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Senior Inter Physics
4 Marks Questions
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing how a potentiometer may be used to find
e t
internal resistance of a cell and establish a formula for it.
. n
A: Circuit Diagram:
K2
h a
Primary Circuit
+ -
R.B.

i b
Secondary Circuit

A
. E

a t
+
B -
p r G
R
u
. ad.
( )
C
N1

N2

en
K1 J
To find internal resistance of a cell, it is connected to the secondary circuit of

w.e
the potentiometer. A resistance box (R.B.) is connected across the cell along with
a key 'K2' as shown in the circuit.
t
w w n e
★ Suppose the Key 'K1' in the primary circuit is closed, keeping the key 'K2'
.
open. Jockey (J) is adjusted on the potentiometer wire for null deflection of
a
b h
galvanometer. The length of wire from 'A' to 'N1' is measured as balancing
length 'l1'. The emf of cell in the secondary circuit is given by E = φ.l1 .......(1)

t i
(φ = Potential drop per unit length of potentiometer wire).

a
★ Now the key 'K2' is also closed and a suitable resistance 'R' is inserted in the
r
u p
resistance box. The jockey is adjusted for null deflection and balancing length
is measured as 'l2'. The potential drop is given by V = φ.l2 .....(2)
E
(1) ÷ (2) gives,  = 
l1
a d
.....(3)

e n( V l2
E
)
.e
But V = iR ⇒ V =  × R
R+r

w ww E
V
R+r
⇒  =  = 1 + 
R
l
r
R

From (3) & (4), 1 = 1 +

......(4)

r

l2 R

( )
l1
⇒r= −1 ×R
l2

R-10-3-15
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2. State Kirchoff's laws for electrical network. Using these laws deduce the
condition for balancing in a Wheatstone bridge.
A: I. Kirchoff's Current Law (or) First Law: The algebraic sum of all electric
currents meeting at any junction of an electrical network is zero.
e t
(OR)
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h a
★ The sum of electric currents flowing into a junction is equal to sum of electric
currents flowing out of the same junction of an electrical network.

i b
II. Kirchoff's Voltage Law (or) Second Law: In any closed circuit carrying

t
electric current, the algebraic sum of potential differences and emfs is equal
a
to zero.

p r
Wheatstone's Bridge: Wheatstone's Bridge network is connected as shown
below. B
d u
i3
P

n a ig Q

.e e A
i1

w w i2
G

e t
w R i4
S

. n
i
D
i

h a
+ -
E
i b
Applying Kirchoff's I Law,
a t
at Junction 'B',

p r
i1 − i3 − ig = 0 .....(1)
at Junction 'D'
d u
n
i2 + ig − i4 = 0 .....(2) a
e e
Applying Kirchoff's II Law,
.
ww
for the closed mesh 'ABDA',

w
i1P − igG + i2R = 0 .....(3)
for the closed mesh 'BCDB'
− i3Q + i4S + igG = 0 ......(4)

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★ When no current passes through the galvanometer ig = 0, the bridge is said to
be balanced.
★ If ig = 0 the above four equations become,
i1 = i3 & i2 = i4
e t
i1P = i2R .....(5)
. n
i3Q = i4S .....(6)
h a
(5) i1P i2R P R
 ⇒  =  ⇒  = 
i b
(6) i3Q i4S Q S

a t
This is the principle of Wheatstone's bridge.

p r
2 Marks Questions
1.
d u
State Ohm's Law and write its mathematical form.

n a
A: Ohm's Law: "At constant temperature, the strength of electric current flowing

.e e
through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied
across the conductor."

w w
★ Mathematical Form: V = iR
e t
w Where R = Resistance of conductor.
. n
2. Define mean free path of electron in a conductor.
h a
i b
A: The average distance travelled by a free electron between two successive
collisions in a metallic conductor is called mean free path.
3.
a t
Why is manganin used for making standard resistors?

p r
A: The temperature coefficient of resistance (α) of manganin is very low. So change

u
in resistance of manganin with temperature is negligible.

d
4.
a
Two wires of equal length, made of copper and manganin have same

n
resistance. Which wire is thicker?

e e ρl
A: Resistance, R = 
. A

w ww
★ l and R are given as same, so ρ ∝ A. Manganin is thicker, because resistivity
(ρ) of manganin is more than that of copper.
5. Why are household electrical appliances connected in parallel?
A: The potential difference (voltage) across each appliance is same as that of applied
voltage. If one of the appliances is fused, the remaining appliances will work.
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6. If the voltage applied across a conductor is doubled, how does the drift
velocity of the electrons change?
A: Drift velocity will be doubled, because drift velocity is directly proportional to
(
the applied voltage Vd ∝ V . )
e t
7.
.
Under what conditions is the current through mixed grouping of cells n
maximum?

h a
i b
A: If external (load) resistance is equal to the total internal resistance of all the cells,
then the current through mixed grouping of cells is maximum (When the load
matches the source).
a t
8.
r
Sequence of bonds marked on a carbon resistor are: Red, Red, Red, Silver.
p
What is its resistance and tolerance?
A:
d u
Resistance (R) = (22 × 102 Ω ) ± 10%
Tolerance = 10%.
n a
.e e Writer: G.V. Chandra Sekhar

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h a
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a t
p r
d u
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