STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
I. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION DEFINED
The art or process of discovering and expounding the meaning
and intention of the authors of the law with respect to its application to a
given case, where that intention is rendered doubtful, among others, by
reason of the fact that the given case is not explicitly provided for in the
law. As simply put, it is the art of seeking the intention of the legislature in
enacting a statute and applying it to a given state of facts. It may involve
two processes namely construction and interpretation, both of which aim
to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent.
II. OBJECTIVE OF STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION (LEGISLATIVE INTENT)
“Legislative intent is determined principally from the language of the
statute.”
>SOCORRO RAMIREZ VS. CA
Where the law makes no distinctions, one does not distinguish.
>GERBERT CORPUZ VS. DAISYLYN STO. TOMAS
The Court held that alien spouses cannot claim the right as it is
only in favor of Filipino spouses. The legislative intent of Article 26 is for
the benefit of the clarification of the marital status of the Filipino spouse.
However, aliens are not strip to petition to the RTC for his foreign divorce
decree as it is a conclusive presumption of evidence of the authenticity of
foreign divorce decree with conformity to the alien's national law.
III. REQUISITES FOR STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
“Where the law speaks in clear and categorical language, there is no
room for interpretation, vacillation, or equivocation, there is room only
for application.”
>DIRECTOR OF LANDS VS. CA
The term “shall” denotes an imperative and thus indicates the
mandatory character of a statute.
“When the law is clear, it is not susceptible of interpretation. It must be
applied regardless of who may be affected, even if the law may be harsh
or erroneous.”
>OLIVIA PASCUAL VS. ESPERANZA PASCUAL
When the words and phrases of the statute are clear and
unequivocal, meaning must be determined from the language employed
and the statute must be taken to mean exactly what it says.
>ABELLO VS. CIR
When the law is clear and free from any doubt or ambiguity,
there is no room for construction or interpretation.
“The first and fundamental duty of the Courts is to apply the law.”
>PEOPLE VS. MARIO MAPULONG
Construction and interpretation come only after it has been
demonstrated that application is impossible or inadequate without them.
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
“The duty of the Courts is to apply the law disregarding their feeling of
sympathy or pity for the accused.”
>PEOPLE VS. PATRICIO AMIGO
DURA LEX SED LEX (The law is harsh but it is the law.)
IV. STATUTES IN GENERAL
HOW DOES A BILL BECOME A LAW?
1. To initiate the law-making process, the proposed bill is signed by its
author and filed with the Secretary of the either the Lower House (for
congressmen) or the Senate (for senators).
2. The bill will go through three readings. On the First Reading, the
number and title of the bill is read, followed by its referral to the
appropriate committee for study.
3. On the Second Reading, the bill is read in full along with amendments
proposed by the committee who studied it. The bill is then subjected
to debates and discussion by the members of the House where it was
filed. After extensive discussion, the bill will be voted on. If approved, it
would go through a third reading.
4. On Third Reading, the bill will be submitted for a final vote. If
approved again, it shall be transmitted to the other House for
concurrence. The other House will go through the same process of
having three readings.
5. If the other House introduces amendments and the House from
which the bill originated does not approve of the amendments, the
differences will be settled by a meeting of the Conference Committees
of both Houses, whose recommendations will have to be approved by
both Houses.
6. Once the bill is approved, it is transmitted to the President of the
Philippines for signature. The President may then either sign the bill to
indicate approval, or veto the bill to indicate disapproval. If approved,
the bill officially becomes a law.
7. If the President decides to exercise his veto powers, the Congress
may re-pass the vetoed bill if two-thirds of both Houses, voting
separately, approve its enactment. In this case, the bill also officially
becomes a law.
A. The Power to Make Laws
*Article VI, Sec. 1 (1987 Philippine Constitution)
The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the
Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by
the provision on initiative and referendum.
B. The Passage of a Law
*Article VI, Sec. 26-32 (1987 Philippine Constitution)
SECTION 26. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace
only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has
passed three readings on separate days, and printed copies
thereof in its final form have been distributed to its Members
three days before its passage, except when the President certifies
to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public
calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no
amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall
be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered
in the Journal.
SECTION 27. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it
becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the
same, he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the
same with his objections to the House where it originated, which
shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to
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reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the
Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it
shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all
the Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such
cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or
nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be
entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of
any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after
the date of receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if
he had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item
or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto
shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object.
SECTION 28. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and
equitable. The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of
taxation.
(2) The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within
specified limits, and subject to such limitations and restrictions as
it may impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and
wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts within the framework
of the national development program of the Government.
(3) Charitable institutions, churches and parsonages or convents
appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all
lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly, and
exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes
shall be exempt from taxation.
(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the
concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.
SECTION 29. (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except
in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
(2) No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied,
paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or
support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution,
or system of religion, or of any priest, preacher, minister, or other
religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest,
preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or
to any penal institution, or government orphanage or
leprosarium.
(3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose
shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for such purpose
only. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has been
fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to
the general funds of the Government.
SECTION 30. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as provided in this Constitution
without its advice and concurrence.
SECTION 31. No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be
enacted.
SECTION 32. The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a
system of initiative and referendum, and the exceptions
therefrom, whereby the people can directly propose and enact
laws or approve or reject any act or law or part thereof passed by
the Congress or local legislative body after the registration of a
petition therefor signed by at least ten per centum of the total
number of registered voters, of which every legislative district
must be represented by at least three per centum of the
registered voters thereof.
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
C. The Constitutional Test
• “One Title-One Subject” Rule: Article VI, Section 26 (1), 1987
Philippine Constitution
• “Three Readings and No Amendment” Rule: Article VI, Section
26 (2), 1987 Philippine Constitution
• “Executive Approval and Veto Power”: Article VI, Section 27 (2),
1987 Philippine Constitution
D. Parts of a Statute
(a) Title - heading
(b) Preamble - reason
(c) Enacting Clause - declaration
(d) Body - contents
(e) Repealing Clause - abrogation
(f) Saving Clause – restriction in a repealing act
(g) Separability Clause – valid provisions remain in force
(h) Effectivity Clause – effective date
E. Kinds of Statute
General Law – affects the community at large
Special Law – specific or particular law
Local Law – law applicable in a particular locality
Public Law – consists generally of constitutional, administrative,
criminal and international laws; may be general, local or special.
Private Law – law among individuals, associations and
corporations
Remedial Law – means or method whereby causes of action may
be effectuated, wrongs redressed and relief obtained
Curative Statute – retrospective legislation
Penal Statute – defines criminal offenses and punishments
Prospective Law – applicable after enactment
Retrospective Law – affects acts before it came into force
Affirmative Statute – couched in mandatory terms
Mandatory Statute – required; denoted by the term “shall”.
A “mandatory” provision in a statute is one the omission of
which renders the related proceedings void, while a “directory”
provision is one the observance of which is not necessary to the
validity of the proceedings.
F. Void for Vagueness Doctrine
A statute which lacks comprehensible standards that men
of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and
differ as to its application.
It is repugnant to the Constitution in two ways:
(1) It violates due process for failure to accord persons,
especially the parties targeted by it, fair notice of
the conduct to avoid; and
(2) It leaves law enforcers unbridled discretion in
carrying out its provisions and becomes an arbitrary
flexing of the Government muscle.
>COATES VS. CINCINNATI
The U.S. Supreme Court struck down an ordinance
that had made it illegal for “three or more persons to
assemble on any sidewalk and there conduct themselves
in a manner annoying to persons passing by.” Clearly, the
ordinance imposed no standard at all “because one may
never know in advance what annoys some people but
does not annoy others.”
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G. Kinds of Repeal: Express vs. Implied
Express Repeal – is the abrogation or annulling of a previously
existing law by the enactment of a subsequent statute which
declares that the former law shall be revoked and abrogated.
Implied Repeal – happens when a later statute contains
provisions so contrary to or irreconcilable with those of the
earlier law that only one of the two statutes can stand in force.
Two categories of repeal by implication:
1. Where provision in the two acts on the same subject
matter are in an irreconcilable conflict, the later act to the
extent of conflict constitutes an implied repeal of the
earlier one.
2. If the later act covers the whole subject of the earlier one
and is clearly intended as a substitute, it will operate to
repeal the earlier law.
H. Statutes vis a vis Ordinances
Statute – a law enacted by the Congress.
Ordinance – an act passed by the local legislative body in the
exercise of its law-making authority.
An ordinance should not contravene a statute
because municipal governments are only agents of the national
government. Local councils only exercise delegated legislative
powers conferred on them by Congress as the national law-
making body. The delegate cannot be superior to the principal
or exercise powers higher than those of the latter.
“In case of conflict between an ordinance and statute, the
ordinance must give way.”
V. BASIC GUIDELINES IN STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
A. Verba Legis (Plain Meaning Rule)
If the language of the statute is plain and free from ambiguity,
and expresses a single, definite and sensible meaning, that
meaning is conclusively presumed to be the meaning which the
legislature intended to convey.
“Plain Meaning Rule or Verba Legis”
>GLOBE-MACKAY VS. NLRC
If a statute is clear, plain and free from ambiguity, it must be
given its literal meaning and applied without attempted interpretation.
This plain meaning rule or verba legis derived from the maxim INDEX
ANIMI SERMO EST (speech is the index of intention) rests on the valid
presumption that the words employed by the legislature in a statute
correctly expresses its intent or will and preclude the court from
construing it differently. The legislature is presumed to know the meaning
of the words, to have used words advisedly, and to have expressed its
intent by the use of such words as are found in the statute. VERBA LEGIS
NON EST RECEDENDUM, or from the words of a statute there should be no
departure.
“When the language of law is clear, it should be given its natural
meaning.”
>FELICITO BASBACIO VS. OFFICE OF THE SEC OF DOJ
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
>PAGCOR VS. PHIL. GAMING JURISDICTION INC.
It is a well-settled rule in statutory construction that where the
words of a statute are clear, plain, and free from ambiguity, it must be
given its literal meaning and applied without attempted interpretation.
>BOLOS VS. BOLOS
A cardinal rule in statutory construction is that when the law is
clear and free from any doubt or ambiguity, there is no room for
construction or interpretation. There is only room for application. As the
statute is clear, plain, and free from ambiguity, it must be given its literal
meaning and applied without attempted interpretation. This is what is
known as the plain-meaning rule or verba legis. It is expressed in the
maxim, index animi sermo, or "speech is the index of intention."
Furthermore, there is the maxim verba legis non est recedendum, or "from
the words of a statute there should be no departure."
B. Statutes as a Whole: Ut res magis valeat quam pereat
(Construction is to be sought that which gives effect to the
whole of the statute)
“In interpreting a statute, care should be taken that every part be given
effect.”
>JMM PRODUCTIONS AND MGMT VS. NLRC
It is a principle of legal hermeneutics that in interpreting a
statute (or set of rules), care should be taken that every part thereof be
given effect, on the theory that it was enacted as an integrated measure
and not as a hodge-podge of conflicting provisions.
>RADIOLA TOSHIBA PHILS., INC. VS. IAC
Where a statute is susceptible of more than one interpretation,
the court should adopt such reasonable and beneficial construction as will
render the provision thereof operative and effective and harmonious with
each other.
>HANNAH EUNICE SERANA VS. SANDIGANBAYAN
Every section, provision or clause of the statute must be
expounded by reference to each other in order to arrive at the effect
contemplated by the legislature. The intention of the legislator must be
ascertained from the whole text of the law and every part of the act is to
be taken into view.
C. Spirit and Purpose of the Law: Ratio Legis Est Anima Legis (The
reason of the law is the soul of the law.)
When the interpretation of a statute according to the exact and
literal import of its words would lead to absurd or mischievious
consequences, or would thwart or contravene the manifest
purpose of the legislature in its enactment, it should be
construed according to its spirit and reason, disregarding or
modifying, so far as may be necessary, the strict letter of the
law.
“A construction that gives to the language used in a statute a meaning
that does not accomplish the purpose for which the statute was enacted
should be rejected.”
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“Between two statutory interpretations, that which better serves the
purpose of the law should prevail.”
>ELENA SALENILLAS VS. CA
“When the reason of the law ceases, the law itself ceases.”
>B/GEN. JOSE COMMENDADOR VS. B/GEN. DEMETRIO CAMERA
It is a basic canon of statutory construction that when the
reason of the law ceases, the law itself ceases. CESSANTE RATIONE LEGIS,
CESSAT IPSA LEX. This principle is also expressed in the maxim RATIO LEGIS
EST ANIMA LEGIS; the reason of law is its soul.
>IN THE MATTER OF APPLICATION…ISSUANCE OF WRIT OF HABEAS
CORPUS…RICHARD THORTON ON BEHALF OF…SEQUERIA THORNTON
It is a well-established rule that what is controlling is the spirit
and intent, not the letter, of the law. In the words of Shakespeare, "the
letter of the law killeth; its spirit giveth life."
D. Doctrine of Necessary Implication: Ex Necessitate Legis (From
the necessity of the law)
The implications and intendments arising from the language of
a statute are as much a part of it as if they had been expressed.
But it is only the necessary implications which may thus be read
into the statute.
“Doctrine of necessary implications. What is implied in a statute is as
much a part thereof as that which is expressed.”
>LYDIA CHUA VS. CSC
One of the rules of statutory construction used to fill in the gap
is the doctrine of necessary implication. The doctrine states that what is
implied in a statute is as much a part thereof as that which is expressed.
Every statute is understood, by implication, to contain all such provisions
as may be necessary to effectuate its object and purpose, or to make
effective rights, powers, privileges or jurisdiction which it grants, including
all such collateral and subsidiary consequences as may be fairly and
logically inferred from its terms.
>CITY OF MANILA AND CITY TREASURER VS. JUDGE AMADOR GOMEZ
The doctrine of implications means that “that which is plainly
implied in the language of a statute is as much a part of it as that which is
expressed.
E. Casus Omissus Pro Omisso Habendus Est (A person or thing
omitted from an enumeration must be held to have been
omitted intentionally.)
“The rule of “casus omissus pro omisso habendus est” can operate and
apply only if and when the omission has been clearly established.”
>PEOPLE VS. GUILLERMO MANANTAN
The legal maxim ‘casus omissus’ does not apply the legislature
in this case did not exclude or omit justices of the peace from the
enumeration of officers precluded from engaging in partisan political
activities. Rather, they were merely called by another term. In the new
law, or Section 54 of the Revised Election Code, justices of the peace were
just called “judges”.
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
>SPS. DELFINO VS. ST. JAMES HOSPITAL, INC.
According to the rule of casus omissus in statutory
construction, a thing omitted must be considered to have been omitted
intentionally. Therefore, with the omission of the phrase "hospital with
not more than ten capacity" in the new Zoning Ordinance, and the
corresponding transfer of said allowable usage to another zone
classification, the only logical conclusion is that the legislative body had
intended that said use be removed from those allowed within a residential
zone. Thus, the construction of medical institutions, such as St. James
Hospital, within a residential zone is now prohibited under the 1991
Zoning Ordinance.
F. Stare Decisis (Follow past precedents and do not disturb what
has already been settled.)
“Stare Decisis. Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has been
settled. Matters already decided on the merits cannot be relitigated
again and again.”
>JM TUASON VS. MARIANO ET. AL
Considering the governing principle of stare decisis et non
quieta movere (follow past precedents and do not disturb what has been
settled), it becomes evident that respondents Aquial and Cordova cannot
maintain their action in Civil Case No. 8943 without eroding the long-
settled holding of the courts that OCT No. 735 is valid and no longer open
to attack.
>TALA REALTY SERVICES CORP. VS. BANCO FILIPINO
Stare decisis et non quieta movere. This principle of adherence
to precedents has not lost its luster and continues to guide the bench in
keeping with the need to maintain stability in the law.
>J.R.A. PHILS., INC. VS. CIR
Courts are bound by prior decisions. Thus, once a case has been
decided one way, courts have no choice but to resolve subsequent cases
involving the same issue in the same manner. We ruled then, as we rule
now, that failure to print the word "zero-rated" in the invoices/receipts is
fatal to a claim for credit/refund of input value-added tax (VAT) on zero-
rated sales.
VI. USE OF WORDS AND PHRASES
A. Ubi lex non distinguit nec nos distinguere debemos (When the
law does not distinguish, courts should not distinguish.)
“When the law does not distinguish, the courts should not distinguish.
The rule, founded on logic, is a corollary of the principle that general
words and phrases of a statute should ordinarily be accorded their
natural and general significance.”
>PHIL. BRITISH ASSURANCE CO. VS. IAC
It is well recognized rule that where the law does not
distinguish, courts should not distinguish. Ubi lex non distinguit nec nos
distinguere debemos. "The rule, founded on logic, is a corollary of the
principle that general words and phrases in a statute should ordinarily be
accorded their natural and general significance. The rule requires that a
general term or phrase should not be reduced into parts and one part
distinguished from the other so as to justify its exclusion from the
operation of the law. In other words, there should be no distinction in the
application of a statute where none is indicated. For courts are not
authorized to distinguish where the law makes no distinction. They should
instead administer the law not as they think it ought to be but as they find
it and without regard to consequences.
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“The rule is well-recognized that where the law does not distinguish,
courts should not distinguish.”
>JUANITO PILAR VS. COMELEC
In the case at bench, as the law makes no distinction or
qualification as to whether the candidate pursued his candidacy or
withdrew the same, the term “every candidate” must be deemed to refer
not only to a candidate who pursued his campaign, but also to one who
withdrew his candidacy.
“If the law makes no distinction, neither should the Court.”
>PEOPLE VS. J. ANTONIO EVANGELISTA
Since private respondent filed his application for probation on
December 28, 1992, after P.D. No. 1990 had taken effect, it is covered by
the prohibition that "no application for probation shall be entertained or
granted if the defendant has perfected the appeal from the judgment of
conviction" and that "the filing of the application shall be deemed a waiver
of the right to appeal," Having appealed from the judgment of the trial
court and having applied for probation only after the Court of Appeals had
affirmed his conviction, private respondent was clearly precluded from the
benefits of probation. Private respondent argues, however, that a
distinction should be drawn between meritorious appeals (like his appeal
notwithstanding the appellate court's affirmance of his conviction) and
unmeritorious appeals. But the law does not make any distinction and so
neither should the Court. In fact, if an appeal is truly meritorious the
accused would be set free and not only given probation.
“When the law does not make any exception, courts may not except
something unless compelling reasons exist to justify it.”
>CECILIO DE VILLA VS. CA
It will be noted that the law does not distinguish the currency
involved in the case. As the trial court correctly ruled in its order dated July
5, 1988: Under the Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. Blg. 22), foreign checks,
provided they are either drawn and issued in the Philippines though
payable outside thereof . . . are within the coverage of said law. It is a
cardinal principle in statutory construction that where the law does not
distinguish courts should not distinguish. Parenthetically, the rule is that
where the law does not make any exception, courts may not except
something unless compelling reasons exist to justify it.
B. Ejusdem Generis (Where general words of a particular, and
specific meaning, such general words are not to be construed in
their widest extent, but are to be held as applying only to persons
or things of the same kind or class as those specifically
mentioned.)
“General terms may be restricted by specific words, with the result that
the general language will be limited by specific language which indicates
the statute’s object and purpose. The rule is applicable only to cases
wherein, except for one general term, all the items in an enumeration
belong to or fall under one specific class.”
>COLGATE-PALMOLIVE PHILS., INC. VS. HON. PEDRO GIMENEZ
The ruling of the Auditor General that the term "stabilizer and
flavors" as used in the law refers only to those materials actually used in
the preparation or manufacture of food and food products is based,
apparently, on the principle of statutory construction that "general terms
may be restricted by specific words, with the result that the general
language will be limited by the specific language which indicates the
statute's object and purpose."
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
“Applying the rule in statutory construction known as ejusdem generis,
that is where general words follow an enumeration of persons or things,
by words of a particular, and specific meaning, such general words are
not to be construed in their widest extent, but are to be held as applying
only to persons or things of the same kind or class as those specifically
mentioned.”
>REPUBLIC VS. HON. EUTROPIO MIGRINIO
The term “subordinate” as used in E.O. Nos. 1 and 2 would
refer to one who enjoys a close association or relation with former Pres.
Marcos and/or his wife, similar to the immediate family member, relative,
and close associate in E.O. No. 1 and the close relative, business associate,
dummy, agent, or nominee in E.O. No. 2.
“Rule of ejusdem generis” merely a tool of statutory construction
resorted to when legislative intent is uncertain.”
>PEOPLE VS. HON. VICENTE ECHAVEZ
While the Supreme Court affirmed the order of dismissal of the
trial court, it declared that the rule of ejusdem generis (of the same kind
or species) invoked by the trial court does not apply to this case. Here, the
intent of the Presidential Decree 772 is unmistakable. It is intended to
apply only to urban communities, particularly to illegal constructions.
“The familiar rule of Ejusdem Generis.”
>MISAEL VERA VS. HON. SERAFIN CUEVAS
Section 169 of the Tax Code does not apply to filled milk. The
use of the specific and qualifying terms "skimmed milk" in the headnote
and "condensed skimmed milk" in the text of the cited section, would
restrict the scope of the general clause "all milk, in whatever form, from
which the fatty pat has been removed totally or in part." In other words,
the general clause is restricted by the specific term "skimmed milk" under
the familiar rule of ejusdem generis that general and unlimited terms are
restrained and limited by the particular terms they follow in the statute.
C. Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius (The express mention of one
person, thing or consequence is tantamount to an express
exclusion of all others.)
>SAN PABLO MFG. CORP. VS. CIR
Where the law enumerates the subject or condition upon
which it applies, it is to be construed as excluding from its effects all those
not expressly mentioned. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. Anything
that is not included in the enumeration is excluded therefrom and a
meaning that does not appear nor is intended or reflected in the very
language of the statute cannot be placed therein. The rule proceeds from
the premise that the legislature would not have made specific
enumerations in a statute if it had the intention not to restrict its meaning
and confine its terms to those expressly mentioned.
>PARAYNO VS. JOVELLANOS
What applied in this case was the legal maxim expressio unius
est exclusio alterius which means that the express mention of one thing
implies the exclusion of others. Hence, because of the distinct and definite
meanings alluded to the two terms by the zoning ordinance, respondents
could not insist that "gasoline service station" under Section 44 necessarily
included "gasoline filling station" under Section 21. Indeed, the activities
undertaken in a "gas service station" did not automatically embrace those
in a "gas filling station."
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 STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

D. Noscitur A Sociis (Associated words explain and limit each other.) >JENETTE CRISOLOGO VS. GLOBE TELECOM

“Where a particular word is equally susceptible of various meanings, its
correct construction may be made specific by considering the company
of terms in which it is found or with which it is associated.”
>DRA. BRIGIDA BUENASEDA VS. SEC. JUAN FLAVIER
When the Constitution vested on the Ombudsman the power
"to recommend the suspension" of a public official or employees (Sec. 13
[3]), it referred to "suspension," as a punitive measure. All the words
associated with the word "suspension" in said provision referred to
penalties in administrative cases, e.g. removal, demotion, fine, censure.
Under the rule of Noscitur a sociis, the word "suspension" should be given
the same sense as the other words with which it is associated. Where a
particular word is equally susceptible of various meanings, its correct
construction may be made specific by considering the company of terms in
which it is found or with which it is associated.
E. Use of Negative and Affirmative Words
“Negative words and phrases regarded as mandatory while those in the
affirmative are mere directory.”
>MANOLO FULE VS. CA
SEC. 4. Pre-trial agreements must be signed. — No agreement
or admission made or entered during the pre-trial conference shall be used
in evidence against the accused unless reduced to writing and signed by
him and his counsel. (Rule 118) [Emphasis supplied]
By its very language, the Rule is mandatory. Under the rule of
statutory construction, negative words and phrases are to be regarded as
mandatory while those in the affirmative are merely directory (McGee vs.
Republic, 94 Phil. 820 [1954]). The use of the term “shall” further
emphasize its mandatory character and means that it is imperative,
operating to impose a duty which may be enforced (Bersabal vs. Salvador,
No. L-35910, July 21, 1978, 84 SCRA 176). And more importantly, penal
statutes whether substantive and remedial or procedural are, by
consecrated rule, to be strictly applied against the government and
liberally in favor of the accused (People vs. Terrado No. L-23625,
November 25, 1983, 125 SCRA 648).
F. Use of Permissive and Imperative Words
“Use of word “may” in the statute generally connotes a permissible thing
while the word “shall” is imperative.”
>PURITA BERSABAL VS. HON. SERAFIN SALVADOR
The second paragraph of Section 45 of R.A. No. 296, otherwise
known as the Philippine Judiciary Act of 1948, as amended by R.A. No.
6031 provides, in part, as follows:
“Courts of First Instance shall decide such appealed cases on
the basis of the evidence and records transmitted from the city or
municipal courts: Provided, That the parties may submit memoranda
and/or brief with oral argument if so requested ... “
Both Sections 5(f) and 6 of Rule 57 use the term may, denoting
discretion on the part of the Court in dismissing the appeal or referring the
case to the Court of Appeals. The question of fact involved in the appeal
and substantial ends of justice warrant a referral of this case to the Court
of Appeals for further appropriate proceedings.
“The word “must” in a statute like “shall” is not always imperative and
may be consistent with an exercise of discretion.”
>LOYOLA GRAND VILLAS HO (SOUTH)ASSOC., INC. VS. CA
Sec. 46. Adoption of by-laws. Every corporation formed under
this Code, must within one (1) month after receipt of official notice of the
issuance of its certificate of incorporation by the Securities and Exchange
Commission, adopt a code of by-laws for its government not inconsistent
with this Code. For the adoption of by-laws by the corporation, the
affirmative vote of the stockholders representing at least a majority of the
outstanding capital stock, or of at least a majority of the members, in the
case of non-stock corporations, shall be necessary. The by-laws shall be
signed by the stockholders or members voting for them and shall be kept
in the principal office of the corporation, subject to the stockholders or
members voting for them and shall be kept in the principal office of the
corporation, subject to inspection of the stockholders or members during
office hours; and a copy thereof, shall be filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission which shall be attached to the original articles of
incorporation.
Taken as a whole and under the principle that the best
interpreter of a statute is the statute itself (optima statuli interpretatix
est ipsum statutum), Section 46 aforequoted reveals the legislative intent
to attach a directory, and not mandatory, meaning for the word must in
the first sentence thereof. Note should be taken of the second paragraph
of the law which allows the filing of the by-laws even prior to
incorporation. This provision in the same section of the Code rules out
mandatory compliance with the requirement of filing the by-laws within
one (1) month after receipt of official notice of the issuance of its
certificate of incorporation by the Securities and Exchange Commission. It
necessarily follows that failure to file the by-laws within that period does
not imply the demise of the corporation. By-laws may be necessary for the
government of the corporation but these are subordinate to the articles of
incorporation as well as to the Corporation Code and related
statutes. There are in fact cases where by-laws are unnecessary to
corporate existence or to the valid exercise of corporate powers, thus:
In the absence of charter or statutory provisions to the contrary, by-laws
are not necessary either to the existence of a corporation or to the valid
exercise of the powers conferred upon it, certainly in all cases where the
charter sufficiently provides for the government of the body; and even
where the governing statute in express terms confers upon the
corporation the power to adopt by-laws, the failure to exercise the power
will be ascribed to mere nonaction which will not render void any acts of
the corporation which would otherwise be valid. (Italics supplied.)

As a general rule, the word "may" when used in a statute is

permissive only and operates to confer discretion; while the word "shall" is
imperative, operating to impose a duty which may be enforced (Dizon vs.
Encarnacion, L-18615, Dec. 24, 1963, 9 SCRA 714, 716-717). In the instant
case, no notice was received by petitioner about the submission of the
transcript of the stenographic notes, so that his 30-day period to submit
his memorandum would commence to run. Only after the expiration of
such period can the respondent Judge act on the case by deciding it on the
merits, not by dismissing the appeal of petitioner.

GLADDYS P. SEMANA 6

>MUÑOZ VS. COMELEC
While Section 9, Rule 3 of the COMELEC Rules of Procedure
provides that when an action or proceeding involves a question of law and
fact which is similar to or common with that of another action or
proceeding, the same may be consolidated with the action or proceeding
bearing the lower docket number, however, this rule is only permissive,
not mandatory. We have consistently held that the term may is indicative
of a mere possibility, an opportunity or an option. The grantee of that
opportunity is vested with a right or faculty which he has the option to
exercise. If he chooses to exercise the right, he must comply with the
conditions attached thereto, which in this case require that the cases to be
consolidated must involve similar questions of law and fact.
G. Use of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Words
“And” means conjunction connecting words or phrases
expressing the idea that the latter is to be added to or taken
along with the first.
“Or” is a disjunctive particle used to express as alternative or to
give a choice of one among two or more things.
H. Computing Time
When the law speak of years, months, days or nights, it shall be
understood that years are of three hundred sixty-five days
each; months of thirty days; days of twenty-four hours; and
nights from sunset to sunrise.
If months are designated by their name, they shall be
computed by the number of days which they respectively have.
In computing a period, the first day shall be excluded, and the
last day included (Art. 13, New Civil Code).
“A “week” means a period of seven consecutive days without regard to
the day of the week on which it begins.”
>PNB VS. CA
Section 3 of Act No. 3135 requires that the notice of auction
sale shall be “published once week for at least three consecutive weeks”.
Evidently, defendant-appellee bank failed to comply with this legal
requirement. The Supreme Court has held that:
The rule is that statutory provisions governing publication of notice of
mortgage foreclosure sales must be strictly complied with, and that even
slight deviations therefrom will invalidate the notice and render the sale at
least voidable (Jalandoni vs. Ledesma, 64 Phil. l058. G.R. No. 42589,
August 1937 and October 29, 1937). Interpreting Sec. 457 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (reproduced in Sec. 18(c) of Rule 39, Rules of Court and in
Sec. 3 of Act No. 3135) in Campomanes vs. Bartolome and German &
Co. (38 Phil. 808, G.R. No. 1309, October 18, 1918), this Court held that if a
sheriff sells without notice prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure
induced thereto by the judgment creditor, and the purchaser at the sale is
the judgment creditor, the sale is absolutely void and no title passes. This
is regarded as the settled doctrine in this jurisdiction whatever the rule
may be elsewhere (Boria vs. Addison, 14 Phil. 895, G.R. No. 18010, June
21, 1922).
I. Use of a “Proviso”
It is a clause or part of a clause in the statute, the office of
which is either to except something from the enacting clause,
or to qualify or restrain its generality, or to exclude some
possible ground of misinterpretation of its extent. “Provided” is
the word used in introducing a proviso.
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
>ALU-TUCP VS. NLRC
“Art. 280. Regular and Casual Employment — The provisions of
the written agreement to the contrary notwithstanding and regardless of
the oral agreement of the parties, and employment shall be deemed to be
regular where the employee has been engaged to perform activities which
are usually necessary or desirable in the usual business or trade of the
employer, except where the employment has been fixed for a specific
project or undertaking the completion or termination of which has been
determined at the time of the engagement of the employee or where the
work or services to be performed is seasonal in nature and the
employment is for the duration of the season.
An employment shall be deemed to be casual if it is not
covered by the preceding paragraph: Provided, That, any employee who
has rendered at least one year service, whether such service is continuous
or broken, shall be considered a regular employee with respect to the
activity in which he is employed and his employment shall continue while
such actually exists.” (Emphasis supplied)
In the case of Mercado, Sr. vs. NLRC, this Court ruled that the proviso in
the second paragraph of Article 280 relates only to casual employees and
is not applicable to those who fall within the definition of said article’s first
paragraph, i.e. project employees. The familiar grammatical rule is that a
proviso is to be construed with reference to the immediately preceding
part of the provision to which it is attached, and not to other sections
thereof, unless the clear legislative intent is to restrict or qualify not only
the phrase immediately preceding the proviso but also earlier provisions
of the statute or even the statute itself as a whole. No such intent is
observable in Article 280 of the Labor Code, which has been quoted
earlier.
VII. PRESUMPTIONS
A. Against Unconstitutionality
>ARIS INC. VS. NLRC
Laws are presumed constitutional. To justify nullification of a
law, there must be a clear and unequivocal breach of the constitution, not
a doubtful and argumentative implication; a law shall not be declared
invalid unless the conflict with the constitution is clear beyond reasonable
doubt.
“All laws are presumed valid and constitutional until or unless otherwise
ruled by the Court.”
>LIM VS. PACQUING
The time-honored doctrine is that all laws (PD No. 771
included) are presumed valid and constitutional until or unless otherwise
ruled by this Court. Not only this; Article XVIII, Section 3 of the
Constitution states:
“Sec. 3 All existing laws, decrees, executive orders,
proclamations, letters of instructions and other executive issuances not
inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative until amended,
repealed or revoked.”
There is nothing on record to show or even suggest that PD No.
771 has been repealed, altered or amended by any subsequent law or
presidential issuance (when the executive still exercised legislative
powers).
Neither can it be tenably stated that the issue of the continued
existence of ADC's franchise by reason of the unconstitutionality of PD No.
771 was settled in G.R. No. 115044, for the decision of the Court's First
Division in said case, aside from not being final, cannot have the effect of
7

nullifying PD No. 771 as unconstitutional, since only the Court En Banc has
that power under Article VIII, Section 4(2) of the Constitution.4
And on the question of whether or not the government
is estopped from contesting ADC's possession of a valid franchise, the well-
settled rule is that the State cannot be put in estoppel by the mistakes or
errors, if any, of its officials or agents (Republic v. Intermediate Appellate
Court, 209 SCRA 90)
Consequently, in the light of the foregoing expostulation, we
conclude that the republic (in contra distinction to the City of Manila) may
be allowed to intervene in G.R. No. 115044. The Republic is intervening in
G.R. No. 115044 in the exercise, not of its business or proprietary
functions, but in the exercise of its governmental functions to protect
public morals and promote the general welfare.
>LIM ET. AL VS. PEOPLE
Petitioners also argue that while PD 818 increased the
imposable penalties for estafa committed under Article 315, par. 2 (d) of
the Revised Penal Code, it did not increase the amounts corresponding to
the said new penalties. Thus, the original amounts provided for in the
Revised Penal Code have remained the same notwithstanding that they
have become negligible and insignificant compared to the present value of
the peso.
This argument is without merit. The primary purpose of PD 818
is emphatically and categorically stated in the following:
WHEREAS, reports received of late indicate an upsurge of estafa
(swindling) cases committed by means of bouncing checks;
WHEREAS, if not checked at once, these criminal acts would erode the
people’s confidence in the use of negotiable instruments as a medium of
commercial transaction and consequently result in the retardation of trade
and commerce and the undermining of the banking system of the country;
WHEREAS, it is vitally necessary to arrest and curb the rise in this kind of
estafa cases by increasing the existing penalties provided therefor.
Clearly, the increase in the penalty, far from being cruel and
degrading, was motivated by a laudable purpose, namely, to effectuate
the repression of an evil that undermines the country’s commercial and
economic growth, and to serve as a necessary precaution to deter people
from issuing bouncing checks. The fact that PD 818 did not increase the
amounts corresponding to the new penalties only proves that the amount
is immaterial and inconsequential. What the law sought to avert was the
proliferation of estafa cases committed by means of bouncing
checks. Taking into account the salutary purpose for which said law was
decreed, we conclude that PD 818 does not violate Section 19 of Article
III of the Constitution.
Moreover, when a law is questioned before the Court, the
presumption is in favor of its constitutionality. To justify its nullification,
there must be a clear and unmistakable breach of the Constitution, not a
doubtful and argumentative one. The burden of proving the invalidity of a
law rests on those who challenge it. In this case, petitioners failed to
present clear and convincing proof to defeat the presumption of
constitutionality of PD 818.
B. Against Injustice
“In case of doubt in the interpretation or application of laws, it is
presumed that the lawmaking body intended right and justice to
prevail.”
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
>SALVACION VS. CENTRAL BANK
In fine, the application of the law depends on the extent of its
justice. Eventually, if we rule that the questioned Section 113 of Central
Bank Circular No. 960 which exempts from attachment, garnishment, or
any other order or process of any court. Legislative body, government
agency or any administrative body whatsoever, is applicable to a foreign
transient, injustice would result especially to a citizen aggrieved by a
foreign guest like accused Greg Bartelli. This would negate Article 10 of the
New Civil Code which provides that in case of doubt in the interpretation
or application of laws, it is presumed that the lawmaking body intended
right and justice to prevail. Ninguno non deue enriquecerse tortizerzmente
con damo de otro. Simply stated, when the statute is silent or ambiguous,
this is one of those fundamental solutions that would respond to the
vehement urge of conscience. (Padilla vs. Padilla, 74 Phil. 377)
It would be unthinkable, that the questioned Section 113 of Central
Bank No. 960 would be used as a device by accused Greg Bartelli for
wrongdoing, and in so doing, acquitting the guilty at the expense of the
innocent.
“A law should not be interpreted so as to cause an injustice.”
>ALONZO ET AL. VS. IAC
Was there a valid notice? Granting that the law requires the
notice to be written, would such notice be necessary in this case?
Assuming there was a valid notice although it was not in writing. would
there be any question that the 30-day period for redemption had expired
long before the complaint was filed in 1977?
In the face of the established facts, we cannot accept the private
respondents' pretense that they were unaware of the sales made by their
brother and sister in 1963 and 1964. By requiring written proof of such
notice, we would be closing our eyes to the obvious truth in favor of their
palpably false claim of ignorance, thus exalting the letter of the law over
its purpose. The purpose is clear enough: to make sure that the
redemptioners are duly notified. We are satisfied that in this case the
other brothers and sisters were actually informed, although not in writing,
of the sales made in 1963 and 1964, and that such notice was sufficient.
C. Against Implied Repeals
Well-settled is the rule that repeals of laws by implication is not
favored and that courts must generally assume their congruent
application.
“In the absence of an express repeal, a subsequent law cannot be
construed as repealing a prior law unless an irreconcilable inconsistency
and repugnancy exists in the terms of the new and old laws.”
>ACHILLES BERCES VS. HON. EXEC. SEC. TEOFISTO GUINGONA, JR.
Petitioner invokes the repealing clause of Section 530 (f), R.A.
No. 7160, which provides:
“All general and special laws, acts, city charters, decrees,
executive orders, administrative regulations, part or parts thereof, which
are inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Code, are hereby
repealed or modified accordingly.”
The aforementioned clause is not an express repeal of Section 6
of Administrative Order No. 18 because it failed to identify or designate
the laws or executive orders that are intended to be repealed (cf. I
Sutherland, Statutory Construction 467 [1943]).
If there is any repeal of Administrative Order No. 18 by R.A. No.
7160, it is through implication though such kind of repeal is not favored
8

(The Philippine American Management Co., Inc. v. The Philippine American
Management Employees Association, 49 SCRA 194 [1973]). There is even a
presumption against implied repeal.
An implied repeal predicates the intended repeal upon the
condition that a substantial conflict must be found between the new and
prior laws. In the absence of an express repeal, a subsequent law cannot
be construed as repealing a prior law unless an irreconcilable
inconsistency and repugnancy exists in the terms of the new and old laws
(Iloilo Palay and Corn Planters Association, Inc. v. Feliciano, 13 SCRA 377
[1965]). The two laws must be absolutely incompatible (Compania General
de Tabacos v. Collector of Customs, 46 Phil. 8 [1924]). There must be such
a repugnancy between the laws that they cannot be made to stand
together (Crawford, Construction of Statutes 631 [1940]).
We find that the provisions of Section 68 of R.A. No. 7160 and
Section 6 of Administrative Order No. 18 are not irreconcillably
inconsistent and repugnant and the two laws must in fact be read
together.
The first sentence of Section 68 merely provides that an "appeal
shall not prevent a decision from becoming final or executory." As worded,
there is room to construe said provision as giving discretion to the
reviewing officials to stay the execution of the appealed decision. There is
nothing to infer therefrom that the reviewing officials are deprived of the
authority to order a stay of the appealed order. If the intention of
Congress was to repeal Section 6 of Administrative Order No. 18, it could
have used more direct language expressive of such intention.
>ANTONIO MECANO VS. COA
Whether or not the Administrative Code of 1987 repealed or
abrogated Section 699 of the RAC, this petition was brought for the
consideration of this Court.
There are two categories of repeal by implication. The first is
where provisions in the two acts on the same subject matter are in an
irreconcilable conflict, the later act to the extent of the conflict constitutes
an implied repeal of the earlier one. The second is if the later act covers
the whole subject of the earlier one and is clearly intended as a substitute,
it will operate to repeal the earlier law.
Implied repeal by irreconcilable inconsistency takes place when
the two statutes cover the same subject matter; they are so clearly
inconsistent and incompatible with each other that they cannot be
reconciled or harmonized; and both cannot be given effect, that is, that
one law cannot be enforced without nullifying the other.
Comparing the two Codes, it is apparent that the new Code does
not cover nor attempt to cover the entire subject matter of the old Code.
There are several matters treated in the old Code which are not found in
the new Code, such as the provisions on notaries public, the leave law, the
public bonding law, military reservations, claims for sickness benefits
under Section 699, and still others.
>REPUBLIC VS. ICC
It is a rule of statutory construction that repeals by implication
are not favored. An implied repeal will not be allowed unless it is
convincingly and unambiguously demonstrated that the two laws
are so clearly repugnant and patently inconsistent with each
other that they cannot co-exist. This is based on the rationale
that the will of the legislature cannot be overturned by the judicial
function of construction and interpretation. Courts cannot
take the place of Congress in repealing statutes. Their function
is to try to harmonize, as much as possible, seeming conflicts in the laws
and resolve doubts in favor of their validity and co-existence.
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
>GSIS VS. ASSESSOR OF ILOILO CITY
The abrogation or repeal of a law cannot be assumed; the
intention to revoke must be clear and manifest. RA 8291 made no express
repeal or abrogation of the provisions of RA 7160, particularly Section 234
(a) thereof.
Repeal by implication in this case is not at all convincing either.
To bring about an implied repeal, the two laws must be absolutely
incompatible. They must be clearly repugnant in a way that the later law
(RA 8291) cannot exist without nullifying the prior law (RA 7160).
Indeed, there is nothing in RA 8291 which abrogates, expressly
or impliedly, that particular provision of the LGC. The two statutes are not
inconsistent on that specific point, let alone so irreconcilable as to compel
us to uphold one and strike down the other.
The rule is that every statute must be interpreted and brought
into accord with other laws in a way that will form a uniform system of
jurisprudence. The legislature is presumed to have known existing laws on
the subject and not to have enacted conflicting laws. Thus, the legislature
cannot be presumed to have intended Section 234 (a) to run counter to
Section 39 of RA 8291.
D. Against Ineffectiveness
In the interpretation of a statute, the Court should start with the
assumption that the legislature intended to enact an effective statute.
E. Against Absurdity
Statutes must receive a sensible construction such as will give
effect to the legislative intention as to avoid an unjust or absurd
conclusion.
“Presumption against undesirable consequences were never intended by
a legislative measure.”
>URSUA VS. CA
Time and again we have decreed that statutes are to be
construed in the light of the purposes to be achieved and the evils sought
to be remedied. Thus, in construing a statute the reason for its enactment
should be kept in mind and the statute should be construed with
reference to the intended scope and purpose. The court may consider the
spirit and reason of the statute, where a literal meaning would lead to
absurdity, contradiction, injustice, or would defeat the clear purpose of
the lawmakers.
F. Against Violations of International Law
This presumption is in conformity with the Declaration of Principles
and State Policies in our Constitution. It states that the Philippines as a
democratic and republican state adopts the generally accepted principles
of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy
of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all
nations. (Art. II, Sec. 2 Phil. Constitution)
VIII. INTRINSIC AIDS – aids within the statute.
“Subtitle of the statute as intrinsic aid in determining legislative intent.”
>MIRIAM DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO VS. COMELEC
The hoary rule in statutory construction is that headings
prefixed to titles, chapters and sections of a statute may be consulted in
aid of interpretation, but inferences drawn therefrom are entitled to very
little weight, and they can never control the plain terms of the enacting
clause.
9

“The intent of the law as culled from its preamble and from the situation,
circumstances and conditions it sought to remedy, must be enforced.”
>FLORENCIO EUGENIO VS. EXEC. SEC. FRANKLIN DRILON
From a dedicated reading of the preamble, it is manifest and
unarguable that the legislative intent must have been to remedy the
alarming situation by having P.D. 957 operate retrospectively even upon
contracts already in existence at the time of its enactment. Indeed, a
strictly prospective application of the statute will effectively emasculate it,
for then the State will not be able to exercise its regulatory functions and
curb fraudulent schemes and practices perpetrated under or in connection
with those contracts and transactions which happen to have been entered
into prior to P.D. 957, despite obvious prejudice to the very subdivision lot
buyers sought to be protected by said law. It is hardly conceivable that the
legislative authority intended to permit such a loophole to remain and
continue to be a source of misery for subdivision lot buyers well into the
future.
Adding force to the arguments for the retroactivity of
P.D. 957 as a whole are certain of its provisions, viz., Sections 20, 21 and
23 thereof, which by their very terms have retroactive effect and will
impact upon even those contracts and transactions entered into prior to
P.D. 957s enactment:
“Preamble used as a guide in determining the intent of the lawmaker.”
>PEOPLE VS. ECHAVEZ
We hold that the lower court correctly ruled that the decree
does not apply to pasture lands because its preamble shows that it was
intended to apply to squatting in urban communities or more particularly
to illegal constructions in squatter areas made by well-to-do individuals.
The squating complained of involves pasture lands in rural areas.
The preamble of the decree is quoted below:
WHEREAS, it came to my knowledge that despite the issuance of Letter of
Instruction No. 19 dated October 2, 1972, directing the Secretaries of
National Defense, Public Work. 9 and communications, Social Welfare and
the Director of Public Works, the PHHC General Manager, the Presidential
Assistant on Housing and Rehabilitation Agency, Governors, City and
Municipal Mayors, and City and District Engineers, "to remove an illegal
constructions including buildings on and along esteros and river banks,
those along railroad tracks and those built without permits on public and
private property." squatting is still a major problem in urban
communities all over the country;
WHEREAS, many persons or entities found to have been unlawfully
occupying public and private lands belong to the affluent class;
WHEREAS, there is a need to further intensify the government's drive
against this illegal and nefarious practice.
IX. EXTRINSIC AIDS – aids from outside sources.
“It is a well-accepted principle that where a statute is ambiguous, courts
may examine both the printed pages of the published Act as well as
those extrinsic matters that may aid in construing the meaning of the
statute, such as the history of its enactment, the reasons for the passage
of the bill and purposes to be accomplished by the measure.”
>COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS VS. ESSO
Having this in mind, particularly the manner in which extrinsic
aids the history of the enactment of the statute and purpose of the
legislature in employing a clause or provision in the law had been applied
in determining the true intent of the lawmaking body, We are convinced
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
that R.A. No. 387, The Petroleum Act of 1949, was intended to encourage
the exploitation, exploration and development of the petroleum resources
of the country by giving it the necessary incentive in the form of tax
exemptions. This is the raison d etre for the generous grant of tax
exemptions to those who would invest their financial resources towards
the achievement of this national economic goal.
“Opinions and rulings of officials of the government called upon to
execute or implement administrative laws command much respect and
weight.”
>VERA ET AL. VS. CUEVAS
The Board of Food Inspection way back in 1961 rendered an
opinion that filled milk does not come within the purview of Section 169, it
being a product distinct from those specified in the said Section since the
removed fat portion of the milk has been replaced with coconut oil and
Vitamins A and D as fortifying substances (p. 58, Rollo). This opinion
bolsters the Court's stand as to its interpretation of the scope of Section
169.
“Contemporaneous construction placed upon a statute by executive
officers charged with implementing and enforcing the provisions of the
statutes should be given controlling weight, unless such interpretation is
clearly erroneous.”
>PAFLU VS. BUREAU OF LABOR RELATIONS
The conclusion reached by us derives further support from the
deservedly high repute attached to the construction placed by the
executive officials entrusted with the responsibility of applying a statute.
The Rules and Regulations implementing the present Labor Code were
issued by Secretary Blas Ople of the Department of Labor and took effect
on February 3, 1975, the present Labor Code having been made known to
the public as far back as May 1, 1974, although its date of effectivity was
postponed to November 1, 1974, although its date of effectivity was
postponed to November 1, 1974. It would appear then that there was
more than enough time for a really serious and careful study of such
suppletory rules and regulations to avoid any inconsistency with the Code.
This Court certainly cannot ignore the interpretation thereafter embodied
in the Rules. As far back as In re Allen," a 1903 decision, Justice
McDonough, as ponente, cited this excerpt from the leading American
case of Pennoyer v. McConnaughy, decided in 1891: "The principle that the
contemporaneous construction of a statute by the executive officers of
the government, whose duty it is to execute it, is entitled to great respect,
and should ordinarily control the construction of the statute by the courts,
is so firmly embedded in our jurisprudence that no authorities need be
cited to support it." There was a paraphrase by Justice Malcolm of such a
pronouncement in Molina v. Rafferty," a 1918 decision: "Courts will and
should respect the contemporaneous construction placed upon a statute
by the executive officers whose duty it is to enforce it, and unless such
interpretation is clearly erroneous will ordinarily be controlled
thereby." Since then, such a doctrine has been reiterated in numerous
decisions. As was emphasized by Chief Justice Castro, "the construction
placed by the office charged with implementing and enforcing the
provisions of a Code should he given controlling weight. "
>EASTERN TELECOM VS. ICC
The NTC, being the government agency entrusted with the
regulation of activities coming under its special and technical forte, and
possessing the necessary rule-making power to implement its
objectives, is in the best position to interpret its own rules, regulations and
guidelines. The Court has consistently yielded and accorded great respect
to the interpretation by administrative agencies of their own rules unless
there is an error of law, abuse of power, lack of jurisdiction or grave abuse
of discretion clearly conflicting with the letter and spirit of the law.
10

“Courts may avail themselves of the actual proceedings of the legislative
body to assist in determining the construction of a statute of doubtful
meaning.”
>CECILIO DE VILLA VS. CA
It is well established that courts may avail themselves of the
actual proceedings of the legislative body to assist in determining the
construction of a statute of doubtful meaning (Palanca vs. City of Manila,
41 Phil. 125 [1920]). Thus, where there is doubts as to what a provision of
a statute means, the meaning put to the provision during the legislative
deliberation or discussion on the bill may be adopted (Arenas vs. City of
San Carlos, 82 SCRA 318 [1978]).
The records of the Batasan, Vol. III, unmistakably show that the
intention of the lawmakers is to apply the law to whatever currency may
be the subject thereof.
“In case of doubt as to what a provision of a statute means, the meaning
put to the provision during the legislative deliberations may be
adopted.”
>NAPOLCOM VS. J. SALVADOR DE GUZMAN
From a careful perusal of the provisions, it appears therefore
that the use of the term INP is not synonymous with the PC. Had it been
otherwise, the statute could have just made a uniform reference to the
members of the whole Philippine National Police (PNP) for retirement
purposes and not just the INP. The law itself distinguishes INP from the PC
and it cannot be construed that "INP" as used in Sec. 89 includes the
members of the PC. Courts should not give a literal interpretation to the
letter of the law if it runs counter to the legislative intent (Yellow Taxi and
Pasay Transportation Workers' Association v. Manila Yellow Taxi Cab. Co.,
80 Phil. 83 [1948]). Examining the records of the Bicameral Conference
Committee, we find that the legislature did intent to exclude the members
of the PC from the coverage of Sec. 89 insofar as the retirement age is
concerned.
“Individual statements by members of Congress on the floor do not
necessarily reflect legislative intent.”
>CASCO VS. GIMENEZ
It is well settled that the enrolled bill — which uses the term
"urea formaldehyde" instead of "urea and formaldehyde" — is conclusive
upon the courts as regards the tenor of the measure passed by Congress
and approved by the President (Primicias vs. Paredes, 61 Phil. 118, 120;
Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1; Macias vs. Comm. on Elections, L-
18684, September 14, 1961). If there has been any mistake in the printing
of the bill before it was certified by the officers of Congress and approved
by the Executive — on which we cannot speculate, without jeopardizing
the principle of separation of powers and undermining one of the
cornerstones of our democratic system — the remedy is by amendment or
curative legislation, not by judicial decree.
X. STRICT AND LIBERAL INTERPRETATION
Strict Interpretation – refers to the manner of interpreting a statute
wherein the language is given its exact and technical meaning and that
nothing is included within the scope that does not come clearly within the
meaning of the language used.
Liberal Interpretation – refers to the manner of interpreting a statute
wherein the meaning of the statute may be extended to matters which
come within the spirit or reason of the law or within the evils which the
law seeks to suppress or correct.
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
A. Penal Statutes
>CENTENO VS. VILLALON
To subsume the "religious" purpose of the solicitation within
the concept of "charitable" purpose which under Presidential Decree
No. 1564 requires a prior permit from the Department of Social Services
and Development, under paid of penal liability in the absence thereof,
would be prejudicial to petitioner. Accordingly, the term "charitable"
should be strictly construed so as to exclude solicitations for "religious"
purposes. Thereby, we adhere to the fundamental doctrine underlying
virtually all penal legislations that such interpretation should be adopted
as would favor the accused.
For, it is a well-entrenched rule that penal laws are to be
construed strictly against the State and liberally in favor of the accused.
They are not to be extended or enlarged by implications, intendments,
analogies or equitable considerations. They are not to be strained by
construction to spell out a new offense, enlarge the field of crime or
multiply felonies. Hence, in the interpretation of a penal statute, the
tendency is to subject it to careful scrutiny and to construe it with such
strictness as to safeguard the rights of the accused. If the statute is
ambiguous and admits of two reasonable but contradictory constructions,
that which operates in favor of a party accused under its provisions is to
be preferred. The principle is that acts in and of themselves innocent and
lawful cannot be held to be criminal unless there is a clear and
unequivocal expression of the legislative intent to make them such.
Whatever is not plainly within the provisions of a penal statute should be
regarded as without its intendment.
The purpose of strict construction is not to enable a guilty person to
escape punishment through a technicality but to provide a precise
definition of forbidden acts. The word "charitable" is a matter of
description rather than of precise definition, and each case involving a
determination of that which is charitable must be decided on its own
particular facts and circumstances. The law does not operate in vacuo nor
should its applicability be determined by circumstances in the abstract.
“Penal Statutes should be construed strictly against the State and in
favor of the accused.”
>URSUA VS. CA
As C.A. No. 142 is a penal statute, it should be construed strictly
against the State and in favor of the accused. The reason for this principle
is the tenderness of the law for the rights of individuals and the object is to
establish a certain rule by conformity to which mankind would be safe,
and the discretion of the court limited.
“Penal laws are construed liberally in favor of the accused.”
>PEOPLE VS. LADJAALAM
Republic Act No. 8294 penalizes simple illegal possession of
firearms, provided that the person arrested committed no other crime.
Furthermore, if the person is held liable for murder or homicide, illegal
possession of firearms is an aggravating circumstance, but not a separate
offense. Hence, where an accused was convicted of direct assault with
multiple attempted homicide for firing an unlicensed M-14 rifle at several
policemen who were about to serve a search warrant, he cannot be held
guilty of the separate offense of illegal possession of firearms. Neither can
such unlawful act be considered to have aggravated the direct assault.
B. Tax Laws
Tax laws are strictly construed against the State because it is
BURDENSOME on the part of the taxpayer.
11

“In case of doubt, tax statutes are to be construed strictly against the
government and liberally in favor of the taxpayers, for taxes, being
burdens, are not to be presumed beyond what the applicable statute
expressly and clearly declares.”
>RP vs. IAC
Even assuming that the deficiency tax assessment of
P17,117.08 against the Pastor spouses were correct, since the latter have
already paid almost the equivalent amount to the Government by way of
amnesty taxes under P.D. No. 213, and were granted not merely an
exemption, but an amnesty, for their past tax failings, the Government is
estopped from collecting the difference between the deficiency tax
assessment and the amount already paid by them as amnesty tax.
A tax amnesty, being a general pardon or intentional overlooking by
the State of its authority to impose penalties on persons otherwise guilty
of evasion or violation of a revenue or tax law, partakes of an absolute
forgiveness or waiver by the Government of its right to collect what
otherwise would be due it, and in this sense, prejudicial thereto,
particularly to give tax evaders, who wish to relent and are willing to
reform a chance to do so and thereby become a part of the new society
with a clean slate (Commission of Internal Revenue vs. Botelho Corp. and
Shipping Co., Inc., 20 SCRA 487).
“As a rule, any claim for exemption from a tax statute is strictly
construed against the taxpayer. However, where the law is clear and
unambiguous, the law must be taken as it is, devoid of judicial addition
or subtraction.”
“Tax exemption must be strictly construed against the taxpayer and
liberally in favor of the state.”
>MISAMIS ORIENTAL ASSOC. VS. DEPT. OF FINANCE SECRETARY
In interpreting Sec. 103(a) and (b) of the NIRC, the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue gave it a strict construction consistent
with the rule that tax exemptions must be strictly construed against the
taxpayer and liberally in favor of the state.
In the case at bar, we find no reason for holding that
respondent Commissioner erred in not considering copra as an
"agricultural food product" within the meaning of Sec. 103(b) of the NIRC.
As the Solicitor General contends, "copra per se is not food, that is, it is not
intended for human consumption. Simply stated, nobody eats copra for
food." That previous Commissioners considered it so, is not reason for
holding that the present interpretation is wrong. The Commissioner of
Internal Revenue is not bound by the ruling of his predecessors. 7 To the
contrary, the overruling of decisions is inherent in the interpretation of
laws.
“Tax exemption strictly construed against taxpayer.”
C. Labor and Social Legislations
“The liberal construction and interpretation of labor laws may not be
applied where the pertinent provisions of the Labor Code and PD 626 are
clear and leave no room for interpretation.”
>RAMON CORPORAL VS. ECC
Under P.D. No. 626, as amended, for sickness and the resulting
death of an employee to be compensable, the claimant must show either:
(a) that it is a result of an occupational disease listed under Annex A of the
Amended Rules on Employees' Compensation with the conditions set
therein satisfied; or (b) that the risk of contracting the disease is increased
by the working conditions (Santos v. Employees' Compensation
Commission, 221 SCRA 182 [1993]; Quizon v. Employees' Compensation
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
Commission, 203 SCRA 426 [1991]). Clearly, then, the principle of
aggravation and presumption of compensability under the old Workmen's
Compensation Act no longer applies (Latagan v. Employees' Compensation
Commission, 213 SCRA 715 [1992]).
Since petitioner admits that his wife died of an ailment which is not listed
as compensable by the ECC and he merely anchors his claim on the second
rule, he must positively show that the risk of contracting Norma's illness
was increased by her working conditions. Petitioner failed to satisfactorily
discharge the onus imposed by law.
“Doubts in interpretation of Workmen’s Compensation and Labor Code
should be resolved in favor of the worker.”
>MARIA MANAHAN VS. ECC
The factual findings of the respondent Commission indicate
that the deceased was in perfect health when he entered government
service on July 20, 1969, and that in the course of his employment in 1974,
he was treated for epigastric pain. He succumbed to enteric fever on May
8, 1975.
Enteric fever is referred to in medical books as typhoid fever
(Dorlands Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 24th Ed., p. 548) or paratyphoid
fever (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 6th Ed., p. 817). Its
symptoms include abdominal pain (id., p. 810). In discussing the clinical
manifestations of the disease, Mr. Harrison states that recovery (from
enteric or paratyphoid fever) may be followed by continued excretion of
the causative organism in the stools for several months (id., p. 817). This
lingering nature of the species producing enteric fever points out the
possibility that the illness which afflicted the deceased in 1974 was the
same as, or at least, related to, his 1975 illness.
The medical record of the deceased shows that he had a history
of ulcer-like symptoms (p. 3, ECC rec.). This butresses the claimant's claim
that her husband had been suffer from ulcer several months before his
death on May 8, 1975. This is likewise sustained by the medical certificate
(p. 12, ECC rec.) issued by Dr. Aquilles Bernabe to the effect that "Nazario
Manahan was treated for epigastric pain probably due to hyper-acidity on
December 10, 1974." Epigastric pain is a symptom of ulcer, and ulcer is a
common complication of typhoid fever. There is even such a thing as
"typhoidal ulcer" (p. 812, supra).
Because of these circumstances, the illness that claimed the life
of the deceased could have had its onset months before December 10,
1974. Such being the case, his cause of action accrued before December
10, 1974.
Pursuant to such doctrine and applying now the provisions of the
Workmen's Compensation Act in this case, the presumption of
compensability subsists in favor of the claimant.
In any case, we have always maintained that in case of doubt, the
same should be resolved in favor of the worker, and that social legislations
– like the Workmen's Compensation Act and the Labor Code – should be
liberally construed to attain their laudable objective, i.e., to give relief to
the workman and/or his dependents in the event that the former should
die or sustain an injury.
“Basically, social legislation is liberally construed.”
“The sympathy of the law on social security is towards its beneficiaries
and the law by its own terms, requires a construction of utmost liberality
in their favor.”
12

D. Election Rules
Statute providing for election contests are to be liberally
construed to the end that the will of the people in the choice of
public officer may not be defeated by mere technical objection.
>PAHILAN VS. TABALBA
It has been frequently decided, it may be stated as a general
rule recognized by all courts, that statutes providing for election contests
are to be liberally construed to the end that the will of the people in the
choice of public officers may not be defeated by mere technical
objections. An election contest, unlike an ordinary action, is imbued with
public interest since it involves not only the adjudication of the private
interests of rival candidates but also the paramount need of dispelling the
uncertainty which beclouds the real choice of the electorate with respect
to who shall discharge the prerogatives of the office within their gift.
Moreover, it is neither fair nor just to keep in office for an uncertain
period one whose right to it is under suspicion. It is imperative that his
claim be immediately cleared not only for the benefit of the winner but for
the sake of public interest, which can only be achieved by brushing aside
technicalities of procedure with protract and delay the trial of an ordinary
action.
XI. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE STATUTES
Prospective Statute – a statute which operates upon acts and transactions
which have not occurred when the statute takes effect, that is, which
regulates the future.
Retrospective/Retroactive Statute – is one which takes away or impairs
vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates new obligations and
imposes new duties, or attaches new disabilities in respect of transaction
already past.
A sound canon of statutory construction is that statutes operate
prospectively only and never retrospectively, unless the legislative intent
to the contrary is made manifest either by the express terms of the statute
or by necessary implication.
“Laws shall have no retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided.
(Art. 4, NCC)”
Penal Statutes – as a rule are applied prospectively; penal law (RPC)
prospective in operation…under the laws in force at the time of their
commission (Art. 366, RPC). EXCEPTION – if favorable to the accused who
is not a habitual criminal (Art. 22, RPC)
Procedural Laws – are applied retrospectively.
Curative Statutes – are necessarily retroactive in character.
“The question of whether a statute operates retrospectively or only
prospectively depends on the legislative intent.”
“As a rule, laws cannot be given retroactive effect in the absence of a
statutory provision for retroactivity or a clear implication of the law to
that effect.”
“All statutes are to be construed as having only a prospective operation
unless the purpose and the intention of the legislature to give them a
retrospective effect is expressly declared or is necessarily implied from
the language used.”
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
>BALATBAT VS. CA
It is a rule of statutory construction that all statutes are to be
construed as having only a prospective operation unless the purpose and
intention of the legislature to give them a retrospective effect is express
declared or is necessarily implied from the language used. In every case of
doubt, the doubt must be solved against the retrospective effect.
“Laws should only be applied prospectively unless the legislative intent
to give them retroactive effect is expressly declared or is necessarily
implied from the language used.”
>ERECTORS INC. VS. NLRC
Petitioner appealed to respondent National Labor Relations
Commission (NLRC). It questioned the jurisdiction of the Labor Arbiter over
the case in view of the enactment of E.O. No. 797. It asserts that E.O. No.
797 divested the Labor Arbiter of his authority to try and resolve cases
arising from overseas employment contract. Invoking this Court's ruling
in Briad Agro Development Corp. vs. Dela Cerna, petitioner argues that
E.O. No. 797 applies retroactively to affect pending cases, including the
complaint filed by private respondent.
The rule is that jurisdiction over the subject matter is
determined by the law in force at the time of the commencement of the
action. On March 31, 1982, at the time private respondent filed his
complaint against the petitioner, the prevailing laws were Presidential
Decree No. 1691 and Presidential Decree No. 1391 which vested the
Regional Offices of the Ministry of Labor and the Labor Arbiters with
"original and exclusive jurisdiction over all cases involving employer-
employee relations including money claims arising out of any law or
contracts involving Filipino workers for overseas employment." At the time
of the filing of the complaint, the Labor Arbiter had clear jurisdiction over
the same.
E.O. No. 797 did not divest the Labor Arbiter's authority to hear
and decide the case filed by private respondent prior to its effectivity.
Laws should only be applied prospectively unless the legislative intent to
give them retroactive effect is expressly declared or is necessarily implied
from the language used. We fail to perceive in the language of E.O. No.
797 an intention to give it retroactive effect.
The case of Briad Agro Development Corp. vs. Dela Cerna cited by the
petitioner is not applicable to the case at bar. In Briad, the Court applied
the exception rather than the general rule. In this case, Briad Agro
Development Corp. and L.M. Camus Engineering Corp. challenged the
jurisdiction of the Regional Director of the Department of Labor and
Employment over cases involving workers' money claims, since Article 217
of the Labor Code, the law in force at the time of the filing of the
complaint, vested in the Labor Arbiters exclusive jurisdiction over such
cases. The Court dismissed the petition in its Decision dated June 29,
1989. It ruled that the enactment of E.O. No. 111, amending Article 217 of
the Labor Code, cured the Regional Director's lack of jurisdiction by giving
the Labor Arbiter and the Regional Director concurrent jurisdiction over all
cases involving money claims. However, on November 9, 1989, the Court,
in a Resolution, reconsidered and set aside its June 29 Decision and
referred the case to the Labor Arbiter for proper proceedings, in view of
the promulgation of Republic Act (R.A.) 6715 which divested the Regional
Directors of the power to hear money claims. It bears emphasis that the
Court accorded E.O. No. 111 and R.A. 6715 a retroactive application
because as curative statutes, they fall under the exceptions to the rule on
prospectivity of laws.
13

“Penal laws shall have a retroactive effect insofar as they favor the
person guilty of a felony who is not a habitual criminal.”
>ALBINO CO VS. CA
Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the
Constitution shall form a part of the legal system of the Philippines,"
according to Article 8 of the Civil Code. "Laws shall have no retroactive
effect, unless the contrary is provided," declares Article 4 of the same
Code, a declaration that is echoed by Article 22 of the Revised Penal Code:
"Penal laws shall have, a retroactive effect insofar as they favor the person
guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal.
The principle of prospectivity has been applied to many cases:
administrative rulings and circulars, even to judicial decisions. In the
present case, the defense relied upon an official pronouncement of the
Secretary of Justice whose opinions, though not law, are entitled to great
weight and consideration, since the very nature and scope of the authority
to provide correct interpretation of a provision resided in his office as
regards prosecutions for their violation. Senarillos vs.Hermosisima, supra,
relied upon by the respondent Court of Appeals, is crucially different in
that in said case, as in U.S. v. Go Chico, supra, no administrative
interpretation antedated the contrary construction placed by the Court on
the law invoked.
This is after all a criminal action all doubts in which, pursuant to
familiar, fundamental doctrine, must be resolved in favor of the accused.
Everything considered, the Court sees no compelling reason why the
doctrine of mala prohibita should override the principle of prospectivity,
and its clear implications as herein above set out and discussed, negating
criminal liability.
“Procedural laws are retrospective.”
>ANICETO OCAMPO VS. CA
The amendment to Section 15, Rule 119 of the 1985 Rules on
Criminal Procedure took effect only on October 1, 1988, but the same was
given retroactive effect in the case of Bonalos vs. People, in its resolution
dated, September 19, 1988. Well-settled is the rule that "statutes
regulating the procedure of the court will be construed as applicable to
actions pending and undetermined at the time of their passage.
Procedural laws are retrospective in that sense and to that extent" (People
vs. Sumilang, 77 Phil. 784; Alday vs. Canilon, 120 SCRA 522). The
amendment would therefore apply in this case.
In the case at bar, nowhere does the record show that accused-
petitioner's demurrer to evidence was filed with prior leave of court, the
retroactive effect of the amendment aforestated would therefore work
against herein petitioner.
“Procedural laws have retroactive application.”
“Statutes regulating the procedure of the Courts will be construed as
applicable to actions pending and undetermined at the time of their
passage.”
“Procedural provisions of the Local Government Code are retrospective.”
“Curative statutes are validly accepted in this jurisdiction subject to the
usual qualification against impairment of vested rights.”
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
“Curative statutes have retrospective effect.”
>BRIAD AGRO-DEV’T CORP. VS. HON. DIONISIO DELA CERNA
Executive Order No. 111 is in the character of a curative law,
that is to say, it was intended to remedy a defect that, in the opinion of
the legislature (the incumbent Chief Executive in this case, in the exercise
of her lawmaking powers under the Freedom Constitution) had attached
to the provision subject of the amendment. This is clear from the proviso:
"The provisions of Article 217 of this Code to the contrary notwithstanding
... " Plainly, the amendment was meant to make both the Secretary of
Labor (or the various Regional Directors) and the Labor Arbiters share
jurisdiction.
Curative statutes have long been considered valid in this
jurisdiction. Their purpose is to give validity to acts done that would have
been invalid under existing laws, as if existing laws have been complied
with. They are, however, subject to exceptions. For one, they must not be
against the Constitution and for another, they cannot impair vested rights
or the obligation of contracts. It has not been shown in this case that these
exceptions apply.
The Court finds that reconsideration is proper in view of the
enactment of Republic Act No. 6715, approved on March 2, 1989.
Republic Act No. 6715, like its predecessors, Executive Order
No. 111 and Article 217, as amended, has retroactive application. Thus,
when this new law divested Regional Directors of the power to hear
money claims, the divestment affected pending litigations. 1 It also
affected this particular case.
The Decision of this case, finally, acknowledged the
retrospective characteristics of Executive Order No. 111.
The Court hastens to state that it is not reversing itself, but merely
applying the new law.
XII. CONFLICTING STATUTES
“Whenever two statutes are of different dates and of contrary tenor are
of equal theoretical application to a particular case, the statute of later
date must prevail being the later expression of legislative will.”
>PNB VS. CRUZ
"Art. 110. Worker preference in case of bankruptcy. In the event
of bankruptcy or liquidation of an employer's business, — his workers shall
enjoy first preference as regarding their unpaid wages and other monetary
claims, any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding. Such unpaid
wages and monetary claims, shall be paid in full before claims of the
government and other creditors may be paid."
This Court must uphold the preference accorded to the private
respondents in view of the provisions of Article 110 of the Labor
Code which are clear and which admit of no other interpretation. The
phrase "any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding" indicates
that such preference shall prevail despite the order set forth in Articles
2241 to 2245 of the Civil Code. No exceptions were provided under the
said article, henceforth, none shall be considered. Furthermore, the Labor
Code was signed into Law decades after the Civil Code took effect.
It is a well-settled rule that whenever two statutes of different dates
and of contrary tenor are of equal theoretical application to a particular
case, the statute of later date must prevail being a later expression of
legislative will. Applying the aforecited case in the instant petition, the Civil
Code provisions cited by the petitioner must yield to Article 110 of
the Labor Code.
14

“A special law prevails over a general law regardless of their dates of
passage, and the special law is to be considered as remaining an
exception to the general law.”
>LOPEZ, JR. VS. CSC
There is no doubt that Republic Act No. 409, which provides
specifically for the organization of the Government of the City of Manila, is
a special law, and whereas Republic Act No. 5185 and Batas Blg. 337,
which apply to municipal governments in general, are general laws. As the
Solicitor General points out, and we agree with him, it is a canon of
statutory construction that a special law prevails over a general law —
regardless of their dates of passage — and the special is to be considered
as remaining an exception to the general.
So also, every effort must be exerted to avoid a conflict
between statutes. If reasonable construction is possible, the laws must be
reconciled in that manner.
Repeals of laws by implication moreover are not favored, and the mere
repugnancy between two statutes should be very clear to warrant the
court in holding that the later in time repeals the other.
“A special law must be intended to constitute an exception to the
general law in the absence of special circumstances forcing a contrary
conclusion.”
“When Courts are confronted with apparently conflicting statutes, they
should not declare outright the invalidity of one against the other, but
should endeavor to reconcile them.”
>GORDON VS. VERIDIANO
Courts of justice, when confronted with apparently conflicting
statutes, should endeavor to reconcile the same instead of declaring
outright the invalidity of one as against the other. Such alacrity should be
avoided. The wise policy is for the judge to harmonize them if this is
possible, bearing in mind that they are equally the handiwork of the same
legislature, and so give effect to both while at the same time also
according due respect to a coordinate department of the government. It is
this policy the Court will apply in arriving at the interpretation of the laws
above-cited and the conclusions that should follow therefrom.
Our holding is that the petitioner acted invalidly in revoking
Mayor's Permit No. 1954 after the FDA had authorized the resumption of
operations of the San Sebastian Drug Store following the enforcement of
the penalties imposed upon it. However, it was competent for the
petitioner to suspend Mayor's Permit No. 1955 for the transfer of the
Olongapo City Drug Store in violation of the said permit. Such suspension
should nevertheless be effective only pending the return of the drug store
to its authorized original site or the eventual approval by the mayor of the
requested transfer if found to be warranted enough. The permit clearly
allowed the drug store to operate in the address given and not elsewhere.
No hearing was necessary because the transfer without the mayor’s
permission is not disputed and was in fact impliedly admitted by the
private respondent.
“The rule is that a special and local statute applicable to a particular case
is not repealed by a later statute which is general in its terms, provisions
and application even if the terms of the general act are broad enough to
include the cases in the special law unless there is manifest intent to
repeal or alter the special law.”
“It is a well-settled rule that a substantive law cannot be amended by a
procedural law.”
“A general law cannot repeal a special law.”
GLADDYS P. SEMANA
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
“In case of conflict between a general provision of a special law and a
particular provision of a general law, the latter should prevail.”
>CITY OF MANILA VS. TEOTICO
In case of conflict, a special law prevails over a general law and
that the charter of Manila is a special law while the Civil Code is a general
law. However, looking at the particular provisions of each law concerned,
the charter of Manila establishes a general rule regulating the liability of
the City of Manila for: "damages or injury to persons or property arising
from the failure of" city officers "to enforce the provisions of" said Act "or
any other law or ordinance, or from negligence" of the city "Mayor,
Municipal Board, or other officers while enforcing or attempting to
enforce said provisions." There is no particular exemption but merely a
general exemption. Upon the other hand, Article 2189 of the Civil Code
provides a particular prescription making "provinces, cities and
municipalities . . . liable for damages for the death of, or injury suffered by
any person by reason" — specifically — "of the defective condition of
roads, streets, bridges, public buildings, and other-public works under
their control or supervision." In other words, said section 4 of the charter
of Manila refers to liability arising from negligence, in general, regardless
of the object thereof, whereas Article 2189 governs liability due to
"defective streets," in particular. Since the present action is based upon
the alleged defective condition of a road, said Article 2189 is decisive
thereon.
“When there is irreconcilable repugnancy between a proviso and the
body of the statute, the former prevails as latest expression of legislative
intent.”
>ARENAS VS. CITY OF SAN CARLOS (PANGASINAN)
It is clear from the deliberation of the Senate that the intention
of Congress in enacting Republic Act No. 5967 was that the salary of a city
judge should not be higher than the salary of the city mayor. The saving
clause "Provided, however, That the salary of a city judge shall be at least
P100.00 per month less than that of the city mayor" qualifies the earlier
provision which fixes the salary of city judges for second and third class
cities at P18,000.00 per annum.
The primary purpose of a proviso is to limit the general language of a
statute. When there is irreconcilable repugnancy between the proviso and
the body of the statute the former is given precedence over the latter on
the ground that it is the latest expression of the intent of the legislature.
Inasmuch as the city mayor of San Carlos City (Pangasinan) was receiving
an annual salary of P13,200.00, the respondents cannot be compelled to
provide for an annual salary of P18,000.00 for the petitioner as city judge
of the said city.
“Whenever there is a conflict between an ordinance and a statute, the
ordinance must give way.”
“Where a special statute refers to a subject in general, which the general
statute treats in particular, the provision of the latter, in case of conflict,
will prevail.”
“Ordinance should not contravene a statute. In case of conflict between
an ordinance and a statute, the latter will prevail.”
15
 STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

“It is a basic rule in statutory construction that the enactment of a later
legislation which is a general law cannot be construed to have repealed a
special law.”
>LAGUNA LAKE DEV’T AUTHORITY VS. CA
We hold that the provisions of Republic Act No. 7160 do not
necessarily repeal the aforementioned laws creating the Laguna Lake
Development Authority and granting the latter water rights authority over
Laguna de Bay and the lake region.
The Local Government Code of 1991 does not contain any
express provision which categorically expressly repeal the charter of the
Authority. It has to be conceded that there was no intent on the part of
the legislature to repeal Republic Act No. 4850 and its amendments. The
repeal of laws should be made clear and expressed.
It has to be conceded that the charter of the Laguna Lake
Development Authority constitutes a special law. Republic Act No. 7160,
the Local Government Code of 1991, is a general law. It is basic in
statutory construction that the enactment of a later legislation which is a
general law cannot be construed to have repealed a special law. It is a
well-settled rule in this jurisdiction that "a special statute, provided for a
particular case or class of cases, is not repealed by a subsequent statute,
general in its terms, provisions and application, unless the intent to repeal
or alter is manifest, although the terms of the general law are broad
enough to include the cases embraced in the special law."3
was no other provision in RA 7645 from which a repeal of Section 447(a)
(l)(xi) of RA 7160 could be implied. In the absence, therefore, of any clear
repeal of Section 447(a)(l)(xi) of RA 7160, we cannot presume such
intention on the part of the legislature.
Moreover, the presumption against implied repeal becomes stronger
when, as in this case, one law is special and the other is general. The
principle is expressed in the maxim generalia specialibus non derogant, a
general law does not nullify a specific or special law. The reason for this is
that the legislature, in passing a law of special character, considers and
makes special provisions for the particular circumstances dealt with by the
special law. This being so, the legislature, by adopting a general law
containing provisions repugnant to those of the special law and without
making any mention of its intention to amend or modify such special law,
cannot be deemed to have intended an amendment, repeal or
modification of the latter.
In this case, RA 7160 (the LGC of 1991) is a special law which
exclusively deals with local government units (LGUs), outlining their
powers and functions in consonance with the constitutionally mandated
policy of local autonomy. RA 7645 (the GAA of 1993), on the other hand,
was a general law which outlined the share in the national fund of all
branches of the national government. RA 7645 therefore, being a general
law, could not have, by mere implication, repealed RA 7160. Rather, RA
7160 should be taken as the exception to RA 7645 in the absence of
circumstances warranting a contrary conclusion

Where there is a conflict between a general law and a special

statute, the special statute should prevail since it evinces the legislative XIII. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION AND THE CONSTITUTION
intent more clearly than the general statute. The special law is to be taken  Self-Executing Provisions
as an exception to the general law in the absence of special circumstances  Prohibitory Provisions
forcing a contrary conclusion. This is because implied repeals are not  Special Provisions
favored and as much as possible, effect must be given to all enactments of
 Suprema Lex
the legislature. A special law cannot be repealed, amended or altered by a
subsequent general law by mere implication.4

Thus, it has to be concluded that the charter of the Authority should

prevail over the Local Government Code of 1991.

“A statute is superior to an administrative directive and the former

cannot be repealed nor amended by the latter.”

“Where the instrument is susceptible of two interpretations, one which

will make it invalid and illegal and another which will make it valid and
legal, the latter interpretation should be adopted.”

>LEYNES VS. COA

It is elementary in statutory construction that an administrative

circular cannot supersede, abrogate, modify or nullify a statute. A statute
is superior to an administrative circular, thus the latter cannot repeal or
amend it. In the present case, NCC No. 67, being a mere administrative
circular, cannot repeal a substantive law like RA 7160.

It is also an elementary principle in statutory construction that

repeal of statutes by implication is not favored, unless it is manifest that
the legislature so intended. The legislature is assumed to know the existing
laws on the subject and cannot be presumed to have enacted inconsistent
or conflicting statutes. Respondent COA alleges that Section 36 of RA 7645
(the GAA of 1993) repealed Section 447(a)(l)(xi) of RA 7160 (the LGC of
1991). A review of the two laws, however, shows that this was not
so. Section 36 of RA 7645 merely provided for the different rates of RATA
payable to national government officials or employees, depending on their
position, and stated that these amounts were payable from the
programmed appropriations of the parent agencies to which the
concerned national officials or employees belonged. Furthermore, there

GLADDYS P. SEMANA 16