‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬
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‫‪CC‬א‪ W‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ × Vs‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭﻩ ‪I S‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ × V P‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭﻩ ‪I P‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﻮﻻ ﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻛـﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪CC‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬
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‫ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻮﻝ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗـﺼﻰ ﻗـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪CC‬א‪ W‬‬
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‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ = ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ /‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

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‫‪6‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
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‫‪CC‬א‪‬א‪ Transformers Types ‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻠـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﺭﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺛﻤﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﺤـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﺭﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪W‬א‪‬א‪F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ )‪ (E‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ )‪ (I‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ} ‪ : {Core type‬ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﻄﻰ ﺑـﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻋﺰﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫}‪ { shell type core‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻄـﺎﺓ ﺑـﺎﻟﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻌـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ W‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺛـﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ﻛﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤـﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗـﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮ ﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﺭﻳﺖ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺮﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﺒـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗـﺴﻤﺢ ﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺤـﻮﻻﺕ ﺻـﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻢ ﻋـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﺭﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺍﻟـﻰ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﻜﺎﺕ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪﺍ ﻛﺒﻴـﺮﺍ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻬـﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫)‪(RECTIFICATION PROCESS‬‬ ‫‪JW ‬א‪‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺎ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ } ‪{H.W.R‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ }‪{F.W.R‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻨﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘــﻮﻡ ﻧــﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟــﺔ ﻫــﻮ ﺃﺣــﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻳ‪‬ـﺮﺑﻂ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻛﺄﺳـﺎﺱ ﻟﻌـﺪﺓ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺩﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻠﻮﻃﻴـﻪ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺃﻡ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﻓﻜﻠﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩﺓ )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﺤﻈﻴ ﹰﺎ ( ﻭ ﻳﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﻓﻜﻼﻫﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪. (٢‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻤــﺎ ﻧﻌﻠــﻢ ﻣــﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳــﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺨــﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻧﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻــﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣــﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻘــﻂ ﺣﻴﺜﻤــﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﺟﻬــﺪ ﺍﻻﻧــﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺒــﺮ ﻣــﻦ ﺟﻬــﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﻪ ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪. (٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ) ‪ (I rms‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﻞ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻱ } ‪ ، {Imax/ 2‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ )‪(Idc‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ }‪.{ Imax/π‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ)‪ (Vrms‬ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻱ } ‪ ، {Vmax/ 2‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ )‪(Vdc‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ }‪.{ Vmax/π‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ) ‪: ( FULL WAVE RECTIRIER‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻪ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺣﻴـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺣﻴـﺪ ﻧـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺗﺠـﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺿـﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜــﻞ ﻧــﺼﻒ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫــﻮ ﻣﻮﺿــﺢ ﻓــﻲ‬
‫ﺷــﻜﻞ )‪ . (٤‬ﻭﺣﻴــﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋــﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒــﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﺨـﺮﺝ )‪(Vave‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺿـﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2Vmax‬‬
‫= ‪Vave‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﻨﺎﻗﺸﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺃﻻﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺫﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ )‪: (The Full-wave Center-Tapped Rectifier‬‬
‫ﺷــﻜﻞ )‪ (٥‬ﻳﺒــﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺣــﺪ ﻣﻮﺟــﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠــﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘــﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺤــﻮﻝ ﺫﻱ ﻧﻘﻄــﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ ، D2‬ﺗــﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧــﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤــﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻠـﻒ ﻭﺳـﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D1‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴـﺎﺯ ﺃﻣـﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2‬ﻓـﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D1‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺳـﻮﻑ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠــﻒ ﺍﻟﺜــﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺳــﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨــﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻓــﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻷﺳـﻔﻞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D1‬ﻓـﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪. D2‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺔ ﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺪﺧﻞ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ . (٦‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺟﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧـﺼﻒ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪V0‬‬ ‫‪− VD‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫** ﺍﻟﺠﻬــــــﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜــــــﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻗــــــﺼﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨــﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜــﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺒﻴــﺔ ﺃﻃــﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠــﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜـــﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨـــﺔ ﺑـــﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧‬ﻓـــﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D1‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴـﺎﺯ ﺃﻣـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜـﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗــ ـﺼﻰ ) ‪ (PIV‬ﻟﻠﺜﻨــــﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2‬ﺑﺈﻳﺠــ ـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔــﺎﺭﻕ ﺑــﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤــﻰ ﻟﺠﻬــﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬـــﺒﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤـــﻰ ﻟﺠﻬـــﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤــﺼﻌﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴــﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤــﻰ ﻟﺠﻬــﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬــﺒﻂ ﻟﻠﺜﻨــﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2‬ﺗــﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ (VP 2 / 2) − V B‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ، − VP 2 / 2s‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ ) ‪ (PIV‬ﻟﻠﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺫﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎡V‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪⎤ ⎡ V‬‬
‫⎥ ‪PIV = ⎢ P 2 − V B ⎥ − ⎢− P 2‬‬
‫‪⎣ 2‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪⎦ ⎣ 2‬‬
‫‪PIV = V p 2 − V B‬‬
‫‪VP2‬‬
‫= ‪∴V Po‬‬ ‫‪− VB‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∴V P 2‬‬ ‫‪= 2V Po + 2V B‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪PIV = 2VPo + VB‬‬

‫‪ –٢‬ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﺓ )‪(The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪-٨‬ﺃ( ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2‬ﻭ ‪ D1‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛـ ﹰﻼ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D3‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ D4‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D2 ، D1‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺷـــﻜﻞ )‪ . (٨‬ﺧـــﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨـــﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺔ ﺟﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪D2 ، D1‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜـﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D3‬ﻭ ‪ D4‬ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪-٨‬ﺏ(‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٨‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣــﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤــﺎﺭ ﻓــﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈـﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺎﻥ ) ‪ D4 ، D3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ( D2 ، D1‬ﻓـﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨـﺮﺝ‬
‫‪V 0 = V 2 − 2V B‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ V B = 0.7V‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ‪ VB = 0V‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺍﻟﺠﻬــﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜــﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻗــﺼﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪، D1‬‬
‫‪ D2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻧـــﺎ ﻓـــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـــﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴـــﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺃﻣــﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤــﺎ ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﻛــﻞ ﻣــﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D4 ، D3‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻜــﺴﻲ ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ ﺇﻳﺠــﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ) ‪ (PIV‬ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ D3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ D4‬ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ ) ‪ (PIV‬ﻟﻠﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪PIV = V Po + V B‬‬

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 ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪W‬א‪(SMOOTHING “FILTERING”PROCESS)‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﻃﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﺃﻧﻬـﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺑﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﻪ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬـﺎ )ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰﻼ ( ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺤـﻮﻱ ﺗﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ )‪ (ripple‬ﻗـﺪ ﻻﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻌــﻞ ﻫــﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴــﺔ ﺃﻗــﺮﺏ ﺇﻟــﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ ﺍﻟﺤــﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻔ ﹰﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫( ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﻴــﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤــﺎ ﻫــﻮ ﻣﺒــﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻛ ﹰﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻧـﺔ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠــﻰ ﻣــﻦ ﻓــﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬــﺪ ﺑــﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓــﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜــﻒ ﻓــﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨــﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣـﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ ﺷـﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜـﻒ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﻔﻮﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴـﺔ ﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣــﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳــﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨــﺎﻗﺺ ﻓ ـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨــﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜـﺴﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗـﻒ‬
‫ﻋــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻــﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓــﻲ ﻫــﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ ﻳــﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q = C ⋅V‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻮﻡ ( ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ∆V out‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪∆Q = C ⋅ ∆Vout :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﹰﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪∆Q = I ⋅ T‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻐﻪ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫= ‪CF‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪ H‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f ⋅ ∆Vout‬‬ ‫‪f ⋅ ∆Vout‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ C H‬ﻫﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ‪ C F‬ﻫﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ )‪ : (ripple factor‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ) ‪(V DC‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ)‪ (Ripple Factor‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(١١‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ )‪ (Ripple Factor‬ﺑﺄﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻢ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Vr ( p− p‬‬
‫=‪r‬‬
‫‪VDC‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ JW‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻟﺰﻡ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ )ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ (‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳـﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﺨـﺮﺝ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘـﻮﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺑـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻤﺘـﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺘـﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﺨـﺮﺝ ﻟﻤﻮﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻢ ﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺟﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻢ ﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ )ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫‪‬א‪(Capacitors) ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﺒـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜـﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻣـﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ ﺳـﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜـﻒ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻣﻜﺜـﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜــﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺍﻟﻤــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟــﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺃﻃﻠــﻖ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜــﻒ ﺍﺳــﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜــﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺃﻃﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟـــــــــــــــــــــــﺴﻌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟــــﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟــﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﻭﺣــﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺳــﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔــﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤــﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ )‪:(a‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ )‪:(d‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺣﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ( ‪:ε‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﺰﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺑﺴﻠﻮﻥ‪ε‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﺡ )‪ (a‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪C =ε‬‬ ‫‪ d‬ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪ ε‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ‪ ε r‬ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‪ ε‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ε 0‬ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ )ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﻣﻴﺔ ‪) X C‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻡ( ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ)‪(F‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪ C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪ ، F‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪ F‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ )ﺻﻔﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺔ ‪ X C‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ )ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ( ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ C‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺘﻪ )ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ( ﻓﻴﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ )ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺗﺮﻳﻤﺮ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻹﻣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ )ﻛﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺭﺑﻂ( ‪ Coupling‬ﺃﻭ )ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻓﻼﺵ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺨﺰﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺮﻍ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ( ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ‪.،‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻛـ ﹰﻼ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺣـﺪ ﻧـﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻪ ﻭﻣﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛ ﹸﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 ‫‪‬א‪W‬א‪‬א‪  (Regulation Process)‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﻼﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫** ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪:‬ـ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﹰﺎ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻓـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮﺏ )ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ( ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺐ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺍﻟـﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻓـﻲ ﺟﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺖ ﺟﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ )ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫‪‬א‪W(ZENER DIODE REGULATOR)‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢‬ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﻣﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻳﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻱ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻣــﺎ ﻳﻤﻴــﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﻧــﺮ ﻋــﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨــﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌـــﺎﺩﻱ ﻫـــﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـــﺮ ﻋﻨـــﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴـﻪ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻃﺮﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧــﺮ ﺣﺘــﻰ ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﺎﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻛﻤﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ‪ (VZ‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺰﻧﺮ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﻻﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪. (١٣‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Vin‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ‬
‫) ‪ (VZ‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﺮ ﻳﻈـﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ (VZ ) ، Vin‬ﻳﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ) ‪. (R‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﺠــﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒــﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻴــﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣــﺔ‬
‫) ‪ (R‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ ﻟـﻪ ) ‪ I Z (max‬ﻓﻠـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪GG‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ) ‪ (R‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺟﻬـﺪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫) ‪ (Vin − V Z‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ‪ I L‬ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﻞ ﺣﻴﻨﺌـﺬ ﻳﺘـﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻟﻴـﺴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺧـــﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋـــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳـــﺔ)ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـــﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـــﻞ ﻭﺛﻨـــﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـــﺮ( ﻟﻴﻜـــﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـــﺎﺭﻳﻦ ‪ I L , IZ‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪. IR = IL + IZ‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺴﺮﻱ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﻴـﺮ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ I L‬ﺳﻴﻘﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ‪ IZ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﻔﻆ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ Iz‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪GG‬א‪ W‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪:‬ـ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﺮ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻄـﻰ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻞ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ) ‪ (R‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ‪ Vin‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳـﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫‪ I Z‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣﻔـﻆ ﺟﻬـﺪ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﻞ ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬ـ‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻧـﺮ ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺻـﺒﺢ ‪ I Z‬ﻛﺒﻴـﺮﺍ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﺑﺤﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﺳﻴﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨـﺘﺞ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﻴـﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻬـﺪ ‪ Vin‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ) ‪(R‬‬

‫‪‬א‪ W‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﺮ ﻳﺤﻤـﻞ ﺟـﺰﺀﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ I Z‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔـﻀﺎ ﻭﺗﺤـﻮﻝ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺮﻭﺭ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ )ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ( ﻻﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻟﻜـﻦ ﺑﺒـﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ )ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ W(power‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪zener)‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺘﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺘـﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ (10,5,1, 1 2 , 1 4‬ﻭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫)‪PZ (max) = VZ (max) ⋅ I Z (max‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ) ‪ I Z (max‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻭ ) ‪ V Z (max‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‪:‬ـ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻧﺮ ﺫﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺰﻧﺮ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻳﻨﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺮ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (1.5 A‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻻﺗﺤﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The simulation with computer
By circuit maker program

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 ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺗﻪ ﻗﻤـﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒـﺪﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻨﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٢٠‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟـﻰ ‪ ١٩,٥‬ﻓﻮﻟـﺖ ﺑﺤﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﻠـﻲ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻉ ) ‪ (1N 4007‬ﻭﻗﻤـﺖ ﺑﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻤـﻞ ﺑﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄـﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣـﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺄﻣﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻹﻃﺮﺍﻑ )ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ(‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫) ‪(Vmax‬‬ ‫) ‪(2Vmax‬‬ ‫) ‪(Vmax‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ)‪ (Data Sheete‬ﻣﺮﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ) ‪ (3300µf‬ﺫﻭ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ) ‪. (35V‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻻﻥ ﻫﺪﻓﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟـﺔ ﻓـﺄﻧﻲ ﺑﺤﺜـﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺛﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﺮ ﻟﻜـﻦ ﻭﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻨﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﻬـﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ )‪ (The Divider Rule‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﺄﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ )‪ (LM 317‬ﺫﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪ 1 . 2‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 21‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺠﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1 . 2‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺮ ﹸﻗﻤـﺖ ﺑـﺮﺑﻂ ﺩﺍﻳـﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ) ‪ (1N 4007‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ١٩,٦‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﻗﻤﻨـﺎ ﺑـﺸﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻣـﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
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‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬
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‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳـﺮ ﻭﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺛﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﻠﻔﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﺃﺷـﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﹸﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻼﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﺘﻘﻦ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻻﻧﻨﺴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﹸﻬﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﻧﻨﺸﻐﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗ ﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺟﻬـﺖ ﻛـﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺒـﺎﻫﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺠـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺤﺜﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ ﻭﺑﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻠﻤﺖ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺣﺮﺻﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻜـﺎﺭ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﹸﺍ ﻷﻧﻨﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﺃﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﻪ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﻮﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻛﻤـﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـﺚ ﺳـﻠﻤﻨﺎﻩ ﻟﻠـﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠـﻲ ﺃﻟﺤﻤـﺪﻱ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺗﺴﻠـﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺷﺠﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺃﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺤﺜﻲ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬـﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻤـﺖ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋـﺔ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨـﺴﻴﻘﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺛـﻢ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺣﻮﻟـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻣﻤـﺎ ‪‬ﻭﻓﻘـﺖ ﺑـﺔ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﺭﺃﻳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻨـﺸﺮﺣﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻗﻠﻴـﻞ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻈ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﻌﻰ ﻭﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺄﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻷﺛﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻤـﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨـﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺮﻓﻨـﺎ ﻛﻴـﻒ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻧﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﺑﻤﺤﻴﻄﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﻌـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﺎﺡ ﻭﻋـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻦ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﻞ ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

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‫‪32‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
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‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ﹰﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪7cm‬‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة‬

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‫‪7cm‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻮز‬

‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺨﺮج‬
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‫‪10cm‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪15cm‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

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‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺿﻮﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻻﺿﺎءة‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮج‬

‫ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻳﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻼﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻘﻄﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﻓﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪33‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
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 ‫א‬
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Edata sheet of diodesF‫א‬GG
 ‫א‬
E Lm317 RegulatorF‫א‬‫א‬GG
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 
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34 éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß@
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 


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38 éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß@
 ‫א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﻴـﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻛﺘـﺐ ﻛﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﺑﻠﻮﺳـﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺴﻴﺖ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﺄﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻻ ﺃﺗـﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳـﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻪ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴـﺔ ﻗﻤـﺖ ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻳـﻞ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻜـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣـﺔ ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﻤﻴـﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻧـﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺫﻛـﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟـﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺐ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺳﺘﻌﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗـﻮﻡ ﺑﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺟـﺰﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﻳـﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻃـﻼﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺗﻬـﺎ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺷـﻴﺪ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﻃـﻼﺏ ﺃﻣﺘـﻲ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻣـﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫@‪éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß‬‬
 

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
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‫א‬LL

mawdhah@yahoo.com
00967- 77617541
2006/8/8 ‹“äÛa@„íŠbm
40 éšìÈß@áîça‹ig@O‘‡äèß@
 LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

D Output Voltage Range Adjustable From KC PACKAGE

1.2 V to 37 V (TOP VIEW)

D Output Current Greater Than 1.5 A INPUT

D Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting
OUTPUT
ADJUST
D Thermal Overload Protection
The OUTPUT terminal is in electrical
D Output Safe-Area Compensation contact with the mounting base.
D Package Options Include Plastic TO-220AB
Small-Outline Transistor SOT-223 (DCY), IO
Flange Mounted (KTE) and Heat-Sink A
Mounted (KC) Packages

description
The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal
positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying
more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of KTE PACKAGE
1.2 V to 37 V. It is exceptionally easy to use and (TOP VIEW)
requires only two external resistors to set the
output voltage. Furthermore, both line and load INPUT
regulation are better than standard fixed
OUTPUT
regulators. The LM317 is packaged in the KC
(TO-220AB) and KTE packages, which are easy ADJUST
to handle and use.
In addition to having higher performance than The OUTPUT terminal is in electrical
contact with the mounting base.
fixed regulators, this device includes on-chip
current limiting, thermal overload protection, and
I
safe-operating-area protection. All overload O
A
protection remains fully functional, even if the
ADJUST terminal is disconnected.
The LM317 is versatile in its applications,
including uses in programmable output regulation
and local on-card regulation. Or, by connecting a
fixed resistor between the ADJUST and OUTPUT
terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision
current regulator. An optional output capacitor can DCY PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
be added to improve transient response. The
ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve
INPUT
very high ripple-rejection ratios, which are difficult
to achieve with standard three-terminal
regulators. OUTPUT

The LM317 is characterized for operation over the

virtual junction temperature range of 0°C to ADJUST
125°C.

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright  2001, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1

LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

AVAILABLE OPTIONS
PACKAGED DEVICES

TJ HEAT-SINK PLASTIC FLANGE

HEAT-SINK
MOUNTED, TO-220 MOUNTED, POWER FLEX
(DCY)†
(KC) (KTE)‡
0°C to 125°C LM317DCY LM317KC LM317KTER
† The DCY package also is available taped and reeled, e.g., LM317DCYR.
‡ The KTE package has the same footprint as TO-263 and can be mounted on a TO-263
land pattern. The KTE package is only available taped and reeled.

schematic diagram
INPUT

OUTPUT
ADJUST

absolute maximum ratings over virtual junction temperature range (unless otherwise noted)§
Input-to-output differential voltage, VI – VO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 V
Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Notes 1 and 2): DCY package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49°C/W
(see Notes 1 and 3): KC package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25°C/W
(see Notes 1 and 2): KTE package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23°C/W
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C
Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to 150°C
§ Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
NOTES: 1. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable
ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability.
2. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-5.
3. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7.

recommended operating conditions

MIN MAX UNIT
VI – VO Input-to-output voltage differential 3 37 V
IO Output current 1.5 A
TJ Operating virtual junction temperature 0 125 °C

2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of operating virtual junction temperature

(unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS† MIN TYP MAX UNIT
TJ = 25°C 0.01 0.04
Input voltage (line) regulation‡ VI – VO = 3 V to 40 V %/V
TJ = 0°C to 125°C 0.02 0.07
CADJ = 10 µF
µ §, VO ≤ 5 V 25 mV
Output voltage
g TJ = 25°C VO ≥ 5 V 0.1 0.5 %VO
IO = 10 mA to 1500 mA
(load) regulation VO ≤ 5 V 20 70 mV
TJ = 0°C to 125°C
VO ≥ 5 V 0.3 1.5 %VO
Thermal regulation 20-ms pulse, TJ = 25°C 0.03 0.07 %VO/W
ADJUST terminal current 50 100 µA
Change in
VI – VO = 2.5 V to 40 V, PD ≤ 20 W, IO = 10 mA to 1500 mA 0.2 5 µA
ADJUST terminal current
Reference voltage (Vref)
VI – VO = 3 V to 40 V, PD ≤ 20 W, IO = 10 mA to 1500 mA 1.2 1.25 1.3 V
(OUTPUT to ADJUST)
Output-voltage
TJ = 0°C to 125°C 0.7 %VO
temperature stability
Minimum load current
VI – VO = 40 V 3.5 10 mA
to maintain regulation
VI – VO ≤ 15 V, PD < PMAX (see Note 1) 1.5 2.2
Peak output current A
VI – VO ≤ 40 V, PD < PMAX (see Note 1), TJ = 25°C 0.15 0.4
Output noise voltage (RMS) f = 10 HZ to 10 kHZ, TJ = 25°C 0.003 %VO
CADJ = 0 µF§ 57
Ripple rejection VO = 10 V,
V f = 120 HZ dB
CADJ = 10 µF§ 62 64
Long-term stability TJ = 25°C 0.3 1 %/1k Hrs
† Unless otherwise noted, the following test conditions apply: |VI – VO| = 5 V and IOMAX = 1.5 A, TJ = 0°C to 125°C. Pulse testing techniques are
used to maintain the junction temperature as close to the ambient temperature as possible.
‡ Input regulation is expressed here as the percentage change in output voltage per 1-V change at the input.
§ CADJ is connected between the ADJUST terminal and GND.
NOTE 4: Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient
temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 3

LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

APPLICATION INFORMATION

LM317
VI INPUT OUTPUT VO

ADJUST
R1
240 Ω
Vref = 1.25 V
IAdj
Cin (Note A) CO (Note B)
0.1 µF 1.0 µF

R2

NOTES: A. Cin is not required if the regulator is close enough to the power-supply filter.

ǒ ) Ǔ)
B. CO improves transient response, but is not needed for stability.
Vout is calculated as:
V out +V ref 1 R2
R1
(I Adj R2)
Since IAdj is typically 50 µA, it is negligible in most applications.

Figure 1. Adjustable Voltage Regulator

LM317
+35 V INPUT OUTPUT VO

ADJUST R1
120 Ω

–10 V
C1 R2
0.1 µF R3 3 kΩ
680 Ω

Vout is calculated as:

V out +V ref
ǒ)
1 R2 ) R3 ) I
R1
Ǔ Adj(R2 ) R3) – 10 V
Since IAdj is typically 50 µA, it is negligible in most applications.

Figure 2. 0-V to 30-V Regulator Circuit

4 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

APPLICATION INFORMATION

LM317
VI INPUT OUTPUT VO

ADJUST D1
R1 1N4002
240 Ω (see Note A)
C1 C3
0.1 µF 1 µF

R2 C2
5 kΩ 10 µF

NOTE A: D1 discharges C2 if the output is shorted to ground.

Figure 3. Adjustable Regulator Circuit With Improved Ripple Rejection

LM317
VI INPUT OUTPUT I limit + 1.2
R1
R1
ADJUST

Figure 4. Precision Current-Limiter Circuit

R2
720 Ω

R1
240 Ω
ADJUST
VI INPUT OUTPUT
LM317 LM317
INPUT OUTPUT VO

ADJUST R3
120 Ω
C1
0.1 µF C2
1 µF
Output R4
Adjust 1 kΩ

Figure 5. Tracking Preregulator Circuit

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 5

LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

APPLICATION INFORMATION

LM317
VI INPUT OUTPUT VO

ADJUST
R1
1.2 kΩ

R2
20 kΩ

Figure 6. 1.2-V to 20-V Regulator Circuit With Minimum Program Current

LM317 LM317 LM317

VI INPUT OUTPUT VO† VI INPUT OUTPUT VO† VI INPUT OUTPUT VO†

ADJUST R1 ADJUST ADJUST

120 Ω

R2
1 kΩ

† Minimum load current from each output is 10 mA. All output voltages are within 200 mV of each other.

Figure 7. Adjusting Multiple On-Card Regulators With a Single Control

RS
0.2 Ω
LM317
(see Note A)
VI INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST R1
240 Ω

R2
2.4 kΩ

Z OUT ǒ) Ǔ
NOTE A: RS controls the output impedance of the charger.
+R S 1 R2
R1
The use of RS allows for low charging rates with a fully charged battery.

Figure 8. Battery-Charger Circuit

6 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

APPLICATION INFORMATION

LM317
24 Ω
VI INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST

Figure 9. 50-mA Constant-Current Battery-Charger Circuit

LM317
VI INPUT OUTPUT VO = 15 V

ADJUST R1 D1
240 Ω 1N4002

R3
50 kΩ
R2
2.7 kΩ
2N2905 C1
25 µF

Figure 10. Slow Turn-On 15-V Regulator Circuit

LM317
VI INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST 480 Ω 120 Ω

12 VI(PP) 6 VO(PP)
480 Ω
2 W (TYP)
120 Ω
ADJUST
VI INPUT OUTPUT

LM317

Figure 11. AC Voltage-Regulator Circuit

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 7

LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

APPLICATION INFORMATION

LM317
VI+ INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST R1
240 Ω

R2
1.1 kΩ

R3
(see Note A)
VI–

NOTE A: R3 sets the peak current (0.6 A for a 1-Ω resistor).

Figure 12. Current-Limited 6-V Charger Circuit

LM317
0.2 Ω
VI INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST

LM317
0.2 Ω
INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST

4.5 V to 25 V

LM317
0.2 Ω
INPUT OUTPUT

ADJUST
5 kΩ

100 Ω 5 kΩ
_
TL080 150 Ω
2N2905 +
200 pF
1.5 kΩ

Figure 13. Adjustable 4-A Regulator Circuit

8 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 LM317
3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
SLVS044H – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001

APPLICATION INFORMATION
TIP73

2N2905
500 Ω

VI
5 kΩ

LM317
22 Ω
INPUT OUTPUT VO

ADJUST
120 Ω 1N4002

10 µF See
47 µF
Note A
10 µF
(see Note B)

NOTES: A. The minimum load current is 30 mA.

B. This optional capacitor improves ripple rejection.

Figure 14. High-Current Adjustable Regulator Circuit

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