Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eng 1201 Research Paper
Eng 1201 Research Paper
Eng 1201 Research Paper
Megan Yates
James Dunham
ENG 1201
6 July 2019
When it is cold out, do your fingers and toes suddenly lose blood flow? No? Well you are
one of the lucky ones. Raynaud’s Phenomenon is when your blood vessels shrivel up and lose
circulation when exposed to the cold. Although people believe that Raynaud’s Phenomenon is
harmless and is caused from the cold, it can actually be caused by gender, genetics, personal
habits, age, and it can also be an indicator for underlying health problems.
Raynaud’s Syndrome or Raynaud’s Disease, was first described in 1862 by a lady named A.G.
Maurice Raynaud. She described it as, “…a condition which affects the small arteries supplying
blood to the skin.” (Betton) A person who suffers from Raynaud’s arteries are much more
sensitive to things such as the cold and constrict much more than a normal person, allowing very
little blood flow to reach places such as the fingertips or the end of one’s toes. This can be very
painful, and many describe it as a feeling of, “…pins and needles…” (Betton) and many also
feel numbness from the process. Also, there are two types of Raynaud’s phenomenon—primary
and secondary. Primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon is the more common type which is the one that
Yates 2
does not come from any underlying health problems, whereas secondary Raynaud’s
Phenomenon is the much more serious form as it does come from an underlying health problem.
Now that Raynaud’s Phenomenon has been explained, what actually causes individuals
to get Raynaud’s Phenomenon? Many believe that it is from the cold, but the cold is really just a
trigger for it, which will be discussed later in the paper. Many different things can be the cause
of both primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. First though, age and gender will be
discussed. Females are much more likely to be affected by this phenomenon than men, in fact it
is estimated that they are, “…nine times more likely to be affected than males.” (Newman)
Now, it is unknown why females are so much more likely to get Raynaud’s Phenomenon than
males, but it is thought to have something to do with female hormones and the menstrual cycle.
women than in men and it is likely that hormonal factors are important, especially as variations
in blood flow with the menstrual cycle have been described…” (Herrick) Along with affecting
women more, it also tends to be seen more in individuals who are about 15-50 years old,
depending on the type. As mentioned in a video produced by Brigham and Woman’s Hospital,
primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon is typically seen in adolescents, remember this form being
basically just an uncomfortable process, and secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon is typically seen
in older individuals, remember this form being an indicator for another underlying health
problem. Being a female and one’s age can be a great determinant on whether one will get
Raynaud’s. One article even says that, “Raynaud’s is much more prevalent in women, affecting
Yates 3
up to 22% in the 21–50 year age group.” (Betton) So, nearly a quarter of all females in the
Along with age and gender, some more factors that can go into being diagnosed with
Raynaud’s Phenomenon is one’s personal habits, needs, or wants. This may sound confusing,
but what is meant by personal habits, needs, or wants are things such as certain medications or
smoking. First, lets discuss medications, or our needs, and their relation to Raynaud’s
Phenomenon. As mentioned in one article, “Drugs that can induce Raynaud’s include beta
some chemotherapy drugs, and some over-the-counter cold remedies.” (Newman) Most of these
medications seem to be blood thinners, which makes sense as to why they would be a cause
Raynaud’s Phenomenon as it is a phenomenon directly relating to blood flow and blood vessels.
Now onto smoking and its relation to Raynaud’s Phenomenon, better known as our personal
habits or wants. Now, smoking has some unique qualities when it comes to its relation to
“…smoking is associated with the severity of Raynaud’s (especially in those with underlying
vascular disease) rather than susceptibility.” (Herrick) So unlike the long list of medications, and
caffeine, stress, and anxiety, (discussed later) smoking can just make the effects of Raynaud’s to
come off as stronger or more severe. This negative health benefit just adds to the list of the
Smoking and taking medications one may need are example of causes that can cause
mentioned, many times before, secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon is caused by something that
happened that may have damaged one’s blood vessels or could be an indicator for a more serious
underlying health problem. As mentioned in a video put together by the Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, “People with secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon can have a known injury such as
frostbite or they can be jackhammer operators or some other reason they’ve damaged the blood
vessels to their fingers. There are also people who have rheumatologic diseases that impact
blood vessels...” (Brighams) Seen pretty clearly, secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon is much
more serious than primary, and is caused by much harsher things. Later in the essay the
underlying health problems that Raynaud’s Phenomenon could be an indicator for will be
discussed in depth.
Now that the causes for both primary and secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon are laid out
and have been explained, lets discuss the difference between causes for Raynaud’s Phenomenon
and triggers for Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Causes are the things that actually cause an individual
to be diagnosed or suffer from Raynaud’s Phenomenon whereas triggers are the things that make
Raynaud’s Phenomenon actually flare up and cause the whole process to begin. Triggers for
Raynaud’s Phenomenon can be many different things, the main one being the cold. Now, most
people get the idea that Raynaud’s Phenomenon is caused by the cold rather than triggered by it.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon can also be triggered by things such as feelings of anxiety or feelings of
Yates 5
stress. One article states that, “It can be triggered by reaching into the freezer, a cold breeze or
by feelings of anxiety. (Betton) This quote reinforces the idea that cold does in fact trigger the
effects of Raynaud’s Phenomenon, even in the smallest amounts and shows that anxiety is a
trigger as well. A whole list of triggers is mentioned in a video put together by Akron Children’s
Hospital, one being stress. The others include stimulants, caffeine being the most common,
can be a painful thing triggered by a multitude of things. Some try to minimize their Raynaud’s
flare ups by doing things such as, “…keeping warm by wearing thermal clothes (particularly
gloves and socks), giving up smoking, cutting down on caffeine and avoiding the cold and cold
objects.” (Betton) Raynaud’s Phenomenon is caused and triggered by different things, the causes
Now, through-out the whole paper underlying health problems have been discussed.
Remember, all these underlying health problems come from only secondary Raynaud’s
Phenomenon which can be described as a process in which, “The vasospasm of small vessels in
this syndrome is more frequent, asymmetric, very painful and strong enough to cause trophic
lesions in distal parts of the body due to the lack of sufficient oxygenation of the tissues.”
(Waleka) So, how severe can these underlying health problems really be? Well, they can be as
simple as some frost bite that messed up your blood vessels, but they can indeed be much more
than that. One article states, “Disorders, most often heralded by RP are: systemic sclerosis
Yates 6
(SSc), mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
dermatomyositis (DM), Sjögren syndrome (SS) and rheumatic arthritis.” (Waleka) These health
problems or diseases can be very painful, serious, and even life threatening. Even more are listed
in another article, including carpal tunnel syndrome. (Newman) The same article also states that
some patients experience physical changes, “Patients very often suffer from small erosions,
ulcers and even necrosis of the fingers in rare cases.” (Waleka) Secondary Raynaud’s
problems and can also lead to some as well. Secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon is much more
serious than primary, but it is hard to differentiate between the two by just looking at the
symptoms when the process is taking place. The Raynaud’s Phenomenon that one experiences
may be much more serious than one believes which is why everyone who does experience
Raynaud’s Phenomenon should be examined by a doctor. This little phenomenon could be the
Currently, there is no cure for either Raynaud’s Phenomenon, but there are many ways to
help treat it. For primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon, treatment is fairly simple. People who suffer
from primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon simply just avoid the things that trigger Raynaud’s. This
means that they would avoid the cold, avoid caffeine, etc... Living with primary Raynaud’s
Phenomenon though, as one may guess, is more complicated than that. One article states that,
collagen vascular disease or other systemic disorder.” (Stringer) So, in order for secondary
Raynaud’s Phenomenon to be treated, one must go through treatments or therapy that correspond
with their underlying health issue. Secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon can be very tricky thing to
deal with. One article states that medical procedures may even be needed to help treat this type
of Raynaud’s Phenomenon. It lists different procedures such as nerve surgery and different
So much goes into the diagnoses, triggers, and causes of both Raynaud’s Phenomenon
other than just, ‘it is from the cold.’ It can be from all sorts of things. It can be from certain
medications, different stimulants, certain feelings can trigger it, and it could even be an indicator
for a more serious health problem. So, if your fingers suddenly start turning bright white from
the cold, go see a doctor and take this phenomenon a little more seriously.
Yates 8
Works Cited
Betton, Carly and Katy Rowland. “Raynaud’s Phenomenon.” Journal of Visual Communication
in Medicine, vol. 31, no. 4, Dec. 2008, pp. 148-149.EBSCOhost, doi10. https://web-b-
ebscohost-com.sinclair.ohionet.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=fd142892-
Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “Raynaud's Phenomenon Video – Brigham and Women's
Herrick, A. L. “Pathogenesis of Raynaud's Phenomenon.” OUP Academic, vol. 44, no. 5, 2015,
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/44/5/587/2899267?searchresult=1.
Newman, Tim. “What You Need to Know about Raynaud's Disease.” Medical News Today,
Stringer, Thomas, and Alisa N. Femia. " Raynaud’s phenomenon: Current concepts." Clinics in
Dermatology, vol. 36, no. 4, 2018, pp. 498-507. OhioLINK Electronic Journal Center,
doi:10. https://journals-ohiolink-
edu.sinclair.ohionet.org/pg_200?::NO:200:P200_ARTICLEID:353999563. Accessed 6
July 2019.
Yates 9
Diagnostics.” Acta Angiologica, vol. 23, no. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 27-33. EBSCOhost, doi:10.
https://web-b-ebscohost-
com.sinclair.ohionet.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=9&sid=fd142892-5175-4e56-