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BFI Top 100 British films - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1

Bharat Ratna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 5
Bollywood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 23
Camera angle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 47
Caméra d'Or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 49
Cinema of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 53
Cinematic techniques - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 65
Dadasaheb Phalke Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 74
Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 86
Film editing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 105
Film festival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 116
Film industry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 125
Filmmaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 137
Folk dance in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 144
Glossary of dance moves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 146
Glossary of digital audio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 152
Glossary of graffiti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 155
Glossary of Indian culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 166
Glossary of musical terminology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 173
Glossary of poetry terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 210
Glossary of theater terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 213
Glossary of video terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 215
History of film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 237
Independent film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 262
Indian art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 278
Indian classical dance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 298
Indian folk music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 302
Indian martial arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 306
Indian musical instruments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 313
Indian painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 318
Indira Gandhi Award for Best First Film of a Director - Wikipedia, the free en 329
Jnanpith Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 332
Kuleshov Effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 338
(c) Shashi Bhushan 1
 List of Academy Award Best Actor winners by age - Wikipedia, the free ency 340
List of Academy Award Best Actress winners by age - Wikipedia, the free en 349
List of Academy Award for Best Director winners by age - Wikipedia, the fr 357
List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Fi 366
List of Academy Award-winning films - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 387
List of Best Supporting Actor winners by age - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 423
List of Best Supporting Actress winners by age - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 431
List of films considered the best - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 439
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes - Wikipedia, the free enc 452
List of genres - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 460
List of Indians who won international beauty pageants - Wikipedia, the free e 490
List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 498
List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards - 512
List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year - Wi 525
List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 534
List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English - Wikipedia, the free ency 545
List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi - Wikipedia, the free encycl 547
L'Œil d'or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 550
Media of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 552
Mise-en-scène - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 559
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration - Wikipedia, 562
National Film Award for Best Actor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 565
National Film Award for Best Actress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 570
National Film Award for Best Animated Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclop 573
National Film Award for Best Audiography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 574
National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema - Wikipedia, the free encyclop 578
National Film Award for Best Child Artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 582
National Film Award for Best Children's Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 586
National Film Award for Best Choreography - Wikipedia, the free encyclope 591
National Film Award for Best Cinematography - Wikipedia, the free encyclop 594
National Film Award for Best Costume Design - Wikipedia, the free encyclop 605
National Film Award for Best Direction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 608
National Film Award for Best Editing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 614
(c) Shashi Bhushan 2
 National Film Award for Best Feature Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 617
National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Wikipedia, the free e 629
National Film Award for Best Film Critic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 634
National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservatio 637
National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues - Wikipedia, the f 639
National Film Award for Best Lyrics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 642
National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclop 646
National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Wikipedia, the free enc 648
National Film Award for Best Music Direction - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 655
National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 660
National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction - Wikipedia, the fr 666
National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainm 668
National Film Award for Best Production Design - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 677
National Film Award for Best Screenplay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 681
National Film Award for Best Special Effects - Wikipedia, the free encyclo 686
National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor - Wikipedia, the free encyclop 689
National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress - Wikipedia, the free encycl 693
Nobel laureates of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 697
Outline of film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 702
Painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 707
Palme d'Or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 719
Parallel Cinema - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 728
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 737
Saraswati Samman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 743
Screenwriting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 745
Sport in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 756
The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time - Wikipedia, the free e 783
Theatre of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 786
Two shot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 800
Un Certain Regard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 801
Vyas Samman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 807
Aspect ratio (image) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 809
Cut (transition) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 823
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 Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 826
National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film) 831
Shot (filmmaking) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 841

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BFI Top 100 British films

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page In 1999 the British Film Institute surveyed 1,000 people from the world of British
Contents film and television to produce the BFI 100 list of the greatest British films of the
Featured content 20th century. Voters were asked to choose up to 100 films that were 'culturally
Current events
British'. Some of the selected films were wholly or partly produced by non-UK
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companies, or made with input from film makers born overseas, but were
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Wikipedia store regarded by voters as having significant British involvement.[1]

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About Wikipedia
2 Full List
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3 See also
Recent changes
4 References
Contact page

Tools
What links here List breakdown [ edit ]
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Upload file
The 1960s led the pack with 26 films of merit for the decade; four films for
Special pages each year, 1949, 1963 and 1971; and The earliest film selected was The 39
Permanent link Steps (1935). Only two other 1930s films made the list, and after 1935, the
Page information only years not represented are 1936–1937, 1940–1941, 1950, 1956, 1972
Wikidata item and 1974–78.
Cite this page
David Lean, with seven films, is the most popular director; followed by
Print/export Michael Powell (five films, of which four were collaborations with Emeric
Create a book Pressburger); Powell and Pressburger ("The Archers") and John Schlesinger
Download as PDF
had four films each while Alexander Mackendrick and Tony Richardson each
Printable version
had three. Seven of the films were produced by Ealing Studios during the
Languages years 1949–55.
Deutsch
The most represented actor is Alec Guinness, with nine films of merit
‫ﻓ ﺎ رﺳ ﯽ‬
although three appearances were in supporting roles. Michael Caine is the
Français
Italiano
most represented living actor, starring in seven films.
Русский Julie Christie is the most represented actress, with six films on the list.
Türkçe All of the directors in this list are male.
Українська
Edit links
Full List [ edit ]

Rank Title Year Director

1 The Third Man 1949 Carol Reed
2 Brief Encounter 1945 David Lean
3 Lawrence of Arabia 1962 David Lean
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 4 The 39 Steps 1935 Alfred Hitchcock
5 Great Expectations 1946 David Lean
6 Kind Hearts and Coronets 1949 Robert Hamer
7 Kes 1969 Ken Loach
8 Don't Look Now 1973 Nicolas Roeg
9 The Red Shoes 1948 Powell and Pressburger
10 Trainspotting 1996 Danny Boyle
11 The Bridge on the River Kwai 1959 David Lean
12 if... 1968 Lindsay Anderson
13 The Ladykillers 1955 Alexander Mackendrick
Saturday Night and Sunday
14 1960 Karel Reisz
Morning
15 Brighton Rock 1947 John Boulting
16 Get Carter 1971 Mike Hodges
17 The Lavender Hill Mob 1951 Charles Crichton
18 Henry V 1944 Laurence Olivier
19 Chariots of Fire 1981 Hugh Hudson
20 A Matter of Life and Death 1946 Powell and Pressburger
21 The Long Good Friday 1980 John Mackenzie
22 The Servant 1963 Joseph Losey
23 Four Weddings and a Funeral 1994 Mike Newell
24 Whisky Galore! 1949 Alexander Mackendrick
25 The Full Monty 1997 Peter Cattaneo
26 The Crying Game 1992 Neil Jordan
27 Doctor Zhivago 1965 David Lean
28 Monty Python's Life of Brian 1979 Terry Jones
29 Withnail and I 1987 Bruce Robinson
30 Gregory's Girl 1980 Bill Forsyth
31 Zulu 1964 Cy Endfield
32 Room at the Top 1959 Jack Clayton
33 Alfie 1966 Lewis Gilbert
34 Gandhi 1982 Richard Attenborough
35 The Lady Vanishes 1938 Alfred Hitchcock
36 The Italian Job 1969 Peter Collinson
37 Local Hero 1983 Bill Forsyth
38 The Commitments 1991 Alan Parker
39 A Fish Called Wanda 1988 Charles Crichton
40 Secrets & Lies 1995 Mike Leigh
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 41 Dr No 1962 Terence Young
42 The Madness of King George 1994 Nicholas Hytner
43 A Man for All Seasons 1966 Fred Zinnemann
44 Black Narcissus 1947 Powell and Pressburger
The Life and Death of Colonel
45 1943 Powell and Pressburger
Blimp
46 Oliver Twist 1948 David Lean
47 I'm All Right Jack 1959 John Boulting
Nicolas Roeg and Donald
48 Performance 1970
Cammell
49 Shakespeare in Love 1998 John Madden
50 My Beautiful Laundrette 1985 Stephen Frears
51 Tom Jones 1963 Tony Richardson
52 This Sporting Life 1963 Lindsay Anderson
53 My Left Foot 1989 Jim Sheridan
54 Brazil 1985 Terry Gilliam
55 The English Patient 1996 Anthony Minghella
56 A Taste of Honey 1961 Tony Richardson
57 The Go-Between 1970 Joseph Losey
58 The Man in the White Suit 1951 Alexander Mackendrick
59 The Ipcress File 1965 Sidney J. Furie
60 Blow Up 1966 Michelangelo Antonioni
The Loneliness of the Long
61 1962 Tony Richardson
Distance Runner
62 Sense and Sensibility 1995 Ang Lee
63 Passport to Pimlico 1949 Henry Cornelius
64 The Remains of the Day 1993 James Ivory
65 Sunday, Bloody Sunday 1971 John Schlesinger
66 The Railway Children 1970 Lionel Jeffries
67 Mona Lisa 1986 Neil Jordan
68 The Dam Busters 1955 Michael Anderson
69 Hamlet 1948 Laurence Olivier
70 Goldfinger 1964 Guy Hamilton
71 Elizabeth 1998 Shekhar Kapur
72 Goodbye, Mr Chips 1939 Sam Wood
73 A Room with a View 1985 James Ivory
74 The Day of the Jackal 1973 Fred Zinnemann
75 The Cruel Sea 1953 Charles Frend

(c) Shashi Bhushan 7

 76 Billy Liar 1963 John Schlesinger
77 Oliver! 1968 Carol Reed
78 Peeping Tom 1960 Michael Powell
79 Far From the Madding Crowd 1967 John Schlesinger
80 The Draughtsman's Contract 1982 Peter Greenaway
81 A Clockwork Orange 1971 Stanley Kubrick
82 Distant Voices, Still Lives 1988 Terence Davies
83 Darling 1965 John Schlesinger
84 Educating Rita 1983 Lewis Gilbert
85 Brassed Off 1996 Mark Herman
86 Genevieve 1953 Henry Cornelius
87 Women in Love 1969 Ken Russell
88 A Hard Day's Night 1964 Richard Lester
89 Fires Were Started 1943 Humphrey Jennings
90 Hope and Glory 1987 John Boorman
91 My Name is Joe 1998 Ken Loach
Noël Coward and David
92 In Which We Serve 1942
Lean
93 Caravaggio 1986 Derek Jarman
94 The Belles of St Trinian's 1954 Frank Launder
95 Life Is Sweet 1990 Mike Leigh
96 The Wicker Man 1973 Robin Hardy
97 Nil By Mouth 1997 Gary Oldman
98 Small Faces 1995 Gillies Mackinnon
99 Carry On... Up the Khyber 1968 Gerald Thomas
100 The Killing Fields 1984 Roland Joffé

See also [ edit ]

Time Out 100 best British films

Films considered the greatest ever
BFI TV 100 – a list of the best British television programmes
BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14
In 2004 the BFI compiled a list of the 100 biggest UK cinematic hits of all
time based on audience viewing, the list was released as a book. The top 10
are available in this BBC News Online story.

References [ edit ]

1. ^ BBC. 23 September 1999. Entertainment: Best 100 British films - full list.
Accessed 30 January 2014.

(c) Shashi Bhushan 8

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Bharat Ratna
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page The Bharat Ratna (Hindi

Bharat Ratna
Contents pronunciation: [bʰaːrt̪ rt̪ n];
Featured content Jewel of India)[1] is the
Current events
highest civilian award of
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the Republic of India.
Wikipedia store Instituted in 1954, the
award is conferred "in
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recognition of exceptional
Help
About Wikipedia service/performance of the
Community portal highest order", without
Recent changes distinction of race,
Contact page occupation, position, or
Tools sex.[2][3][4] The award was Awarded by
What links here originally limited to
Related changes achievements in the arts,
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Government of India
Special pages
public services, but the Type Civilian
Permanent link
government expanded the Category National
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criteria to include "any field
Wikidata item Description
Cite this page of human endeavour" in Obverse An image of the Sun along with the
December 2011.[5] The words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in
Print/export
recommendations for the Devanagari script, on a peepal leaf
Create a book
Bharat Ratna are made by Reverse A platinum Emblem of India placed in
Download as PDF
the centre with the national motto,
Printable version the Prime Minister to the
"Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone
President, with a maximum
Languages triumphs) in Devanagari Script
of three nominees being
Ribbon
awarded per year.
Deutsch Recipients receive a Sanad Statistics
Español (certificate) signed by the Instituted 1954
‫ﻓ ﺎ رﺳ ﯽ‬ President and a peepal- First awarded 1954
Français leaf–shaped medallion; Last awarded 2015

there is no monetary grant Total awarded 45

associated with the award. First awardee(s) C. Rajagopalachari

Bharat Ratna recipients Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Bahasa Indonesia
C. V. Raman
Italiano rank seventh in the Indian
Recent Madan Mohan Malaviya
order of precedence.
Kurdî awardee(s) (Posthumous)
Lëtzebuergesch
The first recipients of the Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Bharat Ratna were
(c) Shashi Bhushan 9
 politician C. Award rank

Rajagopalachari,
Nederlands
philosopher Sarvepalli Padma Vibhushan →
Radhakrishnan, and
Norsk bokmål scientist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has
been bestowed on 45 individuals, including 12 who were awarded
posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but
‫ﭘ ﻨﺠ ﺎﺑﯽ‬ were amended in January 1955 to permit them. The former Prime Minister Lal
Polski Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In
Português
2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest
Русский
recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his
Simple English 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on Indian citizens, the Bharat Ratna
Suomi has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and to two non-
Svenska Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African
President Nelson Mandela. On 24 December 2014, the Indian government
announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya
‫اردو‬
(posthumously) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly
Edit links
suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national
government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when
several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the
awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously
on Subhash Chandra Bose met with controversy. Due to the debate
surrounding Bose's death, the posthumous mention of Bose was much
criticised, and his family refused to accept the award. Following a 1997
Supreme Court decision, the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was
cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred.

Several bestowments of the award met with the criticism. The then Prime
Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi have been criticised for
nominating themselves in 1955 and 1971 respectively. The posthumous awards
for K. Kamaraj (1976) and M. G. Ramachandran (1988) were considered to
have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly elections
and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai
Patel (1991) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Regulations
3 Specifications
4 Controversies
5 Criticism
6 Popular demands
7 List of recipients
8 Explanatory notes
9 References
10 Bibliography

(c) Shashi Bhushan 10

 11 Further reading

History [ edit ]

On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the
secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—
Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan,
classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra
Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955,
the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma
Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the
Padma Shri.[3]

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian
citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in
1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987
and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin
Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to
receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav
Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been
conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension
occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977.
His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The
suspension was again rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi
became the Prime Minister.[14] The civilian awards were suspended again in
mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High
Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the
"constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the
Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the
litigation.[13][15]

Regulations [ edit ]

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional

service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race,
occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts,
literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In
December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human
endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was
subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri
became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][16]

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the

award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum
number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four
individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad
(certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary
(c) Shashi Bhushan 11
 grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients
cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients
may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or
"Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured
with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian
order of precedence.[18]

As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered

in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication,
Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without
publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official.
Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require
the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose
awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their
names are struck from the register.[2][3]

Specifications [ edit ]

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 13⁄8
inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse
side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper
edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum Emblem
of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto,
"Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in
silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a
peepal leaf, approximately 25⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 17⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide
and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst
design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of
5⁄ inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch
8
(13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse
side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and
"Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is
attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][19] In 1957, the
silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][20] The Bharat Ratna
medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and
military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param
Veer Chakra.[21]

Controversies [ edit ]

The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple
Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the
award.[13][22][23][24][25]
Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's

Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The
(c) Shashi Bhushan 12
 decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was
filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the
award.[22] The petitioner took objection to the
conferral of the award and its posthumous mention
of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher
than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of
"carelessness" to classify such a person with past
and future recipients. It said that the award cannot
be conferred to Bose posthumously as the In 1992, a press
Government had not officially accepted his death release was published to
on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the confer the award
posthumously on Bose
whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, which was later cancelled
based on the information collected by the 1956 by the Supreme Court in
Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla 1997.

Commission. Bose's family members expressed

their unwillingness to accept the award.[26][27]

To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench
with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted
that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat
Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the
recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the
recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was
noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but
the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name
in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then
presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–
97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[26]

On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award
had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the
press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any
judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[26][28]
Civilian awards as "Titles" (1992)

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on
13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High
Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners
questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18
(1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court
issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division
Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi
C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On
15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and
delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles
under Article 18 of the Constitution".[15]
C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013)

(c) Shashi Bhushan 13

 Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin
Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed
challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that
other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had
contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers
was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of
plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be
annulled.[23] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under
the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna
was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as
Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya
Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters
of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the
election process was underway at the time.[24] Another PIL was filed against
Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field
hockey player Dhyan Chand."[25][c]

On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that
conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a
violation of the code.[29] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised
against Rao and Tendulkar.[30]

Criticism [ edit ]

Several presentations of the Bharat Ratna have spurred criticism as they have
been considered "political awards" to persons who have not necessarily merited
the honour. As the recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime
Minister to the President, the then Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–64)
and Indira Gandhi (1966–77, 1980–84) have been criticised for honouring
themselves with the awards in 1955 and 1971 respectively.[31][32] While Nehru
was awarded by the then President Rajendra Prasad, another President V. V.
Giri decided to honour Gandhi. Both of these presidents were awarded the
Bharat Ratna immediately after their respective presidential terms ended.
Prasad was awarded in 1962 while Nehru was still in the office of Prime
Minister. Similarly, Gandhi was Prime Minister when Giri was conferred the
award in 1975. When the recommendations for awarding Nehru, Gandhi,
Prasad, and Giri were requested through the Right to Information Act, the Prime
minister's Office and Rashtrapati Bhavan could not provide the records and file
notings relating to information or achievements as not available.[33]

In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat
Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M.
G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly
elections in 1989.[34][35] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran
before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were
bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[36] While Ravi Shankar was
accused of lobbying for the award,[31] the decision by Indira Gandhi to
posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at
(c) Shashi Bhushan 14
 placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The
seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B.
R. Ambedkar to please Dalits.[32][34]

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who passed away
before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954
have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could
lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38]
Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate
Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda,[40] and
independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V.
Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon
Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas
Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly
in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award
Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with the criticism.[41] Janardan
Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who
worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime
Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43]

A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only
after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was
announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the
Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the
Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic
Sciences. The award was proposed by President K. R. Narayanan to Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

Popular demands [ edit ]

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the
award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have
been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In
January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the
then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal
Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the
Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former
Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister,
said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar such
demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and
Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram,
and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, a regional political party Shiv
Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous
governments" but their family clarified that they are not making such demand
and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence
movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54]
(c) Shashi Bhushan 15
 Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna;
however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of
human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were
discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player
Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous
honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for
the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer
Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing
Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by
the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again
recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer
Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this
garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59]

A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested
the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their
representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon
Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner
noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided
with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award
on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to
the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H.
Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the
subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and
conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest
authority in the Government.[60][61]

List of recipients [ edit ]

Key

+ Naturalized citizen * Non-citizen # Posthumous

recipient recipient recipient

List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10]

Year Laureates Notes
An Indian independence
activist, statesman, and lawyer,
Rajagopalachari was the only
Indian and last Governor-
General of independent India.
C. Rajagopalachari
He was Chief Minister of
Madras Presidency (1937–39)
and Madras State (1952–54);
and founder of Indian political
party Swatantra Party.[62]

(c) Shashi Bhushan 16

 Philosopher Radhakrishnan
served as India's first Vice-
President (1952–62) and
1954 Sarvepalli second President (1962–
Radhakrishnan 67).[63][64] Since 1962, his
birthday on 5 September is
observed as "Teachers' Day" in
India.[65]
Widely known for his work on
the scattering of light and the
discovery of the effect, better
known as "Raman scattering",
C. V. Raman Raman mainly worked in the
field of atomic physics and
electromagnetism and was
presented Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1930.[66]
Independence activist,
philosopher, and educationist,
Das is a co-founder of
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi
– Bhagwan Das
Vidyapith and worked with
Madan Mohan Malaviya for the
foundation of Banaras Hindu
University.[67]
Civil engineer, statesman, and
Diwan of Mysore (1912–18),
1955 Visvesvaraya was a Knight
M. Visvesvaraya Commander of the Order of the
Indian Empire. His birthday, 15
September, is observed as
"Engineer's Day" in India.[68]

Independence activist and

author, Nehru is the first and
Jawaharlal Nehru the longest-serving Prime
Minister of India (1947–
64).[49][69]

Independence activist Pant was

premier of United Provinces
(1937–39, 1946–50) and first
1957 Govind Ballabh Pant Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
(1950–54). He served as Union
Home Minister from 1955–
61.[70]

(c) Shashi Bhushan 17

 Social reformer and educator,
Karve is widely known for his
works related to woman
education and remarriage of
Dhondo Keshav Hindu widows. He established
1958
Karve the Widow Marriage
Association (1983), Hindu
Widows Home (1896), and
started Shreemati Nathibai
Damodar Thackersey Women's
University in 1916.[8][71]
A physician, political leader,
philanthropist, educationist,
and social worker, Roy is often
considered as "Maker of
Bidhan Chandra Modern West Bengal".[72] He
–
Roy was second Chief Minister of
West Bengal (1948–62) and his
birthday on 1 July is observed
as National Doctors' Day in
1961
India.[51]
Often titled as "Rajarshi",
Tandon was an independence
activist and served as speaker
Purushottam Das of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative
–
Tandon Assembly (1937–50). He was
actively involved in a campaign
to get official language status
to Hindi.[73]
Independence activist, lawyer,
statesman, and scholar,[74]
Prasad was closely associated
with Mahatma Gandhi in the
1962 Rajendra Prasad non-cooperation movement for
Indian independence.[75] He
was later elected as the first
President of India (1950–
62).[63]
Independence activist and
education philosopher, Husain
served as a Vice Chancellor of
Aligarh Muslim University
(1948–56) and the Governor of
– Zakir Husain Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he
was elected as second Vice-
President of India (1962–67)
(c) Shashi Bhushan 18
 and went on to become the
third President of India (1967–
1963 69).[63][64]
Indologist and Sanskrit
scholar,[77] Kane is best known
for his five volume literary work,
History of Dharmaśāstra:
Pandurang Vaman Ancient and Medieval Religious
–
Kane and Civil Law in India; the
"monumental" work that
extends over nearly 6,500
pages and being published
from 1930 to 1962.[78]
Known for his slogan "Jai
Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the
Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79]
Lal Bahadur Independence activist Shastri
1966
Shastri[i]# served as second Prime
Minister of India (1964–66) and
led the country during the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1965.[49][80]
Known as the "Iron Lady of
India",[81] Gandhi was the
Prime Minister of India during
1966–77 and 1980–84.[49]
During the Indo-Pakistani War
1971 Indira Gandhi
of 1971, her government
supported Bangladesh
Liberation War which led to the
formation of a new country,
Bangladesh.[82]
Trade unionist Giri was the first
Acting President of India and
1975 – V. V. Giri later elected as the fourth
President of India (1969–
74)[63][83]

Independence activist and

statesman Kamaraj was a
1976 K. Kamaraj[ii]# former Chief Minister of Tamil
Nadu for three terms; 1954–57,
1957–62, and 1962–63.[84][85]

"Blessed Mother Teresa of

Calcutta" was a catholic nun

(c) Shashi Bhushan 19

 and the founder of the
Missionaries of Charity. She
1980 Mother Teresa +
was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize for her humanitarian work
in 1979 and was beatified on
19 October 2003 by Pope John
Paul II.[86]
Independence activist, social
reformer, and a close associate
of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is
best known for his Bhoodan
movement, "Land-Gift
1983 Vinoba Bhave[iii]# Movement".[87] He was given
the honorific title "Acharya"
("teacher") and was awarded
the Ramon Magsaysay Award
(1958) for his humanitarian
work.[88]
Widely known as "Frontier
Gandhi", independence activist
and Pashtun leader Khan was
Khan Abdul Ghaffar a follower of Mahatma Gandhi.
1987
Khan* He joined Khilafat Movement in
1920 and founded Khudai
Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt
movement") in 1929.[89]

Actor turned politician

Ramachandran served as
M. G.
1988 Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Ramachandran[iv][d]#
for three terms; 1977–80,
1980–84, 1985–87.[84]

Social reformer and leader of

the Dalits ("Untouchables"),[91]
Ambedkar was the Chief
architect of the Indian
Constitution and also served as
the first Law Minister of
India.[92] Ambedkar
predominantly campaigned
B. R. Ambedkar[v]# against the social
discrimination with Dalits, the
Hindu varna system.[93] He was
associated with the Dalit
Buddhist movement and
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