13 PROBABILITY

KEY CONCEPT INVOLVED

1. Conditional Probability – Let E and F be two events of a random experiment, then, the probability of
occurance of E under the condition that F has alredy occured and P (F)  0 is called the conditional
probability. It is denoted by P (E/F)
P (E  F)
The conditional probability P (E/F) is given by P (E/F) = , When P (F)  0
P (F)
Properties of conditional probability –
(i) If F be an event of a sample space s of an experiment, then P (S/F) = P (F/F) = 1
If A and B are any two events of a sample space S and F is an event of s such that P (F) 0, then
(ii) P (A  B/F) = P(A/F) + P (B/F) – P (A  B/F)
IF A and B are disjoint event then P(A  B/F) = P(A/F) + P (B/F)
(iii) P (E / F) = 1 – P (E/F) or P (E/F) = 1 – P (E/F)
2. Multiplication Theorem On Probability – Let E and F be two events associated with a sample
space S. P(E  F) denotes the probability of the event that both E and F occur, which is given by
P (E  F) = P (E) P (F/E) = P (F) P (E/F), provided P (E)  0 and P(F)  0
3. Independent Event –
(i) Events E and F are independent if P (E  F) = P (E) × P (F)
(ii) Two events E and F are said to be independent if P (E/F) = P (E) and P (F/E) = P (F)
provided P (E)  0 and P (F)  0
(iii) Three events E, F and G are said to be independent or mutually independent if
P (E  F  G) = P (E) P (F) P (G).
4. Random Variable – A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of
random experiment.
5. Baye’s Theorem – let E1, E2, En be the x events forming a partition of sample space S i.e. E1, E2,
En are pairwise disjoint and E1  E2  En = S and A is any event of non – zero
P (E i ) P (A / E i )
porbability, then P (Ei/A) = n for any i = 1, 2, 3, ......., n
 P (E ) P (A / E )
j 1
j j

6. Bernoulli Trial – Trials of a random experiment are said to be Bernoulli’s trials, if they satisfy the following
conditions :
(i) The trials should be independent.
(ii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes ex- success or falilure.
(iii) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.
(iv) Number of trials is finite.
7. Mean of Random Variable – let X be a random variable whose possible values are x1, x2, xn if
P1, P2, Pn are the corresponding probabilities, then mean of X,
 n
=  x p = E (X)
i 1
i i

The mean of a random variables X is also called the expected value of X denoted by E (x).
8. Variance of a Random Variable – let X be a random variable with possible values x1 x2,  xn occur with
probabilities are p1, p2 pn respectively.
let  = E (X) be the mean of X. The variance of X denoted by var (X) or  2x is defined as
n

Var (X) or  2x = 
i 1
(xi - )2 pi = E (xi – )2 = E (X2) – [E (X)]2

Standard Deviation, x = Var (X)

9. Probability function – The probability of x success is denoted by p (X = x) or P(x) and is given by P (x) =
nC qn – x px , x = 0, 1, 2, n and q = 1 – P
x
The function P (x) is known as probability function of binomial distribution.

CONNECTING CONCEPTS
1. Partition of a sample space – A set of events E1, E2 ,  En is said to represent a partition of sample S
if
(i) Ei  Fj =  if i  j , i, j = 1, 2,n
(ii) E1  E2  E3   En = S
(iii) P (Ei) > 0  i = 1,2, n.
2. Theorem of total Probability – let  E1, E2, En  be a partition of sample spaces and each event has
a non – zero probability If A be any event associated with S, then
P (A) = P (E1) P (A/E1) + P (E2) P (A/E2) + P (E3) P (A/E3) +  + P (En) P (A/En)
n
P (A) =  P (E ) P (A/E )
i 1
i i

3. A Few Terminologies –
(i) Hypothesis – When Baye’s theorem is applied the events E1, E2, En are said to be hypothesis x.
(ii) Priori Porbability – The Porbabilites P (E1), P (E2) P (En) are called priori.
(iii) Posteriori Porbabililty – The conditional probability P (Ei/A) is known as the posteriori probability
of hypothesis Ei where i = 1, 2, 3, ......, n
4. Probability Distribution of a Random Variable – let real numbers x1, x2, xn be the possible value
of random variable and p1, p2,pn be probability corresponding to each value of the random
variable X. Then the probability distribution is
X: x1 x2  xn
P(X) : p1 p 2  pn.
(i) pi > 0 (ii) sum of porbabilites p1 + p2 +  + pn = 1.
5. Binomial Distribution – Probability distribution of a number of successes, in an experiment consisting of
n Bernoulli trials are obtanied by Binomial expansioin of (q + p)n. Such a probability distribution is
X: 0 1 2  r  n
P(X) : nC0 q n nC1 q n – 1 P n C2 q n – 2 P2 nCr q P n – r r nC Pn
n
This probability distribution is called binomial distribution with parameter n and p.
Where, p is the probability of success in each trial and q is the probability of not sucess in each trial.
 p+q=1,q=1–p
Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions
NCERT Solutions Important Questions NCERT Exemplar
Chapter 1 Relations and Chapter 1 Relations and
Relations and Functions
Functions Functions
Chapter 2 Inverse Chapter 2 Inverse
Concept of Relations and Functions
Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 3 Matrices Binary Operations Chapter 3 Matrices
Chapter 4 Determinants Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 4 Determinants
Chapter 5 Continuity and Chapter 5 Continuity and
Matrices
Differentiability Differentiability
Chapter 6 Application of Chapter 6 Application of
Matrix and Operations of Matrices
Derivatives Derivatives
Transpose of a Matrix and Symmetric
Chapter 7 Integrals
Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.1 Matrix
Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Chapter 8 Applications of
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.2 Operations Integrals
Chapter 9 Differential
Determinants
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.3 Equations
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.4 Expansion of Determinants Chapter 10 Vector Algebra
Chapter 11 Three Dimensional
Properties of Determinants
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.5 Geometry
Inverse of a Matrix and Application of Chapter 12 Linear
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.6 Determinants and Matrix Programming
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.7 Continuity and Differentiability Chapter 13 Probability
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.8 Continuity
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.9 Differentiability
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.10 Application of Derivatives
Rate Measure Approximations and
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.11 Increasing-Decreasing Functions
Integrals Class 12
Tangents and Normals
Miscellaneous Exercise
Chapter 8 Application of
Maxima and Minima
Integrals
Chapter 9 Differential
Integrals
Equations
Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Types of Integrals
Chapter 11 Three Dimensional
Differential Equation
Geometry
Chapter 12 Linear
Formation of Differential Equations
Programming
Chapter 13 Probability Ex Solution of Different Types of Differential
CBSE Sample Papers NCERT Solutions LearnCBSE.in
13.1 Equations
Probability Solutions Ex 13.2 Vector Algebra
Probability Solutions Ex 13.3 Algebra of Vectors
Probability Solutions Ex 13.4 Dot and Cross Products of Two Vectors
Probability Solutions Ex 13.5 Three Dimensional Geometry
Direction Cosines and Lines
Plane
Linear Programming
Probability
Conditional Probability and Independent
Events
Baye’s Theorem and Probability
Distribution

RD Sharma Class 12 Solutions

Chapter 12: Higher Order

Chapter 1: Relations
Chapter 2: Functions
Chapter 3: Binary Operations
Chapter 4: Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Chapter 5: Algebra of Matrices
Chapter 6: Determinants
Chapter 7: Adjoint and Inverse of a
Chapter 18: Maxima and Minima
Matrix
Chapter 8: Solution of
Simultaneous Linear Equations
Chapter 9: Continuity
Chapter 10: Differentiability
Chapter 11: Differentiation
Chapter 23 Algebra of Vectors
Derivatives
Chapter 13: Derivative as a Rate Chapter 24: Scalar Or Dot
Measurer Product
Chapter 14: Differentials, Errors Chapter 25: Vector or Cross
and Approximations Product
Chapter 15: Mean Value Theorems Chapter 26: Scalar Triple Product
Chapter 27: Direction Cosines
Chapter 16: Tangents and Normals
and Direction Ratios
Chapter 17: Increasing and
Chapter 28 Straight line in space
Decreasing Functions
Chapter 29: The plane
Chapter 19: Indefinite Integrals Chapter 30: Linear programming
Chapter 20: Definite Integrals Chapter 31: Probability
Chapter 21: Areas of Bounded Chapter 32: Mean and variance of
Regions a random variable
Chapter 22: Differential Equations Chapter 33: Binomial Distribution

CBSE Sample Papers NCERT Solutions LearnCBSE.in

JEE Main Maths Chapter wise Previous Year Questions

1. Relations, Functions and Reasoning

2. Complex Numbers
3. Quadratic Equations And Expressions
4. Matrices, Determinatnts and Solutions of Linear Equations
5. Permutations and Combinations
6. Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction
7. Sequences and Series
8. Limits,Continuity,Differentiability and Differentiation
9. Applications of Derivatives
10. Indefinite and Definite Integrals
11. Differential Equations and Areas
12. Cartesian System and Straight Lines
13. Circles and System of Circles
14. Conic Sections
15. Three Dimensional Geometry
16. Vectors
17. Statistics and Probability
18. Trignometry
19. Miscellaneous

NCERT Solutions for Class 12

 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths

 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Vistas
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi Aroh (आरोह भाग 2)
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi Vitan (वितान भाग 2)
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Psychology
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Entrepreneurship
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Micro Economics
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (C++)
 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (Python)

CBSE Sample Papers NCERT Solutions LearnCBSE.in