Strategy for Evaluating [ sin"x cos"x dx (a) If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one cosine factor and use cos*x = | — sin?x to express the remaining factors in terms of sine: { sin"x cos™*+!x dy = J six (cos’x)cos x dx = f sin" (1 — sin°x)'cos x dx Then substitute w = sin x. (b) If the power of sine is odd (m = 2k + 1), save one sine factor and use sin’x = 1 — cos?x to express the remaining factors in terms of cosine: { sin’ "y costx dx = J (sin’x)‘cos"x sin x dx = fa — cos?x)'cos"x sin x dx ‘Then substitute « = cos x. [Note that if the powers of both sine and cosine are odd, either (a) or (b) can be used. |(c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle identities si 4(1 = cos 2x) cos’x = 4(1 + cos 2x) Itis sometimes helpful to use the identity sin 2x, sin x cos x = EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate j cos*x dx. cos*x = cos*x + cos x = (1 — sin*x) cos x We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u = sin x, so du = cos x dx and J costs de = f costs - cos x dx = f (1 — sin?s) 00s x dx =f -w)du=u- Ww tc =sinx — }sin’x + CEXAMPLE2 Find | sin‘x cos*xdz. sin*x cos*x = (sin*x)’ cos*x sin x = (1 — cos*x) cos*x sin x Substituting « = cos x, we have du = —sin.x dv and so f sin'xcos*x de = f (sin*s)*cos*s sin x dx = [ C= cos%s)Peostx sin x de = [ @ = 02Pu2(—du) = ~f (uw? — ut + u®) de = —y008%x + Foos’x — Fcos’x + CEXAMPLE 3 Evaluate [” sin?x dx. SOLUTION If we write sin’x = 1 — cos’x, the integral is no simpler to evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin*x, however, we have [f sine ax = of (1 — cos 2x) dx = [56 — sin 2), =1Ua —£sin2n) — 4(0 — 4 sino) =40EXAMPLE 4 Find j sin‘x dx. { sin'y dx = J (sin’x de _ { T= cos 2x) 2 =tfa = 2.cos 2x + cos?2x) dx Since cos? 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula cos’ 2x = $(1 + cos 4x) This gives faintra = ff [1 ~ 2cos2x + 4(1 + cos 4x)] dx = 4] (3 —2c0s 2x + 50s 4x) dx x — sin 2x + $sin4x) +CStrategy for Evaluating | tan'"r sec" dx (a) If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k = 2), save a factor of sec“x and use see’x = 1 + tan?x to express the remaining factors in terms of tan x: { tan™x see™*x dx = J tan™x (sec*x)' see?x dx = fran + tax)! sec?x dx Then substitute « = tan x. (b) If the power of tangent is odd (m = 2k + 1), save a factor of sec x tan x and use tan*x = sec’x — | to express the remaining factors in terms of see x: J tan*"'x secre de = f (tan sec" "x sec x tan x dx = | (vec = 1) sec" ly see x tan xdx Then substitute u = sec x.EXAMPLE Find [ tan’x dx. ftanredx = f tan x tan’x dx = { tan x (sec’x — 1) dx = f tan x sec%x dx ~ f tan x dxEXAMPLE Find { sce'x dx. w= secx dv = sex dx du=secxtanxdx p= tanx Then J sect = see x tan x — f see x tan?e de = see x tan. ~ f see x (sec%x — 1) dx see x tanx ~ f sec*xdx + { see xdx sec x tan x + In |sec x + tan x|) + CEXAMPLES Evaluate f tan‘r sec‘ dv. SOLUTION If we separate one sec?x factor, we can express the remaining sec°x far terms of tangent using the identity sec*x = 1 + tan“x. We can then evaluate the ir by substituting « = tan x so that du = sec*x dx: f tan'x sec'x dx = { tan®x see*x see*x dx = { tan®x (1 + tan?x) sec*x dx = fu + we )du = f (uw + udu 7 WE, 00h oe 7 9EXAMPLE 6 Find { tan’9 sec’s a. SOLUTION If we separate a sec’ factor, as in the preceding example, we are left with a sec*# factor, which isn’t easily converted to tangent. However, if we separate asecé tand factor, we can convert the remaining power of tangent to an expression involving only secant using the identity tan’@ = sec’@ — 1. We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u = sec @, so du = sec tan@ dé: fran'o sec’ dd = fano sec’ sec 8 tan 6 dé = J (eco = 1)'see“@ sec@ tané dO =f? puta1 J sin?x cos*x dx 2. J sin’@ cos*@ d@ 3. ["" sin’# cos'9 dé a. [" sin’s dx 5. j sin? (21) cos?(2t) dt 6. j teos! (1?) dtTo evaluate the integrals (a) { sin mx cos nx dx, (b) { sin mx sin nx dx, or J.cos mx cos nx dx, use the corresponding identity: (a) sin A cos B = 5[sin(A — B) + sin(A + B)] (b) sin A sin B = $[cos(A — B) — cos(A + B)] (©) cos A cos B = $[cos(A — B) + cos(A + B)] Evaluate { sin 4xc0s 5x de. f sin 4x cos 5xdx = f Lfsin(—x) + sin 9x] dx = sf (sin x + sin 9x) dx = }(cos. x — $cos 9x) + C