Electric Power System Modeling

& Simulation
Michael Smith
02/15/2010
 Outline
• Introduction
• Power System Introduction/Background
• Data Requirements
• Model/Simulation Development
• Analysis
• Conclusion
 Introduction
Objective:
• Understand the behavior of Electric Power
(EP) systems
Properties of EP systems:
• Large scale, complicated, dynamic and
nonlinear
• Composed of interdependent, heterogeneous
components
• Result from incremental evolution in system 0
10
North American Power System Outages (NERC Data 1984-2002)

configuration driven by response to failures

and adoption of innovation -1
10

Frequency of outage
• Possess considerable system structure (e.g.,
power law statistics, HDS configuration) -2
10
1996 Western Outage
1977 NY Outage

1965 NE Outage

2003 NE Outage
-3
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Number of customers affected by outage
Introduction/Motivation
 The Cost of “Unreliability”
August 14th Blackout1
• Since 9/11, [reported] attacks
2 Canadian Provinces
on industrial process control
systems have increased 10 fold 8 U.S. states

• 10 second electric power outage 3 deaths

at LAX 12 airports closed
– Tower-to-tower communication 23 cases of looting in Ottawa
lost for three hours 100 power plants
– Approximately 80 – 100 flights 9,266 square miles
delayed
61,800 MW of power lost
• Ohio nuclear power plant
disrupted by SQL Slammer 1.5 million Cleveland residents
worm without water
• Stock market crashes 50 million people
$4-6 billion in economic activity lost
1. US DOE, Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution, December 1, 2003, Bill Parks
 Power System Background
Pictorial View
Power Systems Background
Model view
V0 0 V
jX2

jX1

generation station transmission lines substation load

• Components
• Generation Station, Transmission network, Substation, Loads
• Key Terms
• Voltage, Power, Load flow, Steady State, Transient, Dynamic
 Data Required for Modeling
Data for Load-Flow/Power-Flow Model
The first type of data requested is that needed to develop a load-flow/power-flow model of a power system
area:
– topology of the area with connection points (busses) as nodes and transmission lines and transformers
as edges,
– transmission line parameters such as pi-model parameters, compensation and ratings/limits,
– transformer parameters such as pi-model, turns ratio and ratings/limits,
– tie-line locations and ratings,
– generation location and ratings/limits,
– load locations and load compensation, and
– any complete load-flow/power-flow solutions for area (from model or instrumentation) with data
mentioned above, generator powers, load powers, line powers, and bus voltages and phase angles.
Data for Dynamic Model
In order to perform transient analysis and stability studies additional power system data is required to
supplement that identified above for load-flow/power-flow models. Example data that would assist with
construction of a dynamic model include:
– number, size and type of generators with any available mechanical, electrical, and control (governor,
voltage regulation, etc.) parameters,
– mix of residential, commercial and industrial load at each bus,
– location and specifications for distributed control devices such as tap-changing transformers, switched
shunt compensation, static Var compensators, flexible AC transmission systems, etc.,
– location and specifications for protection devices such as relays and load shedding, and
– location and specifications of any other relevant control and/or protection devices.
Data for Model Validation
Time-series data (generator powers, load powers, line powers, voltages, voltage phase angles, frequency, currents, etc.) recorded from the power
system in response to short-term load fluctuation, 24-hour load variation or known disturbance is requested to support model validation studies
and dynamic grid analysis. Data captured over the short term would be sampled at sub-second or faster while long-term would be sampled on
intervals of 15 minutes.
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
 Detailed Model View
• Equivalent π transmission line models
• Single phase assuming 3 phases are symmetrical
• p.u. (per unit system) ease of power system analysis
Complex Current Injections & Network
Line Powers
Real/Imaginary Network & Power
Balance Equations
 Simplified Generator/Load Equations
• Internal generator
dynamics
• Fixed load model
– Power (fixed)
– Internal dynamics
(none)
 Model
Hybrid Dynamical System (HDS)

discrete system:
set points switching and saturation

q0
q1 q2

qi+1 = h(qi, k(x,y), r) mode

grid changes
outputs
continuous system:
generators, loads and network
G L
G
L disturbances
dx/dt = fq(x, y, u)
0 = gq(x, y)
 Model
Key features:
• physics-based models of network, generators
(electromechanical), and loads (aggregate)
• emphasis placed upon
– capturing saturation and switching behavior
– drawing conclusions about system behavior (time evolution
governed by dynamics) with limited data and uncertainty
– keeping an eye towards analysis
• Both dynamic and steady-state representations for the
model
 Model: dynamic vs. static model
Static (load flow) Model
HDS Model
qi+1 = h(qi, k(x,y), r) 0 = f(x, y, u)
dx/dt = fq(x, y, u) 0 = g(x, y)
0 = gq(x, y)
(switching is exogenous)
Area C Load Busses
Area C Load Busses 1.05
16
16 49
49 50
1
50 51
51 52
52 53
53 54
54 71
0.8 71 72
72 1 75
75 68
68 73
73 87
0.6 87 67
67 88
88 89
89 76
76 78
78 79
0.4 79 0.95
80
80 81
81 84
84 85
85
0.2

0.9
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

static
trajectory
(equilibrium)
solutions
Questions