Alyssa Myers EDU 201 October 3, 2013 Historical Timeline of Education 1620-1750 Settlers tried to develop a system of schooling The lower class attended elementary level for practical skills Upper classes attended Latin Grammar school with college preparatory education Colonial curriculum stressed religious belief’ and motives Teachers had minimal qualifications, little pay, and their status was low Elementary teachers had elementary education and had the least respect, Colonial Schools (Massachusetts, New Hampshire & Connecticut) © Church, state, and schools were interrelated ‘Town Schools * Created to teach children to read and write to learn scriptures Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania & Delaware) * Parochial Schools were based on religious beliefs Protestant Southern Colonies ‘© Primary purpose was to prepare children to attend colleges & universities in Europe Dame Schools Initial instruction for boys and was the only schooling for girls Run by widows or housewives in their homes Classes held in kitchens ‘Taught reading, writing, and arithmetic School lasted a few weeks to a year Females were taught sewing and house making skills Children were taught the alphabet in the Horn BookReading and Writing schools Reading lessons were based on the Bible * New England Primer 1690 taught letters of the alphabet and had stern religious ‘warnings about proper conduct of life Latin Grammar school The first school was the Boston Latin School 1635 Pre-college education (today’s secondary school) Boys were enrolled at age 7-8 years old They were prepared to enter Harvard College est. 1636 Grammar schools 7 year schools made into 4 year schools Higher quality of teaching than Dame schools, and reading/writing schools Latin & Greek were the principals of study Arithmetic was added in 1745 Required to read Latin, speak Latin poetry, and conjugate Greek verbs 7 years was the course of study School sessions were 6 days a week, winter through summer Massachusetts Act of 1642 1* school law in the colonies Education could no longer be voluntary In 1642 required each town to decide whether kids could read or write Parents/apprentices whose kids couldn’t read or write; understand principles of religion & the capital of the country could be fined or lose custody of children Massachusetts Act of 1647 Mandated establishment & support of schools Teachers paid by parents or masters of kids ‘Towns of 100 households establish Latin Grammar school to prepare for Harvard Fail to satisfy law could be fined 5 pounds 1750-1820 Goals of Education during Revolutionary Period Ben Franklin's AcademyDesigned & promoted the Philadelphia Academy Private secondary school opened in 1751 Focused on English language than Latin Academics were privately controlled & privately financed ‘Supported by public funds Anyone who could pay tuition could attend regardless of church affiliation Subjects taught: English grammar, composition, literature, classical & modem foreign languages, science, writing, drawing, rhetoric & oratory, geography, history, agriculture, gardening, arithmetic, accounting, & mechanics Sarah Pierce’s Female Academy Sarah Pierce’s Litchfield Female Academy in Litchfield, Connecticut Began her academy in dining room of her home with 2 students Female seminaries to train women for higher education & public service outside of home Right to vote 20" century 1“ women’s college opened in 1821 ‘Thomas Jefferson’s Philosophy 1779 he proposed a bill for More General Diffusion of Knowledge State elementary schools that would teach with no cost to parents 3 years of reading, writing, arithmetic to all white children Poor students would be taught for free for a maximum period of 6 years Noah's Webster's Speller Noah Webster's Elementary Spelling Book & The American Dictionary Purpose was to help teachers instill in students the 1” rudiments of language Sold over 24 million copii 1 curriculum guides for elementary grades 1820-1865 State supported common schools ‘* 1% state supported high school in the U.S. was The Boston English Classical School est. 1821 Horace Mann’s Contributions ‘© Best known as the Champion of the Common school movement Led to free public locally controlled elementary schools * Believed that teachers should receive post-secondary training in normal schoolsNormal Schools + 1° public normal schoo! opened in Lexington, Massachusetts on July 3, 1839 General knowledge courses in pedagogy * In 1849, Electa Lincoln Walton became the 1% woman to administer a state normal school McGuffey Books ‘First appeared in 1860, 120 million copies sold Stories of moral lessons & emphasis on virtue ‘The Morril Land-Grant Act © Passed in 1862 provided federal land for colleges & set a precedent for federal involvement in education Segregation of Schools © 17" to late 20" century, schools were separated by race 1865-1920 Education Change in Schools & the Teaching Profession Kindergarten © 1“ kindergarten 1837 Kindergartens became common & used child centered curricula pattemed after German educator Friedrich Froebel Margarethe Schurz opened the 1" kindergarten in her home in Watertown, Wisconsin Class was conducted in German In St. Louis, 1873, Susan Blow established the 1" public kindergarten in the U.S. By 1879, a total of 131 teachers in 53 classrooms In 1873, 72 teachers & 1,252 students Schooling for African Americans Freedmen’s Bureau ‘+ Provide foundations for education for former slaves, ‘© Reading/writing school operated by day & night & on SundaysIn 1870, 4,329 schools had been established Enrollment of 247,000 students Higher Education for African Americans * Booker T. Washington believed that education could improve the lives of African Americans © In 1880, Washington helped found the Tuskegee Institute, an industrial school for African Americans in rural Alabama Professionalization of Teaching * The National Education Association founded in 1857, professionalized teaching and increased teacher's salaries & benefits Committee of Ten '* Directors of the NEA appropriated 2,500 to hold 9 conferences that focused on the following subjects in high school: Latin, Greek, English, modern languages, math, physics/astronomy/chemistry, natural history (biology, botany & zoology), history, & geography © The NEA appointed the committee of ten & the committee of fifleen to make recommendations for secondary & elementary school curricula © Prepare students for life 1920-1945, Aims of Education during the Progressive Era * John Dewey’s laboratory schoo! at the University of Chicago offered curriculum based on children’s interests & needs ‘* Maria Montessori developed age approiate material and teaching strategies used in the USS. & throughout the world Criticism of progressive education let to its decline at the start of WW2 School enrollments increased in diversity as a result of immigration A goal of education was a want of all groups into an English-speaking Anglo-European culture 1945-2000 Modern Postwar Era * The launching of Soviet Union's, Sputnik in 1957 sparked educational reform in science, mathematics, and foreign language in education‘The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provided federal money to improve the education of poor children In the 1970's, declining test scores demanded accountability of the schools by the public A Nation at Risk report during the 1980"s sparked a debate on how to improve education in the US. 2000-Present Educational priorities for this generation & century: Equity for all students Excellence & high standards Accountability for schools and teachers