energies

Article
Magnetization-Dependent Core-Loss Model in a
Three-Phase Self-Excited Induction Generator
Saleh H. Al-Senaidi * , Abdulrahman I. Alolah and Majeed A. Alkanhal
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421,
Saudi Arabia; alolah@ksu.edu.sa (A.I.A.); majeed@ksu.edu.sa (M.A.A.)
* Correspondence: salih@ksu.edu.sa; Tel.: +966-502889889




Received: 9 October 2018; Accepted: 19 November 2018; Published: 21 November 2018


Abstract: Steady-state, transient, as well as dynamic analyses of self-excited induction generators

(SEIGs) are generally well-documented. However, in most of the documented studies, core losses
have been neglected or inaccurately modeled. This paper is concerned with the accurate modeling
of core losses in SEIG analysis. The core loss is presented as a function related to the level of
saturation. This relation is determined experimentally and integrated into a nonlinear model of
the SEIG. The nonlinear model is solved using a mathematical optimization scheme to obtain the
performance parameters of the SEIG. A new set of curves describing accurate behavior of the SEIG
parameters is produced and presented in this paper. The computed parameters of the model are
validated experimentally, and the agreement attained demonstrates the functionality and accuracy of
the proposed core-loss model.

Keywords: core loss; induction generator; self-excited; steady state; three phase

1. Introduction
Fast-depleting fossil fuels and environmental concerns have led to considerable interest in
non-conventional renewable sources of energy. Wind energy has presented itself as an important
pollution-free electrical energy generation alternative to conventional fuels [1,2]. Wind energy
harvesting systems are typically accompanied by generators that convert the harvested motive power
into usable electrical power [1–3]. Of several available generators, the self-excited induction generator
(SEIG) has drawn considerable attention and is preferred for electromechanical energy power recovery
schemes from wind. This is because of its applicability as a standalone generator that can be used
in conjunction with different conventional and non-conventional energy resources. It also has some
advantages over the conventional synchronous generator, such as being cost-effective, requiring less
maintenance, and being brushless [4–8]. Due to the growing interest in renewable energy resources
and isolated power systems, the SEIG is considered one of the most important electromechanical
energy power conversion devices to be used with renewable energy sources.
Steady-state, transient, and dynamic analyses of SEIG have been well studied and
documented [1,3,4]. The core loss analysis and modeling were totally ignored in [5–13]. In addition,
some core-loss modeling was included for SEIG analysis in [14–20] by simply adopting the method
used in motors, by adding a constant resistance across the magnetizing reactance in the equivalent
circuit of the generator. This is acceptable in induction motor application studies, as the motor usually
operates near the unsaturation region, unlike the case of the SEIG, which has to be saturated to
operate normally [5–9]. Furthermore, any variation in speed, load, and its power factor, and/or
excitation capacitor will directly influence the level of saturation, which directly affects the core loss
and, hence, the other performance variables of the machine. The aim of this paper is to provide a more
accurate model for the core loss in SEIGs. This is done by considering the core loss resistance as a

Energies 2018, 11, 3228; doi:10.3390/en11113228 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12
more accurate
Energies model for the core loss in SEIGs. This is done by considering the core loss resistance
2018, 11, 3228 2 of 12
more accurate model for the core loss in SEIGs. This is done by considering the core
as a variable function of the level of saturation in the generator. This can be extremely important, loss resistance
as a variable
especially in function
the modern,of the level of saturation
well-designed SEIGs in the accurate
with generator. This can be extremely
high-saturation important,
designs. This paper
variable
especially function of the level of saturation in the generator. This can be extremely important, especially
derives a in the modern,model
mathematical well-designed
for core SEIGs
loss aswith accurate of
a function high-saturation
saturation in designs.
the SEIGThis paper
based on
in the modern,
derives a well-designed
mathematical model SEIGs
for withloss
core accurate
as a high-saturation
function of designs.inThis
saturation the paper
SEIG derivesona
based
experimental measurements. Consequently, an accurate representation for the SEIG for advanced
mathematical measurements.
experimental model for coreConsequently,
loss as a function of saturation
an accurate in the SEIG
representation for based
the on experimental
theoretical analysis is re-developed. The computed parameters of SEIGthe for advanced
model are
measurements.
theoretical Consequently,
analysis is an accurate
re-developed. representation
The computed for the SEIG
parameters forofadvanced
the theoretical
model are
validated experimentally, and the agreement attained demonstrates the functionality and accuracy
analysis is experimentally,
validated re-developed. The andcomputed parameters
the agreement of the
attained model are validated
demonstrates experimentally,
the functionality and the
and accuracy
of the proposed core-loss model.
agreement
of the proposedattained demonstrates
core-loss model. the functionality and accuracy of the proposed core-loss model.
2. Analysis
2. Analysis
2. Analysis
The system used to investigate SEIG is shown schematically in Figure 1. A three-phase
The system
The system used
used to investigate SEIG is
is shown schematically in
in Figure
Figure 1.1. A A three-phase
synchronous motor wastousedinvestigate
as a prime SEIG
mover shown experimental
during schematicallytests. three-phase
synchronous
synchronous motor
motor was
was used
used as
as a
a prime
prime mover
mover during
during experimental
experimental tests.
tests.
The per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase SEIG under R-L load is shown in Figure 2. The
The per-phase
effectThe
per-phase equivalent
of the saturationequivalent circuit
circuit of
is considered of a three-phase
fora the
three-phase
core loss SEIG underRR-L
SEIG under
resistance, R-L load
load is is shown
shown in in Figure
c, and the magnetizing reactance,
Figure 2. The
2. The
effect of
effect of the
the saturation
saturation is considered
is considered for the
for core
core loss
loss resistance,
theparameters, resistance, R
Rcc,, and
and the the magnetizing
magnetizing reactance,
reactance,
Xm. To determine the values of the circuit the generator is conventionally tested under
X
X m . To determine the values of the circuit parameters, the generator
m. To determine the values of the circuit parameters, the generator is conventionally tested under
is conventionally tested under
DC, locked rotor, and no load [3–8]. Values of Rs, Rr, Xs, and Xr are found from the DC and locked
DC,
DC, locked rotor, and no load [3–8]. Values of R , R , X
of Rss, Rrr,which , and
Xss, and X are
Xrr are thefound from the DC and locked
rotorlocked rotor,
tests. The and no load curve
magnetization [3–8]. ofValues
the machine, includes found from of
relation theRcDC andand locked
Xm against
rotor
rotor tests.
tests. The magnetization
The magnetization curve of the
curvecurrent), machine,
of the machine, which
which includes
includes the relation
the testrelation of R c and
of R=c 0), X m
andasXshown against
m against
air-gap voltage (or magnetization is obtained from a no load (at slip in
air-gap voltage
air-gap voltage (or(or magnetization
magnetization current),
current), is is obtained
obtained from from aa nono load
load test
test (at
(at slip
slip =
= 0), as
0), as shown
shown in
in
Figure 3. As clearly shown, Xm and Rc are variable according to the level of saturation as it is linked
Figure 3.
Figure 3. As clearly shown, X
clearly shown, and R Rcc are
Xmmmagnetizationare variable
variable according
according to to the
the level
level of of saturation
saturation as as it
it is
is linked
linked
with the As air-gap voltage. The and curve of the machine in Figure 3 is redeveloped and
with
with the
the air-gap
air-gap voltage.
voltage. The
The magnetization
magnetization curve
curve of
of the
the machine
machine in
in Figure
Figure 3
3 is
is redeveloped
redeveloped and
and
depicted in Figure 4a, to be used with the circuit shown in Figure 2 to yield the SEIG performance
depicted in
depicted in Figure
Figure 4a,4a, to
to be
be used
used with the circuit
circuit shown in Figure 2 toto yield
yield the SEIG
SEIG performance
measures. As the saturation level with
in thethegenerator shown in
is variable, Figure
Xm is2 obviously the
variable performance
and Rc must
measures.
measures. As
As the
the saturation
saturation level
level in
in the
the generator
generator is
is variable,
variable, X
X m is obviously variable
m is obviously variable and Rcc must
and R must
also be variable. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this fact has been ignored in all the published
also be
also be variable.
variable. To To the best
best of
of the
the authors’
authors’ knowledge,
knowledge, this this fact
fact has
has been
been ignored
ignored in in all
all the
the published
published
research concerningthe SEIGs [5–13].
research concerning SEIGs
research concerning SEIGs [5–13]. [5–13].

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the system under study.

Figure 1.
Figure Schematic diagram
1. Schematic diagram of
of the
the system under study.

Figure2.2.Per-phase
Figure Per-phaseequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuit of
of the
the induction
induction generator
generator under
under the
the proposed
proposed core-loss
core-loss model.
model.
Figure 2. Per-phase equivalent circuit of the induction generator under the proposed core-loss model.
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 3 of 12
Energies
Energies 2018,
2018, 11,
11, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 33 of
of 12
12

22 60
60
XXmm

(p.u.)
reactance,XXmm(p.u.)

(p.u.)
resistance,RRcc (p.u.)
1.5
1.5

Magnetizingreactance,

lossresistance,
11 RRcc/F
/F 30
30
Magnetizing

Coreloss
0.5
0.5

Core

  Experimental
Experimental points
points
00 00
00 0.25
0.25 0.5
0.5 0.75
0.75 11
Air-gap
Air-gap voltage,
voltage, EEgg/F
/F (p.u.)
(p.u.)
Figure
Figure
Figure 3. 3. Variation
3. Variation of
Variationof magnetizing
ofmagnetizing reactance
reactanceXX
magnetizingreactance and
Xmmmand core
andcore loss
coreloss resistance
resistanceRRRcc/F
lossresistance c/F
/F versus
versus air-gap
versus air-gap voltage
air-gap voltage
voltage
E /F
EEgg/F
g in the
in the
/F in machine
the machine under
machine under study.
under study.
study.

11 90
90
(p.u.)
/(F.Xm)) (p.u.)
(p.u.)
voltage,EEg//FF (p.u.)

Fitted
Fitted curve
curve
m
resistance, RRc/(F.X


 Experimental
Experimental points
points
g

0.5
0.5 45
45
Air-gapvoltage,

lossresistance,

Fitted
Fitted curve
curve

 Experimental
Experimental points
points
Air-gap

Coreloss
Core

00 00
0.5 11 1.5 XXoo 2 0.5 11 1.5 XXo 2
0.5 1.5 2 0.5 1.5 o 2
Magnetizing
Magnetizingreactance,
reactance, XXm (p.u.) Magnetizing
Magnetizing reactance,
reactance, XXm (p.u.)
m (p.u.) m (p.u.)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)

Figure 4.4. Variation

Figure Variation of
of air-gap
air-gap voltage and
voltage and core
and core loss
coreloss versus
lossversus magnetizing
versusmagnetizing reactance
reactanceX
magnetizingreactance Xmmm:: (a)
X (a) Air-gap
Air-gap
voltage E g /F
/F (b)
(b) Core
Core loss
loss resistance
resistance R
Rc /(F
/(F XX
m).
voltage Egg/F (b) Core loss resistance Rcc/(F Xm).m ).

2.1.
2.1. Core-Loss Modeling
Modeling
2.1. Core-Loss
Core-Loss Modeling
To
To overcome the above-mentioned drawback, variable core
core loss can be modeled by linking the
To overcome
overcome the the above-mentioned
above-mentioned drawback,
drawback, variable
variable core lossloss can
can be
be modeled
modeled by by linking
linking the
the
value
value of change rate of Rcc with
with Xmm,,asas shownin in Figure4b. 4b. Fromthe the experimental results
results in Figure
Figure 4b,
value ofof change
change rate rate of
of RRc with X Xm, as shown
shown in Figure
Figure 4b. FromFrom the experimental
experimental results in in Figure 4b,4b,
the
the core loss,
core loss, Rcc,, varies
R varies substantially
substantially withwith XXmm,,as
asillustrated
illustratedby bythe
the4th-degree
4th-degreepolynomial
polynomialfitted fitted curve.
curve.
the core loss, Rc, varies substantially with Xm, as illustrated by the 4th-degree polynomial fitted curve.
Now,
Now, any change in load, speed or/and excitation capacitance
capacitance will change
change the level level of saturation,
saturation,
Now, any any change
change in in load,
load, speed
speed or/and
or/and excitation
excitation capacitance will will change the the level of of saturation,
which,
which, consecutively, will change the value of Xmm and, hence, the
the value of Rcc,, which
which results in in a
which, consecutively,
consecutively, will will change
change thethe value
value of of XXm and,
and, hence,
hence, the value
value of of RRc, which resultsresults in aa
variable
variable core loss. For computational purposes, the curve of the air-gap voltage (E g ) versus X m in
variable core
core loss.
loss. ForFor computational
computational purposes,
purposes, the the curve
curve ofof the
the air-gap
air-gap voltage
voltage (E (Egg)) versus
versus X Xmm in
in
Figure
Figure 4a is expressed either by aaset of piecewise linear approximations [4,5], oror
by fitting the curve as
Figure 4a 4a is
is expressed
expressed either
either byby a set
set of
of piecewise
piecewise linear
linear approximations
approximations [4,5],[4,5], or byby fitting
fitting the the curve
curve
aaspolynomial function of aofsuitable degree, as developed by thetheauthors in [7].
as aa polynomial
polynomial function
function of aa suitable
suitable degree,
degree, as as developed
developed by by the authors
authors inin [7].
[7].
Similarly,
Similarly, the relation of the core loss with X m is also fitted as another polynomial function, as
the relation of the core loss with X
Similarly, the relation of the core loss with Xm is also fitted as another polynomial
m is also fitted as another polynomial function,
function, as as
shown
shown in Figure 4b. The
The fitted curves can be written as:
shown in in Figure
Figure 4b. 4b. The fitted
fitted curves
curves can
can be
be written
written as: as:
nn
EEg //FF ==n ii
∑i
k i XX (1)
Eg /Fg = k kX
=0 i m
i i mm (1)
(1)
i =0
i =0 rr
RRc // ((FF ⋅⋅XX m )) ==  i
r i
(2)
(2) m
mi XX mmi
c m
ii==00

where kkii and

where and mmii are
are the
the ∑ that
that canpolynomial
can be
Rc /( F · Xm ) = themfitted
(2)
polynomial coefficients
coefficients of
be determined
determined from
from of i=
the
i
i Xm curves
fitted curves
0
experimental
experimental results.
results. These
These two
two polynomial
polynomial functions
functions are
are as as given
given in
in Appendix
Appendix A.A. This
This approach
approach
does
does not
not change
change the
the characterization
characterization given
given in
in [5],
[5], yet
yet itit can
can solve
solve the
the three
three unknown
unknown variables
variables
simultaneously because R is considered as a function
simultaneously because Rc is considered as a function of Xm.
c of X m .
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 4 of 12

where ki and mi are the polynomial coefficients of the fitted curves that can be determined from
experimental results. These two polynomial functions are as given in Appendix A. This approach does
not change the characterization given in [5], yet it can solve the three unknown variables simultaneously
because Rc is considered as a function of Xm .

2.2. Loop-Impedance Solution

Under a steady-state condition, the following equation is applied to the circuit shown in
Figure 2 [5]:
Is Zt = 0 (3)

where Zt is the total impedance of the circuit across Xm and Rc branch, as given in Appendix A.
In steady state, Is 6= 0, which indicates that Zt = 0, or

real(Zt ) = 0 (4)

imag(Zt ) = 0 (5)

According to the selected characterization measures, two unknowns are going to be solved, using
Equations (4) and (5). These two unknowns can be (F and Xc ), (F and Xm ), (F and u), or (F and ZL ).
To solve the non-linear equations of (4) and (5), several schemes have been presented in recent
literature. Rearranging the equations as two polynomials of a high degree in F and the other
unknown is presented in [5,6]. The Newton–Raphson method is proposed to solve such a formulation
in [14]. However, these methods are not appropriate to obtain the solution under the proposed
varying-core-loss modeling. Alternatively, optimization-based schemes, such as that developed by the
authors in [7], can be applied to solve Equations (4) and (5) under a variable core-loss condition, as
explained below.

2.3. Method of Solution

The method of solution used in this paper involves the development of an optimization-based
scheme that solves Equations (4) and (5) directly. This scheme simultaneously solves F and Xc or Xm ,
by minimizing the value of the total impedance (i.e., |Zt | = 0). The performance of the generator
described by the circuit of Figure 2 can be derived once the values of the unknowns are obtained
utilizing data provided by the magnetization curve.
Figure 5 shows a block diagram of the proposed analysis which summarizes the steps that are
followed to determine the value of the two unknowns. Based on these values, the performance of
SEIG can be easily obtained. Figure 6 shows the flowchart of the developed program to obtain the
two unknowns namely F and Xm when varying the speed of the prime mover. Similar programs were
developed to solve for other unknowns such as (F and Xc ), (F and u), and (F and ZL ).
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 5 of 12
Energies
Energies 2018,
2018, 11,
11, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 55 of
of 12
12

Figure
Figure5.5.
Figure Block
5.Block diagram
diagram of
Blockdiagram of the
of the developed
developedmodel.
developed model.
model.

Figure
Figure
Figure 6. 6. Flowchart
Flowchart of
6.Flowchart of the
thedeveloped
the developed optimization
optimization
developed program
program
optimization to
to obtain
program obtain the
the performance
to obtain performance of
of the
the self-
the performance self-the
of
excited
excited induction
induction generator
generator (SEIG).
(SEIG).
self-excited induction generator (SEIG).
Energies 2018,
Energies 11, x3228
2018, 11, FOR PEER REVIEW 66 of
of 12
12
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 12

3. Results and Discussion

3. Results and Discussion
The SEIG performance can be controlled by controlling three parameters: excitation capacitance,
The SEIG performance can be controlled by controlling controlling three parameters: excitation
excitation capacitance,
capacitance,
speed, and load. Xm, Rc, F as well as other performance parameters of the generator vary, as these
speed, and load. Xmm,, RRcc, ,FF asas well
well asas other
other performance
performance parameters
parameters of of the
the generator
generator vary,vary, as these
three parameters are varied. Figure 7a,b show the variations of Xm, Rc, and Vo, Is versus the excitation
three parameters
parameters areare varied.
varied. Figure
Figure7a,b7a,bshow
showthethevariations
variationsofofXXmm,,RRcc,, and
and VVoo, Iss versus
versus the excitation
capacitor, respectively, under different loading conditions. Results confirm the reliability, accuracy,
capacitor, respectively, under different loading conditions. Results Results confirm
confirm the the reliability,
reliability, accuracy,
accuracy,
and feasibility of the proposed core modeling. In Figure 7a, Xm decreases to a minimum as C is being
and feasibility of the proposed core core modeling.
modeling. In Figure
Figure 7a,
7a, X
Xmm decreases to a minimum as C is being
increased and then starts increasing. Rc on the other hand increases and decreases independently
increased and
increased andthen
thenstarts
startsincreasing.
increasing. RcRon
c on
thethe other
other hand
hand increases
increases and and decreases
decreases independently
independently from
from Xm. In Figure 7b, Vo changes in a concave manner, whereas Is increases and then decreases. When
from
X m . InXmFigure
. In Figure 7b,
7b, V Vo changes
o changes in ainconcave
a concave manner,
manner, whereas
whereas Is Iincreases
s increases andthen
and thendecreases.
decreases. When
Xm is greater than Xo, the machine does not generate voltage. Figure 7b is plotted for a case when the
Xmm is
is greater
greater than Xoo,, the
the machine
machine does
does not
not generate
generate voltage. Figure
Figure 7b is plotted for a case when the
machine is generating voltage (i.e., when Xm is less than or equal to Xo) [5–8].
machine is generating voltage (i.e., when Xm m is less than or equal to Xoo)) [5–8].
[5–8].

2.2 60 1.6 6
2.2 60 1.6 6
(p.u.)

Xo
Xm(p.u.)

c (p.u.)

o (p.u.)
Xo

RcR(p.u.)

VoV(p.u.)

s (p.u.)
1.7 1.2

Is I(p.u.)
1.7 1.2
Xm

40 4
reactance,

4
resistance,
40

voltage,
reactance,

resistance,

current,
voltage,
1.2 0.8

current,
1.2 Xm 0.8
X Terminal
Rcm 2
Magnetizing

20

Stator
loss

Terminal
Rc Vo 2
Magnetizing

20

Stator
0.4
loss

0.7 V
0.7 0.4 Is o
Core

Is
Core

0.2 0 0 0
0.2 0 50 100 150 200 0 00 50 100 150 200 0
0 50
Excitation 100
capacitance, C 150
(μF) 200 0 50
Excitation 100
capacitance, 150
C (μF) 200
Excitation capacitance, C (μF) Excitation capacitance, C (μF)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
No load ZL = 2 p.u., pf = 0.7
No load ZL = 2 p.u., pf = 0.7

Figure 7.
7. Variation
Variationversus
versusexcitation
excitationcapacitance
capacitanceC forfordifferent loads at fixed speed (u =(u1.0
= p.u.): (a)
Figure
Figure 7. Variation versus excitation capacitance CCfor different
different loads
loads at at fixed
fixed speed
speed (u = 1.0 1.0 p.u.):
p.u.): (a)
Magnetizing reactance
(a) Magnetizing reactance and
Xm X core
and loss
core resistance
loss R
resistancec
m core loss resistance Rc (b)(b)
R Terminal
(b) voltage
Terminal V
voltage o
c Terminal voltage Vo and and
V Stator current I .
o Stator current Is. Is .
and Stator currents
Magnetizing reactance Xm and

Figure 8 is
Figure is aa plot
plot of
of the
the variations
variations of the minimum excitation capacitor
capacitor (C andFFversus
(Cmin))and versus power
power
Figure 8 is a plot of the variations of the minimum excitation capacitor (Cmin min) and F versus power
factor (pf ) at different loads. In this case, X is kept constant at a value equal to X
factor (pf) at different loads. In this case, Xmmis kept constant at a value equal to Xoo, and speed (u) , and speed (u) is
is
factor (pf) at different loads. In this case, Xm is kept constant at a value equal to Xo, and speed (u) is
fixed at 1 p.u. Cmin
fixed isishigher
higherforforlower
lowerloads
loads and
and stays nearly constant at lower pf
stays nearly s. When
pfs. When pf increases
increases
fixed at 1 p.u. Cmin min is higher for lower loads and stays nearly constant at lower pfs. When pf increases
to a certain value, Cmin
to begins
begins to
to decrease.
decrease. FF is
is higher
higher for
for higher
higher loads,
loads, but
but decreases
decreases in
in very
very small
small
to a certain value, Cmin min begins to decrease. F is higher for higher loads, but decreases in very small
amounts as the
amounts the pfpf increases.
increases. Figure
Figure99shows
showsthethevariations
variationsofofX XmandandF F
against pf pf
against with
withC fixed at 40
C fixed at µF.
40
amounts as the pf increases. Figure 9 shows the variations of mXm and F against pf with C fixed at 40
It can
µF. be seen
It can be seen Xm is
thatthat Xmlarger for smaller
is larger loads.
for smaller In addition,
loads. F is decreasing
In addition, at smaller
F is decreasing amounts
at smaller as pf
amounts
µF. It can be seen that Xm is larger for smaller loads. In addition, F is decreasing at smaller amounts
increases,
as and itand
pf increases, decreases moremore
it decreases for smaller loads.loads.
for smaller
as pf increases, and it decreases more for smaller loads.
36 1
36 Cmin 1
μF)

Cmin
min(μ(F)

F
31 F 0.99
(p.u.)
min

31 0.99
Frequency,FF(p.u.)
capacitance,CC

F
F
exc.capacitance,

26 Cmin 0.98
26 0.98
Frequency,

Cmin

21 ZL = 5 p.u. 0.97
21 ZL = 5 p.u. 0.97
Min.exc.

ZL = 2 p.u.
ZL = 2 p.u.
Min.

16 0.96
16 0.96
0 0.5 1
0 0.5 1
Power factor, pf (lag.)
Power factor, pf (lag.)
Figure
Figure 8. Variation
Variation ofofminimum
minimumexcitation
excitationcapacitance
capacitance
C Cminand
andfrequency
frequency F versus
F versus power
power factor
factor pf
pf for
Figure 8. Variation of minimum excitation capacitancemin Cmin and frequency F versus power factor pf
different
for loads
different at fixed
loads speed
at fixed (u =(u1.0
speed p.u.).
= 1.0 p.u.).
for different loads at fixed speed (u = 1.0 p.u.).
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 7 of 12
Energies2018,
Energies
Energies 2018,11,
2018, 11,xxxFOR
11, FORPEER
FOR PEERREVIEW
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 777of
of12
of 12
12

Figure10
Figure
Figure
Figure 10 showsthe
10shows
shows the
the behavior
thebehavior
behaviorof
behavior of
of VoV
ofVV ,oo,,and
and
oand IIIs ssas
, and Ias
as pfisis
as
s pfpf is being
pfbeing
is being
being varied
varied
varied
varied ataaaspeed
at
at atspeed
speeda speed of111p.u.
of
of p.u.
of
p.u. whilewhile
1while
p.u.
while Cisis
CC isfixed
fixed
C is
fixed
at 40
fixed
at40
at µF.
at
40µF.
µF.AtAt
40 higher
µF.
AthigherAt loads,
higher
higherloads, V is
loads, almost
V
loads,VVooisisalmost
o almosto is constant,
almost
constant,and
constant, and
constant, it is obvious
and
andititisisobvious it is
obviousthat that
obvious it is higher
that
thatititisishigher it
higherwheniswhen
higher X is
when
whenXXmmisislower
m lower X
lowermby by
is
by
comparing
lower
comparing
comparing Figures999Figures
by comparing
Figures
Figures and10.
and
and 10.9 and 10.
10.
Figure
Figure
Figure11
Figure 11 shows
11shows
showsthe the variations
variationsof
thevariations
variations of
ofofXX XX and
and
m and
mmm
and RRRcR against
c against
against
ccagainst speed
speed
speed
speed (Figure
(Figure
(Figure
(Figure 11a)
11a)
11a) 11a)with
with
with withCfixed
CC fixed
C fixed
fixed at30
at
at 30
atµF
30 µF for
30 for
µF µF
for
different
for loads,
different
differentloads,
different loads,as as
loads, well
as
aswell
wellasas
well Vas and
asVVooand
o V I
and against
andoIIs sagainst
s I
againsts speed
against
speed(Figure
speed (Figure
speed 11b),
(Figure
(Figure11b), 11b),at at
11b),
atthe the
thesamesame
at the
samevalue value
same
valueof of C.
value
ofC.C.AsAsof stated
C.
Asstated As above,
stated
statedabove,
above,
the
above,
the machine
the
machine will
machine
will not
not generate
will not
generate voltage
generate
voltage for
voltage
for values
values for of
values
of X
X above
of
m above
the machine will not generate voltage for values of Xm above Xo. It is clear from this figure that
m X m X
X o.. It
above
o It is
isX clear
.
clear
o It from
is clear
from this
from
this figure
this
figure that
figure
that Rccc
RR
varies
that R
variescas
varies as the
varies
as the speed
as
the speed the changes
speed
speed changes
changes whichwhich
changes
which agrees agrees
which
agrees with with
agrees
with the the
with measured
the
the measured measured
measured results results depicted
results
results depicted in
depicted
depicted in Figure
in
in Figure 3.
Figure
Figure 3.3. The The
The3.
assumption
The assumption
assumption
assumption inmany
in
in many
many documented
in many documented
documented
documented research
research
research
research publications
publications
publications
publications isthat
isis that
that itremains
is that
itit remains
it remains
remains constant
constant
constant
constant [16,17,20].
[16,17,20].
[16,17,20].
[16,17,20].
1.6
1.6
1.6 111
(p.u.)
mm(p.u.)

Xm
(p.u.)

XXmm
1.4 0.99

(p.u.)
reactance, XXXm

1.4 0.99

(p.u.)
1.4 0.99

Frequency, FFF (p.u.)

F
FF
reactance,
Magnetizingreactance,

1.2
1.2
1.2 C===40
40 μμFFF 0.98
0.98
0.98

Frequency,
Frequency,
CC 40 μ
F
FF
ZZZLLL===555p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Magnetizing
Magnetizing

Z = 2
ZZ L==22p.u. p.u.
p.u.
111 LL Xm
XX
0.97
0.97
0.97
mm

0.8
0.8
0.8 0.96
0.96
0.96
000 0.5
0.5
0.5 111
Powerfactor,
Power
Power factor, pfpf
factor, pf (lag.)
(lag.)
(lag.)

Figure9.
Figure
Figure 9.Variation
9. Variationof
Variation
Variation ofmagnetizing
of magnetizingreactance
magnetizing reactanceXX
reactance Xmmmand
andfrequency
and frequencyFFFFversus
frequency versuspower
versus powerfactor
power factorpf
factor pffor
pf
pf fordifferent
for different
different
Figure 9. m and frequency versus power factor for different
loadsat
loads
loads
loads atfixed
at
at fixedspeed
fixed
fixed speed(u
speed
speed (u====1.0
(u
(u 1.0p.u.).
1.0 p.u.).
p.u.).

1.2
1.2
1.2 1.3
1.3
1.3
Voo
VV
(p.u.)

o
(p.u.)
voltage,VVVooo(p.u.)

(p.u.)
(p.u.)
current, IIsIs s (p.u.)

IIsIss
0.9
0.9
0.9 Voo
VV 111
o
voltage,
Terminalvoltage,

current,
Statorcurrent,

0.6 0.7
0.7
Terminal

0.6 40μμμFFF 0.7

Terminal

0.6 C===40
Stator

CC 40
Stator

IIsIss

0.3
0.3
0.3 0.4
0.4
0.4
000 0.5
0.5
0.5 111
Powerfactor,
Power
Power factor, pfpf
factor, (lag.)
pf(lag.)
(lag.)

Figure10.
Figure
Figure
Figure 10.Terminal
10.
10. Terminalvoltage
Terminal
Terminal voltageV
voltage
voltage Vooooand
VV andStator
and Statorcurrent
Stator currentIIIsIsssversus
current
current versuspower
versus powerfactor
power factorpf
factor pffor
pf fordifferent
for differentloads
different loadsat
loads atfixed
at fixed
fixed
fixed
speed
speed (u
(u
speed(u
speed =
= 1.0
1.0 p.u.
p.u.).
(u==1.0 p.u. ).
p.u.).).

2.4
2.4
2.4 110
110
110 555 12
12
12
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
(p.u.)

(p.u.)
(p.u.)
mm(p.u.)

voltage,VVVooo(p.u.)

Xo
resistance,RRRccc(p.u.)
(p.u.)

XX
(p.u.)

oo
(p.u.)
current,IIsIss (p.u.)

1.8 85 444
1.8
1.8 85
85
m
reactance,XXX

888
333
reactance,

resistance,
Magnetizingreactance,

lossresistance,

voltage,
Terminalvoltage,

current,
Statorcurrent,

1.2
1.2
1.2 60
60
60
Xm
XXmm 222
444
Magnetizing
Magnetizing

RRc cc
Terminal
Terminal

R
loss

Stator
Coreloss

0.6 35
Stator

0.6 35
0.6 35 111
Core
Core

000 10
10
10 000 000
0.6 0.6 111 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6
0.6
0.6 111 1.4
1.4
1.4 1.8
1.8
1.8 2.2
2.2
2.2 2.6
2.6
2.6 0.6
0.6 1.4
1.4 1.8
1.8
Speed,uuu(p.u.)
(p.u.)
2.2
2.2 2.6
2.6
Speed,uuu(p.u.)
Speed, (p.u.)
(p.u.) Speed,
Speed, (p.u.)
Speed,
(a) (b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
Noload
No
No load
load ZZZLLL===222p.u.,
p.u.,pfpf
p.u., pf===0.7
0.7
0.7

Figure 11.Variation
Figure11. Variationversus speed
versus speedfor different
for differentloadsloads
different at capacitance C = 30 µF:
at capacitance
capacitance C ===(a)
30Magnetizing
µF: (a) reactance
(a) Magnetizing
Magnetizing
Figure
Figure 11.
11. Variation
Variation versus
versus speed
speed for
for different loads at
loads at capacitance CC 30
30 µF:
µF: (a) Magnetizing
Xreactance
m and core loss resistance
andcore
Xmmmand coreloss R c (b)
lossresistance Terminal
resistanceRR Rc cc(b) voltage
(b)Terminal V o and
Terminalvoltage stator
voltageVV current
Voooand
andstatorI s .
statorcurrent
currentIIsI.ss..
reactanceXX
reactance and core loss resistance (b) Terminal voltage and stator current
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 8 of 12

Energies 2018, 11,

4. Experimental x FOR PEER REVIEW
Verification 8 of 12

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 12

4. Experimental Verification
4.1. Setup
4. Experimental Verification
The machine investigated above was tested experimentally under different conditions.
4.1. Setup
The experimental
4.1. Setup
The machine setup used is shown
investigated above was in Figure 12. A variable
tested experimentally DC different
under power supply wasThe
conditions. used to
controlexperimental
theThe
speed of the DC motor
setup investigated
machine used is shown as a prime
in Figure
above
mover
was 12.
of the
A variable
tested
SEIG. A capacitor
DC powerunder
experimentally supply bank
was used
different
was utilized the excite
to
to control The
conditions.
the machine
speed oftothe
experimental operate
DC
setup as
motor a as
used generator.
is ashown AFigure
primeinmovercomputerized
of12.
the
A SEIG. measurement
variableA DC
capacitor unitwas
powerbank
supply (model CEM-U/Elettronica
utilized
was used tocontrol
to excite the
the
machine
Veneta) was of
speed to
usedtheoperate
to
DCmeasureas a as
motor generator.
the
a prime A computerized
electrical
mover and measurement
mechanical
of the SEIG. unit
quantities
A capacitor (model
such
bank was CEM-U/Elettronica
asutilized
current, tovoltage,
excite thepower,
Veneta)
frequency,
machine was
power used to measure
factor,
to operate and the electrical
speed.
as a generator. In some and mechanical
of these
A computerized tests, quantities such(model
a synchronous
measurement unit asmotor
current, voltage,
was usedpower,
to obtain an
CEM-U/Elettronica
frequency,
Veneta) was power
used factor,
to and the
measure speed. In some
electrical and ofmechanical
these tests,quantities
a synchronous
such motor
as wasvoltage,
current, used to power,
obtain
accurate fixed speed at 1 p.u. to acquire the measurement shown in Figure 13 as well as the no load
an accuratepower
frequency, fixed speed
factor, atand
1 p.u. to acquire
speed. In some the these
measurement shown in Figure
motor13wasas well
usedasto the no
test with a slip = 0 which is used to obtain the of
machine tests, a synchronous
parameters. obtain
load test with
an accurate a slip
fixed = 0 which
speed is used
at 1 p.u. to obtain
to acquire thethe machine parameters.
measurement shown in Figure 13 as well as the no
load test with a slip = 0 which is used to obtain the machine parameters.

Figure
Figure 12.12.Experimental
Experimental setup
setupfor
forSEIG
SEIGtesting.
testing.
Figure 12. Experimental setup for SEIG testing.
4.2. Performance
4.2. Performance Measurements
Measurements
4.2. Performance Measurements
FigureFigure 13 shows the variations of the terminal voltage, Vo, and stator current, Is, against excitation
13 shows the variations of the terminal voltage, Vo , and stator current, Is , against excitation
capacitor. Figure 14 shows the variations of terminal voltage, frequency, and stator current against
capacitor. Figure
Figure1314 shows
shows the the
variations of the of
variations terminal voltage,
terminal Vo, and
voltage, stator current,
frequency, andIs,stator
against excitation
current against
generator
capacitor. speed.
Figure Figure
14 shows14 is therepeated in Figure
variations 15 but
of terminal under frequency,
voltage, different excitation
and stator capacitor
current values.
against
generator
From speed. Figure
thesespeed.
figures, Vo14
and is repeatedasinC,Figure 15 but under different excitation capacitor values.
generator Figure 14Isisincrease
repeated in or speed,
Figure 15increases.
but underFrequency also increases,
different excitation as expected,
capacitor values.
From these
as speedfigures, V
increases. and I increase as C, or speed, increases. Frequency also increases, as expected,
From these figures, These
o Vo andfigures
s show
Is increase theorsuperiority
as C, and accuracy
speed, increases. Frequencyof the
alsomodeling
increases,presented, as
as expected,
as speed
can increases.
be seen
as speed fromThese figures
theThese
increases. perfect show thebetween
correlation
figures show superiority
the and
computed
superiority andaccuracy
and of
of the
the modeling
experimental
accuracy presented,
results. presented,
modeling asas can
be seen
canfrom the from
be seen perfect
the correlation between
perfect correlation computed
between computedandandexperimental
experimentalresults.
results.
1.1 1.2
1.1 Vo 1.2
Is Is(p.u.)(p.u.)
Vo (p.u.)

Vo
Vo (p.u.)

Is
voltage,

0.7 Is 0.7
current,
voltage,

0.7 0.7
current,
Terminal

Stator
Terminal

Stator

 Experimental points

0.3  Experimental points 0.2

16 20 24 28 32 36
0.3 0.2
16 Excitation24
20 28 C (μF)
capacitance, 32 36
Excitation capacitance, C (μF)

Figure 13. Terminal voltage Vo and stator current Is versus excitation capacitance C under no load
when speed (u) = 1 p.u.
 Energies
Energies 2018,
2018, 11,
11, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 99 of
of 12
12

EnergiesFigure
Figure 13.
13.
2018, 11, Terminal
Terminal voltage
3228 voltage V
Voo and
and stator
stator current
current IIss versus
versus excitation
excitation capacitance
capacitance C
C under
under no
no load
load 9 of 12
when
when speed
speed (u)
(u) == 11 p.u.
p.u.

1.4
1.4 1.6
1.6

Voltage, V o , Frequency, F (p.u.)

VVoo
1.3
1.3

Stator current, Is (p.u.)

11
FF 11
IIss

0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
No
No load
load test,
test, C
C == 30
30 μμFF
Computed
Computed 0.4
0.4
 Experimental
 Experimental points
points
0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1
0.7
0.7 11 1.3
1.3
Speed,
Speed, uu (p.u.)
(p.u.)
Figure
Figure 14.
Figure14. Variation
Variation of
14.Variation of terminal
terminal voltage
voltageV
voltage VVoo,,ostator
statorcurrent
,stator current IIss,,Iand
current and frequency
frequency
s , and FF versus
frequency versus speed
speed
F versus under
under
speed no
no
under
load.
noload.
load.

1.4
1.4 1.6
1.6
Terminal voltage, Vo (p.u.)

1.3
1.3

Stator current, Is (p.u.)

11
11

0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6 CC == 40
40 μμFF
CC == 60
60 μμFF
0.4
0.4
V
 Voo Experimental
Experimental points
points
 I
I
 ss Experimental
Experimental points
points
0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5 0.7
0.7 0.9
0.9 1.1
1.1
Speed,
Speed, uu (p.u.)
(p.u.)
Figure 15.
Figure15.
Figure Terminal
15.Terminal voltage
voltageVV
Terminalvoltage Vooo,, and stator current
and stator current IIsss versus
versusspeed
versus speedunder
speed underno
under noload.
no load.
load.

5.5.
5.Influence
Influenceof
Influence ofCore
of CoreLoss
Core Loss
Loss
The
Thevalue
The valueof
value ofthe
of theerror
the errorthat
error thatresults
that results from
results from ignoring
from ignoring
ignoring accurateaccurate core-loss modeling
accurate core-loss
core-loss modelingon
modeling onthe
on theperformance
the performance
performance
ofofthe
of the generator
the generator
generator is is studied
is studied
studied in in this
in this section.
this section.
section. The The error
The error
error is is computed
is computed
computed between between
between the the values
the values underthe
values under
under the
the
presented
presentedcore-loss
presented core-lossmodeling
core-loss modelingand
modeling andaaafixed
and fixedvalue
fixed valueof
value ofRR
of Rccc...
The
The variation of the error in the values of terminal voltage
The variation
variation of
of the
the error
error in
in the
the values
values of
of terminal
terminal voltage
voltage (V(V
(Vooo))) and
andefficiency
and efficiency(η)
efficiency (η)are
(η) areanalyzed
are analyzed
analyzed
under
under different
under different conditions
different conditions
conditions for for the
for the generator
the generator under
generator under study and study and are
and are shown
are shown
shown in in Figures
in Figures 16–18.
Figures 16–18. Figure
16–18. Figure
Figure 16 16
16
shows
showsthe
shows theerror
the errorvariation
error variationversus
variation versusexcitation
versus excitation capacitance
excitation capacitance
capacitance under under fixed
fixed loadloadand
load andspeed,
and speed,while
speed, whileFigure
while Figure17
Figure 1717
shows
showsthe
shows theerror
the errorvariation
error variationversus
variation versusspeed
versus speedunder
speed underfixed
under fixed load
load and excitation capacitance.
and excitation capacitance. It Itcan
It canbe
can bededuced
be deduced
deduced
from
fromFigures
from Figures16
Figures 16and
16 and17
and 17that
17 thatthe
that theerror
the errorin
error inthe
in thevalue
the valueof
value ofV
of V is relatively
Voo is relatively highhighfor forlow
for lowC
low Cand
C anduuuvalues,
and values,and
values, and
and
then
thenthis
then thiserror
this errorrapidly
error rapidlydecreases
rapidly decreases as
decreases as C,
C, oror uu increase
increase before before itit reaches
reaches an
reaches analmost
an almostconstant
almost constantlow
constant lowvalue.
low value.
value.
OnOnthe
On theother
the otherhand,
other hand,the
hand, theefficiency
the efficiencyerror
efficiency errorvariation
error variationis
variation isrelatively
is relativelyhigh
relatively high even
even at at high
high values
values of C, or
of C, or u.
u.
The
The error
Theerror
error variation
variation
variation versus
versus
versus load load impedance,
impedance,
load impedance, under under
under fixedfixed
speed
fixed speed and
and excitation
and excitation
speed capacitance,
capacitance,
excitation is shown
capacitance, is
is
inshown
Figurein
shown in18.Figure
The 18.
Figure 18. The figure
figure shows
Theshows
figure shows
that thethat
that the
theof
error error
Vo is
error of V
Voo is
is relatively
ofrelatively high high
relatively high
at low at
at low
low impedance
impedance
impedance valuesvalues
values
and
and
anditthen
then then itit rapidly
rapidly rapidly decreases
decreases as theas
decreases as the
load load
load impedance
theimpedance impedanceincreases increasesbeforebefore
increases before
it reachesitit reaches
reaches
a nearlyaa nearly
nearly constant
constantconstant low
low
low value.
Onvalue.
value. On
On the
the other the other
other
hand, hand,
thehand, the
the efficiency
efficiency efficiency error
error variation
error variation increasesincreases
variation increases
with a highwith
with aa high
high percentage
percentage percentage
as the load as the
the load
as increases.
load
increases.
increases.
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 10 of 12
Energies
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 12
Energies 2018,
2018, 11,
11, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 10
10 of
of 12
12

15
15
15
Error
Error (Voo))
Error (V
(Vo)
Error
Error (η)
Error ((η)
η)
10
10
10

(%)
(%)
Error(%)
uu = 1 p.u.

Error
=
= 211 p.u.
p.u.
Error
Zu = p.u.
55 ZL = 2 p.u.
ZL = 2 p.u.
L
5 pf
pf = 0.7
pf == 0.7
0.7

00
030 60 90 120
30
30 60
60 90
90 120
120
Excitation capacitance, C (μF)
Excitation C (μF)
Excitation capacitance, C
capacitance, (μF)
Figure
Figure 16. Error variation of terminal voltage Voo and efficiency η versus excitation capacitance C.
Figure 16.
16. Error
Error variation
variation of
of terminal
terminal voltage Voo and
voltage V and efficiency
and efficiency η
efficiency ηη versus
versus excitation
excitation capacitance
capacitance C.
C.
15
15
15
Error
Error (Voo))
Error (V
(Vo)
Error
Error (η)
Error ((η)
η)
10
10
10
(%)
(%)
Error(%)

C
C =
= 30 μ F
C = = 30 μF
μ
30 p.u.
F
Error
Error

Z
Z L =22 p.u.
55 ZLL = 2 p.u.
pf = 0.7
5 pf =
pf = 0.7
0.7

00
01 1.3 1.6 1.9
11 1.3
1.3Speed, 1.6
1.6 1.9
1.9
Speed, u
u (p.u.)
(p.u.)
Speed, u (p.u.)
Figure 17. Error variation of terminal voltage Vooo and
andefficiency
efficiency η versus
versus speed u.
Figure
Figure 17.
17. Error
Error variation
variation of
of terminal
terminal voltage Vo and
voltage V and efficiency
efficiency ηη versus
η versus speed
speed u.
u.
12
12 Error (Vo), pf = 11 45
45
12 Error
Error
(V ),
(Voo),
Error (V pf
), pf =
pf =
= 0.5
1 45
Error o
Error (V
(Voo),
), pf
pf =
= 0.5
0.5
Error
Error (η),
(η), pf
pf =
= 1
11
Error (η),
Error (η), pf
pf =
= 0.5
Error
Error (η),
(η), pf
pf =
= 0.5
0.5
88 30
(%)

(%)

30
)(%)

(%)

8 30
oo)o)(%)

(η)(%)
(η)
(V

Error(η)
(V
Error(V

Error
Error

Error
Error

44 C = 30 μF 15
15
4 C = 30 μF 15
uuC = 1.2
=
= 1.2
μF
30 p.u.
p.u.
u = 1.2 p.u.

00 00
01 33 55 77 99 0
11 3 impedance,
5 7 9
Load
Load impedance, |Z
|ZL|| (p.u.)
(p.u.)
Load impedance, |ZL| (p.u.) L
18. Error
Figure 18.
Figure
variation of terminal voltage V
terminal voltage and efficiency η
Voo and η versus load impedance |ZLL|.
|.
Figure 18.
18. Error
Error variation
variation of
of terminal
terminal voltage Vo and efficiency
voltage V efficiency η
η versus
versus load
load impedance
impedance |Z
|ZLL|.
|.
6. Conclusions
6.
6. Conclusions
6. Conclusions
Conclusions
This paper presents an accurate modeling scheme of core losses in SEIG analysis, which has
This paper presents an accurate modeling scheme of core losses in SEIG analysis, which has been
beenThis
This paper
paper presents
neglected presents
in most ofan accurate
an the
accurate modeling
modeling
documented scheme
scheme of
literature. core
ofIn thislosses
core losses
work,in SEIG
in the
SEIG analysis, which
analysis, of
resistance which has
has been
the core been
loss
neglected
neglected in
in most of the documented literature. In this work, the resistance of the core loss in
in the
neglected in most
most of
in the equivalent of the
the documented
circuit documented literature.
literature.
of the generator In
In this
is derived thisaswork,
work, the
the resistance
a function resistance of
of the
the core
of the saturation loss
corelevel
loss in the
the
equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of
of the
the generator
generator is
is derived
derived as
as aa function
function of
of the
the saturation
saturation level
level in
in the
the generator
generator
equivalent circuit of the generator is derived as a function of the saturation level
generator magnetic circuit. An optimization scheme is used to solve the derived nonlinear equationsin the generator
magnetic
magnetic circuit. An optimization scheme is used to solve the derived nonlinear equations by
magnetic circuit.
circuit. An
An optimization
optimization scheme
scheme is is used
used to to solve
solve the
the derived
derived nonlinear
nonlinear equations
equations by by
simultaneously
simultaneously computing the values of F and X c or Xm by minimizing the total impedance.
simultaneously computing
computing the the values
values ofof F
F and
and X Xcc or
or XXmm byby minimizing
minimizing the the total
total impedance.
impedance.
Energies 2018, 11, 3228 11 of 12

by simultaneously computing the values of F and Xc or Xm by minimizing the total impedance.

Accordingly, the performance curves are computed for the machine as shown in Figures 9–11.
Experimental verifications were carried out to compare theoretical results with measurements. Perfect
agreement between the analytical and the experimental results confirms the feasibility and accuracy
as well as the functionality of the modeling presented. It has been found that representing core loss
with a fixed resistance causes an error between (2–12)% in computing terminal voltage while it reaches
between (15–40)% in the value of the efficiency.

Author Contributions: Software, S.H.A.-S., A.I.A. and M.A.A.; Writing—original draft, S.H.A.-S., A.I.A. and
M.A.; Writing—review & editing, S.H.A.-S., A.I.A. and M.A.A.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Deanship of scientific research for funding and supporting
this research through the initiative of DSR Graduate Students Research Support (GSR).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature
F, u p.u frequency and speed, respectively
C, Xc value of excitation capacitance (µF) and its p.u reactance (at base frequency), respectively
Cmin minimum excitation capacitance (µF)
Rs , Rr , RL p.u stator, rotor, and load resistances, respectively
X s , Xr , XL p.u stator, rotor leakage, and load reactances (at base frequency), respectively
X m , Xo p.u saturated and unsaturated magnetizing reactances at base frequency, respectively
Ic , IL , Is p.u. excitation capacitance, load, and stator currents, respectively
E g , Vo air-gap and terminal voltages, respectively
Vb , Ib , Zb base voltage, current, and impedance, respectively
fb , Nb base frequency and speed in Hz and rpm, respectively

Appendix A

Appendix A.1. Machine Parameters

The rating of the machine under study is 1 kW. The machine parameters are as follows:

Table A1. The data of the machine under study.

Vb (V) Ib (A) Zb = Vb /Ib (Ω) Nb (rpm) fb (Hz) Rs (p.u.) Rr (p.u.) Xs = Xr (p.u.) Xo (p.u.)
220 2.9 75.862 1800 60 0.086 0.044 0.19 1.89

Appendix A.2. Fitted Curves

The air-gap voltage and core loss variations against Xm of Figure 3 can be, respectively, fitted by two
polynomials of 3rd-degree as follows:

3 3
Eg /F = ∑ ki Xmi and Rc /( F·Xm ) = ∑ mi Xmi
i =0 i =0

where k and m coefficients are as follows:

k0 = 1.1, k1 = −0.636, k2 = 0.727, k3 = −0.321, m0 = 270.67, m1 = −472.71, m2 = 303.76, and m3 = −67.045.

Appendix A.3. Total Impedance

The total impedance, Zt , of Figure 2 is given by:

Zt = (( Zs + ( ZL //ZC ))//Zr ) + Zm

where Zs = Rs /F + j Xs , ZL = R L /F + j X L , Zr = Rr /( F − u) + j Xr , Zm = ( Rc /F )//( j Xm ), and Zc = − j Xc /F2 .

Energies 2018, 11, 3228 12 of 12

References
1. Boldea, I. Variable Speed Generators, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015; ISBN 1498723578.
2. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2017. Available
online: http://www.irena.org/publications/2017/Mar/Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2017 (accessed on 26
February 2018).
3. Musgrove, P. Wind Power, 1st ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2010; ISBN 0521762383.
4. Singh, G.K. Self-excited induction generator research—a survey. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2014, 69, 107–114.
[CrossRef]
5. Al Jabri, A.K.; Alolah, A.I. Limits on the performance of the three-phase self-excited induction generators.
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 1990, EC-5, 350–356. [CrossRef]
6. Al Jabri, A.K.; Alolah, A.I. Capacitance requirement for isolated self-excited induction generator. IEEE Proc.
B-Electr. Power Appl. 1990, 137, 154–159. [CrossRef]
7. Alolah, A.I.; Alkanhal, M.A. Optimization-based steady state analysis of three phase self-excited induction
generator. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2000, EC-15, 61–65. [CrossRef]
8. Alnasir, Z.; Kazerani, M. An analytical literature review of stand-alone wind energy conversion systems
from generator viewpoint. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 28, 597–615. [CrossRef]
9. Sam, K.N.; Kumaresan, N.; Gounden, N.A.; Katyal, R. Analysis and Control of Wind-Driven Stand-Alone
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with Reactive Power Support from Stator and Rotor Side. Wind Eng. 2015,
39, 97–112. [CrossRef]
10. Kheldoun, A.; Refoufi, L.; Khodja, D.E. Analysis of the self-excited induction generator steady state
performance using a new efficient algorithm. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2012, 86, 61–67. [CrossRef]
11. Nigim, K.; Salama, M.; Kazerani, M. Identifying machine parameters influencing the operation of the
self-excited induction generator. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2004, 69, 123–128. [CrossRef]
12. Wang, L.; Lee, C.H. A novel analysis on the performance of an isolated self-excited induction generator.
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 1997, EC-12, 109–117. [CrossRef]
13. Kersting, W.H.; Phillips, W.H. Phase Frame Analysis of the Effects of Voltage Unbalance on Induction
Machines. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1997, IA-33, 415–420. [CrossRef]
14. Malik, N.H.; Haque, S.E. Steady State Analysis and Performance of an Isolated Self-Excited Induction
Generator. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 1986, EC-1, 134–140. [CrossRef]
15. Sharma, A.; Kaur, G. Assessment of Capacitance for Self-Excited Induction Generator in Sustaining Constant
Air-Gap Voltage under Variable Speed and Load. Energies 2018, 11, 2509. [CrossRef]
16. Hashemnia, M.; Kashiha, A. A Novel Method for Steady State Analysis of the Three Phase SEIG Taking Core
Loss into Account. In Proceedings of the 4th Iranian Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(ICEEE2012), Gonabad, Iran, 28–30 August 2012.
17. Farrag, M.E.; Putrus, G.A. Analysis of the Dynamic Performance of Self-Excited Induction Generators
Employed in Renewable Energy Generation. Energies 2014, 7, 278–294. [CrossRef]
18. Arjun, M.; Rao, K.U.; Raju, A.B. A Novel Simplified Approach for Evaluation of Performance Characteristics
of SEIG. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Advances in Energy Conversion Technologies
(ICAECT), Manipal, India, 23–25 January 2014.
19. Selmi, M.; Rehaoulia, H. Effect of the Core Loss Resistance on the Steady State Performances of SEIG.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Engineering & Information Technology
(CEIT’2014), Sousse, Tunisia, 22–25 March 2014.
20. Haque, M.H. A Novel Method of Evaluating Performance Characteristics of a Self-Excited Induction
Generator. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2009, EC-24, 358–365. [CrossRef]

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).