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aoe of & oo ; ; > ag ANON : ERICA INDIGENA< _ AMERICA INDIGENA< OPGANO TRIMESTRAL DBL INSTITUTO INDIGENISTA INTERAMERICAR F Z / : 241 Nn ene. JULIO, 1960 MEXICO, D. F. AMERICA INDIGENA ORGANO TRIMESTRAL DEL INSTITUTO INDIGENISTA INTERAMERICANO Hi Director: MANUEL GAMIO Subdirector: MIGUEL LEON-PORTILLA Vol XX | MEXICO, D. F., JULIO, 1960 NUM. 3 SUMARIO EDITORIAL: Censos y Poblacién Indigena . 163 Censuses and Indian Population ..........020..000ceeee eee 165 ARTICULOS: Problemas Econémico-Sociales de la Educacion en Amé tina, por Anibal Buit 167 English Language Skills of the Mescalero Apache Indians, by Richard B. Scott 173 La “Comunidad” y el Problema indigena en Chile, por Alejan- dro Lipschutz 183 Una novela de Recreacién Antropologica, por Roberto Williams Caries.) 3a Re ee Reese 195 Los Trastornos Emocionales como causa de la Enfermedad en Tehuantepec, por Catalina Gérate de Gare 201 ‘A Choco Miraculous Escape Tale, by Jacob Loewen ... 207 Hay Diseriminacién en México? —La Experiencia Indigenista de Chiapas—, por James Rorty 217 RESENAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS: Por Daniel Moreno, Miguel Leén-Portilla, Alberto Estrada Quevedo y Demetrio Sodi M.......-----------+----+---- 2a) PROBLEMAS ECONOMICO - SOCIALES DE LA EDUCACION EN LA AMERICA LATINA » por ANisaL Borrr6: Summary This article shows why the problem of illiteracy is not the exclusive domain of education and the educators, but that it is very closely related to the great economic and social problems; that is, illiteracy is not remedied simply by increasing the number of teachers, improving their preparation, and creating more schools. For education to have foree and to be extended to all illiterates, specially to the Indians, it is necessary —more than to inaugurate schools and increase teachers— to create a vital interest so that the Indian feels an imperative necessity to learn to read and write. Before teaching any- thing, it must be clear that the new knowledge is going to fill a'real need experienced by the people. If this is not the case, the necessity should first he created. This article clearly shows that the way to create the feeling that education is necessary, is to see that the Indians ‘are the owners of the land they work. Those who work their own lands have to solve numerous problems which require knowing how to read and write and therefore pre- suppose education, thus creating an interest in education. Those who work the land of others, although they may have Iearned to read and write, will soon forget, since the know- Iedge has no function for them. ‘The author of this article proves these statements, citing conerete cases that he had the opportunity of observing in communities of Ecuador where literacy programs have been carried out. El analfabetismo en relacién con el desarrollo cultural Tas condiciones de vida y trabajo de muchas gentes constituyen uno de los ms grandes y dificiles obstéculos para el mejoramiento de la educacién en la América Latina. bien conocido que en casi todos los paises latinoamericanos mis de la mitad de Ia poblacidn vive en las zonas rurales. Esta poblaci6n, casi en su totalidad y casi exclusivamente, vive de lo que puede produ- cir trabajando la tierra, Sin embargo, en la mayor parte de los paises de América Latina, s6lo un pequefio porcentaje de esta gente vive y trabaja en tierras de su propiedad. La diferencia en cuanto a Ia situacién econémica y social y a la actitnd frente a Ia vida en general, entre aquellos que viven y trabajan en su propia tierra y aquellos que viven y trabajan en tierras que no les pertenecen, es muy grande y tiene mucho que ver con las posibilidades de éxito o de fracaso de cualquier programa educativo. América Indigena.—Vol. XX, N’ 3.—Julio, 1960.

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