CONTENTS 1. Stars and their properties « Temperature and spectrum « Mass and movement « Brightness, (uminosity and radius . The life of a star + The death of a star 2.Chemical composition of space + Hydrogen « Helium - Interstellar dust . Interstellar dust and its importance 3. How space suits work . What a space suit does + Project Apollo space suit - Modern space suit: EMU 4. Chemistry of rocket propellants 5. Can we harness energy from outer space? « Space based solar power 6. ReferencesStars and Their Properties Definitions absolute magnitude - apparent magnitude of the star if it was located 10 parsees from Earth apparent magnitude -a star's brighiness as observed from Earth Juminosity - total amount of energy emitted from a star per second parse - distance measurement (3.3 light-years, 19.8 trillion miles, 33 trillion kilometers) light year distance measurement (6 trillion miles. 10 trillion kilometers) spectrum - light of various wavelengths emitted by a star solar mass - mass of the sun; 1.99 x 10 kg (330.000 Earth masses) solar radius ~ radius of the sun; 418,000 miles (696,000 km) ‘Stars are massive glowing bats of hot gases, mosty hyctogen and hesum. Some stars arerelatively cose fhe Closest 20 stars are witin 40 parsece) andotvers are tar, far away. Astronomers can measure the dstance by using ‘2 methed cated paraliar, in which fhe change ina sts postion in freaky is measured a cffeent mes dumng the Year Some sia are slonein the ay, others have companions [binary stars) and some are part of large custers containing ftousands fo miions of stars, Not al stars ae fe same. Siars come in al sizes Drightnesses, emperatures and cnors. Let's take @ closer ook al the features of stars ‘Stas have many features hat canbe me asured by studying the ight hat hey emit: temperate spectrum or wavelenghhs of ight omitted brightness luminosity size (reus) ‘movement (ovard or avay tom us, rate of spin) Temperature and Spectrum + Some stars are extemaly hot whe others are cool. You cantel by fe color of ght that fhe stars gve ot It you look ate coas in acharcoal gil, you kro that fered glowing coals are cooler than the white hot ‘Ones, The same‘ Fos fr sis. Aue or whe star ihotter tien a yesow star, whic s hotter than red ‘Star. So, you look at the strongest color or wavelength oSghtemited by the star, hen you can calculate ‘ tmperiurettemperature in degrees Kelvin = 2x 10") wavelength in nanometers). stars spectum ‘analso fel you fe chenca elements that are in fat starbecause diferent elements (tr exami, Fytogen, hofum., carbon, calcu) absorb Kg at ferent wavelengths Mass and Movement In 1924, the astronomer A. S. Edcéogton showed tha the luminosity ancimass of a star were related. The larger 8 sar (Le, more massive, the more luminous ts (luminosity = mass ‘Sars aroundus re moving wih respect to our solar system. Some are moving away tom us and some are moving toward us. The movement of stars affects fhe wavelengths ol ight tat we receive Kom them, much ike fie high | [chad sound fom a i tuck sien ges lower as fhe ruck moves past you. Ths phenomenon scaled the Doppler fed. By measuring the sta’s specirum and company i the specrum ofa standard lamp, then fhe amount othe Doppler shiftcan be measured. The amount ofthe Doppler shite ls us how fast the stars moving relatveto us. a ‘sdeton, the Grecton ofthe Doppler shit can telus the recon ofthe stars movement I he spackum cla stars shuhedto feblue end, fen fe stars moving wards; fe spectrum is shited foto red end, Penthe stars‘moving aay rom us. Uxewise it a saris spinning on ts is, he Doppler shit of ts spectrum can be used ‘measure ts tal ofroiaton Brightness, Luminosity and Radius ‘Two factors determine he brightness o a str: tuminosty- how much energy t puts out in given me stance how tar fis fom us [A sesrchight puts out more ight fhan apentight That i, fhe searchight is more kminous. that searchlight is S ‘mies away trom you, however, itwilnol be as brght bocause ight irtensiy decreases wih dsiance squared. A ‘searchigh$ mies from youmay look as bightas apenight inches avay ‘tom you The same is tue for srs ‘Astronomers (profesional or amateur) can measure a str’ bightness fe amount of Sght pts 0 by using ‘photometer or ciarge coupled device (CCD) on fieend ofa wloscope. I they know the sta’s brightness ard the sistance tp the star, ey can calculate the sts luminosity [luminosity = brightness x 12.57 x (distance)") ‘Stefan Botamann Law ‘This fe relationship between Linosty (1), ras (ft) and temperate (7) (7425x107) RT? Unie: watts, meters, T degrees Kalvn Luuminesiy is aso related toa stars size. The larger asta i, the more eneray its cut and the more luminous itis. ‘You can see fis on the charcoal gil, bo. Three glowing red charcoal biquetes put vt more energy hanone loving red charcoal brquetie a the Same temperature. Lilewise, i wo srs are hesame temperature but diferent Sizes, hen he large star wil be more luminous han fe small one. Seo fe sidebar ra formula tothal shows. Pow a 118° kminostys etated tot size (rads) and its temperature The Life of a Star [As we menttoned beter, stars are large bats of gases. New stars form fom large, cold (10 degrees Kahin) clouds of lust and gas (mossy hydrogen} that Febemeenexesirg stars in agalany. Usuaty, some ype of gravity disturbance happens tothe cloud suchas the passage ofa nearby staror the shock wave from an exploding supernova ‘The disturbance causes clumps io form nse he cloud. ‘The clumps collapse inward draveng gas ward by ory. ‘The colaping clump compresses and heats up. ‘The cotapsing clump begins to rotateand flatten out ino diz ‘The dise continues to rotate faster, draw more gas and dust inward, and heat up. ‘Alter abou! amilion years or so, a smal, Pot (1500 degrees Kelvin), dense core forms inthe disc's centercated 2 protostar, ‘As gas and dst continue ofa inwardin the csc, they ive up energy to fe protostar, whichheats up more When the iemporatue ofthe protest reaches about Trion degroes Kehin, hydrogen beginstt tuse to make helium and relaase energy [Material continues © tal into fhe young starr mins ol years because the collapse duet gravy is greater than the outvard pressure exerted by nucsar sion, Therelore, he protestar's internal temperature increases. NW suiciort mass (0.1 solar mass orqreater) colepaes inte the protostar and the temparature gets hot enough for susiinedfuson, then the protostar has a massive release of gas inthe form ofa jet cated a bipolar flow. 1 te ‘mass snot suffcient, the sta wal not form, but instead become a brown dheart ‘The bipolar flow clears away gas and dust rom the young sar. Some of tis gas and dust may ater collect to form planets ‘The young staris now stable in thatthe ostward pressure tom inycrogen fusion balances tel nward pul of era. ‘The star antersthemain sequence; where boson the man sequence depends upon is mass