‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Indoor Air Quality

Introduction
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ، ، ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (ASHRAE)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  (80%)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Air Contamination) W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ [American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2 − 5) 
، (21% ) ‫א‬، (78% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  3.5%  ‫א‬  (0.03% )  ‫א‬      (0.9% )  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬      K
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 (Sources of Indoor Air Contamination) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Gaseous Contaminants) W‫א‬‫א‬K١
  (Indoor Gaseous Contaminants Sources) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Tobacco Smoke) ‫א‬ J
(Cleaning Agents) ‫א‬ J

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
(Building Materials & Furnishings) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 (Equipment) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 (Occupants) W‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
(Outdoor Air) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Carbon Dioxide)W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(EPA)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (1000 PPM )⎛⎜1.8 g m3 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠

 (Radon)W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  EBasement F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬      K ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Toxicity) W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH)]
 [Radon (Rn)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(Odors) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Odor Threshold)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (50% ) ‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  (Irritation & Allergic Response)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬F،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٨‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (20% ) ‫א‬
(Sick building syndrome)
(Damage of Materials) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Methods To Control Indoor Air Quality) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Source Elimination) W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
(Use of Outdoor Air) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(Space Air Distribution) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
(Air Cleaning) W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
(Source Elimination) W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(Use of Outdoor Air) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(Supply Air)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Return Air)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   (Ventilation)‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (EPA)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (Ambient-Air Quality)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬    (Exfiltration)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Infiltration)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Space Air Distribution) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Displacement Ventilation)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (3 °C )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   (Localized Ventilation)‫א‬‫א‬ K
 

‫א‬‫א‬ (Task Air Conditioning Systems) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
(Air Cleaning) W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  J

 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ (HVAC Systems)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Outside Air Treatment) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Partial Supply Air Treatment) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Full Supply Air Treatment) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Air Sterilization)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 (14000) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(Air Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Dry Filters) EF
 (Viscous Filters) EF
(Electronic Filters) EF
 (Dry Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Filter Face Area) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 (7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K (0.7 ) ‫א‬
 K  (7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (84% ) , (95% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (25, 50, 100 mm)  (12.5 × 62.5 cm) , (50 × 50 cm) , (40 × 62.5 cm) , (40 × 50 cm) , (25 × 50 cm)
 

 EF ،  ‫א‬ EF ،  ‫א‬ EF W  E١ J٤F ‫א‬
 K

- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(Fine Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (0.05)  (0.3) ‫א‬‫א‬ (99.9% ) ‫א‬
 K[High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters] ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
(Viscous Impingement Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (80%)  (65%) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (90%) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Washable Filters)W J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Changeable Filters)W J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Self -Cleaning Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF،EFW‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
 (Electronic Filters) :‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Ionizing Type) ‫א‬‫א‬W  (Precipitators)‫א‬‫א‬
 (Charged Media Type) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K (13000)  (11000)
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K (90%)  (70% ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ (300)  (240) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EFWE٤ J٤F‫א‬
 (Filters Performance Criteria) W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 (Filter Efficiency)W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 η ( filter ) = C1−C 2 W
C1
  W
C1 = ‫א‬‫א‬
  = C2 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (95%)  (90%)
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Discoloration)‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (Resistance)W‫א‬
 (N m )
2  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

(N/m2)‫א‬ (%)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
175 37.5 40
200 62.5 60
 225 87.5  85
 250 100  95
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F
K‫א‬(NPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     
 WEF  WEF  WEF
 (Dry filters) WE١ J٤)‫א‬
 

    

 K[Fine filters (HEPA)]‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
 

  
(Self-cleaning)‫א‬‫א‬WEF  (Washable) WEF
(Viscous impingement filters)‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F‫א‬
 

    
(Charged media type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF (Ionizing type)‫א‬‫א‬WEF

 (Electronic filters) WE٤ J٤F‫א‬

 

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

99

RS

OR
E

AT
LT
FI

AR
S
5%

EP
R
-9 TE

LS
L
90 FI

TIA
95
5%
-8

ER
S
80 ER

INT
EFFICHIENCY

L T
90 FI
%
- 65
60

70

TER
50 L
FI
TED
LEA IA
P ED
M
2" LL
RO
R
O
D
" PA
20 2

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
PARTICLE SIZE IN MICRONS
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F

- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(Methods of Testing Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Weight Method) W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Dust Spot Discoloration Method) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Di-Octyl-Phthalate Penetration Method) WDOP‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DOP)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Scattered Light) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.  (03 − 50) ‫א‬ (0.01 − 1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Filter Dust Holding Capacity)
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(Selection of Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F،E٥ J٤F،E٤ J٤F،E٣ J٤F،E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

   ‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (N/m2) (m/s)

 W
101 0.95 20-30 0.3 (5cm)
1.5 3.3 25-30 0.15 (20cm)  
 
5.9-7.6 9.5-17.6 125-300 0.1

 
1.45 0.55 15-30 1.5   (5cm) 
2.0 0.8 30-60 1.5   (10cm)
1.0 1.0 10-30 1.5-2.5 (5cm)

 ‫א‬
1.9-3 3.6-8 75-125 2.5
 
 
2.9-5.9 12.4-21.3 37.5-75 1.5-0  ‫א‬
4.3-7.2 17.8-31.1 50-80 2-2.5  ‫א‬
2.9-3.7 10.7-14.2 7.5-30 0.18  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Face Velocity) ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F
K  (3000) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ (N/m2) ‫א‬ (m/s)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
  250 25 1.25-2.5 -  
 

 175 30 2.5  

   
  150 20 1.5-25    
 125 30 2.0-2.5  
 125 40 1.5-2.5  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٤F 
 

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  (cm)‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ 30×60×20 30×60×30 60×60×20 60×60×30 ‫א‬
(L/S) ‫א‬
(Pa)
M-2A 420 480 810 940 37.4
M-15 420 480 810 940 87.2
M-100 300 410 620 800 100
M-200 210 290 430 560 100
‫א‬   (m2)‫א‬‫א‬
1.35 1.93 2.69 3.87
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(mm) ‫א‬‫ א‬ (%)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (Pa)
@1.8m/s
(%) (kg/1000(L/S))
25 20-50  5-10 0.16-0.32 20
45 50-75  5-15 0.26-0.8 35
64 60-80  5-20 0.4-1.2 50
100 70-85 10-25 0.53-1.7 80
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٤F
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (HEPA Filters)‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[Activated carbon(Charcoal)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Potassium PermanganateF‫א‬ (Activated Alumina) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (50% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (0.7%) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ،‫א‬     
 K‫א‬
 

- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE١F
‫א‬K (75%)  (ASHRAE)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE1000 L S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K (40 pa )  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
  (75%) = ‫א‬
= (40 Pa )  ‫א‬‫א‬
  45 mm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (1.8 m s )  (35 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1000 × 10 −3
Face area (‫א‬‫א‬) = = 0.56 m 2
1.8
 WE٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (60 × 60 × 20) M-200 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K (380 L S )
 

 W‫א‬
∆pαV 2αQ 2

∆p′ ⎛ Q′ ⎞ 2
=⎜ ⎟ ∴
∆p ⎜⎝ Q ⎟⎠

  (60 × 60 × 20)  M-200 ‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
 

, ∆p = 100 Pa Q = 430 L
S
  Q ′ = 380 L S : ‫وﺣﻴﺚ إن‬
∴ ∆p ′ = 78 .09 Pa

- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 (Installation & Maintenance of Filters) W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (100 cm) ‫א‬ (75 cm ) ‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2 cm) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ (16) (Intake Screens) ‫א‬
(Staggered) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ("V" Banks)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   

    K   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KE٦  J٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬  F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10%) EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2 − 3) ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Rotation Method)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ( Banks"V") (Staggered filter)WE٦ J٤F

 

- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬
(Ventilation Requirements)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Ventilation Rate Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (L s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬K[Air changes per hour (ACH)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Indoor Air Quality Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ⎛ 8 L ⎞   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
⎜ s ⎟⎠
⎝
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  K ⎛ 8 L ⎞ E٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
⎜ s ⎟⎠
⎝
 (L s )  ACH ‫א‬ 
10 1.5-3  K١
8 10-20   K٢
8 20  ‫א‬ K٣
10 5 ‫א‬ K٤
10 5   K٥
10 4   K٦
13 2   K٧
10 2-4   K٨
8 0.5-1   K٩
‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٣F

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫ƒ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ

- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫ƒ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KDOP ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20 m( 3

s
) J١
K (70 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (0.6 × 0.6 × 0.3) ‫א‬ M-15
 
‫א‬K (30 × 60 × 20) ‫א‬‫א‬ M-24‫א‬‫א‬ (2800 L S )‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬   K‫א‬  (25 Pa )         ‫א‬  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 K (600 L S )‫א‬‫א‬K (60 × 60 × 30) M-24 J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ (70% )    (ASHRAE)     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   J٤
‫א‬ (500 L S )‫א‬K (25 pa ) ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K (0 − 5 × 10 −3 mm ) ‫א‬ (95%) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬K (60 Pa ) ‫א‬ (110 L S )‫א‬
 K (20 cm) 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
 

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ (2 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
3

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

V2
V1
60o

A1 = 0.2 m2
A2 = 0.4 m 2

C
θ , deg
Re A1/A0 16 20 30 45 60 90 120 180
0.5×105 2 0.23 0.19 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30
4 0.23 0.30 0.46 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.62
6 0.27 0.33 0.48 0.66 0.77 0.74 0.73 0.72
10 0.29 0.38 0.59 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.83
≥ 16 0.31 0.38 0.60 0.84 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
2×105 2 0.07 0.12 0.23 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26
4 0.15 0.18 0.36 0.55 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.57
6 0.19 0.28 0.44 0.90 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.69
10 0.20 0.24 0.43 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.81
≥ 16 0.21 0.28 0.52 0.76 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
≥ 6×105 2 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
4 0.17 0.24 0.38 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.57
6 0.16 0.29 0.46 .060 0.69 0.71 0.70 0.70
10 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.60 0.76 0.83 .084 0.83
≥ 16 0.21 0.34 0.56 0.72 0.79 0.85 0.87 0.89
 W
 WRe
0.55×105 DVZRe
 EmF‫א‬‫ א‬: D
Em/sF‫א‬‫א‬WV

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬K (2000 L S ) (18 × 10 m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K (3 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(NC = 35 dB ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.4 m3/s)
E

7m

A 7m B 5m C 5m D
‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬
(1.4 m3/s) (1.0 m3/s)

7m

F G
(0.4 m3/s) (0.6 m3/s)

‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  (0.6 m s ) G‫א‬ (0.4 m s )E, F‫א‬
3 3

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
EB,C‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬EF
  C = 1.0 G ‫א‬

- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  R W = 1.5 (D) ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 
 

(m/s)‫א‬ (cm)‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 2, 20, 60 kg s ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (7.5o C )‫א‬
‫א‬(kg/s) ‫א‬(mm) ‫א‬(Pa) (m/s)‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (30 × 60 × 20)   M-100 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K (240 L S )
 

- ١٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ (8 × 6 m ) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (3.2 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬K 8 m ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 9o C ‫א‬ (230 L S )
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (W (400) × H (600) mm )  ‫א‬‫א‬EF
(
  K 0 .5 m3
s
)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R = 400 mm ‫א‬ (90 ) o

 

V
W

H
θ

C
R/W H/W
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
0.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.75 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44
1.0 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.21
1.5 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17
2.0 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 K (40 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  θ = 60 o ‫א‬ C-D، B-C ‫א‬

  R D = 2.0 ‫א‬
 K (0.75) ‫א‬
 
 
6m 600 L/S
600 L/S F E H

10 m 10 m

15 m B 3m C 10 m
‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬ A D

3m

G
600 L/S
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

F A 2.5 Kg/s B C

‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﻋﺪم ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ 1.5 Kg/s
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
‫رﺟﻮع‬ ‫آﺮوي‬
30 m
A ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬

  100 m 60 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K (65% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

- ١٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K(Roll-type)‫א‬
 K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Expansion loops & offsetsF J
 (Expansion joints)  J
(Slip type) ‫א‬‫א‬G

  (Bellows type) ‫א‬‫א‬G

(Flexible hose) ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Vibration isolators) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬
(Plug  ‫א‬   ،(Angle valvesF ‫א‬‫א‬  ،(Globe valvesF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF

 K(Butterfly valvesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Needle valvesF‫א‬،valves)

  ‫א‬
 (Check valves).‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Disc or wedge) W‫א‬‫• א‬
(Stem) W‫• א‬

- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬
  J
  ‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 (Bonnet) W‫א‬EF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
  J
 

‫ﺧﺰان ﺗﻤﺪد‬ B

A C (2)

(1)
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬

 

- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

2 A1 0.4
  V1 = Q = =10 m
s
,  θ = 60 o , = = 2 .0
A 0.2 A 0 .2

4A 4 × 0 .2
R e = 0.55 × 10 5 DV , D = = = 0 .5 m
π π

∴ R e = 0.55 × 10 5 ×0.5 × 10 = 2.75 × 10 5

  C = 0.27

∴ ∆ p T = 0 . 6 × 0 . 27 × (10 )2 = 16 . 2 Pa = (1 . 62 mm . w )
 
  NC = 35 db ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K (9 × 5 m ) ‫א‬
2000
  L S  = =  500 ‫א‬
4
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
9
= T  4.5 m = 
2
 W‫א‬ (45 cm) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F
= 620 , T = 6.7 m , SP = 7.5 Pa , NC = 26 db  L S
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬(ASHRAE)
  V = 6.0 m
s
 W‫א‬
  A=Q
V
= 1.4 = 0.23 m 2
6
‫א‬   (1.4 m s ) ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
3

 W‫א‬ (6 m
s
) ‫א‬
- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  (W = 580 , H = 400 mm )  (580 × 400 mm ) ‫א‬‫א‬

∆p = 0.8 Pa
m

‫א‬‫א‬ ∆p = 0.8 Pa
m
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(m/s) (W × H ) (cm)  (m 3 )
6.0 (580 × 400 mm ) 1.4 A-B 1.
5.5 (450 × 400 mm ) 1.0 B-C 2.
4.8 (500 × 250 mm ) 0.6 CG 3.
4.4 (360 × 250 mm ) 0.4 BF 4.
4.4 (360 × 250 mm ) 0.4 CE 5.

 
 ABCDG‫א‬

 KWED)
  RW = 1 .5 , A = 500 × 250 mm 2

H = 250 = 0.5
W 500

  C = 0.2
 
∴ ∆pT ( A − G ) = 0.8 × 24 + 0.6 ×V (C − G ) × C (D ) + 0.6 ×V (C − G ) × C (G )
2 2

 
= 19.2 + 0.6 × 0.2 ×(4.8) + 0.6 × 1.0 ×(4.8)
2 2

  = 19 . 2 + 2 . 765 + 13 . 82 = 35 . 8 Pa
 

 
- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(kg/s) ‫א‬(mm) ‫א‬(Pa) ‫א‬

‫א‬ (m/s)
2 50 215 0.9
20 125 186 1.5
60 200 118 1.67
 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
(Toxicity) W‫א‬ J
(Odors) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (Irritation & allergic response)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Damage of materials) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 (Dry filters)W‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  J
  J
W
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
(Fine filters) W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K[High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters] ‫א‬ (99.9% ) ‫א‬
 
(Viscous Impingement Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (Washable Filters)W J
 (Changeable Filters)W J
 (Self -Cleaning Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Electronic Filters) :‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Precipitators)‫א‬‫א‬
 (Ionizing type) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Charged media type) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Weight method) W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
(Dust spot discoloration method) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Di-octyl-phthalate penetration method) WDOP‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DOP)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E F
∆pαV 2αQ 2

∆p′ ⎛ Q′ ⎞ 2
=⎜ ⎟ ∴
∆p ⎜⎝ Q ⎟⎠

  (30 × 60 × 20)  M-100 E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 

, ∆p = 100 Pa Q = 300 L
S
(
  240 L S ) : ‫وﺣﻴﺚ إن‬
′ ⎞2
  ∆p ′ = ⎛⎜⎜ Q ⎛ 240 ⎞ 2
⎟⎟ ×∆p = ⎜ ⎟ ×100
⎝Q⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠

 
∴ ∆ p ′ = 64 Pa

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 , NC = 35 db ‫א‬‫א‬

 = T 6 m E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (230 L S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ (35 × 12.5 cm)  (45 × 10 cm)  (30 × 15 cm)

- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
θ = o 45 , NC = 34 db 6.1 m L
S
= 235 , T =
  (35 × 35 cm)  (40 × 30 cm) ‫א‬ (230 L S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  (235 L S ) , NC = 21 dB , ∆p s = 13.75 Pa , V = 2 m
s
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
400 H 600
  R = = 1.0 , = = 1.5 
W 400 W 400
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C = 0.19
 
Q 0.5
 V = = = 2.1 m
A 0.6 × 0.4 s
 
 ∴ ∆p = 0.6 ×V 2×C = 0.6 ×(2.1)2 ×0.19 = 0.5 Pa

- ١٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 EF
6m 600 L/S
600 L/S F E H

10 m 10 m

15 m B 3m C 10 m
‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬ A D

3m

G
600 L/S
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J
 W(ASHRAE)‫א‬
V = 7.5 m
s
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  A=Q
V
= 1 .8
7 .5
= 0.24 m 2

‫א‬   (1.8 m s ) ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
3

 W‫א‬ (7.5 m s ) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ (550 mm ) ‫א‬
∆p = 1.1 Pa
m

- ١٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ∆p = 1.1 Pa

m
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(m s )   (m 2 )   (m 3 )
(mm )
7.5 550 0.24 1.8 A-B K٩
6.8 475 0.176 1.2 B-C K١٠
5.7 365 0.11 0.6 C-D-H K١١
5.7 365 0.11 0.6 C-E-F K١٢
5.7 365 0.11 0.6 B-G K١٣
 
 A-H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 WD‫א‬W
 R = 2.0 ، J٣ 
D
  
  (C = 0.33)
 
 WC-D‫א‬B-C ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
A = (0 .24
1 )= 1.4 , A A = (0 .176 0.1)= 1.6  θ = 60°
1
A 0 .176
0 0

W‫א‬‫א‬
(C = 0.06)
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
 
∴ ∆p T ( A − H ) =

1.1 × 38 + 0.6 ×V
2
( A − B ) × C (B − C ) + 0.6 ×V 2 (B − C ) × C (C − D ) + 0.6 ×V 2 (C − H ) × C (D )
 
= 41.8 + 0.6 × 0.06 ×(7.5) +0.6 × 0.06 ×(6.8) +0.6 × 0.33(5.7 )2
2 2

- ١٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

= 41 . 8 + 2 . 025 + 1 . 665 + 6 . 433 = 51 . 9 Pa

 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫ = א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 
 ∴ p s (Fan) = 51.9 + 40 = 91.9 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  0.75 × 0.5ρ [V 2 (Initial ) −V 2 (Final )]
 W
 V (Initial ) =‫א‬
   V (Final )  =‫א‬
 ρ = ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬=
 
 ∴ p s (Fan ) = 91.9 − 0.75 × 0.6[(7.5)2 −(5.7 )2 ]

= 91.9 − 10.69 = 81.2 Pa (8.12 mm. w)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Po = pTo × Q& = (81.12 + 0.6V ) ×1.8 
2

  = [81.12 + 0.6 (7.5) 2 ] × 1.8 = ( 81.12 + 33.75) × 1.8

  = 206.77 watts ≈ 0.2 kW

- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F A 2.5 Kg/s B C

‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﻋﺪم ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ 1.5 Kg/s
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
‫رﺟﻮع‬ ‫آﺮوي‬
30 m
A ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬

  100 m 60 m

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (2.4 m s ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Pa/m) (m/s) (mm) (kg/s)
280 1.1 50 2.5 EFAB 1.
215 0.75 40 1.0 BCE 2.
115 0.65 50 1.5 BE 3.
 
 

- ١٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
ABCEF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫( א‬m/s) ‫ א‬(mm)
(Pa) (Pa/m (m)  (m) (kg/s)
)
280 230 - - 2.16 2.5 50   EFAB

3.4 2 1.7 - - -   EFAB


0.7 1 0.7 - - -  EFAB

 ‫א‬
6.1 1 6.1 - - -  EFAB



33.4 2 16.7 - - -  EFAB


1.7 1 1.7 - - -  B

77084 280× 275.3  ‫א‬

215 150 - - 0.75 1.0 40   BCE

0.5 1 0.5 - - -   BCE

‫א‬
2.6 2 1.3 - - -   BCE


1.3 1 1.3 - - -  E

33196 215× 154.4    ‫א‬

11028  ‫א‬‫א‬
0
 ABCEF‫א‬‫א‬∴

∴ ∆ p T = 110 . 28 kPa = 1 . 1 bar

- ١٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬

  11 m .w
 K (65% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

Q × ∆p WHP
WHP = HP , BHP =
746 ηm
 W
  WHP  = EF‫א‬‫א‬
  = BHP EF‫א‬‫א‬

  Q =   (m s )

3
‫א‬
  ∆p = (Pa ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
η m = ‫א‬‫א‬
 
.5 × 110280
 ∴WHP = 21000 × 746
= 0.37 HP

&
0 . 37
BHP = = 0 . 56 HP
0 . 65
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٤٧ -