EXPERIMENTS 3

DISINFECTANT ANALYSIS OR ACTIVATED CHLOR (RESIDUE)

WITH IODOMETRY METHOD
AND
BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION (BPC) ANALYSIS

Practician’s Name : Dita Amara Yeranda

NRP : 03211640000017
Laboratory Assistant : Reisa Renova
NRP : 03211540000039
Lecturer : Welly Herumurti, S.T, MSc.

DEPARTEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND EARTH ENGINEERING
SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2017
 EXPERIMENTS 3
Disinfectant Analysis or Activated Chlor (residue) with Iodometry Method and
Break Point Chlorination (BPC) Analysis

A. Purpose of The Experiment

a. Purpose of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
To determine amount of activated chlor that needed by sample for disinfection
process
b. Purpose of Break Point Chlorination (BPC) Analysis
To determine amount of caporit for water.

B. Principal of The Experiment

a. Principal of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
Determine amount of activated chlor in the sample using iodometric method, by
adding glacial acetic, KI as an oxidator of activated chlor, and amylum as an
oxidator of KI (to know amount of KI that react). This reaction go through equation
below :
2ClO2 + 2I¯ → 2ClO2 ¯ + I2
I3- + 2S2O32- → 3I- + S4O62-

b. Principal of Break Point Chlorination Analysis Experiment

Determine amount of caporit that needed for water disinfection by adding glacial
acetic, KI as an oxidator of activated chlor, amylum and natrium thiosulphate as an
oxidator of KI (to know amount of KI that react), that do for different caporit volume
of the sample. This happen through equation below :
2ClO2 + 2I¯ → 2ClO2 ¯ + I2
I3- + 2S2O32- → 3I- + S4O62-

C. Literature Review
a. Literature Review of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
Disinfection is the last barrier of wastewater reclamation process to protect ecosystem
safety and human health. However, the chlorination process results in the formation of
mutagenic/carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) deriving from the reaction of the
chlorine with organic compounds in wastewater. The effects of operating conditions (chlorine
dose, contact time, reaction temperature and pH value) of chlorination on the formation of
trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in biologically treated wastewater
samples were investigated in this study. The results indicated that the total THMs (TTHM) and
total HAAs (THAA) increased exponentially with increasing chlorine dose, but there are
discrepancies between the formation rates of TTHM and THAA. The THAA reached a peak at
contact time of 2 h and thereafter decreased with extended time. The formation time of THMs
depends on the wastewater content of quick or slow formers. The yields of bromated HAAs (as
MBAA, BCAA, and BDCAA) would decrease markedly after the contact time over 2 h during
wastewater chlorination, and were favored in low pH values of 4 and high pH values of 9 under
certain contact time. In addition, the formation of MBAA, BCAA, BDCAA decreased gradually
as reaction temperature increased from4 to 300C in the chlorination of wastewater containing a
certain concentration of bromide. The effects of operating conditions on THMs and HAAs
formation during wastewater chlorination were completely different from those of surface water
disinfection.
(Sun et.al, 2008)

The chlorine demand of a water is the difference between the amount of chlorine applied
and the amount of free, combined, or total available chlorine remaining at the end of the contact
period. The chlorine demand is different with different waters and even with a given water will
vary with the amount of chlorine applied, the desired residual, time contact, pH and
temperature. The test should be conducted with chlorine or with hypochlorite, depending upon
the form that will be used in practice.
(Sawyer,C.,N., 2003)

b. Literature Review of Breakpoint Chlorination Analysis Experiment

The breakpoint is the point at which the chlorine demand has been totally satisfied; the
chlorine has reacted with all reducing agents, organics, and ammonia in the water. When more
chlorine is added past the breakpoint, the chlorine reacts with water and forms hypochlorous
acid in direct proportion to the amount of chlorine added. This process, known as breakpoint
chlorination, is the most common form of chlorination, in which enough chlorine is added to
the water to bring it Kumar 371 past the breakpoint and to create some free chlorine residual
(White, 1992). Sodium hypochlorite or chlorine is used to oxidize the ammonia in raw,
secondary and lime clarified municipal wastewaters.
(Kumar, 2013)

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are produced during chlorination of water. Only four THM
compounds normally are found: chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2),
dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl), and bromoform (CHBr3). Additional chlorination by-
products can be formed (including haloacetic acids and halonitriles; for example, see 5710D)
during the relatively slow organic reactions that occur between free chlorine and naturally
occurring organic precursors such as humic and fulvic acids. The formation potentials of these
additional by-products also can be determined, but different quenching agents and different
analytical procedures may be needed. Predictive models for estimating/calculating THM
formation exist, but because eventual THM concentrations cannot be calculated precisely from
conventional analyses, methods to determine the potential for forming THMs are useful in
evaluating water treatment processes or water sources or for predicting THM concentrations in
a distribution system. To obtain reproducible and meaningful results, control such variables as
temperature, reaction time, chlorine dose and residual, and pH. THM formation is enhanced by
elevated temperatures and alkaline pH and by increasing concentrations of free chlorine
residuals, although THM formation tends to level off at free chlorine residuals of 3 mg/L and
above; a longer reaction time generally increases THM formation.

(American Public Health Association, 1999)

The weakness of chlorination is the positive correlation between chlorine and

organohalogen compound which is the result of reaction of chlorine and halogenated organic
compound (CHCl) contained in the waste. One of the organohalogen compounds is
trihalomethane (THM). The higher concentration of chlorine, the higher the formation of THM.
Trihalomethane is carcinogenic and to eliminate the formation of THM, the determination of
breakpoint chlorination (BPC) becomes important before chlorine application in the field. BPC
is the amount of active chlorine (ClO- and OHCL ions) required to oxidize all organic and
inorganic materials dissolved in the waste and then the remaining active chlor serves as a
disinfectant.
(Shovitri et.al, 2011)
D. Work of Schemes
a. Work Scheme of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
Water Samples
(Tap Water of TL)
Pour 25 mL water sample in erlenmeyer glass
1 spatula of KI crystal

Add it into sample

2.5 mL of Glacial Acetic

Add it into sample

3 drops of Amylum Indicator

Add it into sample

0.0125 N Natrium Thiosulphate

Tirtrate sample until the sample’s colour change become colorless.
Count the concentration.
Result

b. Work Scheme of Break Point Chlorination Analysis Experiment

Water Samples (Hang Tuah River Water)

Pour 50 mL into 10 different erlenmeyer glass and give label

Caporit

Add into each Erlenmeyer glass as much volume as written on

the label. Shake well. Put it into dark place for 30 minutes.

1 spatula of KI crystals

Add into each sample

glass
2.5 mL of Glacial Acetic

Add into each sample

Amylum Indicator

Add 3 drops into each sample

 0.0125 N Natrium Thiosulphate

Titrate each sample with Natrium Thiosulphate until the sample’s

color change become colorless. Count the concentration.

Result

E. Observation Table
a. Observation Table of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
No Treatment Observation Picture
1 Pour 25 mL of tap water - Tap water sample :
sample into Erlenmeyer colorless, odorless, and
glass by using volumetric normal temperature.
cylinder and give label
name of sample.

Picture :
Pour 25 mL of tap water
into erlenmeyer glass and
labelled
2 Add 1 spatula of KI crystal - KI crystal : white fine
into sample. powder, odorless, normal
temperature.
- After adding KI crystal, no
physical change happen

4 Add 2.5 mL of glacial
acetic into sample by using
measurement pipette and
propipette.
Picture :
Add 1 spatula of KI crystal
into sample
- Glacial acetic : strong
odor, colorless, normal
temperature.
- After adding glacial
acetic, sample become
colorless, strong odor, and
normal temperature.
Picture :
Adding glacial acetic into
samples
5 Add 3 drops of amylum
indicator into each sample
by using droplet pipette
- Amylum Indicator : clear
and colorless
- After adding Amylum
Indicator, samples become
colorless, odorless, and
normal temperature

Picture :
Adding Amylum Indicator
into sample

b. Observation Table of Breakpoint Chlorination

No Treatment Observation Picture
1 Pour 25 mL water sample - Hang Tuah sample :
into each erlenmeyer glass greenish, odorless, and
(there are 10 erlenmeyer normal temperature.
glass) and give label to
each erlenmeyer glass.
Write the volume of caporit
that will be put into
Picture :
Erlenmeyer glass (8.5 mL, Pour 25 mL of water
8.8 mL, 9.0 mL, 9.6 mL, sample into each
erlenmeyer glass and
9.9 mL, 10 mL) in label. labelled
2 Add caporit into each - Caporit : colorless, stingy
Erlenmeyer glass as much smell, normal
volume as written on the temperature, liquid form.
label by using - The volume that added :
measurement pipette and 8.5 mL; 8.8 mL; 9.0 mL;
propipette. Then, shake 9.6 mL; 9.9 mL; 10 mL
well and put it into dark - After adding caporit into
Picture :
place for 30 minutes. sample, the are no different
Adding different volume
physical properties and of caporit to each sample
there are also no physical
properties change after
keep it in the dark place for
30 minutes.
 Picture :
Put samples into dark
place for 30 minutes.
3 Add 1 spatula of KI crystal - KI crystal : white fine
into each sample. powder, odorless, normal
temperature.
- After adding KI crystal,
samples become orange,
stingy smell, and normal
temperature.
Picture :
Add 1 spatula of KI crystal
into each sample

Picture :
After adding KI crystal,
samples become orange

4 Add 2.5 mL of glacial - Glacial acetic : strong

acetic into each sample by
using measurement pipette
and propipette. - After adding glacial
odor, colorless, normal
temperature.
acetic, samples become
dark red, strong odor, and
normal temperature.
Picture :
Adding glacial acetic into
samples and samples
become dark red
5 Add 3 drops of amylum
indicator into each sample
by using droplet pipette
- Amylum Indicator : clear
and colorless
- After adding Amylum
Indicator, samples become
dark brown, strong odor,
and normal temperature

Picture :
Adding Amylum Indicator
into samples

Picture :
After adding Amylum
Indicator, samples become
dark brown
6 Titrate samples with - Natrium Thiosulphate :
0.0125 N natrium odorless, colorless, normal
thiosulfate by using temperature
measurement pipette and After tirtration, samples
propipette until the color of become clear and
sample become colorless. colorless.
The volume of tirtrate are
Picture :
 8.5 mL = 44 mL
Tirtrate sample with
 8.8 mL = 46.5 mL Natrium Thiosulphate
 9.0 mL = 41.9 mL

Picture :
After titration, samples
become colorless
 F. Discussion
The experiments of Analysis Technique of Environmental Pollution about disinfection
process and breakpoint chlorination is held at September 13th 2017 on 07.30 a.m until 10.30
a.m. This experiments held inside “B3 Effluent Laboratory”, Environmental Engineering
Department, FTSLK ITS. From all of the result of these experiments, we will get the residual
chlor from the first experiment and breakpoint of chlorination from second experiment by
calculating the doses of chlor and excess chlor of samples.
Tools that will be used on this experiment are erlenmeyer flask, measurements pipette,
propipette, volumetric cylinder, and spatula. Materials that will be used on this experiment is
water samples that taken from Hang Tuah River exactly at entrance gate (7°17'26.57"S
112°47'35.04"E) and tap water of water installation Environmental Engineering (7°16'46.60"S
112°47'33.72"E).
a. Discussion of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
First experiment is about disinfectant analysis. Disinfection is the last barrier of
wastewater reclamation process to protect ecosystem safety and human health. However, the
chlorination process results in the formation of mutagenic/carcinogenic disinfection by-
products (DBPs) deriving from the reaction of the chlorine with organic compounds in
wastewater (Sun et.al, 2008).
The first step of this experiment is pour 25 mL of tap water sample into Erlenmeyer
glass by using volumetric cylinder and give label name of sample. Before we pour the water
sample into Erlenmeyer glass, we have to pour it first into 25 mL volumetric cylinder in order
to we can get appropriate volume. The characteristics of tap water sample are colorless,
odorless, and normal temperature. Practician have to give label in Erlenmeyer glass in order to
avoid mistakes of treatment of sample. Second step is add 1 spatula of KI crystal into sample.
The characteristics KI crystal are white fine powder, odorless, and normal temperature. After
adding KI crystal, no physical change happen in sample. The purpose of adding KI crystal is
to detect the presence of chlorine residue by react with KI. The reaction go through this
equation :
2ClO2 + 2I¯ → 2ClO2¯ + I2
Third step is add 2.5 mL of glacial acetic into sample by using measurement pipette and
propipette. The characteristics of glacial acetic are strong odor, colorless, and normal
temperature. After adding glacial acetic, samples become colorless, strong odor, and normal
temperature. The purpose of adding glacial acetic is to give acid condition in sample. The last
step is add 3 drops of amylum indicator into sample by using droplet pipette. The characteristics
of amylum indicator are clear and colorless. After adding amylum indicator, sample become
colorless, odorless, and normal temperature. The purpose of adding amylum indicator into
sample is as indicator of titration, so we can know the end point of titration. Actually, the next
step is titrate sample with 0.0125 N natrium tiosulfat until sample become colorless. But,
because after adding amylum, sample is still colorless, the titration process is not needed to do.
Because sample is colorless when added by amylum, we can conclude that tap water of
Environmental Engineering may does not contain residual chlorine because the chlorine already
evaporate in reservoir or it is already disappear in distribution process.

b. Discussion of Breakpoint Chlorination Analysis

Second experiment is about breakpoint chlorination. The breakpoint is the point at
which the chlorine demand has been totally satisfied; the chlorine has reacted with all reducing
agents, organics, and ammonia in the water. When more chlorine is added past the breakpoint,
the chlorine reacts with water and forms hypochlorous acid in direct proportion to the amount
of chlorine added. This process, known as breakpoint chlorination (Kumar, 2013). The purpose
and principal of this experiment is to determine amount of caporit that needed for water
disinfection by adding glacial acetic, KI as an oxidator of activated chlor, amylum and natrium
thiosulphate as an oxidator of KI. The reaction that happen is :
2ClO2 + 2I¯ → 2ClO2 ¯ + I2
I3- + 2S2O32- → 3I- + S4O62-
The first step of this experiment is pour 25 mL into each erlenmeyer glass (there are 10
erlenmeyer glass) and give label to each erlenmeyer glass. Before we pour the water sample
into Erlenmeyer glass, we have to pour it first into 25 mL volumetric cylinder in order to we
can get appropriate volume. The characteristics of Hang Tuah water sample are greenish,
odorless, and normal temperature. Before use, sample is diluted by laboratory in order to reduce
sample’s concentration so it will be more easy for titration process. After we pour sample into
each Erlenmeyer glass, write the volume of caporit that will be put into Erlenmeyer glass (8.5
mL, 8.8 mL, 9.0 mL, 9.6 mL, 9.9 mL, 10 mL) in label and paste in Erlenmeyer glass. Practician
have to give label in Erlenmeyer glass in order to avoid mistakes of treatment of each sample.
The purpose giving caporit with different volume is to know the optimum dosage of caporit
that needed by water sample to reach breakpoint chlorination. Second step is add caporit into
each Erlenmeyer glass as much volume as written on the label by using measurement pipette
and propipette. Then, shake well. After that, put it into dark place for 30 minutes in order to
make caporit not evaporate. The characteristics of caporit are colorless, stingy smell, normal
temperature, and liquid form. The volume of caporit that added are 8.5 mL, 8.8 mL, 9.0 mL,
9.6 mL, 9.9 mL, and 10 mL. After adding caporit into sample, the are no different physical
properties and there are also no physical properties change after keep it in the dark place for 30
minutes. The purpose of adding caporit is to disinfect sample.
The next step is add 1 spatula of KI crystal into each sample. The characteristics of KI
crystal are white fine powder, odorless, and normal temperature. After adding KI crystal,
samples become orange, stingy smell, and normal temperature. The purpose adding KI crystal
into samples is to detect the presence of chlorine residue by react with KI. The reaction go
through this equation :
2ClO2 + 2I¯ → 2ClO2¯ + I2

Forth step is add 2.5 mL of glacial acetic into each sample by using measurement pipette
and propipette. The characteristics glacial acetic are strong odor, colorless, and normal
temperature. After adding glacial acetic, samples become dark red, strong odor, and normal
temperature. The purpose of adding glacial acetic is to give acid condition in sample. The next
step is add 3 drops of amylum indicator into each sample by using droplet pipette. The
characteristics of amylum indicator are clear and colorless. After adding amylum indicator,
samples become dark brown, strong odor, and normal temperature. The purpose of adding
amylum indicator into sample is as indicator of titration, so we can know the end point of
titration. The last step is titrate samples with 0.0125 N natrium thiosulfate by using
measurement pipette and propipette until the color of sample become colorless. The
characteristics of natrium thiosulphate are odorless, colorless, and normal temperature. After
titration, samples become clear and colorless. The purpose of titration is to reduce iodine to
iodida through equation below :
I3- + 2S2O32- → 3I- + S4O62-

The volume of natrium thiosulfate that using for titration are :

- Sample with 8.5 mL caporit need 44 mL natrium thiosulfate
- Sample with 8.8 mL caporit need 46.5 mL natrium thiosulfate
- Sample with 9.0 mL caporit need 41.9 mL natrium thiosulfate
Practician not titrate sample with volume of 9.6 mL, 9.9 mL, and 10 mL because natrium
thiosulfate is run out. So, we only have three data of titration process. Data from other group is
needed to make BPC curve, so data from all of the experiment that doing by students of TAPL
Q and B are like below :
 Vol. Vol.
Volume of Natrium Volume of Natrium
No. OCl- No. OCl-
Thiosulfat Titration (mL) Thiosulfat Titration (mL)
(mL) (mL)
1 0.5 2.2 15 5 25.7
2 0.8 2.8 16 5.4 27
3 1 4 17 5.6 29.1
4 1.6 6.6 18 6 21.55
5 1.9 8.4 19 6.5 33.6
6 2 9 20 6.8 35.1
7 2.5 8.4 21 7 35.7
8 2.8 10.6 22 7.4 39.1
9 3 12.1 23 7.8 38.6
10 3.4 13.6 24 8 41.4
11 3.6 14.7 25 8.5 44
12 4 17.1 26 8.8 46.5
13 4.5 22.9 27 9.0 41.9
14 4.8 25.1

From data above, we can calculate doses of chlorine in each sample by using
following calculation :

1) Calculate the normality of caporit

1000
[OCl-] = 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 x mL tirtran x N Natrium Thiosulphate x 35,45 x Dilution factor
1000
[OCl-] = x 5.3 x 0.0125 x 35.45 x 25
25

[OCl-] = 2348.5625 N ≈ 2349 N

2) Calculate the doses of chlorine
1. 0.5 mL caporit N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 2349 x 1 = N2 x 4
2349 x 0.5 = N2 x 2.2 N2 = 587.25 mg/L
N2 = 533.86 mg/L 4. 1.6 mL caporit
2. 0.8 mL caporit N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 2349 x 1.6 = N2 x 6.6
2349 x 0.8 = N2 x 2.8 N2 = 569.45 mg/L
N2 = 671.14 mg/L 5. 1.9 mL caporit
3. 1 mL caporit N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
 2349 x 1.9 = N2 x 8.4 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 531.32 mg/L 2349 x 4.8= N2 x 25.1
6. 2 mL caporit N2 = 449.21 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 15. 5 mL caporit
2349 x 2 = N2 x 9 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 522 mg/L 2349 x 5 = N2 x 25.7
7. 2.5 mL caporit N2 = 457 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 16. 5.4 mL caporit
2349 x 2.5= N2 x 8.4 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 699.1 mg/L 2349 x 5.4= N2 x 27
8. 2.8 mL caporit N2 = 469.8 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 17. 5.6 mL caporit
2349 x 2.8= N2 x 10.6 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 620.49 mg/L 2349 x 5.6= N2 x 29.1
9. 3 mL caporit N2 = 452.04 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 18. 6 mL caporit
2349 x 3 = N2 x 12.1 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 582.39 mg/L 2349 x 6 = N2 x 21.55
10. 3.4 mL caporit N2 = 654.01 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 19. 6.5 mL caporit
2349 x 3.4= N2 x 13.6 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 587.25 mg/L 2349 x 6.5 = N2 x 33.6
11. 3.6 mL caporit N2 = 454.51 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 20. 6.8 mL caporit
2349 x 3.6= N2 x 14.7 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 575.26 mg/L 2349 x 6.8= N2 x 35.1
12. 4 mL caporit N2 = 455.07 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 21. 7 mL caporit
2349 x 4 = N2 x 17.1 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 549.47 mg/L 2349 x 7 = N2 x 35.7
13. 4.5 mL caporit N2 = 460.58 mg/L
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 22. 7.4 mL caporit
2349 x 4.5= N2 x 22.9 N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
N2 = 461.59 mg/L 2349 x 7.4= N2 x 39.1
14. 4.8 mL caporit N2 = 444.56 mg/L
 23. 7.8 mL caporit 2349 x 8.5 = N2 x 44
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 N2 = 453.78 mg/L
2349 x 7.8= N2 x 38.6 26. 8.8 mL caporit
N2 = 474.67 mg/L N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
24. 8 mL caporit 2349 x 8.8 = N2 x 46.5
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 N2 = 444.54 mg/L
2349 x 8 = N2 x 41.4 27. 9.0 mL caporit
N2 = 453.91 mg/L N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
25. 8.5 mL caporit 2349 x 9.0 = N2 x 41.9
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2 N2 = 504.56 mg/L

3) Calculate the excess of chlor

1000
Chlorine Excess (mg/L) = 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 x mL tirtration x N thiosulphate x 35.45

1. 0.5 mL caporit 7. 2.5 mL caporit

1000 1000
Cl Excess = x 2.2 x 0.0125 x 35.45 Cl Excess = x 8.4 x 0.0125 x 35.45
25.5 27.5

Cl Excess = 38.23 mg/L Cl Excess = 135.35 mg/L

2. 0.8 mL caporit 8. 2.8 mL caporit
1000 1000
Cl Excess = x 2.8 x 0.0125 x 35.45 Cl Excess = x 10.6 x 0.0125 x 35.45
25.8 27.8

Cl Excess = 48.09 mg/L Cl Excess = 168.96 mg/L

3. 1 mL caporit 9. 3 mL caporit
1000 1000
Cl Excess = x 4 x 0.0125 x 35.45 Cl Excess = x 12.1 x 0.0125 x 35.45
26 28

Cl Excess = 68.17 mg/L Cl Excess = 191.49 mg/L

4. 1.6 mL caporit 10. 3.4 mL caporit
1000 1000
Cl Excess = x 6.6 x 0.0125 x 35.45 Cl Excess = x 13.6 x 0.0125 x 35.45
26.6 28.4

Cl Excess = 109.94 mg/L Cl Excess = 212.2 mg/L

5. 1.9 mL caporit 11. 3.6 mL caporit
1000 1000
Cl Excess = x 8.4 x 0.0125 x 35.45 Cl Excess = x 14.7 x 0.0125 x 35.45
26.9 28.6

Cl Excess = 138.37 mg/L Cl Excess = 227.76 mg/L

6. 2 mL caporit 12. 4 mL caporit
1000 1000
Cl Excess = x 9 x 0.0125 x 35.45 Cl Excess = x 17.1 x 0.0125 x 35.45
27 29

Cl Excess = 147.70 mg/L Cl Excess = 261.29 mg/L

13. 4.5 mL caporit Cl Excess = 489.1 mg/L
1000 21. 7 mL caporit
Cl Excess = x 22.9 x 0.0125 x 35.45
29.5
1000
Cl Excess = 343.98 mg/L Cl Excess = x 35.7 x 0.0125 x 35.45
32

14. 4.8 mL caporit Cl Excess = 494.36 mg/L

1000 22. 7.4 mL caporit
Cl Excess = x 25.1 x 0.0125 x 35.45
29.8
1000
Cl Excess = 373.23 mg/L Cl Excess = x 39.1 x 0.0125 x 35.45
32.4

15. 5 mL caporit Cl Excess = 534.75 mg/L

1000 23. 7.8 mL caporit
Cl Excess = x 25.7 x 0.0125 x 35.45
30
1000
Cl Excess = 379.61 mg/L Cl Excess = x 38.6 x 0.0125 x 35.45
32.8

16. 5.4 mL caporit Cl Excess = 521.48 mg/L

1000 24. 8 mL caporit
Cl Excess = x 27 x 0.0125 x 35.45
30.4
1000
Cl Excess = 393.56 mg/L Cl Excess = x 41.4 x 0.0125 x 35.45
33

17. 5.6 mL caporit Cl Excess = 482.77 mg/L

1000 25. 8.5 mL of caporit
Cl Excess = x 29.1 x 0.0125 x 35.45
30.6
1000
Cl Excess = 421.4 mg/L Cl Excess = x 44 x 0.0125 x 35.45
33.5

18. 6 mL caporit Cl Excess = 582.01 mg/L

1000 26. 8.8 mL of caporit
Cl Excess = x 21.55 x 0.0125 x 35.45
31
1000
Cl Excess = 308.04 mg/L Cl Excess = x 46.5 x 0.0125 x 35.45
33.8

19. 6.5 mL caporit Cl Excess = 609.62 mg/L

1000 27. 9.0 mL of caporit
Cl Excess = x 33.6 x 0.0125 x 35.45
31.5
1000
Cl Excess = 472.67 mg/L Cl Excess = x 41.9 x 0.0125 x 35.45
34

20. 6.8 mL caporit Cl Excess = 546.08 mg/L

1000
Cl Excess = x 35.1 x 0.0125 x 35.45
31.8

Based on the calculation above, we can get data like below :

Excess Doses of
Chlor Chlor
38.23 533.86
48.09 671.14
68.17 587.25
109.94 569.45
138.37 531.32
147.70 522
135.35 699.1
168.96 620.49
191.49 582.39
 212.2 587.25
227.76 575.26
261.29 549.47
343.98 461.59
373.23 449.21
379.61 457
393.56 469.8
421.4 452.04
308.04 654.01
472.67 454.51
489.1 455.07
494.36 460.58
534.75 444.56
521.48 474.67
482.77 453.91
582.01 453.78
609.62 444.54
546.08 504.56

From table of excess chlor and doses of chlor, we can make comparison curve of doses
of chlorine and excess chlor.

Breakpoint Chlorination Curve

700

600
Residual Chlor mg/L

500

400

300

200

100

0
452.04
533.86
671.14
587.25
569.45
531.32

699.1
620.49
582.39
587.25
575.26
549.47
461.59
449.21

469.8

654.01
454.51
455.07
460.58
444.56
474.67
453.91
453.78
444.54
504.56
522

457

Dossage of Chlor mg/L

From the graph above, we can know that the breakpoint chlorination is 654.01
mg/L. The amount of excess chlor in BPC is 308.04 mg/L and it does not fulfill the
standard of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010,
below 5 mg/L.
G. Conclusion
a. Conclusion of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
After doing this experiment, we can conclude that the residual chlorine of tap water
of Environmental Engineering is 0 mg/L or it can be said does not contain residual
chlorine. So, tap water of Environmental Engineering is fulfill the standard of
Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, below 5
mg/L.
b. Conclusion of Breakpoint (BPC) Analysis
After doing this experiment, we can conclude that :
1. BPC of Hang Tuah water sample is 654.01 mg/L
2. The excess chlorine in BPC is 308.04 mg/L and it does not fulfill the standard
of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010,
below 5 mg/L.

H. Bibliography
a. Bibliography of Disinfectant Analysis Experiment
Sawyer, C.,N., Mc Carty,P.,R., Parkin,G.,F. 2003. “Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Sciences (5th ed)”. New York : Mc Graw Hill Companies.
Sun, Ying-Xue; Wu: Hu: Tian. 2008. “Effects of Operating Conditions on THMs
and HAAs Formation During Wastewater Chlorination”. Journal of Hazardous
Materials. Vol 168 : 1290.
b. Bibliography of Break Point Chlorination Analysis Experiment
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1999. “Standard methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed)”. New York: American Public
Health, Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA),
and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF).
Kumar, Lokesh. 2013. “Study of double breakpoints during chlorination of river
Yamuna water, Delhi, India”. International Journal of Water Resources and
Environmental Engineering. Vol 5 (7) : 370.
Shovitri, Maya; Rosyidi; Nurhatika; Zulaika. 2011. “Apakah Breakpoint
Chlorination (BPC) Selalu Aplikatif Untuk Mengolah Limbah Cair Rumah
Sakit?”. Jurnal Purifikasi. Vol 12 : 84.
I. Question and Answer
a. Question and Answer of Disinfectant Analysis
Question :
1) Why determining chlor residue is important in drinking water installation?
2) Explain the important of contact time, chlor residue, and pH as a factor that effect
the strength of disinfection!
3) Calculate effective proportion of residue as HOCl and OCl- in pH = 6,8 and
temperature is 20oC!
4) Based on Chick Law, desinfection by chlorination follow first orde. How many
time thet needed to kill 99% bacteria with chlor residu 0,1 mg/L, if 80% dead
during 2 minutes in that dosage? (Kill = cxt)

Answer :
1) From chloride analysis we know minimum and maximum chloride total amount
used in water treatment so it can be used by consumer safely. Chloride is used in
get microbial bacteria that live in water pipe distribution over. Based on fullfill the
residual chlorine standard of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation
492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, below 5 mg/L. And chloride standart from health
minister of Republic Indonesia 250 mL. It means that it’s still good enough if there
are residual chlor contain in water because it’s function to remove microbacterial
life in period of distribution time but in sufficient quantities and not excessive.
2) Contact time : (the time that chlorine is allowed to react with any impurities in the
water) are the most important factors. Chlorine needs time to inactivate any
microorganisms that may be present in the water being treated for human
consumption. The more time chlorine is in contact with the microorganisms, the
more effective the process will be. The contact time is the time from when the
chlorine is first added until the time that the water is used or consumed. As the
chlorine concentration increases, the required water-chlorine contact time
ultimately decreases.
Chlor residue : prevent pathogen microorganism to infect water in distribution
process. will remain in the water as it travels through the distribution system. To
support and maintain the chlorine residual, a process called re-chlorination is
sometimes done within the distribution system. This is done to ensure proper
chlorine residual levels are maintained throughout the distribution system.
pH : The type of chloramines that are formed is dependent on the pH of the water
prior to the addition of chlorine. Between the pH levels 4.5 and 8.5, both
 monochloramine and dichloramine are created in the water. At a pH of 4.5,
dichloramine is the dominant form, and below that trichloramine dominates. At a
pH above 8.5 monochloramine is the dominant form. Hypochlorous acid reacts with
ammonia at its most rapid rate at a pH level around 8.3.
3) HOCl  H+ + OCl- HOCl in temperature 20oC = 2.7 x 10-8
pH = - log [H+] [H+][OCl−]
= 2.7 x 10−8
6.8 = - log [H+] [HOCl]

[H+] = 1.58 x 10-7 [HOCl] 1,58 x 10−7

= = 5.85
[OCl−) 2,7 x 10−8

4) Chlor residue = 0,1 mg/L

t1 = 2 minutes  80% died
t2 = ?  99% died
Chick Law
K = Ch x t
C1n = C2n
K1 K2
=
t1 t2
80% 99%
=
2 t2

t2 = 2,475 minutes

b. Question and Answer of Breakpoint of Chlorination (BPC) Analysis

Question :
1) Explain application of BPC data that we get in desinfection process with
chlorination!
2) How many chlor dosage that needed, if the purpose of placing is desinfestion?
3) In BPC determining, dosage that used is until BPC has reached, why?
4) How many optimum pH for chlor desinfection and expain!
5) a. For processing water at 100L/s, count caporit that needed each day (amount of
Cl2 60%), if dosage that needed 2 mg/L and chlor residue 0,5 mg/L
b. for making 2% from sample above, calculate the volume of solvent that needed!

Answer :
1) For determining amount of optimum activated chlor that can be given in drinking
water treatment system in optimum disinfection process
2) Dosage of chlor that needed = BPC + chlor residues in water distribution system
3) Because application of BPC data for determining disinfection capacity, amount of
disinfection that needed and all of the things that corelate with disinfection process
in SPAM. BPC has reached when all of the substances that can be oxidiated already
oxidize. Ammonia was gone as N2 and still present in activated chlor. So if
correlated with application in SPAM, water already clean and safe for be used when
reached surface.
4) a. The best disinfection occurs at lower pH.
b. In waters with pH between 6.5-8.5, the reaction is incomplete and both species
(HOCl and OCl – ) will be present.
c. Best disinfection pH 6 - 7 but corrosivity concerns below pH 7.5
d. If you have high alkalinity and high pH (> 8) consider longer chlorine contact
time due to reduced efficiency of the hypochlorite form.
e. Chlorine (hypochlorite) is a strong base. Therefore, in a low alkalinity system, be
wary of pH changes with chlorination.
5) a. Q= 100 L/s
Cl2 = 60%
Cl2 residue = 2 mg/L
Q each day = 100 L/s x 86400 = 8,64 x 106 L/day
100
Amount of caporit that needed = x (Cl dosage + Cl residue) x Q
Cl2
100
= x ( 2 + 0,5) x 8,64 x 106
60

= 3,64 x 106 mg = 3,64 kg

b. Density of Ca(OC)2 = 8600 kg/m3
36
Volume of Ca(OC)2 = 8600 = 0,04186 m3/day = 41,86 L/day
100%−2%
Volume of Solvent = x volume of caporit
2%

= 49 x 41,86
= 2051.14 L = 2,0514 m3
Total Volume = 2,05114 + 0,04186 = 2,093 m3