Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Personality: Exam 3 Results
Personality: Exam 3 Results
Personality
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking,
Personalities seep out in almost everything we do. feeling, and acting, across time and situations.
1
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
In his clinical practice,
• “A man should not strive to eliminate his Freud encountered
complexes but to get into accord with them: patients suffering from
they are legitimately what directs his nervous disorders. Their
conduct in the world.” complaints could not be
explained in terms of
-Sigmund Freud purely physical causes.
Culver Pictures
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
7 8
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s clinical • Freud’s theory of
experience led him to personality that attributes
develop the first thoughts and actions to
comprehensive theory of unconscious motives and
personality, which conflicts; the techniques
used in treating disorders
included the unconscious
by exposing and
mind, psychosexual interpreting unconscious
stages, and defense
Culver Pictures
tensions.
mechanisms.
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
9 10
11 12
2
Dream Analysis
Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through
interpreting manifest (what we remember) and latent (what it • “Learn to communicate
means, symbolically) contents of dreams. with your subconscious
mind which speaks to
you in symbols through
your dreams while
providing practical
insight into our
emotional and mental
state by analyzing
hidden meanings.”
The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791) 13 14
Personality Structure
ID
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to
resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) • The Id unconsciously
and social restraints (superego). strives to satisfy basic
sexual and aggressive
drives, operating on the
pleasure principle,
demanding immediate
gratification (Pleasure
Principle)
United States of Tara: “Gimme”
15 16
Ego Superego
• The ego functions as • The superego provides
the “executive” and standards for judgment
mediates the demands (the conscience) and
of the id and superego for future aspirations.
(Reality Principle). • Moral compass
• Seeks to gratify the
id’s impulses in • Focuses on how we
ought to behave
realistic ways
17 18
“Where id was, there ego shall be.” -Freud
3
Id, Ego and Superego Personality Development
The Id unconsciously strives to
satisfy basic sexual and Freud believed that personality formed during the
aggressive drives, operating on first few years of life divided into psychosexual
the pleasure principle, demanding stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking
immediate gratification (Pleasure energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas
Principle). called erogenous zones.
The ego functions as the
“executive” and mediates the
demands of the id and superego
(Reality Principle).
The superego provides standards for judgment (the
conscience) and for future aspirations. 19 20
23 24
4
Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms
3. Reaction Formation causes the ego 5. Rationalization offers self-
to unconsciously switch
unacceptable impulses into their justifying explanations in
opposites. People may express place of the real, more
feelings of purity when they may
be suffering anxiety from
threatening, unconscious
unconscious feelings about sex. reasons for one’s actions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqc1_v2Nj70
The Neo-Freudians
The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Adler believed
• Although Freud was controversial, he attracted in childhood tensions.
many followers However, these tensions
were social in nature and
• Many of them accepted Freud’s basic ideas (id,
not sexual. A child
ego, superego; unconscious; defense mechanisms) struggles with an inferiority
29 30
5
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Projective Personality Tests
Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s
perspective would require a psychological • Measures aspects of personality by asking
individuals to respond to ambiguous stimuli
instrument (projective tests) that would reveal the
hidden unconscious mind. • Assumes that the meaning the person projects onto
the ambiguous stimuli reflects unconscious core
aspects of personality
• Examples:
– Thematic Apperception Test (Constructive)
– Rorschach Test
– Rotter Incomplete Sentence Test (Completion)
31
33 34
6
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective Perspective
Modern Research
Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the repression
There may be other reasons for dreams besides of painful experiences into the unconscious mind.
wish fulfillment.
Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of
cognitive processing of verbal choices.
The majority of children, death camp survivors, and
According to Freud, suppressed sexuality leads battle-scarred veterans are unable to repress painful
to psychological disorders. But, while sexual experiences into their unconscious mind.
inhibition has decreased, psychological disorders
have not.
37 38
Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic Approach
By the 1960s, psychologists became discontented
with Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic • Focuses on people’s unique capacity for choice, responsibility,
and growth
psychology of the behaviorists.
• Stresses the positive, healthy aspect of personality and the
uniqueness of the individual
7
Self-Actualizing Person Growth and Fulfillment
Maslow proposed that we as individuals are
motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's self-
physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self- actualization tendencies. He said that Unconditional
actualization—fulfilling our potential. Positive Regard is an attitude of acceptance of others
despite their failings.
http://www.ship.edu
43 44
In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact
describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and on counseling, education, child-rearing, and
as they actually are (real). If the two descriptions were management.
close the individual had a positive self-concept. Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague
and subjective and lack scientific basis.
Very difficult to even figure out what to test, let
alone, how to test.
All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to
the question, “Who am I?” refers to Self-Concept.
45 46
8
Exploring Traits Exploring Traits
Factor analysis is a Cattell used factor analysis
statistical approach used to develop a 16 Personality
to describe and relate Factor (16PF) inventory.
personality traits.
More recent researches
have identified 5 global
Identifies clusters of
personality traits;
items that tap basic
The Big Five
components of (Costa & McCrae, 2006;
personality. John & Srivastava, 1999)
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
51 52
9
Conscientiousness Extraversion
• Tendency to show a preference for planned • Characterized by positive emotions and the
behavior; influences control, regulation, and tendency to seek out stimulation and the
direction of impulses company of others
• High levels of conscientiousness: • High levels of extraversion:
– Dependable – Talkative
– Productive – Sociable
– Purposeful – Affectionate
– High achievement – High energy/activity levels
– Persistent
Agreeableness Neuroticism
• Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative; desire to • Tendency to experience negative emotions;
maintain positive interpersonal relationships emotional instability
• High levels of agreeableness: • High levels of neuroticism:
– Sympathetic
– Emotionally reactive
– Warm
– Trusting – Vulnerable to stress
– Cooperative – Interpret ordinary situations as threatening
– Generous – Anxious
– Helpful – Insecure
– Optimistic view of human nature – Self-conscious
10
Assessing Traits MMPI
Personality inventories are questionnaires (often with The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge (MMPI) is the most widely researched and clinically
a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing used of all personality tests. It was originally
several traits at once. developed to identify emotional disorders.
567 true-false items!!
61 62
Walter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points out that traits may
be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is
different. Therefore, traits, by themselves, are insufficient
predictors of behavior.
63 64
Trait theorists argue that behaviors from a situation Traits are socially significant and influence our health,
may be different, but average behavior remains the thinking, and performance (Gosling et al., 2000).
same. Therefore, traits matter.
John Langford Photography
Samuel Gosling
65 66
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1g8C-r0Mhsa
11
Sam Gosling –
What your FB profile says about you
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tVuoNAeTpUU
67
12