EPCOS

Calculation of harmonic filters

Basic formulas

Active (Real) power: P = 3 ⋅U ⋅ I ⋅ cosϕ QC = U C ⋅

UC
XC
Reactive power:
Q = 3 ⋅U ⋅ I ⋅ sinϕ XC =
1
=
1
ω ⋅ C 2π ⋅ f ⋅ C
Apparent power:
S = 3 ⋅U ⋅ I QC = U C2 ⋅ ω ⋅ C = U C2 ⋅ 2π ⋅ f ⋅ C

Real _ power P
Power_ factor= =
Apparent_ power S
Required
Capacitor output:
QC = P ⋅ (tanϕ1 − tanϕ2 )
Three different types of Power?

Reactive Power (kvar)

Q = S 2 − P2
Q2 QC

Q1
S2
Active Power
P = S ² − Q² ϕ2 ϕ1 Apparent Power
[KW] S1 S = P ² + Q²
[kVA]

cos ϕ = P/S ϕ = phase displacement angle

sin ϕ = Q/S S1 = uncompensated apparent power
Q = S sin ϕ S2 = compensated power with
capacitors for compensation
Q = P tan ϕ
Evaluation of resonance risk

The resonant circuit is characterized However it is difficult to calculate the value

by a resonant frequency given by: of LN since it depends on the load connected
to the network. The resonant frequency can be
1 approximated by the following formula:
ωR =
LN ⋅ C ST ⋅100
f R = 50 ⋅
QC ⋅ u K

To avoid resonance condition

the capacitors output should be ST ⋅100
less than the critical capacitor QC <
v 2R ⋅ u K
output calculated by the above
formula:
Evaluation of resonance risk

Example
Transformer ST = 630 kVA, uK = 5%, Planned capacitor output QC = 250 kVAr

Question: Does the system configuration cause a risk of resonance?

ST ⋅100
f R = 50 ⋅
According the formula: QC ⋅ u K

fR = 50 √ (630*100) / (250*5) = 355 Hz

Result:
The resonant frequency is close to the 7th harmonic and the capacitor has
to be designed for rating below 250 kVAr, or even better, a de-tuned capacitor
bank has to be used.
De-tuned harmonic filter
De-tuned harmonic filter

Formulas for calculation of harmonic filters:

Reactors connected in series with capacitors result into an increased voltage across the
capacitor. Capacitors used for de-tuned filters are therefore required to have voltage ratings higher
than the line voltage.

100 e.g. UN = 400V, P=7%, calculate UC = 430V

UC = U N ⋅ A 440V capacitor can be used.
100 − p

 p  U C2  f 
2
QC = 1 −  ⋅ 2 ⋅ NC
 100  U N p =   ⋅100
f
 Re s 

 p 
1 −  XL
C = N C ⋅ 2
100  p = 100 ⋅ = 100 ⋅ 4 ⋅ π 2 ⋅ f 2 ⋅ L ⋅ C
U N ⋅ 2 ⋅π ⋅ f XC

p
L=
100 ⋅ 4 ⋅ π 2 ⋅ f 2 ⋅ C
Calculation: example

132 kV level
if fr = fν

Xc
0

Ic
∞
Iν 11 kV level

Transformer
Transformer Iν
100 kVA, uk = 5 % 630 kVA, uk = 5 %

Parallel Series
415 V level resonance resonance
415 V level

Iν

DC drive ... 3˜
300 kW ...
ϕ = 0.65
cosϕ
600 kW
ϕ = 0.65
cosϕ
Capacitor Capacitor
bank bank
Component selection chart
All components for harmonic filters