Accepted Manuscript

Integral representations for multivariate logarithmic polynomials

Feng Qi

PII: S0377-0427(17)30646-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2017.11.047
Reference: CAM 11443

To appear in: Journal of Computational and Applied

Mathematics
Received date : 22 September 2017

Please cite this article as: F. Qi, Integral representations for multivariate logarithmic polynomials,
Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2017),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2017.11.047

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form.
Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the
content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Manuscript
Click here to view linked References

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR MULTIVARIATE

LOGARITHMIC POLYNOMIALS

FENG QI

To Professor Sen-Lin Xu, my doctoral advisor, at USTC

Abstract. In the paper, by induction and recursively, the author proves that
the generating function of multivariate logarithmic polynomials and its recipro-
cal are a Bernstein function and a completely monotonic function respectively,
establishes a Lévy-Khintchine representation for the generating function of
multivariate logarithmic polynomials, deduces an integral representation for
multivariate logarithmic polynomials, presents an integral representation for
the reciprocal of the generating function of multivariate logarithmic polyno-
mials, computes real and imaginary parts for the generating function of multi-
variate logarithmic polynomials, derives two integral formulas, and denies the
uniform convergence of a known integral representation for Bernstein func-
tions.

Contents
1. Preliminaries and motivations 1
1.1. Completely monotonic function and the Bernstein function 1
1.2. Integral representations for the logarithmic function and its reciprocal 2
1.3. Multivariate logarithmic polynomials 3
2. Integral representations for multivariate logarithmic polynomials 4
References 11

1. Preliminaries and motivations

In this section, we recall some preliminaries and state motivations of this paper.

1.1. Completely monotonic function and the Bernstein function. Recall

from [9, Chapter XIII], [13, Chapter 1], and [14, Chapter IV] that an infinitely
differentiable function f is said to be completely monotonic on an interval I if it
satisfies (−1)k f (k) (x) ≥ 0 on I for all k ≥ 0. Theorem 12b in [14] reads that a

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11B83; Secondary 05A15, 11B37, 26A48,
30A99, 33B99, 40A10, 44A10.
Key words and phrases. multivariate logarithmic polynomial; generating function; completely
monotonic function; Bernstein function; integral representation; Lévy-Khintchine representation;
real part; imaginary part; uniform convergence; recurrence relation; mathematical induction.
This paper was typeset using AMS-LATEX.
1
2 F. QI

necessary and sufficient condition that f (t) should be completely monotonic for
0 < t < ∞ is that Z ∞
f (t) = e−ts d α(s), (1.1)
0
where α(s) is non-decreasing and the integral converges for 0 < s < ∞.
Recall also from [13, p. 21, Definition 3.1] that a nonnegative function f :
(0, ∞) → R is a Bernstein function if its first derivative f ′ is completely mono-
tonic on (0, ∞). Theorem 3.2 in [13] states that, a function f : (0, ∞) → [0, ∞) is
a Bernstein function if and only if it admits the Lévy-Khintchine representation
Z ∞


f (x) = a + bx + 1 − e−xt d µ(t), (1.2)
0
where
f (t)
a = lim f (t), b = lim ,
t→0+ t
t→∞
R∞
and µ is called the Lévy measure on (0, ∞) satisfying 0 min{1, t} d µ(t) < ∞.
1.2. Integral representations for the logarithmic function and its recip-
rocal. We can directly verify by definition that ln(1 + t) is a Bernstein function.
In [1, p. 230, 5.1.32] and [12, Remark 1], it is listed that
Z ∞ −au
b e − e−bu
ln = d u. (1.3)
a 0 u
Letting a = 1 and b = 1 + t in (1.3) leads to
Z ∞ −u Z ∞
e − e−(1+t)u
e−u
ln(1 + t) = du = 1 − e−tu d u. (1.4)
0 u 0 u
Comparing the integral representation (1.4), which is the Lévy-Khintchine repre-
sentation of ln(1 + t), with (1.2) shows that ln(1 + t) is a Bernstein function.
In [2, Eq. (1.4)], [3, p. 2130], and [12, Lemma 1], it was proved that
Z ∞
1 1 1 dt
= + 2 + π2 z + t
ln(1 + z) z 1 [ln(t − 1)]
1
for z ∈ C \ (−∞, 0]. Then it is clear that ln(1+t) is a completely monotonic function
on (0, ∞). In [12, p. 996], it was presented that
Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 
1 −s s
= e d u e−ts d s, (1.5)
ln(1 + t) 0 0 Γ(u)
where t > 0 and Γ(z) is the classical gamma function which can be defined by
Z ∞
Γ(z) = tz−1 e−t d t, ℜ(z) > 0.
0
1
Then it is easy to see that ln(1+t) is a completely monotonic function on (0, ∞).
1
Comparing (1.5) with (1.1) reveals that ln(1+t) is completely monotonic on (0, ∞).
This can also follows from the fact that ln(1 + t) is a Bernstein function and the fact
in [4, pp. 161–162, Theorem 3] and [13, p. 64, Proposition 5.25] that the reciprocal
of a Bernstein function is completely monotonic on (0, ∞), but not conversely.
Proposition 3.6 in [13, p. 25] states that every Bernstein function f has an
→ →
extension f : H = {z ∈ C : ℜ(z) ≥ 0} → H which is continuous for ℜ(z) ≥ 0 and
 INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE LOGARITHMIC POLYNOMIALS 3

→
holomorphic for ℜ(z) > 0, satisfies f (z) = f (z̄) for all z ∈ H = {z ∈ C : ℜ(z) > 0},
and has the representation
Z
2 ∞ z
f (z) = a + bz + ℜ(f (si)) d s, ℜ(z) ≥ 0, (1.6)
π 0 z 2 + s2
√
where i = −1 is the imaginary unit, a = limt→0+ f (t), and b = limt→∞ f (t) t .
Theorem 3.1 in [5, 6, 7] reads that, if φ is a Bernstein function, then
Z
2 ∞ x
φ(x) = bx + ℜ[φ(ui)] d u. (1.7)
π 0 x + u22

By virtue of (1.6) and (1.7), we see that the complex function ln(1 + z) for z ∈
C \ (−∞, −1] has the integral representation
Z
z ∞ ln(1 + s2 )
ln(1 + z) = d s, ℜ(z) ≥ 0; (1.8)
π 0 z 2 + s2
The formula (1.8) can also be derived from taking a = b = g = 1 and c = z in
Z ∞

dx π ag + bc
ln a2 + b2 x2 2 2 2
= ln , a, b, c, g > 0
0 c +g x cg g
listed in [8, p. 564, Item 7].

1.3. Multivariate logarithmic polynomials. In [10], the notion “multivariate

logarithmic polynomials” was introduced.
Definition 1.1 ([10, Definition 1.1]). For xk ∈ R and 1 ≤ k ≤ m, denote xm =
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xm−1 , xm ). Let h(t) = ln(1 + t) for t > −1. Define H(t; xm ) and
Lm,n (xm ) by
∞
X tn
H(t; xm ) = h(x1 h(x2 h(· · · xm−1 h(xm h(t)) · · · ))) = Lm,n (xm ) . (1.9)
n=1
n!

We call Lm,n (xm ) higher order logarithmic polynomials, logarithmic polynomials

of order m, m-variate logarithmic polynomials, multivariate logarithmic polynomi-
als, logarithmic polynomials of m variables x1 , x2 , . . . , xm , multi-order logarithmic
polynomials alternatively. When x1 = x2 = · · · = xm−1 = xm = 1, we denote
Lm,n (1, . . . , 1) by Lm,n and call them higher logarithmic numbers, logarithmic num-
bers of order m, and multi-order logarithmic numbers alternatively.
In the paper [10], the author established an explicit formula, an identity, and two
recurrence relations for multivariate logarithmic polynomials Lm,n (xm ) by virtue
of the Faà di Bruno formula and two identities of the Bell polynomials of the
second kind in terms of the Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds and con-
structed some determinantal inequalities, product inequalities, logarithmic convex-
ity for multivariate logarithmic polynomials Lm,n (xm ) by virtue of some properties
of completely monotonic functions.
Naturally we pose a question: does the generating function H(t; xm ) have similar
properties to the above ones for ln(1+t) and its reciprocal? can these properties for
H(t; xm ) be applied to derive corresponding properties of multivariate logarithmic
polynomials Lm,n (xm )?
4 F. QI

2. Integral representations for multivariate logarithmic

polynomials
In this section, when x1 , x2 , . . . , xm > 0 and m ∈ N, by induction and recur-
1
sively, we prove that the generating function H(t; xm ) and its reciprocal H(t;x m)
are a Bernstein function and a completely monotonic function on (0, ∞) respec-
tively, establish a Lévy-Khintchine representation for H(t; xm ), deduce an integral
representation for multivariate logarithmic polynomials Lm,n (xm ), present an inte-
1
gral representation for H(t;x m)
, compute real and imaginary parts ℜ[H(t; xm )] and
ℑ[H(t; xm )], derive two integral formulas, and deny the uniform convergence of the
integral representations (1.6) and (1.7).
Theorem 2.1. For x1 , x2 , . . . , xm > 0, the generating function H(t; xm ) is a Bern-
stein function and has the Lévy-Khintchine representation
Z ∞ Z Z ∞

∞
H(t; xm ) = 1 − e−sm t ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm , (2.1)
0 0 0

where " #" #

m
Y s x m
Y
skk−1 k e−sℓ
Q(sm ; xm ) = (2.2)
Γ(sk−1 xk ) sℓ
k=1 ℓ=0

for sm = (s0 , s1 , . . . , sm ). Consequently, the multivariate logarithmic polynomials

Lm,n (xm ) for m, n ∈ N can be represented by the integral
Z ∞ Z ∞
n−1
Lm,n (xm ) = (−1) ··· snm Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm . (2.3)
0 0

Proof. Item (iii) in [13, p. 28, Corollary 3.8] reads that the composition of two
Bernstein functions is still a Bernstein function. Hence, it is immediate that the
generating function H(t; xm ) is a Bernstein function.
By virtue of (1.4), we have
Z ∞
  e−u
H(t; x1 ) = 1 − e−ux1 ln(1+t) du
0 u
Z ∞  −u
1 e
= 1− ux1
du
0 (1 + t) u
Z ∞ Z ∞  −u
1 e
= 1− v ux1 −1 e−v(1+t) d v du
0 Γ(ux 1 ) 0 u
Z ∞ Z ∞  −u
1 ux1 −1 −v −vt

e
= v e 1−e dv du
0 Γ(ux 1 ) 0 u
Z ∞ Z ∞ −(u+v) ux1 −1

e v
= 1 − e−vt d u d v.
0 0 u Γ(ux 1)

Furthermore, it follows that

Z ∞ Z ∞ −u ux1 −1 
  e v
H(t; x2 ) = 1 − e−vx2 ln(1+t) d u e−v d v
0 0 u Γ(ux1 )
Z ∞ Z ∞ −u ux1 −1 
1 e v
= 1− d u e−v d v
0 (1 + t)vx2 0 u Γ(ux1 )
 INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE LOGARITHMIC POLYNOMIALS 5

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ 
1 e−u v ux1 −1
= 1− wvx2 −1 e−w(1+t) d w d u e−v d v
0 Γ(vx2 ) 0 0 u Γ(ux1 )
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ −u ux1 −1 
1
e v
= wvx2 −1 e−w 1−e −wt
dw d u e−v d v
0 Γ(vx2 ) 0 0 u Γ(ux1 )
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞

e−(u+v+w) v ux1 −1 wvx2 −1
= 1 − e−wt dudv dw
0 0 0 u Γ(ux1 ) Γ(vx2 )
and, inductively, that
Z Z Z m
!
∞
∞ ∞
1 X
−sm t
H(t; xm ) = 1−e ··· exp − sℓ
0 0 0 s0
ℓ=0
m
Y sk−1 xk −1
sk
× d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm
Γ(sk−1 xk )
k=1

which can be rearranged as (2.1) and again confirm that the generating function
H(t; xm ) is a Bernstein function.
Considering (1.9) in Definition 1.1, differentiating on both sides of (2.1) with
respect to t, and taking the limit t → 0+ derive (2.3) readily. The proof of Theo-
rem 2.1 is complete. 
1
Theorem 2.2. For x1 , x2 , . . . , xm > 0, the function H(t;x m)
is completely mono-
tonic with respect to t ∈ (0, ∞) and has the integral representation
Z ∞ "Z ∞ Z ∞ #
1
= ··· Q(sm+1 ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm e−sm+1 t d sm+1 , (2.4)
H(t; xm ) 0 0 0

where " #"m+1 #

m
Y ssk+1
k xk Y e−sℓ
Q(sm+1 ; xm ) =
Γ(sk xk ) sℓ
k=0 ℓ=1
for sm+1 = (s0 , s1 , . . . , sm+1 ) and x0 = 1.
Proof. Theorem 3.7 in [13, p. 27] states that f is a Bernstein function if and only if
g ◦f is completely monotonic for every completely monotonic function g. Therefore,
1
by induction, for x1 , . . . , xm > 0, the function H(t;x m)
is completely monotonic with
respect to t ∈ (0, ∞).
On the other hand, making use of (1.5), we obtain
Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 
1 s
= e−s d u e−sx1 ln(1+t) d s
H(t; x1 ) 0 0 Γ(u)
Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 
s 1
= e−s du ds
0 0 Γ(u) (1 + t)sx1
Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1  Z ∞
s 1
= e−s du v sx1 −1 e−v e−vt d v d s
0 0 Γ(u) Γ(sx 1 ) 0
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 sx1 −1 
s v −(s+v)
= e d u d s e−vt d v.
0 0 0 Γ(u) Γ(sx1 )
Furthermore, it follows that
6 F. QI

Z ∞ Z ∞Z ∞ 
1 su−1 v sx1 −1 −(s+v)
= e d u d s e−vx2 ln(1+t) d v
H(t; x2 ) 0 0 0 Γ(u) Γ(sx1 )
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 sx1 −1 
s v −(s+v) 1
= e duds dv
0 0 0 Γ(u) Γ(sx1 ) (1 + t)vx2
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 sx1 −1  Z ∞
s v 1
= e−(s+v) d u d s wvx2 −1 e−w(1+t) d w d v
0 0 0 Γ(u) Γ(sx1 ) Γ(vx2 ) 0
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ u−1 sx1 −1 vx2 −1 
s v w −(s+v+w)
= e d u d s d v e−wt d w
0 0 0 0 Γ(u) Γ(sx1 ) Γ(vx2 )
and, by induction, that
Z ∞ "Z ∞ Z ∞Z ∞ Y m s x −1
1 skk−1 k
= ···
H(t; xm ) 0 0 0 0 Γ(sk−1 xk )
k=0
m
! #
X
× exp − sℓ d s−1 d s0 · · · d sm−1 e−sm t d sm
ℓ=0
1
which can be rewritten as (2.4) and confirm the complete monotonicity of H(t;xm )
again. The proof of Theorem 2.2 is complete. 

Remark 2.1. A straightforward computation gives

  
1 1
2
ℜ[H(si; x)] = ln 1 + x ln 1 + s2 + x2 arctan2 s , s, x > 0.
2 2
Employing (1.6) results in
Z
2 ∞ t
H(t; x) = ln[1 + x ln(1 + t)] = ℜ(H(si; x)) d s
π 0 t2 + s 2
Z ∞   
1 t 1 2

2 2 2
= ln 1 + x ln 1 + s + x arctan s d s (2.5)
π 0 t2 + s 2 2
for t, x > 0. Letting m = 1 in (2.1) or basing on its proof leads to
Z ∞ Z
−vt

∞ v ux1 e−(u+v)
H(t; x) = ln[1 + x ln(1 + t)] = 1−e dudv (2.6)
0 0 Γ(ux1 ) uv
for t, x > 0. Taking m = 1 in (2.4) or retrospecting its proof reduces to
Z ∞Z ∞Z ∞
1 1 su v sx e−(s+v) −vt
= = e dudsdv
H(t; x) ln[1 + x ln(1 + t)] 0 0 0 Γ(u)Γ(sx) sv
(2.7)
for t, x > 0.
We observe that these three integrals between (2.5) and (2.7) are respectively
single, double, and triple and that the integrand in (2.5) is elementary but the
integrands in (2.6) and (2.7) are not elementary. Consequently, we naturally pose a
question: can one find out general integral representations, which are single integrals
and whose integrands are elementary, for the generating function H(t; xm ) and
multivariate logarithmic polynomials Lm,n (xm )? One way to answer this question
is to explicitly and elementarily express ℜ[H(si; xm )] and to apply the formula (1.6).
 INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE LOGARITHMIC POLYNOMIALS 7

Theorem 2.3. For m ∈ N and s, x1 , . . . , xm > 0, the real and imaginary parts of
the complex function H(si; xm ) can be recursively computed by
1  2 
ℜ[H(si; xm )] = ln Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) + Vm2 (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) (2.8)
2
and
Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
ℑ[H(si; xm )] = arctan , (2.9)
Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
where Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) and Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) satisfy the recurrence relations
1

U1 (x1 ; s) = 1 + x1 ln s2 + 1 , V1 (x1 ; s) = x1 arctan s, (2.10)
2
and, when m ≥ 2,
1  2 2

Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) = 1 + x1 ln Um−1 (x2 , . . . , xm ; s) + Vm−1 (x2 , . . . , xm ; s) ,
2
(2.11)
Vm−1 (x2 , . . . , xm ; s)
Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) = x1 arctan . (2.12)
Um−1 (x2 , . . . , xm ; s)
Proof. By standard and careful calculation, we find
  
1 1
2
ℜ[H(si; x1 )] = ln 1 + x1 ln s2 + 1 + (x1 arctan s)2
2 2
1  2 
, ln U1 (x1 ; s) + V12 (x1 ; s) ,
2
x1 arctan s
ℑ[H(si; x1 )] = arctan
1 + 21 x1 ln(s2 + 1)
V1 (x1 ; s)
= arctan ,
U1 (x1 ; s)
   2
1 1 1
2
ℜ[H(si; x2 )] = ln 1 + x1 ln 1 + x2 ln s2 + 1 + (x2 arctan s)2
2 2 2
 2 
x2 arctan s
+ x1 arctan
1 + 21 x2 ln(s2 + 1)
1  
, ln U22 (x1 , x2 ; s) + V22 (x1 , x2 ; s) ,
2
x1 arctan 1+x12xarctan s
2
2 2 ln(1+s )
ℑ[H(si; x2 )] = arctan 1 1
1 + 2 x1 ln([1 + 2 x2 ln(1 + s )] + [x2 arctan s]2 )
2 2

V2 (x1 , x2 ; s)
= arctan ,
U2 (x1 , x2 ; s)
and
(   
1 1 1 1 2

2
ℜ[H(si; x3 )] = ln 1 + x1 ln 1 + x2 ln 1 + x3 ln s + 1
2 2 2 2
2  2 2
2 x3 arctan s
+ (x3 arctan s) + x2 arctan
1 + 12 x3 ln(s2 + 1)
8 F. QI

" #2 )
x2 arctan 1+x13xarctan 2
s
2 3 ln(s +1)
+ x1 arctan
 2 
1 + 21 x2 ln 1 + 21 x3 ln(s2 + 1) + (x3 arctan s)2
1  
, ln U32 (x1 , x2 , x3 ; s) + V32 (x1 , x2 , x3 ; s) ,
2
where U1 (x1 ; s) and V1 (x1 ; s) are defined by (2.10) and
1  
U2 (x1 , x2 ; s) = 1 + x1 ln U12 (x2 ; s) + V12 (x2 ; s) ,
2
V1 (x2 ; s)
V2 (x1 , x2 ; s) = x1 arctan ,
U1 (x2 ; s)
1  
U3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ; s) = 1 + x1 ln U22 (x2 , x3 ; s) + V22 (x2 , x3 ; s) ,
2
V2 (x2 , x3 ; s)
V3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ; s) = x1 arctan .
U2 (x2 , x3 ; s)
Assume that the recurrence relations (2.11) and (2.12) are valid for some m ≥ 3.
This means that
1  2 
ℜ[H(si; xm )] = ln Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) + Vm2 (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
2
and
Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
ℑ[H(si; xm )] = arctan
Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
for m ≥ 3. Since
H(si; xm+1 ) = ln[1 + x1 H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )]
= ln(1 + x1 ℜ[H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )] + ix1 ℑ[H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )])
1  
= ln (1 + x1 ℜ[H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )])2 + (x1 ℑ[H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )])2
2
x1 ℑ[H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )]
+ i arg ,
1 + x1 ℜ[H(si; x2 , . . . , xm+1 )]
it follows that
 2
1 Vm (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
ℜ[H(si; xm+1 )] = ln x1 arctan
2 Um (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
  
1  2
 2
+ 1 + x1 ln Um (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s) + Vm2 (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
2
and
Vm (x2 ,...,xm+1 ;s)
x1 arctan U m (x2 ,...,xm+1 ;s)
ℑ[H(si; xm+1 )] = arg  .
1 + 12 x1 ln Um
2 (x , . . . , x
2
2
m+1 ; s) + Vm (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)

These imply that

1  2 
Um+1 (x1 , . . . , xm+1 ; s) = 1 + x1 ln Um (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s) + Vm2 (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s) ,
2
Vm (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
Vm+1 (x1 , . . . , xm+1 ; s) = x1 arctan ,
Um (x2 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
 INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE LOGARITHMIC POLYNOMIALS 9

and
Vm+1 (x1 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
ℑ[H(si; xm+1 )] = arctan .
Um+1 (x1 , . . . , xm+1 ; s)
By mathematical induction, the formulas (2.8) and (2.9) and the recurrence rela-
tions (2.11) and (2.12) are valid. The proof of Theorem 2.3 is complete. 

Theorem 2.4. For m ∈ N and s, x1 , . . . , xm > 0, we have the integral formulas

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
[1 − cos(sm s)] ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm
0 0 0
1  2 
= ln Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) + Vm2 (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) (2.13)
2
and
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
sin(sm s) ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm
0 0 0
Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
= arctan , (2.14)
Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
where Q(sm ; xm ), Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s), and Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) are defined by (2.2),
(2.10), (2.11), and (2.12) respectively.
Proof. By virtue of (2.1), we obtain
Z ∞ Z Z ∞
−sm si

∞
H(si; xm ) = 1−e ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm
0 0
Z ∞ Z ∞ 0Z ∞
 
= 1 − cos(sm s) + i sin(sm s) ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm
0 0 0
which means that
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
ℜ[H(si; xm )] = [1 − cos(sm s)] ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm
0 0 0
and
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
ℑ[H(si; xm )] = sin(sm s) ··· Q(sm ; xm ) d s0 · · · d sm−1 d sm .
0 0 0

Combining these with (2.8) and (2.9) yields (2.13) and (2.14) respectively. The
proof of Theorem 2.4 is complete. 

Remark 2.2. Taking m = 1 in (2.13) and (2.14) can derive

Z ∞Z ∞
v ux−1
[1 − cos(vs)]e−(u+v) d u d v
0 0 Γ(ux + 1)
  
1 1 2

2 2
= ln 1 + x ln s + 1 + (x arctan s)
2x 2
and
Z ∞ Z ∞
v ux−1 1 x arctan s
sin(vs)e−(u+v) d u d v = arctan

0 0 Γ(ux + 1) x 1 + 12 x ln s2 + 1
for s, x > 0.
10 F. QI

Theorem 2.5. For ℜ(z) ≥ 0 and x1 , . . . , xm > 0 with m ∈ N, the integral repre-
sentation
Z
1 ∞ z  2 
H(z; xm ) = ln Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) + Vm2 (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) d z (2.15)
π 0 z 2 + s2
is pointwisely convergent but not uniformly convergent, where Um (x1 , . . . , xm ; s)
and Vm (x1 , . . . , xm ; s) are defined by (2.10), (2.11), and (2.12) respectively. Conse-
quently, the integrals in (1.6) and (1.7) are pointwisely convergent but not uniformly
convergent.
Proof. A simple computation gives
H(t; xm )
lim H(t; xm ) = lim = 0.
t→0 t→∞ t
Accordingly, when t ≥ 0 and x1 . . . , xm > 0, by (1.6) or (1.7), it follows that
Z
2 ∞ t
H(t; xm ) = ℜ[G(si; xm )] d s.
π 0 t2 + s 2
If the integrals in (1.6) and (1.7) are uniformly convergent, then differentiating on
both sides of the above integral representation for H(t; xm ) results in
Z  
∂ k H(t; xm ) 1 ∞ ∂k 2t
= ℜ[G(si; xm )] d s (2.16)
∂tk π 0 ∂tk t2 + s2
for t ≥ 0 and k ∈ N, where
 
k+1 ℓ
∂k 2t ∂ k+1 ln t2 + s2 X d ln µ
k 2 2
= k+1
= Bk+1,ℓ (2t, 2, 0, . . . , 0)
∂t t + s ∂t d µℓ
ℓ=1
k+1
X ℓ−1
(−1) (ℓ − 1)!
= 2ℓ Bk+1,ℓ (t, 1, 0, . . . , 0)
µℓ
ℓ=1
k+1
X   
(−1)ℓ−1 (ℓ − 1)! ℓ (k − ℓ + 1)! k + 1 ℓ
= 2 t2ℓ−k−1
(t2 + s2 )ℓ 2k−ℓ+1 ℓ k−ℓ+1
ℓ=1
X (−1)ℓ−1 1 
k+1
ℓ

= (k + 1)! (2t)2ℓ−k−1
(t2 + s2 )ℓ ℓ k − ℓ + 1
ℓ=1

0, k is even
→ 2(k!)
(−1)(k−1)/2 , k is odd
sk+1
as t → 0 for k ∈ N, where µ = µ(t) = t2 + s2 and the formula
  
(n − k)! n k
Bn,k (x, 1, 0, . . . , 0) = x2k−n , 0 ≤ k ≤ n
2n−k k n−k
in [11, Theorem 5.1] were used. Taking t → 0 in (2.16) and making use of (1.9) in
Definition 1.1 conclude

∂ k H(t; xm ) 0, k is even
Z ∞
= L m,k (x m ) = (k−1)/2 2(k!) ℜ[G(si; x m )]
∂tk (−1) d s, k is odd
π 0 sk+1
for k ∈ N. This leads to a contradiction. The proof of Theorem 2.5 is complete. 
 INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE LOGARITHMIC POLYNOMIALS 11

Remark 2.3. Theorem 2.5 demonstrates that we can not derive an integral rep-
resentation for multivariate logarithmic polynomials Lm,n (xm ) from the integral
representation (2.15).

References
[1] M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun (Eds), Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formu-
las, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Mathematics
Series 55, 10th printing, Washington, 1972.
[2] C. Berg, A Pick function related to an inequality for the entropy function, J. Inequal. Pure
Appl. Math. 2 (2001), no. 2, Art. 26; Available online at http://www.emis.de/journals/
JIPAM/article142.html.
[3] C. Berg and H. L. Pedersen, A one-parameter family of Pick functions defined by the
Gamma function and related to the volume of the unit ball in n-space, Proc. Amer.
Math. Soc. 139 (2011), no. 6, 2121–2132; Available online at https://doi.org/10.1090/
S0002-9939-2010-10636-6.
[4] C.-P. Chen, F. Qi, and H. M. Srivastava, Some properties of functions related to the gamma
and psi functions, Integral Transforms Spec. Funct. 21 (2010), no. 2, 153–164; Available
online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10652460903064216.
[5] S. Fourati and W. Jedidi, Some remarks on the class of Bernstein functions and some sub-
classes, available online at https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00649018.
[6] S. Fourati and W. Jedidi, Some remarks on the class of Bernstein functions and some sub-
classes, ResearchGate Research (2016), available online at https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.
2.1.3431.0169.
[7] S. Fourati and W. Jedidi, Some remarks on the class of Bernstein functions and some sub-
classes, ResearchGate Article (2011), available online at https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/281599574.
[8] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Translated from
the Russian, Translation edited and with a preface by Daniel Zwillinger and Victor Moll,
Eighth edition, Revised from the seventh edition, Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2015;
Available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384933-5.00013-8.
[9] D. S. Mitrinović, J. E. Pečarić, and A. M. Fink, Classical and New Inequalities in Anal-
ysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993; Available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-94-017-1043-5.
[10] F. Qi, On multi-order logarithmic polynomials and their explicit formulas, recurrence rela-
tions, and inequalities, Preprints 2017, 2017090034, 11 pages; Available online at https:
//doi.org/10.20944/preprints201709.0034.v1.
[11] F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Explicit formulas for special values of the Bell polynomials of the
second kind and for the Euler numbers and polynomials, Mediterr. J. Math. 14 (2017), no. 3,
Article 140, 14 pages; Available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00009-017-0939-1.
[12] F. Qi and X.-J. Zhang, An integral representation, some inequalities, and complete mono-
tonicity of the Bernoulli numbers of the second kind, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 52 (2015),
no. 3, 987–998; Available online at https://doi.org/10.4134/BKMS.2015.52.3.987.
[13] R. L. Schilling, R. Song, and Z. Vondraček, Bernstein Functions—Theory and Applications,
2nd ed., de Gruyter Studies in Mathematics 37, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 2012;
Available online at https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110269338.
[14] D. V. Widder, The Laplace Transform, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1946.

Institute of Mathematics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo City, 454010, Henan

Province, China, Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic
University, Tianjin City, 300387, China
E-mail address: qifeng618@gmail.com, qifeng618@hotmail.com
URL: https://qifeng618.wordpress.com