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Tuning of Power System Parameters For Dynamical Response Study
Tuning of Power System Parameters For Dynamical Response Study
Response Study
1. Introduction
In power system analysis and calculations, the accuracy of power system component
models directly affects the correctness of analysis and calculation results. In other hand,
the parameter precision of power system models also affects the quality of power system
analysis and calculations. Particularly, the dynamical models of power system require the
parameters more accurate than the static models. The modern power system industries
request not only the qualitative solutions but also the quantitative solutions for an
analysis case. For instance, the operators want the exact values of the current, voltage or
frequency at a special moment after a disturbance so as to determine the relays or control
devices settings. According to the experiences in practices, the erroneous of parameters
can severely impact the quality of analysis solutions. Once the model of a actual power
system is established, the verification and validation process of system model parameters
are indispensable before conduct case analysis. Generally, the parameters of system
models are obtained from manufacture data, measured data and estimated data. These
data may bring different types of errors on the parameters, such as: the manufacture data
may not be suitable to the complexities of models or the simplified models; the measured
data are subject to errors of metering system; and the estimated data may not be accurate.
In this presentation, a technology to tune up power system model parameters will be
illustrated, specially, about the tuning dynamical model parameters using site test record
data.
Power system models generally are classified as static-state models, like transmission
line, transformer and static load model, sand dynamical models, like generator,
turbine/governor, exciter/AVR and motor models. The parameters of static-state models,
like transmission line and transformer impedances, can be easily verified and validated
by comparing load flow analysis results against measured voltage, current and power data
at any time moment. But it is not so simple for the verification and validation of
dynamical model parameters, like governor and exciter transfer function time constants
and gains. First, these parameters do not have apparent one to one relationships with the
measurable data. Second, the response of a model to be matched with measured data is
not only a single point instead of a whole process corresponding to a system event such
as a load shed or a bus faulted. The shape and character of a response curve for a
dynamical model during an event reflect merely the group effects of the model
parameters. So it is difficult to quantitatively determine the individual parameter in a
model according to a response curve. However, under some conditions may a parameter
dominate certain character of the response curve, such as oscillation frequency,
overshooting magnitude, raising and falling rates. This characteristic of a dynamical
model can be utilized to tune the parameters of the power system dynamical models in
accordance with the measured responses of frequency, voltage and so on. The next
section will investigate the relationship between a parameter of a mode and the model
response process for some typical transfer function models.
A power system dynamical device usually consists of different types of elements. These
elements can be mathematically presented by some typical dynamical components or
transfer functions. The following describes a number of typical dynamical components in
power system dynamical models, and illustrates how the responses of these components
are affected by varying their parameters. Also, a simplified model of a single generator
power system is investigated in this section.
Inertial Components: Its transfer function is shown as Figure 3.1. The inertial
component is usually used to model the regulator amplifier, governor relay, or
electric/hydraulic converter. Figure 3.1 and 3.2 display the responses of this component
when applying a step input with different time constant and gain values. As can be seen
from Figure 3.1, the raising rate of response will increase with reducing time constant
value. But the settle down value of response would not be affected by varying time
constant value. When increasing gain value, as shown in Figure 3.2, both the raising rate
and settle down value of response will be increased.
Integrate Components: Its transfer function is shown as Figure 3.3. The governor pilot
servo is an example of integrate component. Figure 3.3 displays the responses of this
component when applying a step input with different time constant value. As can be seen
from Figure 3.3, the raising rate and output value of response will increase with reducing
time constant value.
Single Generator Power System Model: Figure 3.6 shows a simplified model of a
single generator power system. The block Ks and Kd are defined as system synchronizing
coefficient and system damping coefficient, respectively. These two coefficients
represent the equivalent effects of generator, AVR, governor, loads and other system
components. Figures from 3.7 to 3.12 display the power angle and speed responses of the
power system model when a load shed is applied with different model parameters. As can
be seen from Figure 3.7 and 3.8, when increasing damping coefficient Kd, the oscillation
magnitudes of power angle and speed responses will be reduced, but the oscillation
frequency of them is not changed. When increasing synchronizing coefficient Ks, as
shown in Figure 3.9 and 3.10, the oscillation magnitudes of power angle and speed
responses will be reduced and the oscillation frequency of them will be increased. Also, it
is found that the initial power angle becomes smaller with increasing Ks. When reducing
generator inertial coefficient H, as shown in Figure 3.11 and 3.12, the raising rate,
overshooting magnitude and oscillation frequency of speed response will be increased,
but settle down time becomes shorter. For the power angle response, its falling rate, and
oscillation frequency will be increased, but its undershooting magnitude will be
decreased and settle down time also becomes shorter.
In this section, some examples are presented to illustrate how to tune the parameters of
power system dynamical models utilizing the site test or system incidence recording data,
so as to make the responses of dynamical model match the real recording data.
W/OMod#2
NO
Underground
CT4
U3 4kV bu s13
NO
NO
B1TS-3B1T
B2TS-3B2T
3TC/D/E-3B1T
3TC/D/E-3B2T
3TD /E-3B1 T 3TE-3B1T
3TC-3B2T
3TD /E-3B2 T
3TC-3B1T
3TE-3B2T
3TD-3B2T
3TD-3B1T
4k V 3T E
4k V 3T C 4k V 3T D
600V LC 3X4 600V LC 3X8 600V LC 3X5 600V LC 3X9 600V LC 3X6 600V LC 3 X10
3X9 Test 1 3X9 Test 2 MCC 3XS2 3X6 Test 1 3X6 Test 2 MCC 3XS3
3X4 Test 1 3X4 Test 2 MCC 3XS1 3X8 Test 1 3X8 Test 2 3X5 Test 1 3X5 Test 2
Parameter TP Q GC TG RP RT TR H D
Typical 0.04 1 2.5 1 0.02 0.4 5.5 7 2
Tuned 0.04 1 2.5 1.41 0.02 0.4 7.5 4.94 1.1
Table 4.2 Typical and Tuned Parameters of Governor Model
Figure 4.4 Comparison between Simulated Generator Speed Response
(Using Typical Parameters) and Site Measured Speed
This is a real test case about a diesel generator starting an induction motor. The test
system and the exciter and governor models of the diesel generator are shown in Figure
4.15, 4.16 and 4.17. The Figure 4.18 and 4.20 display the responses of a bus frequency
and voltage when using the typical parameters as listed in Table 4.3 and 4.4 for the
exciter and governor models. It is found from the response curves that the simulation
system has less damping torque and too much inertial moment. Through the tuning of
system model parameters, the responses of the bus frequency and voltage using the
modified parameters as listed in Table 4.3 and 4.4 show a perfect match to the site test
results as displayed in Figure 4.19 and 4.21.
40 00 k W
DG-2A
2* EPC6 A
2E TA 4. 16 k V
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
FP CP-2 A NS WP-2 A AF WP-2 A CCHRGP- 2A SIP-2 A RH RP-2 A CSP-2 A CC P-2A 2 CC P-2A 1 2ET AGenlo s 2ETAXlos
200 H P 10 00 H P 500 H P 600 H P 400 H P 400 H P 400 H P 200 H P 200 H P 42.3 kVA 0.031 M VA
2*EPE538 2*EPE537 2*EPE536
TX-2ELXE
TX-2ELXA 1500 kVA
TX-2ELXC
1500 kVA 1500 kVA
NO
NO
2ELXA 0.6 k V 2ELXC 0.6 k V
NO
This test case is to simulate a system response when a short-circuit fault occurred on a
bus. The test system is shown in Figure 4.22. The simulation events include: short-circuit
fault occurs at MCC feeder Bus3, voltage relay trips some load at Bus-A and Bus-B when
voltage drops to 50% during the fault, in 0.38 seconds the circuit breaker 52GH is tripped
to disconnect fault point, in 0.8 seconds the circuit breaker 52B4 is tripped to disconnect
the tie link to utility. The actual measured current and voltage of generator G4 and
current at branch 52B4 are displayed in Figure 4.23. The simulation responses of the
system current and voltage for using typical generator parameters listed in Table 4.5 and
using tuned parameters listed in Table 4.5 are shown as Figure 4.24 and 4.25,
respectively. As can be seen from Figure 4.25, the response of the system current and
voltage using tuned parameters are very close to the actual measured data.
Power Grid
Bu s1
65 kV
T3
12.5 MVA
CB4
Bu s2 Bus-B
3.3 kV 3.3 kV
CB6
LUMP2 LUMP4
10.75 MVA 10.75 MVA 52 B4
Bus-A
3.3 kV CB5
52 GH
LUMP3 LUMP1
4.458 MVA 5.848 MVA
Bu s3 Bu s4
3.3 kV 3.3 kV