QGLFH

&XELHUWD
35“/2*2
(/$025(/$025(/$025ߨ
(ODPRUHVHVTXLYR
(ODPRUQRWLHQHHGDG
$PRUURP¡QWLFRIºFKLODIºFKLODFDFDFDFD
(ODPRUHVFLHJR
(ODPRUHVFUXHO
(/6(;2
5HJODQºPHUR$ODKRUDGHORVTXLXERVYRߞGDOHYRߞG©MDWHOOHYDUYRߞ
ROYLGDHOPXQGR
5HJOD QºPHUR  0DU\ 3RSSLQV HQ OD PHVD DFWUL] SRUQR HQ HO ULQJ GH
FXDWURSHULOODV
5HJODQºPHUR/DIUHFXHQFLDLPSRUWD"
5HJODQºPHUR1LWDQWRTXHWHDGRUPH]FDQLWDQSRFRTXHQRVLHQWDV
QDGD
5HJODQºPHUR(OWDPD±RLPSRUWD"6­SHURQRORHVWRGR
5HJODQºPHUR(QFDVRGHHPHUJHQFLDRQRVLHPSUHSRGU¡VDSUHWDU
HOJDWLOOR
 &“02 7(50,1$5 81$ 5(/$&,“1 (1 
6,03/(63$626
/$6275$6%255$&+(5$6
7KHFRSHWHWULSOLFDO©FDSDFLW©GHSDUODURWUDVOLQJXDV\GHGDQFDURWURV
EDLOHV
/DPXMHUQRUPDOVHODVVDEHSRUOLEUR/DPXMHUERUUDFKDVHODVVDEHSRU
OLWUR

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 1
 /RVVRQORVQXHYRV
/DTXHQRWXYRIDQWDV­DVFRQVXSULPR\FRQ3LQLOODTXHWLUHODSULPHUD
SLHGUD
0RQDFRQQDYDMD7LQGHU
0RQDFRQQDYDMDFHOXODUVLJOR[[L
%XUO©ODPXHUWH $PLDEXHOLWD4(3'
/DJHQWHEXHQDVLHPSUHORSDVDSHRUTXHODJHQWHPDOD <TXHSRUFLHUWRPXUL³FRQODVERWDVSXHVWDV
6HOODPDED5RGULJR4X©5RGULJR"6©ORTXHSHQVDVWHSHURQRORYR\
DHVFULELUWHSDVDVWHSDߞRU
<DO-DFN'DQLHOV
3OHLWRSOHLWRSOHLWRSOHLWR/©DVHFRQODYR]GHOHOHQFRFRPSOHWRGH+H\
<DO-RV©&XHUYR
$UQROG
<DOD6DQWD5LWD
GH6HSWLHPEUH4XHFRPLHQFHQORVMXHJRVGHOKDPEUH
<DOD6DQWD(OHQD
1RWRPRP¡V
<DO-LP%HDP
(OG­DHQTXHQRWRP©\YLY­SDUDFRQWDUOR
+DQJRYHU3RPDLUH
/D0DU­D
)('((55$7$6'(/$08-(5%255$&+$
 &“02 6(5 81$ 08-(5 %255$&+$ < 12
025,5(1(/,17(172
 (/ &+25“6&232  '( /$ 08-(5
%255$&+$
$ULHV
1RWDV
&U©GLWRV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 2
35“/2*2 (QHVWHOLEURPHGDU©FLHUWDVOLFHQFLDV\ORTXLHURKDFHU
SRUTXH HQ HO SULPHUR FUHR KDEHU VLGR PX\ VH±RULWD <
FODURORKLFHSRUTXHXQDVLHPSUHWLHQHTXHGDUXQDEXHQD
SULPHUDLPSUHVL³QRQR"(VFRPRFXDQGRWXVVXHJURVWH
LQYLWDQSRUSULPHUDDYH]DVXFDVD8QDDXQTXH\DHVW©
P©WDOHPD±DPD±D±DFRQHOKLMRGHHVHVH±RU\HVDVH±RUD
TXH VH GLFHQ VXV SDGUHV WLHQH FXDQGR OD LQYLWDQ D
DOPRU]DURFRPHUSRUSULPHUDYH]TXHVHQWDUVHPX\GH
SLHUQDV MXQWDV OLPSLDUVH OD ERFD FRQ VHUYLOOHWD \ SRU
VXSXHVWR FXLGDUVH GH QR GHFLU OR TXH UHDOPHQWH XQD
SLHQVD-DP¡VSRUHMHPSORGHEHVGHFLUOHDOVXHJURTXH
HQ YH] GH SLFR GHEH WHQHU XQ SLQFHO SDUD KDFHU WDPD±D
REUD GH DUWH 1R (VR QR VH KDFH 0XFKR PHQRV SXHGHV
GHFLUOH D WX VXHJUD TXH MDP¡V OH ODYDU¡V D PDQR ODV
FDOFHWDV D VX KLMR TXH DXQTXH HVW¡ PX\ PDQRVHDEOH HO
FDEURHVPX\PDOFULDGR\WLHQHXQRORUDSDWDGHWHPHU
5HSLWR MDP¡V OD SULPHUD YH] 3HUR FXDQGR \D ORV
FRQRFHV SXHGHV WLUDUWH D OD SLVFLQD \ FRPHQ]DU D
ERPEDUGHDU<FRPRXVWHGHV\DPHFRQRFHQTXLHURTXH

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 3
VHSDQTXHHVWHOLEURHVXQSLTXHURFRQWRGRDODSLVFLQD
SHURDODSLVFLQDGHSLVFRODVRV­


(/$025(/$025(/
$025ߨ

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 4

(ODPRUHVHVTXLYR
(O YHUGDGHUR DPRU V­ H[LVWH OR
YHQGHQ HQ WRGRV ORV VXSHUPHUFDGRV
GHO SD­V \ FRQYLHQH FRPSUDUOR HQ
SURPR
7HJXVWDWHHQDPRUDVORGDU­DVWRGRLQFOXVRQHJRFLDU­DV
VL IDFLOLWDU R QR WX RULILFLR P¡V SUHFLDGR SRU XQD EXHQD
FDXVD3HUR©OQRWHSHVFDQLHQEDM¡QLWDPSRFRORKDU¡
KDJDVORTXHKDJDV
7H DPD WH GHVHD WH HPSDODJD D SXQWD GH SRHPLWDV
PHORVRVHVWRGRORTXHWºDOJXQDYH]TXLVLVWH7HPDQGD
PHQVDMHV GH EXHQDV QRFKHV GH EXHQRV G­DV GH EXHQDV
WDUGHVWHDEUHODSXHUWDGHODXWRWHYDDEXVFDU\DGHMDU
VL SDUHFLHUD TXH D UDWRV VH HQFDQGLOD FRQ WX EHOOH]Dߨ
SHUR Wº SRU DOJºQ H[WUD±R PRWLYR QR OR SHVFDV QL OR
KDU­DV
(O DPRU HV DV­ HO DPRU HV HVTXLYR 'LFKR GH RWUR
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
PRGRHVFRPSOLF¡ODZXHD­WD
&RQHODSDJ³QTX©FRVDVVXFHGHQTX©FRVDVVXFHGHQ
FRQHODSDJ³Q
(VDPD±DQDGHVSHUW©VXPDPHQWHFRQIXQGLGD/DQRFKH
DQWHULRUKDE­DHVWDGRP¡VORFDTXHOD$QJHOLQD-ROLHTXH
RV³ WHUPLQDU FRQ SDSDFLWR %UDG /DPHQWDEOHPHQWH ߚR
IDYRUDEOHPHQWH QR V©ߚ GHVSHUW© DFRPSD±DGD $O
SULQFLSLRSHQV©TXHVHWUDWDEDGHXQDDOPRKDGDSHUROD
DOPRKDGD WHQ­D SHOR \ PH WHQ­D DEUD]¡ FXFKDULWD
URP¡QWLFD (QWRQFHV HPSHF© FRQ PL W©FQLFD KDELWXDO
3ULPHURFRQPLSLHHPSHF©DWRFDUVXVSLHUQDVSDUDYHU
VLHUDP¡VDOWRRP¡VEDMRTXH\R(UDP¡VDOWR/XHJR
DSOLTX© PDQRV SDUD VDEHU VL HUD JXDWDFD R WHQ­D EXHQ
IRUUR(VWDEDELHQHUDIODFR*LU©PLFDUD
l6L OR KLFH FRQ HVWH PLQR VR\ XQD ZLQQHU GHQPH XQ
2VFDU SRU HO PHMRU PRQWDMH \ D ©O RWUR SRU HO PHMRU
GRFXPHQWDOODUJR{SHQV©(VWDEDULFR
/R PLU© ELHQ \ WHQ­D FRPR FDUD GH $OEHUWR 3HUR VL
DOJR UHFRUGDED GH OD QRFKH DQWHULRU HUD TXH VX QRPEUH
WHQ­DXQD0QRV©VLDOFRPLHQ]RHQWUHPHGLRRDOILQDO
SHUR WHQ­D XQD 0 $V­ TXH $OEHUWR QR HUD 0LU© PL
FHOXODU DEU­ OD DSOLFDFL³Q GHO PDSD \ FDFK© TXH HVWDED
FHUFD GH PL FDVD (QWRQFHV VLQ PD\RU SUH¡PEXOR PH
OHYDQW©PHYHVW­IXLDOED±RPHODY©ORVGLHQWHVFRQHO
5
GHGRFRQHOTXHKDFHVR\XGRQRV©F³PRVHOODPDQXQFD $EUHSDU©QWHVLVl(OSUREOHPDQRHUHVWºHOSUREOHPD
PH DSUHQG­ OD FDQFL³Q VROR V© TXH HO JRUGR VH WHUPLQD VR\\R{GHEHVHUODIRUPDP¡VDPDULFRQ¡GHWHUPLQDUFRQ
FRPLHQGR XQ KXHYR PH ODY© OD FDUD \ PH IXL VLQ
VLTXLHUD GHFLUOH FKD­WR PXFKDV JUDFLDV IXH UHDOPHQWH XQ
SODFHU
/RSULPHURTXHKLFHDOYROYHUDPLFDVDIXHGXFKDUPH
SDUDFRPHQ]DUHOULWXDOGHOLPSLH]D0LHQWUDVPHVDFDED
HOYHVWLGRVHFD\³XQSDSHOPDRPHQRDUUXJDRGHXQRGH
ORV EROVLOORV /R DEU­ \ DSDUHF­D HVFULWR XQ FRUUHR \VHJXLUHQODP­DVXPHUJLHQGRODVSHQDVHQHODOFRKRO
PDULREOHEOHEOH#EOHEOHEOHEOH 'HEH VHU GHO PLQR
SHQV©)LORQRPHGDU­DODSHUVRSDUDHVFULELUOHDV­TXH
ORGHM©DXQODGR\FRPHQF©HOULWXDO<DV­PLHQWUDVPH
MDERQDEDKDVWDVDFDUPHODSLHOSDUDOLPSLDUPLFXHUSLWR
IU¡JLO UHFRUG© HO PRPHQWR FXDQGR OR FRQRF­ IXH HQ HO
EDU
ߚ+ROD OLQGD QR WHQGU© HO DWUHYLPLHQWR GH SHGLU WX
WHO©IRQR SHUR VL WH DQLPDV PH SXHGHV HVFULELU ߚ< PH
SDV³VXHPDLO
<RTXH\DHVWDEDPXHUWDGHFXU¡QRDWLQ©DQDGDP¡V
TXH D JXDUGDU HO SDSHO \ D VHJXLU WRPDQGR (VWDED
FHOHEUDQGR PL QXHYD VROWHU­D (O G­D DQWHULRU PH KDE­DQ
SDWHDGRGHODIRUPDP¡VWULOODGDTXHH[LVWHFRQHOMDP¡V
ELHQFRPSUHQGLGRQLUHFHSFLRQDGRl(OSUREOHPDQRHUHV
WºHOSUREOHPDVR\\R{
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
DOJXLHQ (V FRPR VL WH FUH\HUDL OD FXHVWL³Q GH TXH OR
KDFHQ SRU WX ELHQ b(V GH FREDUGHV QR GDU OD EDWDOOD
'$1,(/ D YRߞ WH HVWR\ KDEODQGR V­ D YRߞ HO TXH VH
SXVR D OORUDU FXDQGR HFKDURQ D OD &RWH 4XLQWDQLOOD GH
5RMR)DPD&RQWUDIDPD&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
(QWRQFHVHVDQRFKHSUHIHU­RPLWLUFXDOTXLHUFRTXHWHR
< TX© SDV³ FRQ HO TXH PH HQWUHJ³ HO SDSHO" 1DGD
FXDQGR PH OR SDV³ \D HVWDED SXHVWD YH­D FRPR ODV
JXDJXDVFRQVXHUWHGLVWLQJX­DOXFHVGHVRPEUDVIRUPDV\
UHOLHYHVߨ
0LHQWUDV PH VHJX­D MDERQDQGR LQWHQWDQGR DFDEDU FRQ
FXDOTXLHU YHVWLJLR SHFDPLQRVR GH OD QRFKH DQWHULRU
VLJXLHURQ DSDUHFLHQGR RWURV YDJRV UHFXHUGRV VH±DO
LQHTX­YRFDGHOFRPLHQ]RGHXQDGHSUHVL³QSRVPDUDFD
ߚ/LQGD WH PROHVWD VL PH VLHQWR FRQWLJR GHEHU­DV
GHMDUGHFKXSDUWHWUDMHXQMXJRGHUHJDOR
0H KLUYL³ OD VDQJUH \ DQWHV GH TXH SXGLHUD
UHVSRQGHUOHXQlTX©WHSDVDDWLULG­FXORHVWºSLGRLGLRWD
HV PL YLGD D WL TXL©Q WH GLMR TXH HVWR\ FXU¡ ]XPED GH
DF¡PRQRY­UDWHVLQRTXHU­TXHWHUDMHHOSD±R{HOGM
SXVRPºVLFDNLWFK\DP­QRKD\QDGDTXHPHSRQJDP¡V
6
SLULQROL TXH OR FXUVL GH PDO JXVWR \ SDVDGR GH PRGD
(QWRQFHVDOVRQGHPHODWHPHODWHPHODWHHOFRUD]³Q
WHQJRWDTXLFDUGLDD\V­VH±RUKD\SXOVRKD\SXOVRRK
QRQRQRQRQRHPSUHQGLPRVUXPERDODSLVWDGHEDLOH
$SDJ³QGHWHOH
6DO­GHODGXFKDPHSXVHHOSLMDPDDJDUU©HOWHO©IRQR
\OODP©DOD0DU­D
ߚ0DU­D H[SO­FDPH SRU IDYRU SRU TX© QR PH
GHWXYLVWHPDOD
ߚ0DUWLQD WH DFXHUGDV GHO PLQR" (UD WRGR OR TXH
VLHPSUHTXLVLVWH\P¡VMDP¡VWHLEDDVDFDUGHDK­QRWH
DFXHUGDVGHTXHOHSHGLVWHPDWULPRQLR"
ߚ0DU­DF¡OODWH\DFKDRFKDRFKDRߨ
5HFRUG© HQWRQFHV P¡V \R SLQW¡QGROH XQ DQLOOR HQ HO
GHGRFRQPLO¡SL]GHRMRVGLFL©QGROHDOD0DU­DTXHQRV
FDVDUD OD 0DU­D FDV¡QGRQRV \R PLVPD RSRQL©QGRPH DO
PDWULPRQLR SRUTXH QR OR KDE­D YLVWR HQ SHORWD ©O
VXVXUU¡QGRPH DO R­GR TXH QRV IX©UDPRV SDߞ VX FDVD \R
HXI³ULFDJULWDQGRXQlWHUHFLERDWL0DULRFRPRHVSRVD
\PHHQWUHJRDWLHQFXHUSR\DOPD\SURPHWRVHUWHILHO
HQODSURVSHULGDG\HQODDGYHUVLGDGHQODVDOXG\HQOD
HQIHUPHGDG\DV­DPDUWH\UHVSHWDUWHWRGRVORVG­DVGH
$SDJ³Q
0DUWLQD SRU OD FKXFKD ߚSHQVDED SDUD PLV DGHQWURV
ߚFX¡QGRFUHVWDYDVDPDGXUDU"1RSXHGHVDQGDUSRU
ODYLGDDV­RIUHFL©QGROHVHORUR\HOPRURDORVKRPEUHV
WºWLHQHVTXHHVWDUVROD&5(&(:(21$&5(&(
6LHVWD 'HVSHUW© %DM³Q GH $QD 5RVD \ VX ROOD (O
UHIULJHUDGRU SHODR FRQ VXHUWH PHGLD OHFKXJD HVFDUROD
TXH GDWDED GH GLFLHPEUH GH  XQD QDUDQMD FRQ P¡V
SHOLWRV TXH MDE³Q GH SDVHR \ XQ SDW© GH WHUQHUD TXH
HVWDED WDQ YHQFLGR TXH GH YH] HQ FXDQGR OH SHJDED XQD
DVSLU¡ TXH PH GHMDED P¡V GXUD TXH V¡EDQD GH
TXLQFHD±HUR < HQ OD GHVSHQVD QR KDE­D QDGD P¡V SDUD
FRPHU TXH FDEHOOLWRV GH ¡QJHO VLQ VDOVD DSHQDV SDUD
FRPHUORVFRQVDO\DFHLWH3REUH]D
5HFRUG©P¡V
/D QRFKH DQWHULRU OOHJDPRV D VX FDVD \R FRQ P¡V
KDPEUH TXH 0DUFR HVSHUDQGR TXH VX PDP¡ OR OODPH D
DOPRU]DU‰OPHGLMRXQlWºWUDQTXLOD\RFRFLQR{$EUH
VX UHIULJHUDGRU \ HVW¡ OOHQR GH FRPLGD &RFLQD HQ WUHV
VHJXQGRVXQRVFDPDURQHVVDOWHDGRVFRQFXVFºVYHUGXUDV
\RWUDVlJRXUPHQHVHV{\RORGHYRURWRGR\FRPRJXDWLWD
OOHQDFRUD]³QFRQWHQWROHGR\ODSDV¡‰OVHVDFDODURSD
PL YLGD KDVWD TXH OD PXHUWH R HO FRPD HW­OLFR QRV VLQPLHGR\RPHVDFRODURSDPHGLRFRPSOLF¡/RPLUR
VHSDUH{ HQSHORWDV\ORSULPHURTXHSLHQVRHVXQFRQFKDVXPD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 7
UH YR\ D QHFHVLWDU XQD HVFDOHUD GH ERPEHURV SDߞ SRGHU
VXELUPH\EDMDUPHGHDK­‰OPHWLUDDOVLOO³QVHFKDQWD
HOSUHVHUYDWLYR\GHDK­SDߞGHODQWHDSDJ³Q
0H FRPLHQ]D D SHJDU FRQ IXHU]D OD GHSUHVL³Q
SRVPDUDFDHODUUHSHQWLPLHQWRODFXOSDGHOSRUTX©WRP©
WDQWRVH±RUP­RRK'LRVP­RSRUTX©QRPHPDQGDVWH
DO¡QJHOGHODJXDUGDGHGXOFHFRPSD±­DSRUTX©QRPH
FUH­VWH FXDQGR WH VXSOLTX© SRU PLVHULFRUGLD TXH QR PH
GHMDUDVFDHUHQODWHQWDFL³Q\PHOLEUDUDVGHOPDODP©Q
bSRUTX©"
(QWRQFHVYROY­DOODPDUDOD0DU­D
ߚ$O³0DU­Dߨ$ORRRRRRDORRRRRRRRߨ
ߚ4X©"1RPHKLFLVWHFDOODUKDFHXQUDWR"
ߚ<DSHUG³QQROHGHVWDQWRFRORU
ߚ4X©TXLHUHV"
ߚ3ULPHURVRUU\DPLJDVHJXQGRTXLHURTXHPHGLJDV
WRGRORTXHUHFXHUGDVGH0DULR
ߚ0DUWLQDEURPD"(VWXYLVWHVHQWDGDWUHVKRUDVFRQ©O
FRQYHUVDQGRGHODYLGD‰OVHUH­DFRQRMLWRVGHDPRU\Wº
WDPEL©Q'HVSX©VIXHURQDEDLODU\HOZH³QVHODVFDQW³
WRGDVFRQWLJRWRGDVHVDVZXHY¡VGHFDQFLRQHVTXHDWLWH
JXVWDQ GHVGH -XDQ $QWRQLR /DEUD D $PDQGD 0LJXHO
WRGDV 'HVSX©V VLJXLHURQ FRQYHUVDQGR \ VH RIUHFL³ SDUD
LU D GHMDUQRV &XDQGR WH VXELVWH DO DXWR WH DEUL³ OD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
SXHUWD /XHJR PH SDVDURQ D GHMDU D P­ \ PH GLMR TXH
HVWDEDV HQ ODV PHMRUHV PDQRV TXH PH IXHUD HQ SD] /H
FUH­WHQ­DXQURVDULRFROJDQGRGHOHVSHMRVHYH­DEXHQR
GH KHFKR HUD EXHQR HVH G­D KDE­D WHUPLQDGR GH KDFHU
WUDEDMRVFRPXQLWDULRVHQXQKRJDUGHDEXHODV‰OVHYH­D
HQDPRUDG­VLPRGHWLVLKDVWDWHWUDWDEDGHPLDPRU
ߚ&KDR0DU­DWHQJRXQDFRUD]RQDGD
3UHQGR HO FRPSXWDGRU OR EXVFR HQ )DFHERRN OR
SVLFRSDWHRKDVWDHOSULQFLSLRGHVXKLVWRULD/HDYHULJXR
KDVWD HO UXW SDUD UHYLVDU VL WLHQH DQWHFHGHQWHV \ QR QR
HQFXHQWUR QDGD 'HVSX©V VLJR FRQ VX ,QVWDJUDP 7ZLWWHU
/LQNHGLQ +DEER +RWHO )RWRORJ /DWLQFKDW 0\6SDFH
,5& ,&4 3LQWHUHVW \ QDGD HUD HO PLQR LGHDO \ SDUD
YDULDUHUD\RODTXHODHVWDEDFDJDQGR
3LHQVD 0DUWLQD SLHQVD <D V© PH GHYROYHU© D VX
GHSDUWDPHQWR \ OH GLU© TXH ROYLG© PL FHOXODU SRUTXH VL
VLJRSHQVDQGRHQ©OLQFOXVRQRHVWDQGRFDOLHQWH\VREULD
GHEHVHUDPRUUHDOV­bORDPR
0HYHVW­\YROY­DOOXJDUGHORVKHFKRV
ߚ+RODGRQFRQVHUMHYHQJRDXQGHSDUWDPHQWRTXHQR
UHFXHUGR HO QºPHUR SHUR HVWXYH DTX­ DQRFKH \ PH IXJX©
HQ OD PD±DQD (V HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH 0DULR EOHEOHEOH
9HQJRDUHFXSHUDUDODPRUGHPLYLGD
ߚ6­ GRQ 0DULR EOHEOHEOH XVWHG YLHQH DO  GH OD
8
WRUUH%
ߚ6­VXSRQJRߚUHVSRQG­
(O FRQVHUMH OR OODP³ ©O DFHSW³ TXH VXELHUD \ VXE­
WRTX©HOWLPEUHDEUL³XQDQL±DGHXQRVRQFHRGRFHD±RV
SUHJXQW© SRU HO 0DULR OD QL±D JULW³ l3DS¡DDDDD{ \ PH
OOHYRODVRUSUHVDQDPEHUXDQ(O0DULRVHDVRPDSRUHO
SDVLOORFRQXQDJXDJXDHQORVEUD]RV\UHVSRQGHXQl<D
YR\KLMD{0HOOHYRODVRUSUHVDQºPHUR'HOED±RVDOH
XQD JDOOD HVWXSHQGD PH PLUD GH SLHV D FDEH]D PLUD DO
0DULR \ SRU P¡V TXH WUDW© GH SDUDU OD SDUDE³OLFD OR
ºQLFR TXH DOFDQ]R D HVFXFKDU IXH DOJR FRPR lSDUD GH
WUDHU QL±LWDV QXHYDV WRGRV ORV ILQHV GH VHPDQD TX©
HMHPSOROHHVW¡VGDQGRDORVQL±RV{/DJDOODPHYXHOYH
DSHJDURWUDPLU¡\HQYR]DOWDJULWDXQlFKDRQL±RVKLMD
YHQJRSRUWLDODVQXHYHHQSXQWR{
/DJDOODVHYD0DULRPHSUHVHQWDDORVQL±RVPHSDVD
DODJXDJXDHQEUD]RVSUHQGHODWHOHSRQHDODFKDQFKD
3HSD \ PH SLGH TXH OH HQWUHWHQJD D ORV TXHUXELQHV
PLHQWUDV©OVHGXFKD$K­HVWDED\R(QGLH]PLQXWRVPH
KDE­DFRQYHUWLGRHQODPLQDGHWXUQRDGHP¡VGHSD\DVD
GXH±D GH FDVD EDE\VLWWHU \ FRPR VL IXHUD SRFR HQ
PDGUDVWUD ,QFOXVR SRU XQ PLQXWR PH VHQW­ PDP¡ KDVWD
FDORVWUR PH VDOL³ GH ODV SHFKXJDV \ XQ SDU GH HVWU­DV
DSDUHFLHURQDXWRP¡WLFDPHQWHHQPLJXDWD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
0DULRVDOL³GHOED±R\DQWHVGHSUHJXQWDUPHTX©KDF­D
\RDK­PHSLGL³TXHPXGDUDDOEHELWR0DWHRPHVHV
WHPSHUDPHQWRGLI­FLOJXDJXDRSRVLFLRQLVWDGHVDILDQWHGH
HVDVTXHPLHQWUDVHVW¡VPXGDQGR\DVHHVW¡QKDFLHQGRGH
QXHYR &DFKDQGR QDGD PH DQLP© D SHGLUOH
H[SOLFDFLRQHV
ߚ/R KDEODPRV D\HU WH PRVWU© KDVWD IRWRV GH ORV WUHV
QL±RV
ߚ3HUR \R DF¡ YHR GRV OD JXDJXD KXHYHD KDUWR SHUR
QRFXHQWDFRPRRWURQL±R
ߚ0DUWLQD DQRFKH KDVWD KDEODVWH SRU WHO©IRQR FRQ PL
KLMR PD\RU QR WH DFXHUGDV" &DVL OR FRQYHQFHV GH TXH
PHTXLWHODPHGLGDGHSURWHFFL³QTXHWLHQHHQPLFRQWUD
&RPR YLQR VH PH IXH WRGR HO DPRU 1R TXLVH VHJXLU
SUHJXQWDQGR \ FXDQGR \D LED D GHFLU HO FKD­WR 0DULR
IXH XQ JXVWR \ QL±RV TXH GHVFDQVHQ ELHQ SRUTXH
PD±DQDVHU¡RWURG­D\QRYROYHU¡QDYHUDHVWDW­DHO
0DULR PH SDV³ XQD PRFKLOD FRQ FDVFDEHOHV FROJDQGR \
QRV IXLPRV FXDO IDPLOLD IHOL] DO SDUTXH 'XUDQWH HO
FDPLQRODQL±DVHPHFROJ³DOFXHOOR\QRSDU³GHGHFLU
TXH PH HQFRQWUDED OLQGD TXH HUD P¡V VLPS¡WLFD TXH ODV
RWUDVDPLJDVGHOSDS¡TXHODºOWLPDW­DTXHORVDFRPSD±³
DOSDUTXHHUDSHV¡TXHODGHDQWHVGHODSHV¡HUDIHDTXH
ODGHDQWHVGHODIHDHUDPX\FDUL±RVDFRQHOSDS¡\HVRD
9
HOOD QR OH JXVWDED \ TXH DQWHV GH HVD KDE­D WHQLGR RWUD IUDXGXOHQWDVTXHPHSHUPLWHQOODPDUXQDYH]DODVHPDQD
DPLJDTXHHUDODPDP¡GHO0DWHR DOD0DU­DTXLHQVDJUDGDPHQWHPHKDFHXQUHVXPHQFRQ
&XDQGR FDFK© TXH HO 0DULR OHV SUHVHQWDED XQD W­D ORPHMRUGHPLTXHULGDMXH]D&DUPHQ*ORULD$UUR\R
GLVWLQWDDOPHVPHFRPSDGHF­GHHVRVQL±RV
6HU©ODPDGUDVWUDGHILQLWLYDߚSHQV©ߚ0HDFHUTX©DO
0DULR\GLMHODVVHLVSDODEUDVTXHWRGDVODVPXMHUHVGHO
XQLYHUVRWUDHPRVFRPR.DUPDl<R7H9R\$
+DFHU&DPELDU{\FRQWLQX©FRQDOJRDV­FRPRlSRU
ORVQL±RVSRUWLSRUP­\SRUQXHVWUDIDPLOLD{
0H PLU³ FRQ FDUHS¡QLFR QLYHO QR PH KD OOHJDGR OD
UHJODHQRFKRPHVHV\UHVSRQGL³
ߚ0DUWLQD PH JXVWDEDV FDOHWD WRGR OR TXH GLMH D\HU
HUDYHUGDGSHURHODPRUVHPHIXHGHXQVX¡FDWHFRQOR
TXH DFDEDV GH GHFLU \R QR TXLHUR FDPELDU 7H YR\ D
GHMDURWHYDVVROD"
(QPLPXQGRSDUDOHORWRP©DPLVGRVKLMRV\ORVFUL©
HQ HO VXEWHUU¡QHR GH PL FDVD 1XQFD YROYLHURQ D YHU OD
OX] GHO G­D KDVWD TXH GHVSX©V GH D±RV GH EºVTXHGD ORV
HQFRQWU³ OD 3', PH PHWLHURQ SUHVD SRU VHFXHVWUR \ OHV
HVFULERGHVGHDF¡GHVGHODF¡UFHOGHPXMHUHVSDEHOO³Q
QºPHUR  OLWHUD  /D YLGD HV FRPSOLFDGD DTX­ SHUR
WRGRHVP¡VI¡FLOJUDFLDVDODOH[PLlPDFKR{TXHPH
FXLGDFXDQGRKD\PRFKDVPHPDQWLHQHODVFHMDVGHOLQH¡V
PDUDFDGHSXHUWR\PHFDUJDHOFHOXODUKDFLHQGRHVWDIDV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 10

(ODPRUQRWLHQHHGDG
6HOHSDUDV­VHOHSDUDQR
VHOHSDUDHOFRUD]³QDOYLHMLWR
ߚ0DUWLQD EDVWD GH FRQRFHU KRPEUHV HQ EDUHV EDVWD
GH FRQRFHU KRPEUHV HQ OD PLFUR EDVWD GH FRQRFHU
KRPEUHV SRU 7LQGHU EDVWD GH UHFRJHU KRPEUHV GH OD
EDVXUDߨ 7H DUP© XQD FLWD D FLHJDV FRQ 5HQ© XQ
FRPSD±HURGHSHJDTXHHVW¡VROWHUR\HVWR\VHJXUDGHTXH
WHYDDD\XGDUDVHQWDUFDEH]DߚRUGHQ³OD0DU­D
ߚ4XLHURXQDIRWRWRGRHQWUDSULPHURSRUODYLVWD\VL
HQWUDSRUODYLVWDGHVSX©VSRGU¡HQWUDUSRURWUDVSDUWHV
ߚ2NDK­YD
ߚ0H JXVWD SHUR QR PH FRQYHQFH HQWUH ORV OHQWHV HO
JRUURGHODQD\ODEXIDQGDSRFRVHYH2WUDIRWR
ߚ(VODºQLFDTXHWHQJRSHURHVPLQR0DUWLQDWLHQH
DUUDVWUHDF¡HQODRILFLQD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
ߚ<DHVW¡ELHQGDOHPLQºPHUR
< OH GLR PL QºPHUR 1R SDVDURQ QL GRV PLQXWRV \ \D
PH KDE­D PDQGDGR XQD FDULWD IHOL] SRU :KDWV$SS
6LPS¡WLFR HO ZH³Q EXHQR SDOߞ HPRWLF³Q \ EXHQR SDOߞ
PHQVDMHGHYR]6XIRWRGH:KDWV$SSHUDODPLVPDTXH
PH PDQG³ OD 0DU­D /R EXVTX© HQ )DFHERRN \ OD ºQLFD
IRWR SºEOLFD HUD OD PLVPD GHO :KDWV$SS /D LQWULJD PH
PDW³\OHPDQG©ODVROLFLWXGGHDPLVWDG0HDFHSW³\GH
RWUDVIRWRVQDGD6HU¡SRߞODFLWDHVWDEDFRQFUHWDGD\QR
LED D WLUDU SDߞ DWU¡V QR GHVSX©V GH KDEHU LQYHUWLGR WUHV
KRUDVKDEODQGRFRQXQFRPSOHWRGHVFRQRFLGR
ߚ(QWRQFHVDIWHURIILFH"ߚSUHJXQW³
ߚ2NG³QGH"ߚUHVSRQG­
ߚ6LHPSUH TXLHUHV WHQHU HO FRQWURO VREUH WRGR"
'©MDWHVRUSUHQGHUMXQW©PRQRVDODVHQOD$ODPHGD
FRQ1XHYD<RUN
'­JDQPHXVWHGHVVLQRKD\FRVDP¡VULFDTXHHVFXFKDU
D XQ KRPEUH WRPDU OD LQLFLDWLYD 6LQ P¡V TXH SUHJXQWDU
DFHSW©
1RV HQFRQWUDPRV \ PL SULPHUD LPSUHVL³Q DO YHUOR
FUX]DUODFDOOHYLQLHQGRKDFLDP­IXHXQlSRUSLHGDGTXH
DOJXLHQD\XGHDHVHDEXHOLWRDFUX]DUODFDOOHG³QGHHVW¡
VXEDVW³QFDEDOOHURF³PRVXIDPLOLDORGHMDVDOLUVRORDO
FHQWUR{%HVRHQODPHMLOOD
11
 ߚ&³PRHVW¡GRQ5HQ©"ߚSUHJXQW©
ߚ&RQ JDQDV GH FKDQWDUPH XQD SLVFROD D OD YHQD ߚ
UHVSRQGL³
7DWH EDVW³ VROR XQD UHVSXHVWD SDUD TXH HO WDWD VH
TXLWDUD DO WRTXH TXLQFH D±RV GH HQFLPD /H RIUHF­ PL
DQWHEUD]R SDUD JXLDUOR \ TXH QR VH PH IXHVH D FDHU HO
FDEDOOHUR \ DYDQ]DPRV KDFLD OR TXH PH GHSDUDED HO
GHVWLQR 'HM© HQWRQFHV TXH OD DYHQWXUD FRQWLQXDUD \ PH
OOHYDURQ DO P­WLFR %DU /D 8QL³Q \ HQWUH FRQYHUVD \
FRQYHUVD \ SLVFROD \ SLVFROD \ QDYHJDGR \ QDYHJDGR \
ERUJR±D\ERUJR±DPHHPSHF©DHQDPRUDU3RUTXH5HQ©
DGHP¡V GH EXHQR SDߞ HPSLQDU HO FRGR FXDO YLHMR
RFWRJHQDULR PH PDQWXYR UHHQWUHWHQLGD FRQ VXV KLVWRULDV
TXHGDWDEDQGHODVFUX]DGDV\ODUHFRQTXLVWDHVSD±ROD(O
DPRUHVDV­HODPRUQRWLHQHHGDG
l0DU­DJUDFLDVSRUWRGRߚSHQVDEDXQD\RWUDYH]ߚ
JUDFLDV SRU SUHVHQWDUPH DO IXWXUR DEXHOR SHUG³Q SDGUH
GHPLVKLMRVJUDFLDVSRUTXHFRQ©OFRPHQ]DU©DHQVD\DU
F³PR FDPELDU SD±DOHV \ KDFHU FRPLGD SDUD VHUHV YLYRV
VLQGLHQWHVߨ'HWHQWH0DUWLQDߚVHJX­SHQVDQGRߚIDOWD
ODSUXHEDGHIXHJRWHQJRTXHVDEHUVLHVWHYLHMRPXHYHR
QRODVFD±XHODV{
ߚ<D5HQ©bHVWR\WHUULEOHPHQWHSUHQGLGD%DLO¡L"
ߚ4XH VL EDLOR" &XDQGR FKLFR PH GHF­DQ (GJDUGR
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
+DUWOH\bYDPRV
7HDPR0DU­DSRUODFUHVWDߚDJUDGHF­DOORUDQGRSRU
GHQWURߚFXDQGRWHQJDPRVXQDKLMDOHSRQGUHPRV0DU­D
LJXDOTXHWº\VHU¡VVXPDGULQD\PHQWRUDPHWDWXDU©WX
FDUD HQ PL HVSDOGD WH SDVDU© OD YLUXWLOOD HQ HO SLVR WH
OLPSLDU© HO PDUFR GH ODV YHQWDQDV \ KDVWD PH LQWR[LFDU©
HQ 'R±D &ORULQGD OLPSLDQGR WX KRUQR JUDVLHQWR SRU
GHQWUR
&XDQGR \D QR GDED P¡V GH DPRU \ GHVSX©V GH KDEHU
EDLODGR IXQN URFN SRS JXDUDFKD PLORQJD PºVLFD
WDR­VWD PºVLFD SRSXODU DIULFDQD PºVLFD FULVWLDQD QHZ
DJH UDJJDPXIILQ \ KDVWD KDEHUQRV SHJDGR XQ OHQWR HO
FXHUSRKL]RORVX\R\WXYHTXHLUDKDFHUGHOPLHQWUDV©O
VHTXHG³EDLODQGRFRQXQJUXSRGHFDEULWDV
3DߞYDULDUHOED±RHVWDEDOOHQR\PLHQWUDVODPLW¡GHOD
PXFKHGXPEUH VH PDTXLOODED OD RWUD PLW¡ VH TXHMDED
SRUTXH KDE­D HQWUDGR XQ SHQGHMR DO ED±R \ HVWDED
HQFHUUDGR XVDQGR XQR GH QXHVWURV :& PH H[DVSHU© DO
YHU TXH VROR HUDQ TXHMDV \ QDGD GH DFFL³Q 3HUPLVR
SHUPLVRSHUPLVRWRFWRFWRFWHSRG­DSXUDU"WRFWRF
WRF P¡V IXHUWH WH SRG­ DSXUDU VDFRZHD" WRFWRFWRF
E©OLFR bR DEUHV R YR\ D PRWLYDU D XQ JUXSR GH PXMHUHV
GHVHVSHUDGDV SRU KDFHU SLS­ SDUD TXH WH WLUHQ DJXD \ WH
HVFXSDQFXDQGRVDOJDV7LHQHVKDVWDWUHVߨ8QRߨGRVߨ
12
 ߚb<D b6DOJR VH±RUD ߚVH HVFXFK³ OD YR] GHO
SHQGHMR TXH FRQ VXHUWH GHE­D WHQHU OD PD\RU­D GH HGDG
UHFL©Q FXPSOLGD 'LFKR \ KHFKR VDOL³ XQ QL±LWR XQ
SHQGHMR HQWHUR ULFR XQ SHQGHMR $XJXVWR 6FKXVWHU GH
HVRV SHQGHMRV TXH WH KDFHQ VHQWLU SHFDGRUD SRUTXH OR
SULPHURTXHKDFHVDOYHUORVHVHPSHORWDUORVFRQODPLU¡
(UD GH HVRV TXH WH GHVWHPSODQ ODV PXHODV GH HVRV TXH
KDFHQTXHVHWHSDUWDQORVODELRV
ߚ7DQERQLWD\WDQDPDUJ¡W³PHVHXQDUPRQLOVH±RUD
F³PR TXLVLHUD TXLWDUOH HVD DPDUJXUD D FDFKDV ߚGLMR
PLU¡QGRPHDORVRMRVFRQXQDFDUHWHUQXUDTXHHVWDEDSDߞ
FRP©UVHODDSDWRVFRQOHQJXD
7DWH EDVW³ VROR XQD UHVSXHVWD SDUD TXH HO SHQGHMR
SUHSºEHU VH VXPDUD TXLQFH D±RV P¡V 'HM© TXH OD
DYHQWXUD FRQWLQXDUD \ QRV DJDUUDPRV D SDWRV FRQ OHQJXD
DK­ PLVPR 0H KDE­D HQDPRUDGR SRU VHJXQGD YH] XQ
PLVPRG­DHUDHODPRUGHPLYLGD
l0DU­D\DQRWHQGU©TXHKDFHUWHHODVHRQLWDWXDUPHWX
FDUD ߚSHQVDEDߚ \D QR WHQGU© TXH PXGDU DO WDWD (O
DPRU HV DV­ HO DPRU QR WLHQH HGDG QL HQWLHQGH GH
UD]RQHV{
<FRPRHODPRUWDPEL©QHVKRQHVWRWRP©GHODPDQRD
PL $XJXVWLWR 6 \ IXL D WUDQVSDUHQWDU PL QXHYD VLWXDFL³Q
DPRURVDFRQ5HQ©
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
ߚ5HQ© SHUGRQD VL WH KDJR OORUDU SHUGRQD VL WH KDJR
VXIULUSHURHVTXHQRHVW¡HQPLVPDQRVSHURHVTXHQR
HVW¡HQPLVPDQRVPHKHHQDPRUDGRPHHQDPRU©GHMD
GH OORUDU SRU P­ VL QR PH OR PHUH]FR G©MDPH VHFDU WXV
ODJULPDVFRQPLSD±XHOR
ߚ0DUWLQDQRKD\GUDPDOD0DU­DPHGLMRTXHHUDVXQ
SRFREXHQDSDOߞZXHYHR\VXHOWDGHFDVFRQRSHQV©TXH
WDQWRSHURPHFD­VWHODUDMDbSRGHPRVVHUDPLJRV
ߚ$FHSWR 5HQ© RMDO¡ WHQJDV OD PLVPD VXHUWH TXH \R
DOJºQG­D\SXHGDVFRQRFHUDODPRUGHWXYLGD
< DV­ FRUD]³Q HQ SD] FRUD]³Q HQDPRUDGR PLU© D PL
$XJXVWLWR 6 \ FRPSUHQG­ TXH KDE­D HQFRQWUDGR OR TXH
WDQWRDQGXYHEXVFDQGR%HVRVMXYHQLOHVFRUU­DVGHPDQR
VHQWLUTXHHUHVODTXHWLHQHHOFRQWURO7XYHHOFRQWUROSRU
TXLQFH PLQXWRV \ PH YL HQ OD REOLJDFL³Q GH IUHQDU VX
YLWDOLGDG WHDP PHNDQRWUHPHQGR FKRTXHFDOOHH[WUD
M³YHQHVJHQHUDFL³Q  FXDQGR VHQW­ TXH VX FHOXODU QR
SDUDEDGHYLEUDUHQHOEROVLOOR
ߚb&RQWHVWH PLMLWR GHEH VHU LPSRUWDQWH VL OR OODPDQ
WDQWRߚJULW©
ߚ(V PL PDP¡ TXH HVW¡ DIXHUD HVSHU¡QGRPH ߚ
UHVSRQGL³
ߚ%URPD"ߚSUHJXQW©
ߚb1RGHKHFKRPHWHQJRTXHLU/DSU³[LPDVHPDQD
13
QR WHQJR SHUPLVR SDUD VDOLU SHUR OD VXEVLJXLHQWH PH
SRGU­DV DFRPSD±DU DO FXPSOHD±RV GH XQ DPLJR HQ OD
5RFNROD FRQI­UPDPH SDUD SRQHU WX QRPEUH HQ OLVWD \ $PRUURP¡QWLFRIºFKLODIºFKLOD
SRGDPRVHQWUDUJUDWLVDQWHVGHODV
ߚ0HHVW¡VZXHYLDQGR"b1RJUDFLDV1LLPDJLQDFL³Q
FDFDFDFD
PHTXHGDSDߞPXGDUDXQVHUYLYRSRUVHJXQGDYH]HQHO
G­D
(VWHFDS­WXORVHU¡SURIXQGDPHQWHGHVHVSHUDQ]DGRUWULVWH
1RVGHVSHGLPRV\DQWHVGHSRGHUHQWUDUHQGHSUHVL³Q
VRPEU­R \ OºJXEUH 7H DGYLHUWR VL VXIUHV GH LGHDFL³Q
UHFRUG©TXHVHVXSRQHTXHODWHUFHUDHVODYHQFLGDPLU©
VXLFLGD SDUD GH OHHU bGHWHQWH D FRQWLQXDFL³Q JUDQGHV
SDߞ OD MXQJOD GH KRPEUHV TXH PRY­D HO HVTXHOHWR HQ OD
YHUGDGHVVHU¡QUHYHODGDV
SLVWD GH EDLOH \ FXDO -DQH VHJX­ HQ OD EºVTXHGD GH PL
$KRUD VL TXLHUHV VHJXLU HQJD±DGD VL©QWDWH IUHQWH DO
7DU]¡Q
FRPSXWDGRU \ EXVFD /D 6LUHQLWD OD %ODQFD 1LHYHV R
4XHVLORHQFRQWU©"1RPHSLGDQWDQWRQRV©QRPH
DQGD DO %ORFNEXVWHU H[LVWH" \ DUULHQGD OD VDJD
DFXHUGR\VLQRPHDFXHUGRTXL]¡SDV³VHSD0R\D
FRPSOHWDGH%HWW\OD)HDRFXDOTXLHUSHO­FXODTXHHVW©HQ
HO SDVLOOR GH DPRU URP¡QWLFR F³PSUDWH XQ SDTXHWH GH
FDEULWDV\GHMDTXHGXUDQWHORTXHGXUDODIXQFL³QWHODYHQ
HO FHUHEUR FRQ HVD IUDVH LQVLJQH TXH WRGDV KHPRV
HVFXFKDGRDOJXQDYH]<YLYLHURQIHOLFHVSDUDVLHPSUH
1RSRߞQRYLYLU¡VIHOL]SDUDVLHPSUH&³PRYDPRVD
YLYLUIHOLFHVSDUDVLHPSUHVLPHQVWUXDPRVSRUODFKXFKD"
&³PRYDPRVDVHUIHOLFHVSDUDVLHPSUHVLSDUDFRPSUDU
FRSHWH\FRPLGDV­HQHVHRUGHQKD\TXHWHQHUSODWD\
SDUDWHQHUSODWDWHWLHQHVTXHOHYDQWDUWRGRVORVG­DVDQWHV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 14
GHODVQXHYHGHODPDGUXJDGDGHVGLEXMDUWHODDOPRKDGD
GH OD FDUD GXFKDUWH GHSLODUWH HOHJLU TX© WH SRQGU¡V
VDOLU WRPDU XQD PLFUR OOHQD EDMDUWH GH HVD PLFUR OOHQD
WRPDU XQ PHWUR P¡V OOHQR EDMDUWH GHO PHWUR OOHJDU D WX
OXJDU GH WUDEDMR \ UHFL©Q HPSH]DU D WUDEDMDU SRU OD
FKXFKD" &³PR YDPRV D VHU IHOLFHV SDUD VLHPSUH VL
HQFLPD WLHQHV TXH SDJDUOR WRGR HQWUH VDOXG \ $)3 \
GHVSX©VYROYHUDHPSH]DUHOPHVSRUODFKXFKD"
0HH[DVSHU©
(VSHUR VRQDU FRQYLQFHQWH SRUTXH DV­ SDUWLU¡ PL
GLVFXUVR FXDQGR DOJºQ G­D PH FDQGLGDWH© SDUD VHU
SUHVLGHQWDGHODMXQWDGHYHFLQRV
1RSRߞQRVHUHPRVIHOLFHVSDUDVLHPSUH2VHD IRWRVQXHVWUDV\DOJXQRVH[WUDFWRVGHOSRHPDGHOFXPSOH
OD 6LUHQLWD QR WHQ­D QDGD GHO RPEOLJR SDߞ DEDMR QR
QHFHVLWDED GHSLODUVH QL OLGLDU FRQ VL WHQHU TXH DEULU ODV
SDWDV R QR OD %ODQFD 1LHYHV SRU RWUR ODGR WHQ­D VLHWH
HVFODYRVTXHVLVHOOHJDEDQDUHYHODUORVDJDUUDEDGHODV
SDWLOODV\ORVPHW­DHQXQDFDMDGH]DSDWRV\GHOD%HOOD
'XUPLHQWHQLKDEODUHVDRWUDIORMDQRWHQ­DQLTXHSHQVDU
QLXQEULOORDV­TXL©QQRYDDVHUIHOL]SDUDVLHPSUH"
(QILQߨ(ODPRUURP¡QWLFRQRH[LVWHRTXL]¡V­SHUR
GXUD XQ WLHPSR GHWHUPLQDGR TXH GHSHQGHU¡ GH OD
&XPSOHPHVQºPHURXQR
/OHJ³ FRQ XQD FDUWD WLSR SHUJDPLQR ERUGHV TXHPDGRV
HQUROODGD HQYXHOWD HQ XQD FLQWD FRQFKHYLQR 'HQWUR XQ
SRHPDWLWXODGRl0DUWLQDPLEHOOD'XOFLQHD{HVFULWRGH
VX SX±R \ OHWUD PDQXVFULWD PDQR DO]DGD FRQ DOJXQDV
PDQFKDVTXHSDUHF­DQVHUO¡JULPDV7DQWDFXUVLOHU­DMXQWD
KL]R TXH PLHQWUDV OH­D VH PH SDUDUDQ ORV SHORV GH ORV
EUD]RV
&XPSOHPHVQºPHURGRV
3­FQLFDODWDUGHFHUHQHOFHUUR6DFDGHVXPRFKLODXQD
FDMD\GHHVWDGRVWD]RQHVFRQQXHVWUDVFDUDVGHQWURGH
XQ FRUD]³Q \ XQ FROODJH  [  FRQ XQ FRPSLODGR GH
PHVQºPHURXQR$QWHVGHLUQRVPHDEUD]DPHGLFHTXH
PH DPD TXH JLUH PL FDEH]D KDFLD HO VXUߨ 6RUSUHVD
7DOO³ HQ XQ ¡UERO XQ FRUD]³Q FRQ XQD IOHFKD DWUDYHV¡ \
GHQWURQXHVWUDVLQLFLDOHV
&21&+$780$5( 6H PH SDUDURQ ORV FD±RQHV
LQFUXVWDGRV\HVRVV­TXHQRVHSDUDQFRQQDGD
&XPSOHPHVQºPHURWUHV
/OHJDDYHUPHFRQXQSDUGHFGFRQSHO­FXODVSLUDWDV
GHDPRU(UDHOFRPSHQGLRVR±DGRGH/DXUD4XL±RQHVOD
SDFLHQFLD\SDVL³QGHORVLQYROXFUDGRV JRUGLWD HQDPRUDGL]D GH &DUUXVHO GH QL±RV $QWHV GH
&³PR QR UHFRUGDU D 1LFRO¡V R\H HO ZH³Q PHORVLWR HPSH]DU VH HQFHUU³ HQ OD FRFLQD \ VDOL³ FRQ IUXWLOODV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 15
SDORPLWDVGHPD­]\81$&$6&$'$'(&+2&2/$7( GH OOHYDU XQD UHODFL³Q FRQ XQ WLSR URPDQWLF³Q  PL
&21&+(780$5(/2&2 (VR QR IXH WRGR OD PDP¡PHTXLHUHWRGRHVWRPLPDP¡PHTXLHUHWRGRHVWR
VRUSUHVD UHDO YLQR FXDQGR OH SXVR SOD\ D OD SULPHUD \ODOXQDPLPDP¡PHTXLHUHWRGRHVWR\ODOXQD\HOVRO
SHO­FXOD\UHSHQWLQDPHQWHFRPHQ]³DVRQDUPHJXVWDQWXV PLPDP¡PHGDPDQMDU&ROºQ
RMRVPHJXVWDWXERFDPHDORFDPHDORFDHOURFHGHWX
SLHOWXSUHVHQWHWXD\HUPHJXVWDPHJXVWDWRGRWRGR
PH JXVWD GH WL &21&+(780$5(/2&2 < QR
EDVW³FRQHVFXFKDUD0DULWR*XHUUHURORSHRUIXHYHUD
1LFRO¡VKDFLHQGRSOD\EDFNVHQWDGRHQXQDSOD]DWRPDQGR
ODV KRMDV VHFDV HQ RWR±R \ PLUDQGR DO KRUL]RQWH FXDO
YLGH­WR FOLS GH 3DVLRQHV (VWD YH] VX GHPRVWUDFL³Q GH
DPRU IXH WDQ HVFDORIULDQWH TXH KDVWD VH PH OOHJDURQ D
SDUDUORVSHORVGHOFKRUR
(VW¡ ELHQ OD FXUVLOHU­D GHO lFRUWD Wº QR FRUWD Wº QR
FRUWDWºSULPHUR\DFRUWHPRVORVGRVDOPLVPRWLHPSR{
HVXQDFWRGHWHUQXUDKHUPRVRSUHFLRVRSHURHQVHULRHV
QHFHVDULRKDFHUORFXDQGR\DYDVSDUDORVFXDWURPHVHVGH
UHODFL³Q"
ߚ1LFRO¡VVLYXHOYHVDHPSH]DUFRQHOlFRUWDWºQR
FRUWDWºSULPHUR{WHYR\DFRUWDUHOWHO©IRQR\QRWHYR\D
FRQWHVWDUQXQFDP¡V
ߚ$\0DUWLQDTX©SRFRFDUL±RVDDYHUߨFRUWDWº
$V­ IXH FRUW© QR OH FRQWHVW© P¡V \ D SHVDU GH TXH
VLJXL³ OODPDQGR PH SURGXF­D XUWLFDULD HO VLPSOH KHFKR

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 16

(ODPRUHVFLHJR
(O DPRU HV FLHJR \ OR HV E¡VLFDPHQWH SRUTXH HO
FKRULFXDFR QR WLHQH RMRV \ HQ WLHPSRV GH JXHUUD \
KDPEUXQDFXDOTXLHUVROGDGRDOLPHQWD
3RU HVH LQYLHUQR KDE­D VHTX­D DEVROXWD GH KRPEUHV
WRGRV SROROHDQGR WRGRV FRPSOLFDGRV WRGRV FKDUFKHWDV
WRGRV MXOHURV HUD HVH PLQXWR GH WX YLGD HQ TXH VROR WH
OODPD DOJXQD HPSUHVD GH WHOHIRQ­D SDߞ RIUHFHUWH VXV
SODQHV 3HUR FRPR WRGR EXHQ YLHUQHV OD HVSHUDQ]D HV OR
ºOWLPR TXH VH SLHUGH \ HQ 7LQGHU VLHPSUH KDEU¡ DOJXLHQ
GLVSXHVWRDYROYHUDKDFHUWHFUHHUHQHODPRU\HQWUHOLNH
GLVOLNH OLNH RWUD YH] VXSHUOLNH WHUULEOH GLVOLNH SRU
QLQJºQ PRWLYR OLNH FRQ FDPEXFKR HQ OD FDUD GLVOLNH
QLFDJDQGRQLHQYRO¡GHWROXHQROLNHGDPHXQKLMRDOG­D
\H[WUDOLNHPHHQWUHJRHQFXHUSRPHQWHDOPD\HVS­ULWX
KLFHHOPDWFKFRQHORMDO¡LQGLFDGR
([LVWHQ HUURUHV JDUUDIDOHV HQ HO PXQGR GH ODV
WHFQRORJ­DV FRPR FRQIXQGLUWH GH JUXSR HQ :KDWV$SS \
SXWLDUDWXMHID\VXVGHFLVLRQHVHQXQJUXSRHQHOTXHHOOD
HVW¡ R GHMDU WX FHOXODU VLQ FODYH HQ ODV PDQRV GH HVH
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
SRORORSVLFRNLOOHUTXHWHYDDUHYLVDU\FXHVWLRQDUKDVWD
ODV EºVTXHGDV GH VSRWLI\ SHUR PXFKR SHRU DºQ HV
FRQILDUWHGHODVIRWRV7LQGHUVLQPLUDUODVIHFKDVHQTXH
IXHURQVXELGDV
(O PDWFK GHO G­D IXH FRQ )HUQDQGR \ PL HUURU IXH QR
FDFKDU TXH VXV IRWRV GDWDEDQ GHO  FXDQGR ©O WHQ­D
 D±RV FXDQGR OD GLJHVWL³Q HV P¡V U¡SLGD \ FXHVWD
PXFKR PHQRV TXHPDU FDORU­DV $KRUD D VXV  D±RV VX
VLVWHPD GLJHVWLYR FRPSOHWR HVWDED SDߞ OD FRUQHWD
FODUDPHQWH IXQFLRQDED DO WUHV \ DO FXDWUR \ D VX FXHUSR
TXH DSDUHF­D HQ ODV IRWRV KDE­D TXH VXPDU WUHPHQGD
SDSDGD\XQSDUGHYDULRVNLORVߨ
(O HUURU IXH P­R ߚSHQV© DQWHV GH WLUDU OD HVSRQMDߚ
VHYHWLHUQLWRVLPSDWLF³QDSHVDUGHWHQHUP¡VUROORVTXH
SLVWRODGHPDUFLDQRߚ\VHJX­DHQPLFDEH]DWUDWDQGRGH
FRQYHQFHUPH
2\HHHHHHHHHHHHHOJXDW³QFKLVWRRRRRRVRRRRߨ+DE­D
SDVDGR PHGLD KRUD GHVGH TXH QRV VHQWDPRV HQ HO EDU \
PH WHQ­D WDQ FDJ¡ GH OD ULVD TXH KDVWD VL[ SDFN GH
DEGRPLQDOHVPHVDOL³(UDXQDPH]FODGH'LQR*RUGLOOR
$OYDULWR 6DODV \ HO &KLQR 1DYDUUHWH PH]FOD SHUIHFWD
SDUDXQFLWDTXHQRLEDSDߞQLXQODGR(OZH³QDSHVDU
GH VHU JXDWDFD VH UH­D GH ORV JXDWDFDV \ QR KD\ QDGD
PHMRUTXHUH­UVHGHXQRPLVPR
17
 (QPHGLRGHODFLWDOODP³DODJDU]RQD\SUHJXQW³SRU
ODFDUWDGHFRPLGDV*UDWDIXHPLVRUSUHVDFXDQGRSLGL³
XQDWDEODSDUDFRPSDUWLU\VLQURGHRVPHGLMRTXHVHOD
LEDDFRPHUHQWHUDTXHSLGLHUDRWUDFRVDSDUDP­RVHD
TXH DGHP¡V GH VLPS¡WLFR HUD KRQHVWR HO JXDW³Q LGHDO
SDUD SDVDU HO IU­R HQ LQYLHUQR FRPLHQGR VDOFKLSDSDV
UHJDORQHDQGR ORV ILQHV GH VHPDQD HQWHURV GH OOXYLDV \
UHO¡PSDJRV YLHQGR XQD WUDV RWUD YH] WRGDV ODV
WHPSRUDGDVGH0DQYV)RRG0HKDE­DHQDPRUDGR
$OFDERGHGRVKRUDVPHWHQ­DOLVWDSDߞODROODHVWDED
FDOHQWLWRPLVDUW©Q
ߚ<VLSDVDPRVDOSRVWUH"ߚSUHJXQW³'RQ:DOR
ߚ<D SRߞ \R V© XQ OXJDU TXH HVW¡ EDUDWLWR VLHWH
OXTXLWDVODVWUHVKRUDVߚUHVSRQG­GLVSXHVWDDSDJDUFRQ
PLFUHGLWFDUGWUHVFXRWDVSUHFLRFRQWDGR
ߚ1RSRߞQRHVHSRVWUHYDPRVDO.HQWXFN\\GHVSX©V
JXDWLWDOOHQDQRVYDPRVSDOߞWHUFHUWLHPSR
<DV­IXHXQFRPERSDߞFDGDXQRORVGRVDJUDQGDGRV
\ H[WUD PD\RQHVDPRVWD]DN©WFKXS SDUD DPERV &LWD
OLWHUDOPHQWHUHGRQGLWD
3DUWLPRV DO PRWHO \ DSHQDV HQWUDPRV D OD SLH]D
KDELWDFL³Q ED±R SULYDGR WLSR 6WUHHWK )LJKWHU FXDO
=DQJLHI PH DJDUU³ \ FXDQGR PH WUDW³ GH KDFHU XQ
FKXSDSRWR FDFK© TXH HO ZH³Q DGHP¡V GH VLPS¡WLFR
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
KRQHVWR \ UHJDO³Q GH OD ROOD HUD FUHDWLYR HQ HO ULQJ GH
FXDUWR SHUULOODV 1R GL P¡V GH DPRU \ OH KLFH XQ
]RUULXXXXTXHQTXHORGHM³.2SDMDULWRVDPDULOORVHQOD
FDEH]D*DPH2YHU
$V­ HVWXYLPRV WRGR MXQLR MXOLR \ DJRVWR LQYLHUQR
SHUIHFWR SDUD ORV IU­RV GDGRV SRU HO IHQ³PHQR GHO QL±R
TXHWHQ­DODSXUDFDJ¡HQLQXQGDFLRQHV3HURFODUROOHJ³
VHSWLHPEUH\ODKHUPRVDSULPDYHUDFDORUHVJRWDJRUGD\
PLQLIDOGD 3UREDEOHPHQWH IXHURQ ORV WUHV PHVHV P¡V
UHJDORQHVGHPLYLGDSHURQRVRORGHUHJDORQHRVVHYLYH
\ FRPR OOHJ³ HO VRO FDORU VXGRU \ ODV JDQDV GH EDLODU
UHJJDHW³Q \ PL JRUGLWR EHOOR QR DSD±DED PXFKR D OD
ILHVWD QRFWXUQD VH WHUPLQ³ ©O DEXUULHQGR GH P­ \ GH PL
HQHUJ­DSULPDYHUDO0HSDWL³
&XDQGRPHGHMDVWHHQXQDFWRGHDEVROXWDGRORUERUU©
WRGDVQXHVWUDVIRWRV\GHPLVFRQWDFWRVWRGRVORVGHOLYHU\
GHSDSDVIULWDVFRQSROORDVDGRTXHWDQWRJXVWDEDVSHUR
TXLHUR TXH VHSDV TXH WH UHFXHUGR WRGR HO WLHPSR FDGD
YH] TXH HO ‘R±R FRPLHQ]D FRQ VX lP­UHOR HK P­UHOR
HK{ FDGD YH] TXH SDVR SRU IXHUD GH HVDV WLHQGDV TXH
YHQGHQ JORERV GH KHOLR H LPDJLQR DO JRUGLWR GH 8S
OODPDQGR DO FXHUYLWR FXHUYLWR FXHUYLWR \ FDGD YH] TXH
PLURDOFLHOR\HQDOJºQOXJDUGH6DQWLDJREULOODUDGLDQWH
XQD0DPDULOODߨ
18
 0H HQVH±DVWH TXH HO DPRU HV FLHJR 'HVGH TXH PH
GHMDVWHODYHQWDQLWDGHODPRUVHPHFHUU³PHURPSLVWHHO
FRUD]³QWHORFRPLVWHJXDW³QPDP³Q (ODPRUHVFUXHO

1L8QD0HQRV
1L8QD3LVFROD0HQRV7DPSRFR

8QDTXHHVGHM¡DOFRSHWH\TXHWLHQHHOPHWDEROLVPRGHO
GHODVPXMHUHVFKLOHQDVSRUP¡VTXHORLQWHQWHSRU
P¡VTXHWRPHFXDQWDSDVWLOODDGHOJD]DQWHTXHYHQGDQHQ
OD IDUPDFLD \ VH FRPSUH HO FLQWXU³Q LQWHOLJHQWH ODV
UHGXIDVWEHOW  OD IDMD TXH WH KDFH VXGDU KDVWD ODV
O¡JULPDV XQ FRQWHLQHU GH VHPLOODV GH OD ,QGLD R LQFOXVR
SDVDQGR KRUDV G­DV R OD PLVPD HWHUQLGDG SDU¡ HQ OD
SODWDIRUPDYLEUDWRULDVLHPSUHWHQGU¡HOUROOLWRDPLJR<
HVTXHHVHOFRVWRTXHULGRVOHFWRUHVTXHKD\TXHSDJDU
SRUTXHXQDYLGDVLQSLVFRODQRHVYLGD
(O VHFUHWR SDUD WHQHU VROR D UROOLWR DPLJR \ QR D
UROOLWRDPLJR\VXSDQGLOODGHUROOLWRV"
&RPHU SRFR SRߞ R PHMRU GLFKR FRPHU OR MXVWR \

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 19
QHFHVDULR
$KRUDELHQGLI­FLOHVFRPHUVRORORMXVWR\QHFHVDULR
FXDQGR VH HVW¡ DQVLRVD SRUTXH XQD VLHPSUH SDUWH
FRPL©QGRVH ORV FXHULWRV GH ODV X±DV GHVSX©V ODV X±DV
ODV PDQRV ORV EUD]RV HO UHIUL \ OD FRFLQD HQWHUD \
WHUPLQD DFHSWDQGR VROR SDQRUDPDV TXH LQYROXFUHQ
FRPLGD LGHDOPHQWH FRPLGD FKDWDUUD ELHQ FKDWDUUD (VR
FRPRSDUHFH'LPHF³PRYDPRVDGHMDUTXHERWHQWRGD
HVWD FRPLGD" WHQHPRV TXH KDFHU DOJR ߚUHVSRQG­
GHVHVSHUDGDSDU¡QGRPHDEXVFDUPLSODWRQºPHURFLHQ
$EUH SDU©QWHVLV +ROD VR\ \R OD 0DU­D (VWD ZHRQD
KDUWR EXOOLQJ TXH PH KL]R HQ VX SULPHU OLEUR DKRUD PH
WRFD D P­ 0H WUDW³ GH SDYD GH KDEHU VLGR XQD QL±D
KRUULSLODQWHVLWXDFL³QFLHUWDSHURHUDODQL±DP¡VOLQGD
PHSDV³HQSHULRGRGHH[¡PHQHVGHXQILQGHVHPHVWUH\
QRPHGLFXHQWDKDVWDTXHPHYLVHQWDGDHQHOEXIIHWGHXQ
UHVWDXUDQWH P©WDOH SDSDV IULWDV FRQ PD\RQHVD SDSDV
PD\R SDSDV FRF­DV FRQ PD\RQHVD SDSDV UHOOHQDV FRQ
PD\RQHVD \ SXU© GH PD\RQHVD $O RWUR H[WUHPR GH OD
PHVD OD 0DU­D PH PLUDED H[WUD±DGD GH F³PR 0DUWLQD
3DF0DQQRSDUDEDHOJXDFDJXDFDJXDFDJXDFDJXDFD
JXDFD0DUWLQD3DF0DFFRQVXUROOLWRDPLJRODSDQGLOOD
GHUROOLWRV\XQQXHYRWLSRGHUROORQXQFDDQWHVYLVWRTXH
VHDORMDHQORVS¡USDGRV
ߚ0DUWLQDWºVDEHVTXHODVDPLJDVVLHPSUHVHGLFHQOD
YHUGDG SHUR \D HV XQ PHQVDMH TXH WH KH HQWUHJDGR GH
WRGDVODVIRUPDVSRVLEOHV\QRHQWLHQGHVDV­TXHSHUG³Q
VL KLHUR WXV VHQWLPLHQWRV SHUR GHEHU­DV FRUFKHWHDUWH HO
KRFLFR H LQVFULELUWH HQ 4XLHUR XQ &DPELR ߚGLMR OD
GHVXELF¡SHURVLHPSUHKRQHVWD0DU­D
ߚ0DU­D WUDWR WH MXUR TXH WUDWR SHUR QR HV WDQ I¡FLO
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
GHO PXQGR DQWH ORV RMRV GH PL PDGUH \ HQWUH RWUDV
FRVDVVHHQFDUJ³GHTXHWRGRVXVWHGHVVXSLHUDQTXHPH
FRP­D<RGDFRQYHQFLGDGHTXHHUD$QDNLQ6N\ZDONHU
0DUWLQD \R HUD IHD V­ SHUR QR ROYLGHPRV TXH Wº DQWHV
GHO WUDWDPLHQWR GH RUWRGRQFLD WHQ­DV ORV GLHQWHV P¡V
GHVRUGHQDGRVTXHYRߞPLVPD<RHUDSDYDV­SHURSDV©
WRGRV PLV D±RV GH HVWXGLRV HQ HO FXDGUR GH KRQRU SRU
P©ULWRSURSLRVHWHROYLGDORTXHWXYLVWHTXHKDFHUFRQ
HVH SURIHVRU QR PX\ DJUDFLDGR SDUD DSUREDU HVH UDPR
TXH HUD LPSRVLEOH TXH DSUREDUDV" 2N VLJDPRV \R PH
KDEU©DFRVWDGRFRQ<RGDV­SHUR,JRU1$5,JRUHODPRU
GHWXYLGDHVTXHFXDOTXLHUFXDGURGH3DEOR3LFDVVRHUD
P¡VOHJLEOH\DUP³QLFRTXHODFDUD\FXHUSRGHHVHSREUH
KRPEUH<V­HVWDEDVJRUGLWD\FRPRWHTXLHURWHORWXYH
TXH KDFHU VDEHU (QWRQFHV VDOLPRV GHO EXIIHW ߚWX
VHJXQGR KRJDU SRU HVRV G­DV R lHO SDUD­VR{ FRPR WH
JXVWDED OODPDUOHߚ \ QR PH TXHG³ RWUD TXH OOHYDUWH DO
20
PDOO D FRPSUDUWH URSD QR VLQ DQWHV HVWDFLRQDUPH HQ HO
HVWDFLRQDPLHQWR GH HPEDUD]DGDV 'HELVWH YHU WX FDUD
(VSHURTXHQRERUUHVQLHGLWHVHVWHS¡UUDIRSRߞZHRQD
7RPDFDFKLWRGHJRPD&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
ߚ0DU­D SRU VXSXHVWR TXH YDQ D VDEHU TXH QR HVWR\
HPEDUD]DGD
ߚ$SRVWHPRV HQWRQFHV VL EDMDV \ QDGLH GLFH QDGD QL
SRQHFDUDH[WUD±DJDQRVLDOJXLHQVHH[WUD±DJDQDV
1RV EDMDPRV PLU© DOUHGHGRU HVSHUDQGR TXH QRV
YLQLHUDQ D UHWDU SHUR HO PXQGR FRQWLQX³ (UD FLHUWR
SDUHF­D HPEDUD]DGD GH FXDWULOOL]RV FRQ GLDEHWHV
JHVWDFLRQDOSHURYHUDOD0DU­DUL©QGRVHDFDUFDMDGDVGH
P­HQYH]GHVHUXQPRWRUSDUDFDPELDUPLVK¡ELWRVVROR
ORHPSHRU³
ߚ%LHQ 0DU­D JDQDV SHUR TXLHUR TXH VHSDV TXH
DGHP¡V GH VHU LQPHQVDPHQWH JUDQGH VR\ LQPHQVDPHQWH
IHOL] ߚUHVSRQG­ P¡V SLF¡ TXH $UJHQWLQD HQWHUD HQ OD
&RSD $P©ULFD < IXLPRV D FRPSUDU URSD \ GLVIUXW©
FRPSU¡QGRPH XQ FO³VHW HQWHUR FXDWUR WDOODV P¡V JUDQGH
GH OR KDELWXDO WRGR SDUD TXH PL DPLJD QR VLQWLHUD TXH
JDQ³
3DVDURQ GRV VHPDQDV HQ ODV FXDOHV PH HQFHUU© D
HVWXGLDU WRGR OR TXH QR KDE­D HVWXGLDGR HQ OD YLGD /R
ºQLFR TXH PH VDFDED OD FDUD GH ORV FXDGHUQRV HUD HO
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
GHVD\XQR HO DOPXHU]R HO DOPXHU]R QºPHUR GRV HO
DOPXHU]RQºPHURWUHVODRQFHODRQFHFRPLGDODFRPLGD
UHDO\HOEDMDWLYRQºPHURXQRGRV\WUHV3HURHOHVIXHU]R
GLRVXVIUXWRV\ORKDE­DORJUDGRSDV©WRGRVORVUDPRV
3RGU­DYROYHUGHFDFHU­D\R\PLVFXDQWDVWRQHODGDVGH
P¡V<DV­ODPLVPDQRFKHTXHYROY­DODVSLVWDVFRQRF­
DOVDFRZHDVP¡VJUDQGHTXHKDSLVDGRHOSODQHWD\FODUR
HOHUURUIXHP­R\ROHGLODSDV¡\HVTXHSDUHFLHUDTXH
HV YHUGDG TXH FXDQGR XQD HVW¡ DQVLRVD DWUDH D SXURV
LPE©FLOHV
(VWDKLVWRULDWLHQHXQILQDODEUXSWR\ODWLHQHSRUTXHHO
VDFRZHDV SUHVLGHQWH GH OD DVRFLDFL³Q QDFLRQDO GH
VDFRZHDV QR PHUHFH VLTXLHUD VHU QRPEUDGR 'RQ
SUHVLGHQWH VDFRZHDV PH KL]R DGHOJD]DU D FRVWD GH
EURPDVHQUHODFL³QFRQPLDVSHFWRI­VLFR\FRPRHQHVH
WLHPSR PH TXHU­D SRFR WHUPLQ© FDVL DJUDGHFLHQGR HO
PDOWUDWR $KRUD TXH KD SDVDGR HO WLHPSR \ TXH VROR
WHQJRDPLUROOLWRDPLJRHVFXDQGRPHGR\FXHQWDGHTXH
QR IXH ©O TXLHQ EDM³ GH SHVR SRU P­ IXL \R VROLWD
7DPEL©QPHGR\FXHQWDGHTXHFXDQGRXQDQRVHTXLHUH
HO UHVWR VH DSURYHFKD GH XQD SHUR RMR GHQWUR GH
QXHVWUDV FXRWDV GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG WRGDV WHQHPRV XQ
ODGRPHGLRSDMDURQDTXHORSHUPLWH\ORVRVWLHQH&XDQGR
21
HOPXQGRHVW¡FRQVWDQWHPHQWHGLFLHQGRHOlVDOGHDK­HVH
KRPEUHQRWHFRQYLHQH{SRUDOJRORHVW¡QGLFLHQGR
0HUHWUDFWRHODPRUQRHVFUXHOSRUTXHHODPRUQRVH
FRQVWUX\HHQEDVHDODGHVWUXFFL³Q
)LQDOPHQWH \ QR SRU HVR PHQRV LPSRUWDQWH PH GL 
FXHQWD GH TXH OD TXH U­H ºOWLPR U­H PHMRU SRUTXH GRQ
(/6(;2
SUHVLGHQWH VDFRZHDV FRQ WRGR UHVSHWR OH TXLHUR
LQIRUPDU TXH OD SDQGLOOD GH UROORV \D QR HVW¡ VROR WXYH
TXH DOLPHQWDUPH VDOXGDEOHPHQWH XQ WLHPSLWR FRUWR \
FDPELDUOD&RFDSRU&RFD/LJKWHQODSLVFRODSHURDWL
GRQSUHVLGHQWHVDFRZHDVSRUPX\VDOXGDEOHPHQWHTXHWH
DOLPHQWHVXQDYLGDHQWHUDHOSLFRQRWHYDDFUHFHUQXQFD
TXH D GHFLU YHUGDG WDPSRFR LPSRUWD SRUTXH OR TXH
LPSRUWD HV OR GH DGHQWUR ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV ORV
SHQVDPLHQWRVODVWULSDV\HVDVFRVDV
$EUHSDU©QWHVLV+RODVR\OD0DU­DRWUDYH]9HQSRU
TX© TXLHUR D HVWD ZHRQD" 7LHQH OD SXUD FDUD GH WRQWD
&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 22

5(*/$1š0(52
$ODKRUDGHORVTXLXERVYRߞ
GDOHYRߞG©MDWH
OOHYDUYRߞROYLGDHOPXQGR
3DUD FRQRFHU HVWD UHJOD DQWHV WXYH TXH FRQRFHU OD
H[FHSFL³Q OD H[FHSFL³Q WHQ­D QRPEUH \ VH OODPDED
0DQROR (O 0DQROR HUD SUHYHQFLRQFLWD GH ULHVJRV \
FRQYHQJDPRV HQ OR VLJXLHQWH GHVSX©V GH KDEHU HVWDGR
FRQ WRGRV ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH WRGDV ODV FDUUHUDV TXH
LPSDUWHQHQWRGDVODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVGH&KLOHFRQWLQHQWDO
H LQVXODU SRGU­D DILUPDU ILUPDU \ UHMXUDU TXH QR KD\
WLSRVP¡VFDJDRVGHODFDEH]DTXHORVSUHYHQFLRQFLWDVGH
ULHVJR
<OHVGLJRSRUTX©"
3RUTXHKD\TXHHVWDUPX\SLWLDRSDUDSRQHUDOPRKDGDV
DO FRVWDGR GH OD FDPD SRU VL DOJXLHQ VH FDH GXUDQWH DO
DFWR SDUD DOHMDU ORV YHODGRUHV GHO ERUGH GH OD FDPD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
GXUDQWH HO DFWR SHUR SRU VREUH WRGR SDUD HQWUHDFWRV
SHGLUWHKDFHUSDXVDVGHDFWLYDFL³Q
3HURKXERXQDUD]³QTXHUHEDV³PLVO­PLWHV
1R KDFHU HO YXHOR GHO F³QGRU SRUTXH WH SXHGHV FDHU
GHOURSHURHVXQDIDOWDGHUHVSHWRDODUHJODQºPHURXQR
GHOVH[R\HVHIXHHOHUURUTXHPDQG³DO0DQRORSDߞOD
FDVD%\HE\H0DQROR
3HURQRSRUPXFKRWLHPSR
(VHG­DHVWDEDFDOHQWLWDWHWHULWDGHFDPSR(UDPLG­D
 GH RYXODFL³Q \ TXHU­D SXUR KRPHQDMHDU DO 6DQWR
3DGUH+XUWDGR\DVXVILHOHV\GDUOHKDVWDTXHGXHODFRQ
SDVL³Q GH SHUHJULQD $JDUU© HO WHO©IRQR \ PLHQWUDV
EXVFDED HQ PLV FDSLOODV DSOLTX© SLVFROD \ HQWUH PLV
FDSLOODV GLVSRQLEOHV QR GXG© HQ DSOLFDU XQ l0DQROR
YHQWH HVWD QRFKH WHQJR OD FDVD VROD \ TXLHUR MXJDU
FRQWLJRDODPDP¡\DOSDS¡{
1RSDV³QLPHGLDKRUD\HOWLPEUHQRSDUDEDGHVRQDU
<RDUG­DP¡VTXHFDEH]D]RHQODQLHYHQRGDEDP¡VPL
ILHEUH XWHULQD HUD FDSD] GH UHYHQWDU KDVWD HO WHUP³PHWUR
GHOKRVSLWDOSºEOLFRGHOD$QW¡UWLFDGHOSODQHWD0HUFXULR
SRUTXHVXSRQJRTXHHQ0HUFXULRGHEHQWHQHUKRVSLWDOHV\
GHEHQWHQHUXQD$QW¡UWLFD3RUTXHWRGDVVDEHPRVTXHHO
0HUFXULR GH ORV WHUP³PHWURV OR WUDMHURQ ORV PDUFLDQRV
GH0HUFXULRVLQRF³PR"&UHVWDDKRUDTXHORSLHQVRD
23
HVD FRQFOXVL³Q OOHJX© HVH PLVPR G­D \ REYLR VL FXDQGR
OOHJ³ HO 0DQROR HVWDED FRPR SLRMR \ ORV SLRMRV GHEHQ
SHQVDUSXUDVZH¡V
4XLVH HVWUHQDU PL GLVIUD] LPSURYLVDGR GH *DWºEHOD
)LJºUHQPH SHWR QHJUR PLQL QHJUD FDO]³Q QHJUR GDGR
YXHOWDHQODFDEH]D\XQFLQWXU³QQHJURSXHVWRGHFROD<
HV TXH XQD FXDQGR HVW¡ FDOLHQWH HV FDSD] GH KDFHU
FXDOTXLHU FRVD \ HVR SDUHF­D \R FXDOTXLHU FRVD )LOR
KDE­DTXHSRQHUOH&DFK©TXHVHDSUR[LPDEDDODSXHUWD
DV­ TXH OD GHM© HQWUH MXQWD GH IRQGR VRQDED EDLODU
SHJDGRVHVEDLODU\SDUW­DIRQGHDUPHWUDVGHOVLOO³Q
ߚ0DUWLQD"HVW¡VSRUDK­"ߚSUHJXQW³VLQDWUHYHUVH
DHQWUDU
ߚ0LDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX ߚUHVSRQG­ FRTXHWD DVRPDQGR
PLFDEH]D\ODPLHQGRPLPDQR
ߚb0DUWLQD GHWHQWH 8Q SRUFHQWDMH LPSRUWDQWH GH
DFFLGHQWHV RFXUUH FXDQGR ODV SHUVRQDV HVW¡Q HXI³ULFDV
4X©KDFHVFRQHVHFDO]³QHQODFDEH]D"
6XLQGLIHUHQFLDHUDXQDIRUPDGHSURYRFDUPHߚRHVR
SHQV©ߚ(QWRQFHVDUUHPHW­FRQWRGRHQFXDWURSDWDV
ߚ$ YHU D YHU D YHU SDUD SDUD SDUD SDUD YDPRV
FDOPDQGRODVSDVLRQHVTXHSXHGHKDEHUDFFLGHQWDGRV\Wº
HVW¡VWHQWDQGRDOSHOLJUR
0¡VGHVDILDGDPHYLSRUVXLQGLIHUHQFLD\VLQSHQVDUOD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
GRVYHFHVLQYRTX©D0DUHQJR\DO.RDOD
0HDOFDQ]³DDWUDSDUHQHODLUHDWUHVPHWURVVREUHHO
FLHOR PH OOHY³ DO VLOO³Q \ FXDQGR ODV FRVDV VH HVWDEDQ
HPSH]DQGRDSRQHUDWRGRULWPRPHVHQW³\PHH[SOLF³
WRGDV ODV HYHQWXDOHV IDOWDV TXH FRPHW­ DO UHJODPHQWR GH
KLJLHQH VHJXULGDG \ RSHUDFLRQHV 'DLV\ GH WRGR
SUHYHQFLRQLVWD
/³JLFR PH IUHQ³ HQ VHFR WRGDV ODV SDVLRQHV DV­ TXH
DUGLHQGR\DQRGHFDOHQWXUDVLQRGHSLFDOHJULW©
ߚ0LUD PDULF³Q 2SHUDFL³Q 'DLV\ SHVFD HO FDVFR HO
DUQ© ORV JXDQWHV ODV ERWDV \ HO EORTXHDGRU VRODU QR
WHQGU©VDOLGDGHHPHUJHQFLDSHURWHSRG­GHYROYHUSRUOD
PLVPD SXHUWD SRU OD FXDO HQWUDVWH SDߞ OD SU³[LPD WH
WHQGU©FODULWRHOFDUWHOIOºRUGHH[LW\HOH[WLQWRUSDUDTXH
WH OR PHWDV HQ OD UDMD \ OOHJX­ GH XQ SXUR LPSXOVR D WX
FDVD
$KRUDߨSHQV¡QGRORELHQTXL]¡ORVSUHYHQFLRQFLVWDV
GH ULHVJRV QR HVW¡Q WDQ FDJDGRV GH OD FDEH]D TXL]¡ OD
ORFDHUD\R3RUTXHQL+H0DQFRQVXSRGHUGH*UD\VNXOO
SRGU­DFRQXQ³YXORHQG­D
24
 5(*/$1š0(52 5(*/$1š0(52

0DU\3RSSLQVHQODPHVDDFWUL] /DIUHFXHQFLDLPSRUWD"
SRUQR
HQHOULQJGHFXDWURSHULOODV

6L HQ WX YLGD OORUDV P¡V GH OR TXH

(VWD UHJOD QR QHFHVLWD PD\RUHV H[SOLFDFLRQHV OR ºQLFR JLPHV
OD ZXH¡ HVW¡ PDO $ PHQRV TXH
TXHQHFHVLWDHVYHUVDWLOLGDGSRUTXHGXUDQWHHOG­DDFWXDU OORUHVGHDJUDGHFLGD
FRPR GDPD DQWLJXD GH SDODFLR \ GXUDQWH OD QRFKH KD\TXHVHUDJUDGHFLGDHQODYLGD
FRQYHUWLUWHHQODEDWDFODQDGHOSDODFLRQRHVWDUHDPHQRU DK­HVW¡ODEDODQ]D

<WHORGLJR\RTXHVLQLUP¡VOHMRVD\HUGXUDQWHHOG­D
DOPRUF© HQ XQ UHVWDXUDQWH GH PDQWHO ODUJR \ DGHP¡V GH
1R KDE­DQ SDVDGR QL GRV VHJXQGRV \ 3DQFKLWR TXLVR LU
OOHYDUGHSLODGRSRVWUHSDߞODQRFKHHQODFDUWHUDOOHYDED
SRUODVHJXQGDSDWLWD‰OVHRFXS³GHP­\VLQFRQRFHUPH
HOWRQWRGLVIUD]GHYDJDEXQGD
WDQWRPHKL]ROOHJDUDOFLHORPHWRF³HOSXQWR*HO+HO
ߚ<TX©WLHQHGHH[FLWDQWHGLVIUD]DUWHGHYDJDEXQGD"
, HO - HO . HO $OID HO %HWD HO SXQWR DSDUWH HO SXQWR
ߚVHSUHJXQWDU¡QXVWHGHV
VHJXLGR HO SXQWR VXVSHQVLYR HO SXQWR FUX] HO SXQWR
ߚ< HV TXH FXDQGR PH LQYLWDQ D SDVDU OD QRFKH HQ HO
WHMLGRHOSXQWRFRUUHWHDGRHOSXQWRWLFNHW\HOSXQWRELS
DOYHUJD SHUG³Q DOEHUJXH FU©DQPH VR\ OD PHMRU
4XH VL OD IUHFXHQFLD LPSRUWD" 1R V© HVWH S¡UUDIR PH
SLGLHQGRP¡V\P¡V\P¡V\P¡VߚUHVSRQGHU©\R
UHFRUG³D3DQFKLWROHDFDERGHPDQGDUXQ:KDWV$SS\

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 25
FRQFUHWDPRV FLWD /HV HVFULER FXDQGR YXHOYD VL HV TXH
YXHOYR
5(*/$1š0(52

1LWDQWRTXHWHDGRUPH]FDQLWDQ
SRFR
TXHQRVLHQWDVQDGD

3DUWLPRV KDFLHQGR HO PLVLRQHUR VHJXLPRV FXFKDULWD HO

KHOLF³SWHUR OD PHWUDOOHWD HO )RUHVW *XPS HO 'RUD OD
([SORUDGRUDSDXVDYROYLPRVDOPLVLRQHURGHVSX©VYLQR
OD WRUWXJD FRMD OD FRMD GH FDUW³Q HO FDUWRQHUR ORFR OD
ORFDLQWHQVDHLQWHQVDPHQWHIXULDWHPRUDOHJU­DSHQD\
GHVDJUDGR$K­TXHG©SRߞHQGHVDJUDGRVHOHIXHURQORV
RMLWRV D EODQFR SRUTXH WRGR HO GHVSODQWH I­VLFR TXH
GHPRVWUDURQPLVD±RVGHFDQFKDGXUDURQVRORPLQXWRV
FRQVHJXQGRV
ߚ6HU©\RVH±RU"ߚPHSUHJXQW©
<FODURVHJºQORTXHUHSRUWDHOGHORVKRPEUHV
V­XQDHVODFXOSDEOH\DVHDSRUORULFDTXHXQDHVW¡R
SRUORELHQTXHVHPXHYHSHURQXQFDHVUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
GH HOORV 6HU¡ SRߞ YDPRV SRU OD VHJXQGD SDWLWD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 26
FDQGHODEUR LWDOLDQR HO XQGHUWDNHU OD FDVFDGD VHFD HO
PDUWLOOR SRODFR HO HVSDQWD FXFR OD SXHUWD JLUDWRULD HO
VDXFH OORU³Q OD PXHUWLWD FRVTXLOORVD HO JULIR VHFR \ OD 5(*/$1š0(52
YLHMD VLQ GLHQWHV 7RGR HQ  PLQXWRV  VHJXQGRV \
QXHYDPHQWH WRGDV PLV GRWHV GH DFWUL] VH IXHURQ SRU OD (OWDPD±RLPSRUWD"6­SHURQR
GHULYD
,JXDO QR WRGRV ORV KRPEUHV VRQ DV­ HQ UHDOLGDG HVWD
ORHVWRGR
UHJODVXUJHDUD­]GHO+©FWRU6­+‰&725DYRߞWHHVWR\
KDEODQGR 7LWR FRPR WH GHF­DQ WXV DPLJRV R FRU7LWR
FRPRWHGHF­DQODVP­DV

3XHGHVWHQHUXQ)HUUDULSHURVLQR
VDEHV F³PR PDQHMDUOR QR VLUYH GH
QDGD

<ORGLJRSRUWL$OEHUWRFRFRVGHOXWR7X)HUUDULWHQ­D
WRGDV ODV FXDOLGDGHV SDUD KDFHU UHTXHWHIHOL] D FXDOTXLHU
PXMHU HUD WDQ WDQ WDQ OLQGR SUHFLRVR VL KDVWD FHUD
DEULOODQWDGRUD GDEDQ JDQDV GH SDVDUOH $O YHUOR FRPR
TXHHOPXQGRVHGHWHQ­DWRGRDQGDEDHQF¡PDUDOHQWD$O
WRFDUORHUDFRPRVL'DGG\<DQNHH1LFN\-DP)DUUXNR
$UF¡QJHO :LVLQ 'RQ 2PDU <DQGHO ,Y\ 4XHHQ )UDQFR
HO*RULOD\7LWRHO%DPELQRVHMXQWDVHQSDUDFRPSRQHUHO
PHMRU UHJJDHW³Q GH OD KLVWRULD \ HVH UHJJDHW³Q OR

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 27
KLFLHUDQFDUQH\ORSXVLHUDQHQVXHQWUHSLHUQDߨ'­JDQPH
VLHVDQRHVODPHMRUGHVFULSFL³QGHSHUIHFFL³QTXHKDQ
OH­GR6LQHPEDUJRߚKHDTX­HOSUREOHPDߚDOOOHYDUOR
DDFFL³QHO)HUUDULVHFRPSRUWDEDFRPRXQD&LWURQHWDHQ
GHVXVR 0H GHM³ HQ SDQD VLHPSUH QR OOHJ³ D OD PHWD
QXQFD<HUDQGHHVDVSDQHVOORUDGDV
$OEHUWRFRFRVGHOXWRHVSULPRKHUPDQRGHOD0DU­D
$EUHSDU©QWHVLV4X©WRQWHUDTXHHVKDFHUODGLIHUHQFLD
HQWUH SULPRV \ SULPRVKHUPDQRV SHUR OD 0DU­D PH OR
SUHVHQW³ DV­ \ VL XQD FDUDFWHU­VWLFD GLVWLQWLYD WLHQH OD
0DU­D HV TXH GLDULDPHQWH PH HQWUHJD P¡V PDWHULDO SDߞ
KXHYLDUOD 6LQ LU P¡V OHMRV KDFH FLQFR PLQXWRV
LQWHUUXPSL³ PL HVFULWXUD SDߞ FRQWDUPH TXH OORU³ FRQ OD
PXHUWHGHOSURIHVRU-LUDIDOHV&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
5HFXHUGR TXH FXDQGR QRV FRQRFLPRV IXH DPRU D
SULPHUDYLVWD\VLDOJRKHDSUHQGLGRGHODPRUDSULPHUD
YLVWD HV TXH DO VDEHU TXH HVW¡V GLVSXHVWD D HQWUHJDUOR
WRGRWLHQHVODREOLJDFL³QHOGHEHUGHKDFHUWHODGLI­FLO
UHVSRQG­ WUDWDQGR GH SRQHUPH HO SDUFKH DQWHV GH OD
KHULGD
< DV­ OD FRQYHUVDFL³Q IOX\³ HQWUH PL ULVLWD PHGLR
WLPLGLWD \ PL PLUDGD SHUGLGD HQ HO KRUL]RQWH /R KDE­D
ORJUDGR KDE­DQ SDVDGR YHLQWH PLQXWRV VLQ LQVLQXDUPH
KDE­DORJUDGRKDFHUPHODGLI­FLOb8\TX©GLI­FLO0DUDFD
HQWUHJDGDGLU¡QXVWHGHVSHURFU©DQPH\QRPHMX]JXHQ
KDVLGRPLU©FRUG(QHVRVYHLQWHPLQXWRV\DLEDSRUOD
WHUFHUDSLVFROD\HOWUDJR\DHVWDEDFDXVDQGRHVWUDJRVHQ
PL FDEH]D %DLODPRV XQ UDWR PDW© OD SLVFROD \ IODVK
EHVRRWURIODVKEHVRDSDVLRQDGRWHUFHUIODVKY¡PRQRV
SDߞ PL FDVD FXDUWR IODVK WHQ­ FRQGRQHV" V­ V­ WHQJR
TXLQWR \ ºOWLPR IODVK WRGR VH GHUUXPE³ GHQWUR GH P­
GHQWURGHP­GXU³PHQRVTXHFRPSOHWRHQEDM³Q
'HVSHUWDPRV DEUD]DGRV FXFKDULWD \ QR VHQW­ JDQDV GH
HFKDUOR DV­ TXH VXSXVH TXH PH HVWDED HQDPRUDQGR 0H
OHYDQW© D SUHSDUDU GHVD\XQR \ H[SULP­ OD ºQLFD QDUDQMD
TXH WHQ­D HQ HO UHIULJHUDGRU SDUD KDFHU MXJR QDWXUDO OD
ߚb+ROD/D0DU­DPHKDKDEODGRPXFKRGHWLߚJULW³
DOVDOXGDUPHHQPHGLRGHODPXFKHGXPEUHGLVFRWHTXHUD
&DJX©\DQRSRGU©KDFHUPHODGLI­FLOVDEHTXHQRVR\
GHORVWULJRVPX\OLPSLRVSHQV©
ߚ1RV©TX©WHKDEU¡GLFKRSHURLJXDOWºFDFK¡LTXHOD
0DU­D OR H[DJHUD WRGR OH JXVWD HO GUDPD D WX SULPD ߚ
PLVPD QDUDQMD SHOXGLWD TXH OHV FRQW© DQWHV DV­ TXH V­
PHKDE­DHQDPRUDGR3HURWHQ­DDQWHVTXHFRPSUREDUVL
HO DPRU HUD PXWXR (QWRQFHV OH SUHJXQW© VL VH TXHU­D
GXFKDUFRQPLJR5HVSRQGL³
ߚ%XHQR\D
<\RVRORPHUH­\OHUHVSRQG­

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 28
 ߚ1LHQWXVVXH±RV
'XUDQWH QXHVWUR URPDQFH IXLPRV DO FLQH DO SDUTXH D
FRPHUSL]]DDDQGDUHQORVSDWLWRVGHOD4XLQWD1RUPDO
QRVWRPDPRVIRWRVHQHVDVFDELQDVGHIRWRV\HOHJLPRVXQ
PDUFRGHFRUD]RQHV)XHXQURPDQFHLGHDO\FRPRWRGR
URPDQFH LGHDO ODV SULPHUDV GRV VHPDQDV QRV GLPRV
FRPRERPERHQILHVWDPHUHYHQW³ODSL±DWDGHODILHVWD\
\R QL WRQWD QL SHUH]RVD FXDO FXPSOHD±HUD QR GHM© GH
WRFDU OD FRUQHWD &RUQHWD TXH FRPR OHV PHQFLRQ© VROR
VHUY­DSDUDFRQWHPSODU
3XVHHQSU¡FWLFDWRGRHO.DPD6XWUD,.DPD6XWUD,,
.DPD 6XWUD ,,, .DPD 6XWUD +DUGFRUH .DPD 6XWUD
YHUDQR .DPD VXIUD RQOLQH .DPD 6XWUD $GYDQFH .DPD
6XWUD0DVWHURI/RYH\\DFXDQGRPHYLFRQXQDSDWDHQ
VXRPEOLJRODRWUDHQVXHVSDOGDXQDPDQRHQVXFLQWXUD
ODRWUDHQVXSODQWDGHOSLH\ODFDUDJLU¡HQJUDGRV
G¡QGROHEHVRVGHWU¡VGHODRUHMD\VHJX­DVLQVHQWLUQDGD
GLMHEDVWDHVWRQRSXHGHVHJXLUDV­\HQPHGLRGHODFWR
OHVXVXUU©DOR­GR GH GLVIUXWDUOR SHUR QR KXER FDVR VL WXV PRYLPLHQWRV
ߚ$OEHUWR GHWHQWH SRU IDYRU WH WHQJR TXH GHFLU DOJR
LPSRUWDQWH
ߚ0DUWLQDDPRUVLJXHVLJXHTXHHVWR\TXHWHUPLQR
ߚ6L V© TXH HVW¡V TXH WHUPLQDV REYLR $OEHUWR QDGD
QXHYRSHURSRUSLHGDGSDUD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
ߚ$PRUQRQRSXHGRGDPHWUHLQWDVHJXQGRV
ߚ$OEHUWRSRUPLVHULFRUGLDQRVLHQWRQDGD
< FRPR HO  GH ORV KRPEUHV SLHQVD TXH FRQ
YHORFLGDG H LQWHQVLGDG VH DUUHJOD WRGR PH PLU³
GHVDILDQWH\VHHPSH]³DPRYHUFXDODWDTXHGHHSLOHSVLD
KDFLHQGR TXH HVRV DPELFLRVRV WUHLQWD VHJXQGRV VH
WUDQVIRUPDUDQHQVLHWHGHSULPHQWHVVHJXQGRV
ߚ7HGR\FLQFRPLQXWRVSDUDTXHORLQWHQWHVGHQXHYR
ߚOHGLMHFRQFDUHKDPEUH
3DVDURQ ORV FLQFR PLQXWRV \ FXDQGR FDFK© TXH VH
HVWDED TXHGDQGR GRUPLGR OR GHVSHUW© OH SDV© ORV
FDO]RQFLOORVOHPLU©ODFRUQHWDSRUºOWLPDYH]\OHSHG­
TXH VH IXHUD SDUD QR YROYHU < HV TXH XQD WLHQH TXH
DSUHQGHUDGHFLUEDVWDFXDQGRHORUJDVPRYDSDߞILQJLGR
SRUTXHSDߞILQJLU\DWHQHPRVEDVWDQWHFRQWDQWRSRO­WLFR\
VDFHUGRWHUDQFLRV
$JUDGH]FRTXHFRQWLJR$OEHUWRFRFRVGHOXWRDSUHQG­
TXHODSHUVHYHUDQFLDQRORHVWRGRWUDW©WHMXURTXHWUDW©
WHQ­DQPHQRVJUDFLDTXHFHUYH]DWLELD<HVTXH$OEHUWR
FRFRV GH OXWR WHQ­D XQ PRQXPHQWR D OD FRUQHWD SHUR
FRPR QR OH IXQFLRQDED WH GHMDED FRQ XQD VHQVDFL³Q GH
WULVWH]D\DEDQGRQRQLYHOPXQGRP¡JLFR
<DRK$OEHUWRPHGLVWHSHQLWDLJXDO$WXIDYRULJXDO
29
WHQJR TXH DGPLWLU IUHQWH D TXLHQ OHD HVWH OLEUR TXH WH
WHQJR FRPR FDSLOOD \ FXDQGR HVWR\ FXU¡ WH WHUPLQR
OODPDQGRLJXDO 5(*/$1š0(52

(QFDVRGHHPHUJHQFLDRQR
VLHPSUH
SRGU¡VDSUHWDUHOJDWLOOR

<HVTXH6SLGHUPDQDGHP¡VGHULFRQRVGHM³WUHPHQGR
OHJDGRSRUTXHVLQGXGDKXERXQDQWHV\XQGHVSX©VHQOD
YLGD GH WRGD DGROHVFHQWH TXH GHVFXEUL³ HO SRGHU GHO
GHGRR\XGRVRORRDFRPSD±DGRGHOUHVWRGHORVGHGLWRV
&ODURTXHHOMXJXHWHRDGROHVFHQWHGHODDXWRVDWLVIDFFL³Q
HYROXFLRQDFRQHOWLHPSRODVP¡VDWUHYLGDVWHQGUHPRVXQ
DUVHQDO GH DSDUDWLWRV D SLOD HQ HO FDM³Q GHO YHODGRU TXH
WLHQH OODYH R HQ VX GHIHFWR XQ SHSLQR ]DSDOOR LWDOLDQR
FDODEDF­Q R FXDOTXLHU IUXWD FRQ IRUPD GH QHSHߨ < ODV
P¡VDGLFWDVQRGHVSHUGLFLDUHPRVHOWLHPSR\KDUHPRVGH
FDGDGXFKDXQDGXFKDLQWHUDFWLYD\HVTXHHOULWPRFRQ
HO TXH GHFLGR MDERQDUPH HQ FDGD GXFKD \ OD LQWHQVLGDG
GHO FKRUULWR GH DJXD QR VRQ PHUDPHQWH FXHVWLRQHV GH
KLJLHQH (VFULELU VREUH HVWR PH DFDED GH UHFRUGDU TXH

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 30
WHQJRXQDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVXSHULPSRUWDQWHHQODQRFKHTXH
KDE­D ROYLGDGR \ QR SXHGR VHJXLU HVFULELHQGRߨ V­ߨ
WHQJRߨ HKPPߨ XQ PDWULPRQLRߨ HKPPߨ GH XQRV
SULPRVߨ HKPPߨ GHO VXUߨ DV­ TXH PH WHQJR TXH LU D
GXFKDUߨFRQDJ¼LWDWLELDߨ\GHDK­FXDQGRWHUPLQHOHV 
FXHQWR FRPR PH IXLߨ SHUG³Qߨ F³PR PH IXH HQ HO
&“027(50,1$581$
PDWULPRQLRߨ
5(/$&,“1
(16,03/(63$626

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 31
 VDEDQHDQ ORV SHRV ORV KRPEUHV TXH XVDQ FDOFHWDV FRQ
VDQGDOLDV \ FRQ ODV X±DV GH ORV SLHV DPDULOODV ORV
KRPEUHVTXHEDLODQWHFQRPHMRUTXHPLQD\HOPDOWXIR
&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
$V­ TXH FRQ HVWH WLSR HVWR\ SROROHDQGR SHQV© FXDQGR
6L TXLHUHV GDU XQ PDO EHVR \©QGRWH D OD VHJXUD HV
SUHQGLHURQ ODV OXFHV HQ OD GLVFRWHTXH 'H QRFKH WRGRV
VLPSOH 9LVWH $OLHQ" (VH H[WUDWHUUHVWUH TXH HUD SXUD
ORV JDWRV VRQ QHJURV \ HVD QRFKH HO JDWR FRQ HO TXH
ERFD \ QDGD GH RMRV QL QDUL] %XHQR WLHQHV TXH
KDE­DHPSH]DGRXQDUHODFL³QVHQWLPHQWDOTXLQFHPLQXWRV
HQFDUQDUWH HQ ©O \ DEULU WX ERFD HQ  JUDGRV GHMDQGR
DQWHV GH TXH SUHQGLHUDQ ODV OXFHV PH OD YHQGL³ FD­
HVFXUULUXQSRTXLWRGHVDOLYDQLPXFKRTXHORFKRUUH©QL
UHGRQGLWD < HV TXH D RVFXUDV PHG­D GRV PHWURV GH
SRFRTXHQRORPRMH
HVWDWXUDFXHUSRIRUQLGRFDUDSHUIHFWDF³PRGHFLUOHTXH
(QWRQFHV DEU­ PL ERFD FXDO 3RSH\H HVSHUDQGR VX
QR D &ODUN .HQW VL OH IDOWDED OD SXUD FDSD SDUD VHU
HVSLQDFD\OHFKDQW©HOSDWR1RW©VXLQFRPRGLGDGSHUR
VXSHUK©URH 3HUR D OD OX] HUDQ P¡V GH GRV PHWURV GH
QRIXHVXILFLHQWHQRPHGHYROYL³PLVROWHU­D
HVWDWXUD V­ SHUR HUD GH HVWRV W­SLFRV SDLORQHV TXH QR
3DVRGRVODWRQWRQDLQJHQXDORFD
FRRUGLQDQ ODV PDQRV \ ORV SLHV FXDQGR FDPLQDQ HO
%¡VLFDPHQWHODWRQWRQDLQJHQXDORFDSURGXFHUHFKD]R
FXHUSR IRUQLGR HUD SXUR SROHU³Q \ OD FDUD SHUIHFWD GH
SRUTXHGHDOJXQDXRWUDIRUPDHVW¡FRQYHQFLGDGHTXHHVD
&ODUN .HQW QR HUD QDߞ P¡V ELHQ HUD SRUILD­WR HO FDEUR
HVWXSLGH] LUUDFLRQDO TXH DOJXQD YH] HVFXFK³ HQ VX P¡V
HVRV TXH QR DFDULFLDU­DV QL FRQ ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV 3HUR
WHPSUDQD LQIDQFLD HV FLHUWD %DVWD \ VREUD FRQ TXH OH
EXHQR\DOHKDE­DGDGRHOYDPRV\DKRUDVHORWHQ­DTXH
KDJDV FUHHU TXH VL WH GD RWUR EHVR YDV D TXHGDU
SHGLUGHYXHOWDSDߞLUPHDPLFDVDVROWHUD
HPEDUD]DGD TXH VL VH WH DFHUFD PXFKR YDV D TXHGDU
7RPHQQRWD
HPEDUD]DGD R TXH VL WH PLUD ILMDPHQWH D ORV RMRV YDV D
3DVRXQRHOPDOEHVR
TXHGDU HPEDUD]DGD (QWRQFHV GHVSX©V GHO EHVR
$EUH SDU©QWHVLV +D\ PX\ SRFDV FRVDV P¡V PDWD
DUUHPHW­
SDVLRQHV TXH XQ PDO EHVR (QWUH HOODV ORV KRPEUHV TXH
ߚ8QDYH]HVFXFK©TXHVLWHGDEDVXQEHVRFRQHODPRU

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 32
GH WX YLGD GXUDQWH WUHLQWD VHJXQGRV SRG­DV TXHGDU
HPEDUD]DGD +R\ PLHQWUDV EDLO¡EDPRV QRV GLPRV XQR
VHU­DWDQOLQGRTXHPHOOHJDURQDGDUQ¡XVHDV\JDQDVGH
FRPHUPHXQFRUGHULWRDOSDORߚ/RPLU©DFDULFLDQGRPL
YLHQWUHVLQSHVWD±HDU
‰OVRORVRQUL³DOJRQHUYLRVR
3DVRHOYHVWLGRODLJOHVLDDOJRQXHYRDOJRXVDGR
DOJR D]XO \ DOJR SUHVWDGR HQ OD FDUWHUD 6L TXLHUHV TXH
VDOJDFRUULHQGRK¡EODOHGHOY­QFXORFRQ\XJDO
ߚ6DEHV"7RGRVHVWRVG­DVKHVR±DGRTXHPHFDVR\
WHQJRODVHQVDFL³QGHTXHHVXQVXH±RSUHPRQLWRULR(Q©O
YR\ HQWUDQGR D OD LJOHVLD \ DOJXLHQ D TXLHQ QR KDE­D
UHFRQRFLGR PH HVSHUD UDGLDQWH IUHQWH DO DOWDUߨ 1R WH
GLU© TXL©Q HV QR LQVLVWDV QR WH GLU© ߚOH GLMH FRQ OD
PLUDGD ILMD PLHQWUDV VHJX­D VLQ SHVWD±HDU ‰O GHM³ GH
VRQUH­USHURVHJX­DVLQGHYROYHUPHODVROWHU­D
3DVRWHWHQJRTXHSUHVHQWDUDPLIDPLOLDTXHSURQWR
VHU¡WXIDPLOLD
ߚ%XHQR DPRU HQWRQFHV DKRUD TXH OR QXHVWUR \D HV
IRUPDOFUHRTXHGHEHU­DVFRQRFHUDPLPDP¡SHURDQWHV
GHFRQRFHUODDHOODWLHQHVTXHFRQRFHUDPLSDS¡SRUTXH
\R VR\ VX UHJDORQD VR\ VXV RMRV QXQFD KD GHMDGR TXH
QDGD PDOR PH SDVH ‰O HV PX\ VLPS¡WLFR HV
H[XQLIRUPDGR
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
(QHVWHSXQWRGHODFRQYHUVDFL³QPLVRMRV\DSDUHF­DQ
ERWRQHV GH PX±HFD SRUTXH QXQFD SDUSDGHDURQ (VR HV
PX\ LPSRUWDQWH SXHV WH GD OD FDUD GH ORFD TXH HV
VXSHUQHFHVDULD ‰O \D QR UHVSRQG­D QDGD SHUR VROR SRU
PLVHJXULGDGTXLVHFRPSOHWDUORVSDVRV\FRQWLQX©
3DVRODSDVWLOODSDߞODYHQ©UHD
$KRUD HV FXDQGR FRPLHQ]DV D SHVWD±HDU FRQ ORFXUD
PLUDV HO UHORM XQD \ RWUD YH] \ HPLWHV XQ lFUHVWD OD
SDVWLOOD{ GDV YXHOWD OD FDUWHUD EXVFDQGR \ DO QR
HQFRQWUDUOD SRQHV FDUHFRPSOLFDFL³Q WH UDVFDV XQ
SRTXLWRDOJXQDJ³QDGD\UHPDWDVFRQXQlYR\DWHQHUTXH
SDUWLUGHFHURHOWUDWDPLHQWRYHQ©UHR{/ORUDVXQSRFR
$ HVWD DOWXUD GHO SDUWLGR VHU¡ ©O TXL©Q WH SDUWD HO
FRUD]³Q FRQ lQR QR SRGHPRV HVWDU MXQWRV{ (QWRQFHV
WLHQHVGRVRSFLRQHVSXHGHVOORUDUFDQWDQGRYLYLUDV­HV
PRULUGHDPRUSRUDPRUWHQJRHODOPDKHULGDRKDFHUWH
OD RIHQGLGD \ VDOLU JULWDQGR TXH VH OR DGYHUWLVWH TXH
QDGLHKDFHVXIULUDORVRMRVGHSDS¡
%RQXV7UDFN$PLJDHVWHHVXQVHFUHWRGHHVWDGRSHUR
VLQRWHOOHJDVHQDUHVXOWDUORVSDVRVVLHPSUHVLHPSUH
VLHPSUH SRGU¡V DSOLFDU SH­WR QLQMD FXOSDUOR \ GHFLUOH
TXHQRDFRVWXPEUDVDVDOLUFRQFRFKLQRV
33
 7KHFRSHWHWULSOLFDO©FDSDFLW©GH
 SDUODU
/$6275$6%255$&+(5$6 RWUDVOLQJXDV\GHGDQFDURWURV
EDLOHV

6¡EDGR SRU OD QRFKH %DU &RQVWLWXFL³Q SDUD OD IDPLOLD

%DU3URVWLWXFL³QHQWUHODVDPLJDV
7RGR OXJDU WLHQH XQ PRPHQWR SHDN HQ VX KLVWRULD OR
WXYRHO&DUUHUDORWXYR/D*HQWHORWXYROD1RWLGRUPL
OR WXYR 3LVR  OR WXYR HO *DOS³Q  $OWR %DUFHORQD
%DOHGXF&OXE0LHO6DOD0XUDQR\OD6WDWLF\SRUHVRV
D±RVORHUDHO%DU&RQVWLWXFL³Q6LQROOHJDEDVDQWHVGH
ODVSDJDEDVXQDPLOORQ¡\KDF­DVILODSDߞHQWUDUDO
OXJDUFX\RVGRVDPELHQWHVHVWDEDQVLHPSUHVDWXUDGRVGH
KRPEUH]XHORVGLVSXHVWRVDLQYLWDUWHXQWUDJR4X©WHQ­D
HVH EDU HQ SDUWLFXODU TXH DWUD­D D WDQWR SºEOLFR"
([WUDQMHURV \ QR PH UHILHUR DO FRPSDWULRWD TXH YHQGH
MXJRVQDWXUDOHVHQFDUULWRGHVXSHUPHUFDGRPHUHILHURDO
H[WUDQMHUR DO JULQJR HVH JULQJR FDVL DOELQR TXH EDLOD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 34
FRPRDZXHRQDRFRPRVLHVFXFKDUDODPºVLFDGHVIDV¡\
TXH DO QR VDEHU XQD JRWD GH HVSD±RO OD FRQYHUVDFL³Q
GHEH VHU OOHYDGD D FDER HQ HO OHQJXDMH XQLYHUVDO HO
OHQJXDMHGHODPRU
$EUHSDU©QWHVLV6LQRHQWLHQGHVFX¡OHVHOOHQJXDMHGHO
DPRUSRQWHGHSLHIOHFWDODVFRGRVHPSX±DVODVPDQRV
PXHYHVORVFRGRVGHDGHODQWHKDFLDDWU¡V\KD]ORPLVPR
FRQWXFDGHUD&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV$EUHRWURSDU©QWHVLV6L
OR KLFLVWH GH YHUGDG QR YXHOYDV D KDFHUOR HV ULG­FXOR
&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
'XUDQWH PL IRUPDFL³Q DFDG©PLFD QXQFD IXL GH ODV
EULOODQWHV HUD GHO PRQW³Q GH ODV TXH ORJUDED HO
SURPHGLR FLQFR SHODR JUDFLDV D HGXFDFL³Q WHFQRO³JLFD
DUWHVSO¡VWLFDV\PºVLFD'HLQJO©VQRWKLQJQXQFDWXYHQL
XQVKLQHHVTXH\RSHQV©TXHQHYHULQP\OLIHPHLEDD
VHU ºWLO HQWRQFHV QXQFD OH SXVH WRR PXFK DWWHQWLRQ DO
SURIHVRU < DKRUD PH GR\ FXHQWD GH TXH IXH HO PHGLR
PLVWDNH SRUTXH HO LQJO©V HV UHDOO\ LPSRUWDQW HQ OD YLGD
FRWLGLDQD\HVRUQRW"
9ROYLHQGRDOEDUDPLQRFKHGHSHVFD\DOOHQJXDMHGH
DPRUDK­HVWDEDHVWUDW©JLFDPHQWHXELFDGDHQXQULQF³QGH
ODSLVWDGHEDLOHSDUDWHQHUXQDSDQRU¡PLFDFRPSOHWDGH
PLV HYHQWXDOHV SUHVDV \ HV TXH 7KDOLD FRQ VX VDQJUH
ODWLQD VXV FXUYDV JHQHURVDV \ VX VHQVXDOLGDG
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
GHVSURSRUFLRQDGD HUD XQD DOSDUJDWD D PL ODGR PH
IDOWDED OD SXUD IUXWHUD HQ OD FDEH]D SDUD VHU XQD GLJQD
UHSUHVHQWDQWH GH 9HQH]XHOD 0LVV 8QLYHUVH \ SDUD
FRPHQ]DUDDUPDUPLIUXWHUDTXLVHSDUWLUSRUORVFRFRV
)LM© PL PLUDGD HQ HO JULQJR P¡V JULQJR IODFXFKHQWR
PHGLR GHVDEU­R FRQ VKRUW WUHV FXDUWRV SLQWD GH VXUILVWD
OOHJDR GH 3LFKLOHPX EURQFLDR SLFKXOD GH SHUUR \
DEXVDGRUGHOlFDFK¡LSRߞZH³Q{lV­SRߞZH³Q{lQRSRߞ
ZH³Q{
ߚ:KHUH DUH \RX FRPH IURP SDSL" ߚSUHJXQW© VR
H[FLWHG
ߚ&DOLIRUQLDߚUHVSRQGL³
ߚ2KFRTXHWRER\,DP&DOLIRUQLDWDPEL©Q/HWVJRWR
P\GHSDUWDPHQWR\TXLW©PRQRVODVJDQDV
(VWR\VHJXUDGHTXHHOJULQJRHQWHQG­DPHQRVTXH\R
SHURFRPRHOOHQJXDMHGHODPRUHVXQLYHUVDOFUHRTXHIXL
EDVWDQWH HYLGHQWH PLHQWUDV HQWUH FDGD SUHJXQWD \
UHVSXHVWDPHPRUG­DHOGHGRD\F³PRVHOODPDHVHFRQ
HOTXHSDUDVODPLFURHVHFRQHOTXHHO(7OODPDEDDVX
FDVDDOWHO©IRQR\DO(OOLRW
< OOHJDPRV D PL KRPH VZHHW KRPH \ SDUD PRVWUDUOH
FRPR TXLHUHQ HQ &KLOH DO DPLJR FXDQGR HV IRUDVWHUR
SDUWLPRV SRU ORV MXHJRV W­SLFRV SULPHUR HO HPERTXH \
GHVSX©V HO SDOR HQFHEDGR 7DO IXH OD LQWHQVLGDG FRQ HO
35
JULQJXLWR TXH DO UDWR KDE­DPRV VXGDGR WRGR HO FRSHWH \
GHVSX©V GH GDUOR HYHU\WKLQJ HQ OD FDPD QRV IXLPRV D
VOHHSOLNHXQPDWULPRQLRIXOOLQORYH
(VWH YD D VHU P\ KXVEDQG FRQ HVWH PH FDVR SHQV©
VPLOLQJDQWHVGHGRUPLU
<OOHJ³ODPD±DQDVLJXLHQWH
ߚ2K 0DUWLQD ZKDW DUH ZH JRQQD GR WRGD\" , UHDOO\
WKLQN \RX DUH D ZRQGHU ZRPDQ ߚGLMR HO JULQJR DO
GHVSHUWDU0DUWLQDIXHORºQLFRTXHHQWHQG­
&RQFKDVXPDUH TX© OH UHVSRQGR D HVWH RWUR DKRUD
SHQV© HO LQJO©V GH QDWLYD DXVWUDOLDQD FRQ HO TXH PH
PDQHM© GXUDQWH WRGD OD QRFKH VH KDE­D UHGXFLGR D
ELJWLPHFRROKDSS\KRXULFHLFHEDE\KRWGRJRSHQWKH
GRRU FORVH WKH ZLQGRZ \ EXGZHLVHU +DE­D VLGR XQD
QRFKH KHUPRVD WRGR PX\ *XDUGLDQHV GH OD %DK­D VL
KDVWDUHFRUG©TXHOHWUDGXMHHOKLPQRQDFLRQDODOLQJO©V
DO SRUWXJX©V \ DO FKLQR PDQGDU­Q 3HUR DO GHVSHUWDU
ZHRQD HV TXH WH PRU­ QR SRG­D QL SURQXQFLDU XQ MHORX
MDJXDU\X
)LORQRORQHFHVLWDU­DWHQGU­DTXHDSOLFDUGHQXHYRHO
OHQJXDMH GHO DPRU (QWRQFHV PH SXVH GH SLH HPSHF© D
EDLODU FRPR DERULJHQ DFWR VHJXLGR DEU­ PL YHODGRU \
VDTX©ODVHVSRVDVGHIDQWDV­DPHHQFDGHQ©ODVPDQRV\
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
PHWLU©DOVXHORSXVHHQMXHJRWRGRVPLVGRWHVDFWRUDOHV
WLU©WRGDODFDUQHDODSDUULOOD\FRPHQ]³ODDFFL³Q
ߚb1R SRU IDYRU b1R PH KDJD GD±R VH±RU
FRORQL]DGRU VR\ VROR XQD SREODGRUD GH HVWDV WLHUUDV
Y­UJHQHV
(OJULQJRSXVRFDUDGHQRHQWHQGHUQDGDDV­TXHHQXQ
HVIXHU]R VREUHKXPDQR UHFRUG© OR ºQLFR TXH DSUHQG­ GH
LQJO©VHQHOFROHJLRVXILFLHQWHSDUDVDOLUGHOSDVR
ߚ*ULQJRSOLVSHLDWHQFKRQߚGLMH
(QWRQFHV IOHFW© PLV FRGRV HPSX±H ODV PDQRV PRY­
ORVEUD]RVGHDGHODQWHKDFLDDWU¡V\ORPLVPRKLFHFRQOD
FDGHUD7DWHHOJULQJRFDFK³HQXQGRVSRUWUHV\QLWRQWR
QLOD]\VHTXHG³DYLYLUFRQPLJRGRVVHPDQDVWLHPSRHQ
HOTXHSRUVXSXHVWRQRDSUHQG­QLXQDJRWDGHLQJO©VSHUR
D SHVDU GH HVR OHV DVHJXUR TXH GHM© VXSHUEL©Q
UHSUHVHQWDGDDODPXMHUFKLOHQDߨWDQWRDV­TXHFXDQGR
VH IXH PH GHM³ P¡V TXH LQYLWDGD D /RV $QJHOHV
&DOLIRUQLD\GHYH]HQFXDQGRPHOODPDSRU6N\SH
1XQFD HQWHQG­ PX\ ELHQ D OR TXH VH GHGLFDED VL PDO
QRUHFXHUGRHUDDFWRU\DOJRUHSHW­DFRQVWDQWHPHQWHGHXQ
MDLFXOPLXVLFDOKDFLHQGRPHPRULDFUHRTXHVHOODPDED
=DF\VXDSHOOLGRHUD(IURQ
6­ZHRQDGRVYHFHVQLHQWXVVXH±RV
6RUL\HVDVROWZXWDLPVQRWLYHQLQOOXUGULPVGRJLWD
36

/DPXMHUQRUPDOVHODVVDEHSRU
OLEUR
/DPXMHUERUUDFKDVHODVVDEH
SRUOLWUR
3DSLWRSHUULWRSDS¡XQDFRVDHVTXHKDJDTXHWHFUHR\
RWUD PX\ GLVWLQWD HV TXH WH FUHD < HV TXH ODV PXMHUHV
WHQHPRVXQDFDSDFLGDGLQGLVFXWLEOHSDߞPLUDUGHEDMRGHO
DJXD\GHVFLIUDUFX¡OHVVRQODVUHDOHVLQWHQVLRQHVGHORV
KRPEUHV6­SRUTXHVRPRVQRVRWUDVODVTXHDFHSWDPRVOD
SURSXHVWD LQGHFHQWH GHO l\D SRߞ OD SXQWLWD QRP¡{
PDQGDU XQD IRWR WX\D D XQ JUXSR GH DPLJRV HQ TXH SDߞ
YDULDU VDO­ SDMDURQLDQGR ,JXDO ¡QGDWH FRQ FXLGDGR
SRUTXHPDQG³WXIRWRDFRPSD±DGDGHOVLJXLHQWHPHQVDMH
l/D WHQJR OLVWD D HVWD OH FRPSU¡L XQ SDU GH WUDJRV \ VH
YXHOYHORTXLWDVHODFRPHDWUDYHV¡{
3RU GHQWUR RGL© DUG­ PH TXHP© HQ IXULD SHUR SRU
IXHUDORJU©PDQWHQHUODFRPSRVWXUD
ߚ-XDQMLWR X\ HVW¡ WDQ ULFD HVWD SLVFROD HVWR\ WDQ
PDUHDGDWHPRU­ORYXOQHUDEOHTXHPHYXHOYHHOFRSHWH
ߚVRQUH­ FRTXHWDߚ LPDJLQR TXH GHVSX©V LUHPRV SRU HO
SRVWUH SHUR VDEHV" PXHUR GH KDPEUH WHQJR OD JXDWD
YDF­D
/ODP© DO JDU]³Q \ QR PLUH ORV SODWRV VROR PLU©
SUHFLRV
ߚ7U¡LJDPH HVWD WDEOD ߚSRU VXSXHVWR HUD OD P¡V
FDUDߚ\DGHP¡VWU¡LJDPHGRVSDOWDVV©TXHQRHVW¡Q
VDELHQGR TXH QR VHU¡ VROR OD SXQWLWD SHUR GHVSX©V
HQ OD FDUWD SHUR G­JDOH DO DGPLQLVWUDGRU TXH HVWR\
SRGUHPRVSHGLUDOJRDFDPELRSRUVHQWLUQRVWUDLFLRQDGDV
GLVSXHVWDDSDJDUORTXHVHDSRUHOODV$JDUU©ODSLVFROD
XWLOL]DGDV HQJD±DGDV 0LV QL±RVߨ HV TXH OD PXMHU GHO
\ PH OD EDM© DO VHFR PLU© DO JDU]³Q \ OH SHG­ TXH
VLJOR;;,\DQRHVODPLVPD
DJUHJDUDXQDERWHOODGHOSLVFRP¡VFDUR
ߚ0DUWLQDHVW¡VFRQHO-XDQMR"ߚSUHJXQW³PLSULPR
ߚ8IߚGLMRHO-XDQMRߚWDPRVVHFDVSDUHFH
Y­D:KDWV$SS
<R VROR VRQUH­ \D QR WDQ FRTXHWD FDGD YH] HUD P¡V
ߚb6­3VLF³SDWDF³PRVDE­"ߚUHVSRQG­
GLI­FLOVRVWHQHUODFRPSRVWXUD
ߚ(V TXH HUD PL FRPSD±HUR GHO FROHJLR \ DFDED GH
<OOHJ³ODWDEODODVGRVSDOWDV\ODSLVFROD(VWDºOWLPD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 37
GXU³ GRV PLQXWRV HQ OD PHVD <R \D GDGD YXHOWD SRFR
GLVLPXODEDPLPROHVWLDSHURVHDFHUFDEDHOILQDO7RP©
HQWRQFHVODERWHOOD
ߚ-XDQMRYR\DLUDUHOOHQDUODSHWDFDDOED±RSRUTXH
HVWD QRFKH VH QRV YLHQH ODUJD ߚOH GLMH DFDULFLDQGR VX
URGLOOD
$JDUU©ODERWHOODOOHQ©ODSHWDFDYROY­\REYLRTXHOH
VROW©ODFRQHMDSRUTXHODVPXMHUHVVRPRVWDQWRQWDV1R
PHQWLUDDJDUU©ODERWHOODOOHQ©ODSHWDFDDSOLTX©ERPED
GHKXPRGHVDSDUHF­GHOEDU\ORPHQVDML© VXSXHVWR PL VHUHQLGDG VH YROYL³ ORFXUD \ PH OOHQ© GH
l-XDQMLWROLQGRHVWDQRFKHQRKD\VHUUXFKRHOFRSHWH
PH SUHQGH HV P¡V PH GHMDVWH OLVWD OLVWD SDߞ LU GH
FDFHU­D ELHQ ULFD OD WDEOD VRUU\ SRU FDVL QR GDUWH \
FRP©UPHOD DWUDYHV¡ b$K \ SDߞ OD RWUD VL OH YDV D
PDQGDU XQD IRWR P­D D WXV DPLJRV DY­VDPH SDߞ QR
SDMDURQLDU{
$SDJX©HOWHO©IRQRPHVHQW©HQODYHUHGDIRQGL¡HQWUH
GRV DXWRV SUHQG­ XQ SXFKR \ GHVGH OHMRV YL VX UHDFFL³Q
FXDQGR OH­D PL PHQVDMH &RQPLJR QR SHUULWR PLUD TXH
KDFH D±RV DSUHQG­ TXH OD YHQJDQ]D VH VLUYH HQ YDVR GH
SLVFRODRHQVXGHIHFWRVHWRPDGLUHFWRGHODSHWDFD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
/RVVRQORVQXHYRV
/D 0DU­D FXPSOL³ WUHLQWD \ FRPR QRV FRQRFLPRV D ORV
FLQFRWDPEL©QVHU­DODFHOHEUDFL³QGHQXHVWUDVERGDVGH
SODWDYHLQWLFLQFRD±RVGHKHUPRVDDPLVWDG(QPLPHQWH
YHQ­D SODQHDQGR WRGR KDFH XQ SDU D±RV DV­ TXH SRU
DPDUJXUD FXDQGR PL VRFLD VDOL³ FRQ TXH QR KDE­D QDGD
TXHFHOHEUDU
ߚ1R YROYHU© D WHQHU QXQFD P¡V YHLQWLWDQWRV D±RV
0DUWLQDREYLRTXHQRKD\QDGDTXHIHVWHMDUQRQR\QR
ߚVHQWHQFL³0DU­D*¡UJDPHODFDULFLDQGRD$]UDHO
2NRNRNHQWRQFHVVHU¡VRUSUHVDSHQV©
1R WDUG© P¡V GH PHGLD KRUD HQ KDFHU HO HYHQWR
SULYDGR HQ )DFHERRN \ DO FDER GH XQDV KRUDV HO
SDQRUDPD HUD HO VLJXLHQWH  SHUVRQDV LQYLWDGDV 
DVLVWHQWHV  TXL]¡V DVLVWDQ  QR DVLVWLU­DQ 'H ORV 
FRQILUPDGRV  HUDQ H[ GH OD 0DU­D (O OXJDU PL
GHSDUWDPHQWR GH  PHWURV FXDGUDGRV LQWHULRU \  GH
WHUUD]D /LQGR SDQRUDPD $ ODV GRV KRUDV OD WHQ­D
FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH GHQWUR GH GRV VHPDQDV VROR
38
FHOHEUDU­DPRVQXHVWUDERGDGHSODWD\TXHVHU­DPRVVROR
HOOD\R\XQDUVHQDOGHFRSHWH6HODFRPSU³HQWHUD
/OHJ³ HO G­D 1XHVWUD FLWD SDUWL³ FRQ XQ DOPXHU]R
URP¡QWLFRQRO©VELFR/DLGHDHUDFXUDUDOD0DU­D\TXH
OD JHQWH HPSH]DUD D OOHJDU GH D SRFR 2 VHD TXH HQ HO
WUDQVFXUVRGHODWDUGHODHPSH]DUDQDOODPDUOHFDQWDUDQ
FXPSOHD±RVIHOL]SRUWHO©IRQR\FXDQGROHSUHJXQWDVHQVL
KDU­DDOJRSDUDFHOHEUDU\RJULWDU­DGHVGHDWU¡Vlb9HQWH
HVWDUHPRVDTX­WUDQTXLV{(VWDEDWRGRSDXWHDGR\FRPR
OD0DU­DQRPLHQWHQLWDPSRFRVDEHGHFLUTXHQRSURQWR
FRPHQ]DU­DQDOOHJDUXQRDXQRORVFRPHQVDOHV
3HURHOSODQVHPHIXHDODVSDLODVFXDQGRFDFK©TXH
HQUHDOLGDGOD0DU­DGHYHUGDGHVWDEDPDO\QRHVWDEDQL
DK­FRQFRQWHVWDUVXWHO©IRQRTXHQRSDUDEDGHVRQDU
3ODQ%l/OHJXHQWRGRVGLUHFWRDPLGHSDUWDPHQWRDODV
VRFLDQRHVW¡FRQWHVWDQGRHOWHO©IRQR{SRVWL©HQHO
HYHQWRDVDELHQGDVTXHWRGRWHUPLQDU­DDODVFRQOD
0DU­DHVWUDQJXO¡QGRPH
2N RN RN FXDQGR VH EDMH OD ERWHOOD GH FKDPSD±D OH
GLU© OD YHUGDG SHQV© 6H WRP³ HOOD XQD \ \R RWUD SHUR
FRPR PL SDUWQHU HV P¡V HFRQ³PLFD TXH PRGHOR GH
FDO]RQFLOORV .D\VHU D HVR GH ODV  KRUDV VH TXLVR
SHJDUXQDVLHVWD\HQWUHERVWH]R\ERVWH]RVHPHWL³HQPL
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
SLH]D \ FRRSHU³ 0H UHFRVW© D VX ODGR \ FXDQGR OH
VXVXUU©ODYHUGDG\DLEDHQVXRFWDYRVXH±R
2N RN RN FRQVWH TXH VH OR GLMH VL QR HVFXFK³ HV
SUREOHPDGHHOOD'HVSX©VGHODERWHOODGHFKDPSD±DD
P­QDGLHPHDSDJDU­DLUUDGLDEDP¡VHQHUJ­D\HVWDEDP¡V
HQFKXI¡ TXH OD YLUJHQ GHO FHUUR 0DTXLOODMH FDPELR GH
URSD\ODJHQWHFRPHQ]³DOOHJDU'HOD0DU­DQLOXFHV
VHJX­D]HWD
(QWUH TXLHQHV KDE­DQ OOHJDGR \D KDE­D WUHV H[ GH OD
0DU­D $EUH SDU©QWHVLV /D 0DU­D WLHQH HVD FDSDFLGDG
HQYLGLDEOHߚ\DOJRHQIHUPDߚGHTXHGDUFRPRDPLJDGH
WRGRVVXVH[\TXHWRGRVVXVH[DGHP¡VWHUPLQHQVLHQGR
DPLJRVHQWUHHOORV(OODGLFHTXHHOVHFUHWRHVVHUEXHQD
JHQWH <R GLJR TXH HV DJXD GH SRWR &LHUUH SDU©QWHVLV
$EUHRWURSDU©QWHVLV&RPROHVFRQW©HQHOSULPHUOLEUR
OD 0DU­D HV ERQLWD SHUR VXV PLQRV DK­ QRP¡ GH KHFKR
KXERXQWLHPSRHQTXHHVWXYHFRQYHQFLGDGHTXHOD0DU­D
VHPHW­DDOURSHURYLDMDEDD1DUQLD\GHDOO¡ORVWUD­DHV
TXH KDE­D XQRV TXH HVWDEDQ OLVWRV SDߞ OD WLHQGD GH
PDVFRWDV&LHUUHHORWURSDU©QWHVLV
&XDQGR FDFK© TXH PL DPLJD QR GHVSHUWDED \ OD JHQWH
QRSDUDEDGHOOHJDUWXYHXQDEULOODQWHRFXUUHQFLD
,JXDOGHEHVHUULFRTXHWHGHVSLHUWHQWUHVH[SHQV©
(QWRQFHV PDQG© DO %RFD Hߞ 3DWR DO &HUHߞ 3HUUR \ DO
39
3HFKRHߞ3DORPDDODSLH]D
ߚ<D FDEURV VL GHVSLHUWR \R D OD 0DU­D PH PDWD VL
YDQ XVWHGHV \ OD GHVSLHUWDQ FRQ XQ FXPSOHD±RV IHOL]
HVWDPRVDORWURODGROHHQFDQWDTXHOHFDQWHQߨ
ߚb<DYDPRVߚODGU³XQR
ߚb%XHQDLGHDߚH[FODP³HORWUR
ߚb&RQ WRGR FDEURV ߚUHPDW³ GH XQ JUD]QLGR HO
ºOWLPR
/HSHG­DODPDVDTXHVHHVFRQGLHUD\DV­HQFXDQWROD
0DU­D VDOL³ GH OD SLH]D PX\ ELHQ DFRPSD±DGD SRU OD
JUDQMD WRGRV D FRUR JULWDPRV b6RUSUHVD /D 0DU­D ILM³
VX PLUDGD GLUHFWR HQ P­ FRUUL³ KDF­D PL GLUHFFL³Q PH
DEUD]³ ELHQ DSUHW¡ \ PH VXVXUU³ DO R­GR l7H WLUDVWH
0DUWLQD HVS©UDWH QRP¡ WX SU³[LPR FXPSOHD±RV{ 0H
VROW³ FRUUL³ D VXELU OD UDGLR \ FRPHQ]³ OD ILHVWD TXH
WHUPLQ³ VROR XQD KRUD GHVSX©V 3RU TX© WDQ FRUWD"
3RUTXH HQWUH ORV LQYLWDGRV OOHJDURQ RFKHQWD PLO
SDUDFDLGLVWDV\QRORVWROHUR(QWRQFHV\RTXHHVWDEDGH
GXH±D GH FDVD \ DQILWULRQD HVWUHOOD HQ XQD GH ODV WDQWDV
URQGDV HQ TXH UHOOHQDED ORV YDVRV GH ORV LQYLWDGRV D
FXDWURPDQRVSRUXQODGRSLVFR\URQSRUHORWUREHELGD
EODQFD \ QHJUD GH UHSHQWH XQR GH ORV SDUDFDLGLVWDV PH
JULW³ DUGLHURQ 'H HVH G­D HQ DGHODQWH VH FRUUL³ HO UXPRU GH
ߚ2\HWº0DUWLWDbV­UYHPHXQYRGND
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
(OVDFRZHDPHWUDWRGH0DUWLWDHQPLSURSLDFDVDPH
PDQG³ \ HO PX\ JLO SLGL³ YRGND YLHQGR TXH QR WHQ­D
4X© HVSHUDED" 4XH OH VDFDUD OD ERWHOOD GH XQ
VRPEUHUR" 1R V© TX© FDUD KDEU© SXHVWR SHUR WRGR HO
PXQGRVHFRQJHO³VROW©ODVERWHOODVFDPLQ©KDFLDHOJLO
SXVH PL FDUD D GRV FHQW­PHWURV GH VX FDUD \ PLU© OD
SXHUWDGHVDOLGD3DUWL³QRWXYHQHFHVLGDGGHKDEODU(O
WHPDHVTXHHOGHVXELFDGRHUDHOFRQGXFWRU\P¡VGHOD
PLW¡ GH ORV DVLVWHQWHV KDE­DQ OOHJDGR FRQ ©O $QGDED HQ
VXIXUJ³QHVFRODU
ߚb0DUWLQD ߚJULW³ GHO RWUR H[WUHPR OD 0DU­Dߚ HV
PLFXPSOHD±RVVRUSUHVD\WXYHQ­DHFKDUDOPXQGR"1Dߞ
TXHYHUSRߞVL\RVR\ODSURWDJRQLVWD
7RGRVVHULHURQ\OD0DU­DFRQWLQX³
ߚ$V­TXHWRGRHOUHVWRYD\DDJDUUDQGRVXVKXHYDGLWDV
TXH DGHP¡V GH PL FXPSOHD±RV HVWDPRV GH DQLYHUVDULR
FRQOD0DUWLWD
7RGRV ߚLQFOX\©QGRPHߚ SHQVDPRV TXH OD 0DU­D
HVWDED KXHYLDQGR SHUR QR $EUL³ OD SXHUWD DJDUU³ XQRV
YDVRV \ VH SXVR D ODYDU OD OR]D (UD FLHUWR DV­ TXH GH
ORFDDORFD\PHGLDDJDUU©ODHVFRED\HPSHF©DEDUUHU
6H IXHURQ \ FRQYHUVDPRV KDVWD TXH ODV YHODV QR
TXHFRQOD0DU­D©UDPRVP¡VTXHDPLJDV3HURTXHULGDV
40
OHFWRUDV\OHFWRUHVVLXVWHGHV\DHQFRQWUDURQDVX0DU­D
GHEHQ VDEHU TXH HV OH\ VL QR SHQVDURQ TXH WX PHMRU
DPLJDHVWXSDUHMDHQWRQFHVIDOODVWHFRPRPHMRUDPLJD /DTXHQRWXYRIDQWDV­DVFRQVX
SULPR\FRQ3LQLOOD
TXHWLUHODSULPHUDSLHGUD

3$8/,1$ b0D±DQD PH TXHGR VROD SULPRV 3RGU­DQ

YHQLUDYHUPH
-26‰b<D/HGLU©DPLSDS¡TXHQRVYDPRVDMXQWDU
/251$ 1R VHDL DJ¼HQDR SRߞ -RV© YLVWH TXH HO W­R VH
YDDTXHUHUVXPDULQY©QWDOHDOJR
3$1&+2<RSDVRDFRPSUDUFRSHWH\DUUHJODPRVDOO¡
3$8/,1$/HDYLVDPRVDOD0DUWLQD"
/251$ 1R VHDL SDYD SRߞ 3DXOLQD VL SRU DOJR OD
VDFDPRVGHOJUXSR
-26‰ '©PRVOH XQD RSRUWXQLGDG VL D PL SDS¡ OH GLJR
TXH YD OD 0DUWLQD PH YDQ D GHMDU LU YLVWH TXH HV OD
PD\RU
3$1&+22NVHU¡SRߞ\RODOODPR

<PHOODP³HOLQIHOL]+DE­DQSDVDGRVHLVPHVHVGHVGHOD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 41
ºOWLPD MXQWD GH SULPRV 'HVSX©V GH OD MXQWD
PLVWHULRVDPHQWH KDE­D GHVDSDUHFLGR GHO JUXSR GH
:KDWV$SS,PDJLQRTXHKDE­DVLGRXQHUURULQVLQXDUPHDO
SRORORGHOD/RUQDSHURFU©DQPHQRORKXELHVHKHFKRVL
©OQRORKXELHVHKHFKRSULPHUR
/DFLWDHUDDODVSHUROOHJX©DODVFRQGRV
VL[ SDFN TXH SDV© D FRPSUDU D OD ERWLOOHU­D GHO SHUXDQR
GHODHVTXLQD/D3DXOLQDHUDGHHVDVSULPDVV¡QJXFKHGH
SDOWD DV­ TXH DQWHV GH SRQHU XQ SLH HQ VX FDVD \D PH
KDE­DFRQWDGRWRGRHOFDKX­QSRUHOFXDO\DQRHVWDEDHQ
HOJUXSR
$ODKRUDVH±DODGDOOHJDURQORVSULPLWRV\SULPLWDVTXH
HQ SURPHGLR QR VXSHUDEDQ ORV YHLQWLG³V D±RV (O
DPELHQWH VH FRUWDED FRQ WLMHUD DV­ TXH SDUD URPSHU HO
KLHORSURSXVHTXHMXJ¡UDPRV
$EUH SDU©QWHVLV 6HU OD SULPD PD\RU FRPR TXH WH
REOLJD GH FKLFD D WHQHU HVS­ULWX GH W­D GH MDUG­Q LQIDQWLO
&XDQGR©UDPRVQL±RVORVREOLJDEDDFDQWDUDDFWXDUOHV
KDF­D\LQFDQDVORVKDF­DSLQWDUORTXHIXHUD(UDGHHVDV
W­SLFDV SHQGHMDV IORUHUR PH DXWRFD­ PDO &LHUUH
SDU©QWHVLV
ߚ&DEURV \D QR VRPRV WDQ QL±RV WHQHPRV FRSHWH \
VRPRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVMXJXHPRVDODFXOWXUDFKXS­VWLFD
< HPSH]³ HO MXHJR &XDQGR \D HVWDEDQ WRGRV P¡V
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
FRF­RVTXH\R3DQFKRSURSXVR
ߚ3HURDKRUDHOTXHSLHUGHVHVDFDXQDSUHQGD
7RGRVUHVSRQGLHURQTXHV­HQHODFWR
<RHQVKRFN
ߚ2RRRRRRRNHHHHH\ VROGDGD TXH DUUDQFD VLUYH SDߞ
RWUD JXHUUD \ QR HVWR\ SDUD HVWRV WURWHV 0L PHPRULD \D
WLHQHODFDUSHWDlDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVEL]DUURV{OOHQDDV­TXH
FKD­WRSULPRVPHYR\DDFRVWDUGHWRGRORTXHVXFHGD
GHDTX­SDUDDGHODQWHQRPHTXLHURHQWHUDUFX­GHQVHORV
DPRߚ0HEDM³ODDGXOWDORVSHUVLJQ©OHVGLXQEHVLWR
HQODIUHQWH\PHIXLSDߞODFDVD
$O G­D VLJXLHQWH PL PDP¡ PH FRQW³ TXH PL W­R VX
KHUPDQR\HOSDGUHGHODV¡QJXFKHGHSDOWDODOODP³SDߞ
FRQWDUOHORTXHVXSXHVWDPHQWHPHSHUG­
5HVXOWDTXHQRPHIXLQDߞSRߞ<RFUH­DHVRSHURORV
WHVWLJRV FXHQWDQ OR FRQWUDULR +LFH HO DPDJXH GHO FKD­WR
SULPRV SHUR FRPR OD FDUQH HV G©ELO DO SULPHU lQR WH
YD\DV SRߞ 0DUWLQD HVWR UHFL©Q FRPLHQ]D{ PH TXHG©
6HJºQGRQV¡QJXFKHGHSDOWDIXLODSULPHUDHQSHUGHUHQ
OD FXOWXUD FKXS­VWLFD \ SRU OR WDQWR OD SULPHUD HQ
TXLWDUPH OD EOXVD 'H DK­ SDߞ GHODQWH HQ YH] GH VHU OD
SULPDHMHPSODUFKDFUL©ODUHXQL³QIDPLOLDU
ߚ2\H \ VL HQ YH] GH VHJXLU MXJDQGR D HVWD ZXH¡
42
PHMRUQRKDFHPRVFXHUSRVSLQWDGRV"b<RPHRIUH]FRGH
OLHQ]R
$EUHSDU©QWHVLV+DVWDHVHSXQWRGHPLYLGDKDE­DVLGR
ODFXU¡MXJRVDODFXU¡VRFLDEOHODFXU¡XQSRFRVXHOWDOD
FXU¡ HQWHUD VXHOWD OD FXU¡ I¡FLO OD FXU¡ FRQFLOLDGRUD OD
FXU¡ WRQJROHOH OD FXU¡ FKHI OD FXU¡ ODGURQD OD FXU¡
UHIOH[LYD OD FXU¡ DOXFLQ©LWRU OD FXU¡ PDQVDSHUVR \ OD
FXU¡ DOED±LOߨ SHUR OD FXU¡ DUWLVWD OHV MXUR SRU SLVFR
&DSHOSULPHUD\ºOWLPDYH]&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
$ PHGLGD TXH PL PDP¡ PH FRQWDED OH HPSH]DED D
HQFRQWUDUVHQWLGRDODVPDQFKDVTXHVHDVRPDEDQGHEDMR
GH PL SLMDPD SHUR QR TXLVH VHJXLU PLUDQGR VROR PH
GHGLTX©DHVFXFKDU
ߚ0DP¡DDDQRRRRQRIXHHHWDQDV­DYHUSHURVLJXH
TX©P¡VWHFRQW³HOW­Rߨ
ߚ0DUWLQD KLMD VL \R WDPEL©Q SHQV© TXH HUD FXHQWR
SHURPHPDQG³IRWRV
ߚ$YHUP¡QGDPHODV
*URVRHUURU(VHD±RKDE­DVDOLGROD6LJULG$OHJU­DGH
UHLQD GHO IHVWLYDO \ VH KDE­D WLUDGR D OD SLVFLQD HQ OD
FHUHPRQLDGHSUHPLDFL³QELHQHPSHORWD\ELHQSLQW¡3RU
VXSXHVWR \R QR TXHU­D VHU PHQRV 3HUR D HOOD OD KDE­DQ
SLQWDGRDUWLVWDVSURIHVLRQDOHV\\RPHSLQW©VROLWD\FRQ
XQ URGLOOR P¡V XVDGR TXH \R PLVPD )LJºUHQVH OD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
VLJXLHQWH LPDJHQ XQD IODFXFKHQWD HQ VRVWHQHV EODQFRV
SLQW¡ GH OD FLQWXUD SDߞ DUULED FRQ PDQFKDV QHJUDV \
JULVHV GH WHPSHUD \ HQWUH ODV PDQFKDV SXURV SXQWLWRV
URMRV TXH SDUHF­DQ VHU GH HVPDOWH GH X±DV FRQ XQD
DFWLWXGGHHVWXGLDQWHGHWHDWURGHSULPHUD±RELHQDUWLVWD
FRQFHSWXDOVKXSHUORFDDOSHR
ߚ$KKKK V­ SRߞ PDP¡ SHUR HVR IXH SDUWH GH XQD
UHFUHDFL³QTXHKLFLPRVFRQORVFKLTXLOORVWºFDFKDLSRߞ
\RVLHPSUHKHWHQLGRFRPSOHMRW­DGHMDUG­QLQIDQWLO
$JDUU©HOWHO©IRQR\OODP©DODV¡QJXFKHGHSDOWD
ߚ3ULPLWDSULPLWDSULPLWDWHDFRUG¡LGHHVDYH]TXH
QRVHQFRQWUDPRVHQOD%ORQGLH"7HDFRUG¡LTXHIXHHQHO
ED±R"7HDFRUG¡LORTXHHVWDEDLKDFLHQGR"7HDFRUG¡L
TXH WX PDP¡ HV HYDQJ©OLFD" 7H DFRUG¡L TXH VXIUH DO
FRUD]³Q" 7H DFRUG¡L TXH PH SHGLVWH TXH PH OOHYDUD HO
VHFUHWRDODWXPED"0LUDWRUWLOOHUDGURJRGHSHQGLHQWHOR
ºQLFRTXHWHYR\DGHFLUHVTXHVLOHOOHJDVDPDQGDUHVD
IRWR D DOJXLHQ P¡V WRGR &KLOH WHUULWRULDO DQW¡UWLFR H
LQVXODUVHYDDHQWHUDUGHTXHWHJXVWDQODVVRSDLSDV\GH
TXHWHGHGLFDVWHDOPLFURWU¡ILFR
<DV­IXHQXQFDODVHQYL³DQDGLHHVP¡VGXUDQWHOD
PLVPD WDUGH PL PDP¡ PH PDQG³ RWUDV LP¡JHQHV \
G©MHQPH GHFLUOHV \R SHQV© TXH PH YH­D PDO HQ PL
43
SHUIRUPDQFHSHURODV¡QJXFKHGHSDOWDHUDFRPRDYDWDU
OHSURVREDLODQGRJDQJDVW\OH
0RQDFRQQDYDMD7LQGHU

ߚ&X¡QWRFXHVWDHVHKRPEUH"
ߚ/RWHQHPRVHQRIHUWDOOHJDU\OOHYDUVH±RULWD
ߚ<HVHRWUR"
ߚ7DPEL©QVH±RULWDHVW¡QWRGRVHQRIHUWD
ߚ0HORDJUDQGDSRUWUHVFLHQWRV"
ߚ1RVH±RULWDDJUDQGDUORHVWUDEDMRVX\R
ߚ2NGHPHDOPRUHQLWRTXHGLFHJXVWDUODSRHV­D\ODV
FDPLQDWDVDODLUHOLEUH

(QWHRU­DODWHFQRORJ­DHVW¡DOVHUYLFLRGHODUHVROXFL³Q
GHFRQIOLFWRVGHORVVHUHVKXPDQRV)DODFLDV3RUTXHKD\
XQ DQWHV \ XQ GHVSX©V FDWDVWU³ILFR HQ OD YLGD DIHFWLYD \
VH[XDO GH WRGDV TXLHQHV EDMR ODV WHQWDFLRQHV FDUQDOHV \
SDVLRQDOHVGHOFXHUSRGHVFDUJDPRV7LQGHU
4X© HV 7LQGHU" (O VXSHUPHUFDGR P¡V JUDQGH GH
KRPEUHV TXH VH KD FRQVWUXLGR HQ OD KLVWRULD KD\ DOWRV
EDMRV EODQFRV QHJURV EDED IODFRV JRUGRV M³YHQHV
YLHMRV YLHMRV GHFU©SLWRV FDVDGRV VROWHURV VHSDUDGRV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 44
YLXGRV J³WLFRV SRNHPRQHV K­SVWHUV RWDNXV RVKDUHV
GHSUHVLYRV RSWLPLVWDV PHWURVH[XDOHV ELVH[XDOHV
SDQDVH[XDOHVDVH[XDOHVߨ<WRGRVWLHQHQDOJRHQFRPºQ 0RQDFRQQDYDMDFHOXODUVLJOR
WRGRVHOORVVLQOXJDUDGXGDVWHODTXLHUHQSRQHU
/RERQLWRHVTXHHQHVWHJUDQVXSHUPHUFDGRWºWLHQHV
HOSRGHUGHHOHJLUVLYDVDFRPSUDUODFDUQHPRO­D
JUDVD R VL YDV SRU HO ILOHWH GH SULPHU FRUWH
3HUVRQDOPHQWH FUHR TXH SRGU­D HVFULELU XQ OLEUR DSDUWH
FRQ WRGDV ODV KLVWRULDV 7LQGHU TXH WHQJR SHUR SDUD OHHU
GUDPDVEDVWD\VREUDFRQHOQXHYR\DQWLJXRWHVWDPHQWR
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
;;,
l6L QR PH DFXHUGR QR SDV³{ HV XQD IUDVH TXH HVW¡
FRPSOHWDPHQWH REVROHWD \ OR HVW¡ E¡VLFDPHQWH SRUTXH
VLQRWHDFXHUGDVHOFHOXODUWHORUHFXHUGD\DVHDSRUWX
ºOWLPDOODPDGD\DVHDSRUHVHºOWLPRDXGLRWUDLFLRQHURR
ߚSULQFLSDOPHQWHߚ SRU HVD PLOORQ¡ GH IRWRV LG©QWLFDV
TXHWHGDSDMDERUUDU\DFXPXODV\DFXPXODV\DFXPXODV
HQODPHPRULDGHWXFHOXODU
0HQFL³QKRQURVDDODVHOILH$EUHSDU©QWHVLV<HVTXH
ORWHQHPRVTXHDGPLWLUWRGDVQRVVDFDPRVVHOILHV\DVHD
VRODV R HQ FRPSD±­D WRGDV FRQ OD PLVPD ERFD GH SDWR
DOJXQDVRFDVLRQDOPHQWH\RWUDVGXUDQWHODPD±DQDWDUGH
\ QRFKHߨ (QIHUPDV WHQHPRV TXH HQWHQGHU TXH QXHVWUD
FDUDQRFDPELDGXUDQWHHOG­D&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
)XHURQ ODV PLVPDV VHOILHV ODV TXH PH OOHYDURQ D ߚ
GXUDQWH XQ WLHPSR FRQVLGHUDEOHߚ VDOLU VLQ FHOXODU \ QR
VH WUDWD GH TXH PH YLHVH PDO QR QL±DV VH WUDWD GH TXH
KXERXQWLHPSRHQTXHPHGLRSRUVDFDUPHVHOILHVGHODV
SRFDV URSDVߨ VHOILHV GH ODV SHFDGRUDV (VWD DFFL³Q PH
45
HQVH±³ XQD PRUDOHMD PX\ LPSRUWDQWH TXH TXLVLHUD
FRPSDUWLUFRQXVWHGHV
(Q XQ DFWR GH SURIXQGR DPRU MºELOR \ HQWXVLDVPR
TXLVHGDUOHXQDPDQRDXQH[TXHQHFHVLWDEDD\XGDSDUD
WHUPLQDU VXV WDUHDV HQ OD VROHGDG GH VX KDELWDFL³Q
(QWRQFHV DFFHG­ D VX SHWLFL³Q \ OH PDQG© XQD IRWR D OR
(YD VLQ KRMLWD 3DV³ HO WLHPSR \ HVH $G¡Q SDV³ D OD
KLVWRULDWDPEL©QQRDV­ODIRWR\DTXHHOPX\EULOODQWHGH
$G¡Q RV³ FRPSDUWLU OD IRWR FRQ XQR GH VXV DPLJRV TXH
UHVXOW³ VHU DPLJR GH OD 0DU­D (YD VXIUL³ PXFKR SHUR
(YD WUDQVIRUP³ WRGR VX GRORU HQ YHQJDQ]D $GLYLQHQ
TXL©QWHQ­DXQDIRWRGHODGHVJUDFLDGH$G¡Q"<HVTXH
FU©DQPHDPLJXLWDVQLHOGLVH±DGRUJU¡ILFRP¡VFOHYHUGHO
PXQGRSRGU­DKDEHUDJUDQGDGRHVDFRVLWD
3RUTXH FRQPLJR QR KXDFKLWR PLUD TXH FXDQGR PRUG­
OD PDQ]DQD \ VH DFHUF³ OD VHUSLHQWH D GDUPH MXJR OD
DJDUU© \ PH KLFH XQ SDU GH ERWDV FRQ ORV GLHQWHV PH
OLPSL©ODVX±DV\HOFDVFDEHOWHORPDQG©SRU&RUUHRVGH
&KLOHSDUDTXHWHORPHWLHUDVHQODUDMD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
%XUO©ODPXHUWH
/RKDE­DPRVGDGRWRGRFRQOD0DU­DWRGR\P¡VHQXQD
QRFKHFXDWURSUHYLDVGRVGHHOODVFXPSOHD±RVIHOLFHVOR
TXH VLJQLILF³ VHLV QºPHURV QXHYRV SDߞ OD DJHQGD XQR OD
0DU­D \ FLQFR \R /RV P­RV DJUHJDGRV D OD DJHQGD
WHOHI³QLFDFRPRPLQRULFRGHODSUHYLDPLQRP¡VULFR
GH OD SUHYLD  %HQMDP­Q 9LFX±D 'LVFRWHTXH SLVWD
SDFKDQJD PLQR TXH SLGL³ IXHJR HQ HO SDUDGHUR \ IXWXUR
HVSRVR V¡EDGR  QRYLHPEUH HO GH OD 0DU­D OR DJUHJ³
FRPRl3HSH{
3HURKDE­DVLGRXQDQRFKHLQWHQVDTXHOOHJDEDDVXILQ
ߚ<D0DUWLQDWHOODPRHQYHLQWHPLQXWRVSDUDFDFKDU
VL OOHJDVWH D WX FDVD ߚGLMR OD 0DU­D KDFLHQGR SDUDU XQ
WD[L
<RLEDDWRPDUHOVLJXLHQWHSHURODVWULSDVHPSH]DURQ
D OODPDU \ PH WHQW© SRU XQ VRSDLSOHWR GH FDUULWR 
SHVRV FDGD VRSDLSOHWR \ WHQ­D  SHVRV MXVWRV SDOߞ
WD[L l&DJX© PH WHQGU© TXH LU HQ PLFUR{ SHQV© HQ YR]
DOWDPLHQWUDVODILODDYDQ]DED
ߚ< SDUD TX© WH YDV D LU VL GHVSX©V GH FRPHU QRV
46
YDPRVWRGRVDXQDIWHU"ߚVXVXUU³ODYR]GHXQJDO¡QGH
TXLQWD /R PLU© \ HVWDED OLVWR SDߞ OD ROOD SHUR \R VROR
DWLQ© D XQ lMLMLMLML{ 2 VHD VRQULVD FRTXHWD SRUTXH PH
HUD LPSRVLEOH KDEODU HO FRSHWH PH WHQ­D OHQJXDGD OD
WUDYD
0H VDPS© GRV VRSDLSOHWRV \ OH SHJX© XQ SDU GH
PDVWLFDGDV DO FRPSOHWR GHO JDO¡Q GH TXLQWD \ DV­ HQWUH
MLMLMLMLMLMLMLMLMLPHYLSDJDQGRGRVOXFDVHQODSXHUWDGH
XQOXJDUGHGXGRVDUHSXWDFL³QELHQWRPDGLWDGHODPDQR
GHOJDO¡QGHTXLQWD(QWUDPRVDODIWHU\HUDWDQRUGLQDULR
TXHHO9,3HVWDEDVHSDUDGRGHOHVSDFLRFRPºQSRUXQD
ODQDD]XOREYLDPHQWHHQWUDPRVDO9,3
/RSULPHURTXHYLIXHDODYHUVL³QRUJXOORJD\DUFR­ULV
GH ODV FKLFDV VXSHUSRGHURVDV HUDQ WUHV WULVWHV WUDYHVWLV < QR V© F³PR SHUR SUHQGLHURQ KLFLPRV GXSODV \
HO WUDYHVWL QºPHUR  OH HVWDED UHYHQWDQGR XQ YDVR HQ OD
VLHQ DO WUDYHVWL QºPHUR GRV /XHJR VH PH DFHUFD HO
WUDYHVWL QºPHUR  \ PH RIUHFH XQ YDVR GH DJXD <R P¡V
VHFD TXH FKRUR GH DEXHOD GHO KRJDU ODV URVDV DFHSW© \
UHVXOW³QRVHUDJXDHUDYRGNDSXULWDQR0HORWRP©WRGR
SRUTXHDSHVDUGHTXHWHQ­DODJXDWDOOHQDSRUHOEDM³Q
VLHPSUHWHQGU©HVSDFLRSDUDHOFRSHWHSRUTXHHOFRSHWH
QRVHYDDODJXDWDYDGLUHFWRDOFRUD]³Q$OUDWRORVWUHV
WULVWHV WUDYHVWLV WRPDEDQ W³QLFD WDQ DPLJRV SHUG³Q
DPLJDVFRPRVLHPSUH(QWRQFHVVHYROYLHURQDUDMDUFRQ
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
RWUR SXULWDQR \ HPSH]DURQ D FRUR FRQ HVH IDURO QR
DOXPEUDQRDOXPEUDHVHIDURO
6LQHPEDUJRDQWHVGHSRGHUVLTXLHUDOHYDQWDUHOFRGR
GRVORFRVPLHQWUDVVDO­DQGHODIWHUPHERWDURQHOFRSHWH
$FWR VHJXLGR HO WUDYHVWL QºPHUR  JULW³ XQ bHVW¡Q
UREDQGR &RPR VLHPSUH QDGLH KL]R QDGD \ \R FXDO
ERUUDFKDMXVWLFLHUDGHFLG­IRUPDUXQDWURSDSDUDDWUDSDU
DORVODGURQHV
ߚb8VWHGHVORVODVWUHVWULVWHVWUDYHVWLV&RUUDQSDߞDOOD
YHQJDQSDߞDF¡HQFLHQGDQODVOXFHVWUDLJDQXQDHVFRSHWD
SRUTXH HQ HVWH DIWHU KDE­D UDWHURV 6L FRUUHPRV ORV
DWUDSDPRV b\ DGHP¡V HVRV LPE©FLOHV PH ERWDURQ HO
FRSHWHߚJULW©
VDOLPRV FRUULHQGR WRGDV HQ GLVWLQWDV GLUHFFLRQHV 'LPRV
ODYXHOWDDODPDQ]DQD\QDGDQRDSDUHFLHURQ/DVFXDWUR
\D QRV FUH­DPRV HVFXDGU³Q GH JXHUULOOD PXMHUHV
HPSRGHUDGDV OLEUHV OLQGDV \ ORFDV QDGD QRV GHWHQGU­D
HVDQRFKHߨ
ߚ$PLJDV FUHR TXH KHPRV SHUGLGR OD EDWDOOD ߚGLMR
GHSURQWR%DLWKLDKUH.LP&DUH\GHO6DQWR6RFRUURO­GHU
GH ODVORV WUHV WULVWHV WUDYHVWLVߚ < DKRUD TXL©Q SRGU¡
GHIHQGHUQRV"ߚUHPDW³
ߚ1RV©DPLJDVSHURQLFDJDQGRYXHOYRDHQWUDUDK­
47
Y¡PRQRVSDߞPLFDVDߚSURSXVH HQPLVLOO³Q&KDR0DU­DVRUU\ODSHO¡GHFDEOHWHDPR
ߚ9¡PRQRV ߚUHVSRQGLHURQ D FRUR %DLWKLDKUH \D DPLJD
LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD MXQWR D +HDWKHU 6SHDUV :ROI 'H OD (Q PHQRV GH WUHV VHJXQGRV HFK© D ORV WUHV WULVWHV
&XDGUD $EDQGRQDGD \ D .LWW\ 0LDX 0LDX $UUHPLDX WUDYHVWLVTXHVHWRPDURQWRGRODQRFKHDQWHULRUPHIXLD
0DQG\0XU/DGU³QGH*XHYDUD DFRVWDU \ DQWHV GH SRGHU VLTXLHUD PHWHUPH D OD FDPD
$FHSWDURQ (QWRQFHV WRPDPRV OD PLFUR \ WRGR HO HPSH]³ D VRQDU OD DODUPD GH PL FHOXODU (UD MXHYHV
FDPLQRQRVIXLPRVDOIRQGRUDSHDQGRSRUODVLQMXVWLFLDV GXFKLWDH[SU©V\DWUDEDMDU:XH¡VTXHXQDKDFHSRߞ
VRFLDOHV SRU OD SXHUWD JLUDWRULD SRU OD %DFKHO© SRU HO
3L±HUD SRU ORV 0DSXFKHV \ VXV WLHUUDV \ SRU HO SLWR OD
PDULKXDQDODFRFD­QD\HOQHRSU©Q
/OHJDPRVSDVDPRVODQRFKHGHODUJRFKXSDQGR\DHVR
GH ODV RFKR GH OD PD±DQD PH DFRUG© GH TXH QXQFD OH
FRQWHVW© HO WHO©IRQR D OD 0DU­D 0L VRUSUHVD IXH TXH DO
UHYLVDUHOFHOXODUQRWHQ­DQLXQP­VHURPHQVDMHGHODTXH
GLFHVHUPLPHMRUDPLJD/DOODP©
ߚ%XHQDRKlWHOODPRHQYHLQWHPLQXWRV{7HLQIRUPR
TXHOOHJX©ELHQDPLFDVDߚIXHORSULPHURTXHGLMH
ߚ$PLJDVLHPSUHOOHJDVELHQ\RFRQI­RHQWXVHQWLGR
GHVXSHUYLYHQFLDߚUHVSRQGL³
ߚ0DU­D FKºSDOR D SDUWLU GH KR\ WH FDPELR SRU
%DLWKLDKUH PL QXHYD PHMRU DPLJDDPLJR TXH V­ VH
SUHRFXSD SRU P­ WH PRU­ HO SHOR TXH WLHQH WH PRU­ VXV
X±DVWHPRU­TXHPHDFDERGHGDUFXHQWDGHTXHVHPH³

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 48
 TXLHQHV ­EDPRV GLUHFWR D 6RGRPD \ *RPRUUD ‰UDPRV
PLW¡\PLW¡8QDPLW¡D±RUDEDFRQODSDVL³QGH&ULVWRHO
/DJHQWHEXHQDVLHPSUHORSDVD UHWLUR HVSLULWXDORUHPRV\VLQWDPRVF³PRHO6H±RUQRV
FXEUHFRQVXPDQWRVDJUDGR\ODRWUDPLW¡LEDGLVSXHVWDD
SHRUTXHODJHQWHPDOD IRUPDUSDUWHGHODRUJ­DGHEHVRVFRQURPDQFHMXYHQLO<
VDEHPRV TXH QL XQD RUJ­D GH EHVRV FRQ URPDQFH MXYHQLO
YDDIXQFLRQDUVLDOPHQRVQRKD\XQSDUGHFKHODVHQHO
&RQ OD <RODQGLWD KLFLPRV OD FRQILUPDFL³Q MXQWDV /D
FXHUSR < DK­ HVWDED OD SLHGUD GH WRSH <RODQGLWD \ VXV
<RODQGLWD LED HQ VHULR D PLVD \ SDUWLFLSDED DFWLYDPHQWH
GRFH DS³VWROHV QR DFHSWDU­DQ SRU QL XQ PRWLYR TXH
HQ WRGDV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH RUJDQL]DEDQ FRQ WDQWR
LQJUHV¡UDPRVFRSHWHFRQWUDEDQGHDGRDOUHWLURHVSLULWXDO
HVIXHU]R ORV PRQLWRUHV 3DUD HOORV OD <RODQGLWD HUD VX
< OOHJ³ HO G­D /DV WUHFH RYHMDV GHVFDUULODGDV QRV
IDYRULWDRUGHQDGDSDVDEDODFDQDVWDSDߞODRIUHQGD\VH
MXQWDPRV HQ HO VXSHUPHUFDGR KLFLPRV XQD YDFD GH
HPRFLRQDED\YLEUDEDFXDQGRFRPXOJDEDODRVWLD
 VXILFLHQWH SDUD FRPSUDU WUHV VL[ SDFN XQD
<R LED D PLVD QR WDQ HQ VHULR \ SDUWLFLSDED QR WDQ
SURPRGHSLVFREDUDWR\XQDFDMHWLOODGHGLH])RQGHDPRV
DFWLYDPHQWH HQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV 6LHPSUH WUDW© GH
HOFRSHWHHQORVEROVRV\SDUWLPRVDODLJOHVLDSXQWRGH
HPRFLRQDUPHDOFRPXOJDU\QXQFDORORJU©7DPEL©QPH
SDUWLGDGHOEXVTXHQRVOOHYDU­DD3XQWDGH7UDOFD
RIUHF­ D SDVDU OD FDQDVWD SDߞ OD RIUHQGD SHUR QXQFD PH
'XUDQWH ODV FDVL GRV KRUDV GH YLDMH PH VHQW­ HQ HO
FRQVLGHUDURQ<ODYHUGDGGDLJXDOSRUTXHPLREMHWLYR
-DUG­Q GHO (G©Q \ HV TXH FXDQGR IRUPDV SDUWH GH XQ
VLHPSUH IXH RWUR $ ORV  D±RV ODV SHUQRFWDGDV
JUXSR UHOLJLRVR VHD FXDO VHD FRPR TXH VH WH DILQDQ ODV
JUXSDOHV KRPEUHV FRQ PXMHUHV IXHUD GHO KRJDU \ VLQ
FXHUGDV YRFDOHV (QWRQFHV SXHGHV FDQWDU FRPR OD
VXSHUYLVL³Q DGXOWD ºQLFDPHQWH VH GDEDQ HQ XQ VROR
FDOODPSD SHUR VL FDQWDV RVDQD HQ OR DOWR GHO FLHOR
FRQWH[WRHQHOUHWLURHVSLULWXDO
DFRPSD±DGD GH XQ JUXSR GH RWUDV QL±DV QL±RV \ XQD W­D
(O JUXSR HQWRQFHV HVWDED GLYLGLGR HQWUH TXLHQHV
JXLWDUULVWDVLHPSUHVHYDDHVFXFKDUERQLWR‰UDPRVVLQ
VHJX­DQ D OD <RODQGLWD \ DO FDPLQR GHO 6H±RU \ HQWUH
GXGD OD YHUVL³Q ODWLQD GH ORV 1L±RV &DQWRUHV GH 9LHQD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 49
7RGR JORULRVR +DVWD TXH GH XQ VROR SDUDJXD]R QRV
WUDMHURQGHYXHOWDDODWLHUUD
ߚb-³YHQHV 8Q SDMDULWR QRV FRQW³ TXH HQ DOJXQRV GH
VXV EROVRV WUDHQ VXVWDQFLDV GHO GLDEOR /HV GDUHPRV OD
RSRUWXQLGDG GH FXDQGR EDMHPRV GHO EXV VDFDU WRGR OR
TXH WUDHQ \ SRQHUOR HQ OD PHVD GHO SHUG³Q TXH
KDELOLWDUHPRV 6DEHPRV WRGR OR TXH WLHQHQ DV­ TXH QR
QRVWUDWHQGHHQJD±DU
(O SDMDULWR WHQ­D QRPEUH \ DSHOOLGR FRPSXHVWR GXUDQWHWRGRHOFDPLQRPHIXLFDEH]DDJDFK¡VROOR]DQGR
<RODQGLWD 5H&XOL¡ 'H PDULFRQD D PDULFRQD \ PHGLD
RMRSRURMRGLHQWHSRUGLHQWHSHQV©
&RPHQ]³HQWRQFHVHOUHDOUHWLURHVSLULWXDO4X©KDU­D
HO6H±RUHQPLOXJDU"$EUD]DUDOHQHPLJR(QWRQFHVDOD
EDMDGD GHO EXV WRP© GH OD FLQWXUD D OD <RODQGLWD OD
DUULQFRQ©FRQWUDXQ¡UEROODDEUDF©\FRQHOPLVPRWRQR
DQJHOLFDOGHOFDQWRFHOHVWLDOOHGLMH WºXXXX{7RGRSDUDTXHGDUFRPREXHQDVDPDULWDQD\TXH
ߚ1R YR\ D GHMDU TXH DUUXLQHV PL UHWLUR HVSLULWXDO
/OHYRYHLQWLFXDWURGRPLQJRVGHPLYLGDOHYDQW¡QGRPHD
ODVRFKRGHODPDGUXJDGD\QRVHU¡HQYDQR
5HWURFHG­\YLF³PRODPHVDGHOSHUG³QVHOOHQDEDGH
ERWHOODV FKLPERERV \ ODWDV GH FHUYH]D PLHQWUDV XQD GH
ODVPRQLWRUDVDUURMDEDWRGRDXQDEROVDGHEDVXUD
4X©KDU­DHO6H±RUHQPLOXJDU"
ߚ3RU PL FXOSD SRU PL FXOSD SRU PL JUDQ FXOSD ߚ
HPSHF©DJULWDUFRPRHQIHUPDߚ\RVR\ODFXOSDEOHQR
VR\ GLJQD GH IRUPDU SDUWH GH HVWH UHWLUR \R VROR TXHU­D
VHUDPLJDGHOD<RODQGLWDSRUHVROHKLFHFDVRSRUHVR
FRQIL©HQVXSODQߨ
(QHVRWRGRVORVRMRVDSXQWDURQD<RODQGLWD
ߚ<RODQGD \ 0DUWLQD DFRPS¡±HQPH ߚVROLFLW³ HO
PD\RUGHORVW­RVSDUURTXLDOHV
$ P­ HO OODQWR HVSRQW¡QHR VH PH GD I¡FLO (QWRQFHV
\ UHSLWLHQGR HO SDGUH QXHVWUR TXH HVW¡V HQ ORV FLHORV HO
DYH PDU­D SXU­VLPD HO FUHGR HQ 'LRV SDGUH WRGR
SRGHURVR \ FRPR GLFHQ TXH FXDQGR XQD FDQWD 'LRV OD
HVFXFKD FRQ P¡V IXHU]D WDPEL©Q FDQW© HVD FDQFL³Q
FULVWLDQD TXH GLFH lSHUG³QDDDDPHHHH SHUG³QDDDPHHHH
SHUG³QDPHHHH VL KD\ DOJR TXH TXLHURRRR HUHHHVVV
QROHFRQWDVHQDPLPDP¡
ߚ-RYHQFLWDV ߚH[FODP³ HO W­R SDUURTXLDOߚ QR
HQWUDUHPRVHQGLVFXVL³QSDUDVDEHUTXL©QGHXVWHGHVGLFH
OD YHUGDG GHQVH XQ DEUD]R VL©QWHQVH PHGLD KRUD HQ
VLOHQFLR PHGLWHQ \ RUHQ GHVSX©V VH LQFRUSRUDQ D VX
UXWLQDKDELWXDO
1R TXLVH VHJXLU SRQL©QGROH WDOHQWR D PL VKRZ \ PH

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 50
VHQW© QR VLQ DQWHV WDUDUHDU HQ YR] EDMLWD SDUWH GHO
VRXQGWUDFNGH-HVXFULVWR6XSHUHVWUHOOD
$OFDERGHPHGLDKRUDODGHYRWD<RODQGLWDVHSDU³\
VH IXH PH SHJ³ XQD PLU¡ \ VH OD UHVSRQG­ GH YXHOWD
&XDQGR PH LED SDUDQGR HO W­R SDUURTXLDO PH OODP³ \
GLMR UHVWRGHORVFRPHQVDOHV4XHVLKXERRUJ­DGHEHVRVFRQ
ߚ0DUWLQD WHQJR OD FHUWH]D GH TXH Wº IXLVWH OD DXWRUD
LQWHOHFWXDO GH OR TXH VXFHGL³ KR\ \ QR OR QLHJXHV OR V©
SRUTXHIXHOD<RODQGDTXLHQPHFRQW³3RUHVRHOFDVWLJR
IXHSDUDDPEDVDWLSRUPHQWLU\DHOODSRUWUDLFLRQDUD
VXVSDUHV4X©GDWHWUDQTXLODQROHVFRQWDU©QDGDGHHVWR
D WXV SDS¡V SHUR GHVSX©V GH YHU HO VKRZ TXH KLFLVWH
QHFHVLWR TXH LQWHUSUHWHV D -HVXFULVWR HQ HO YLDFUXFLV GH
HVWHD±RHUHVXQGLDPDQWHHQEUXWR
5HJODQºPHURXQRGHOVRERUQRWLHQHVODREOLJDFL³QGH
SHGLUDOJRDFDPELR
ߚ3HUIHFWR ߚUHVSRQG­ߚ SHUR DO PHQRV GHYX©OYDPH
XQDODWDGHFHUYH]D
ߚ&RQWLJR UHDOPHQWH QR VH SXHGH DK" WH TXHGDV
PHGLDKRUDP¡VPHGLWDQGR
<DV­IXHPHGLW©UHFDSDFLW©TXHPHKDE­DGHVXELFDGR
SHQV© LQFOXVR HQ GHMDU HO FRSHWH SHUR HVD PLVPD QRFKH
RFXUUL³XQPLODJUR(VW¡EDPRVHQODFDED±DVLHWHGHODV
RYHMDV GHVFDUULODGDV \ GH UHSHQWH VH HVFXFKD XQ WRF WRF
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
WRFWRF&RPRO­GHUGHOHTXLSRIXLDDEULUODSXHUWD1R
KDE­D QDGLH SHUR HQ HO VXHOR EULOODEDQ UDGLDQWHV WUHV
ODWDVGHFHUYH]D\HVTXHHVFLHUWRFXDQGR'LRVWHTXLHUH
GDUDODSXHUWDWHYDDGHMDU
(QWRQFHVDUULHVJ¡QGRORWRGRPHDQLP©\IXLEXVFDUDO
URPDQFH MXYHQLO" 6­ HO SUREOHPD IXH TXH MXJDQGR D OD
ERWHOODPHWRF³SXURFRQORVSRUILDRVGHOJUXSR4XHVL
YDOL³ OD SHQD" (Q SDUWH QR \ HQ SDUWH V­ (Q SDUWH QR
SRUTXH FRPR WRGD EXHQD PXMHU ERUUDFKD WXYH TXH
FXPSOLU PL SDUWH GH OD SURPHVD \ HVH D±R IXL HO RUJXOOR
GH PLV SDS¡V FXDQGR PH YLHURQ )272*5$),$521
,035,0,(521 < 5(3$57,(521 (1 /$ )$0,/,$
IRWRV P­DV FDUJDQGR OD FUX] HQ GRV HVWDFLRQHV GHO
YLDFUXFLV < HQ SDUWH V­ SRUTXH V© TXH GHVSX©V GH HVR
-HVºV PH HVW¡ HVSHUDQGR HQ HO FLHOR SDUD XQD YLGD
FHOHVWLDO SRU ORV VLJORV GH ORV VLJORV +LP©Q SHUG³Q
/DP©QVRUU\VRUU\$P©Q
51
 FRQHOYHFLQRGXH±RGHOQHJRFLRGHODHVTXLQDTXLHQSRU
FLHUWRWHQ­DWUHLQWDD±RVPHQRVTXHODYLHMDYLHMD]RUUD
6HOODPDED5RGULJR < D 5RGULJR PL PLQR GH WXUQR OD IDPLOLD OR GHVKHUHG³
FXDQGROHURE³DOSDS¡ODSODWDGHVXMXELODFL³Q\ODXV³
4X©5RGULJR" SDUDLUVHGHMXHUJDFRQORVDPLJRV$FWRTXHGDFXHQWDGH
6©ORTXHSHQVDVWHSHURQROR XQDEDMH]DYDO³ULFDLQGHVFULSWLEOHSHURHVWDEDFODUR\R
QR OR TXHU­D SUHFLVDPHQWH SDUD DGPLUDU VX PRUDO \
YR\DHVFULELU
EXHQDVFRVWXPEUHV\FU©DQPHFXDQGRDILUPRTXHWRGROR
WHSDVDVWHSDߞRUGLQDULDR TXH WHQ­D GH FDQDOOD OR WHQ­D GH WDOHQWR HQ ODV OLGHV GHO
$OD6HUDILQDOHJXVWDEDTXHOHGLMHUDQ6RD6HUDILQD3DUD
HOOD WXWHDU HUD SDWXGH] /D 6RD 6HUDILQD WHQ­D  D±RV
SHURVHYH­DFRPRGHDUUXJ¡FRPRHOODVRODFKLFD
FRPRHOODVRODMRURE¡FRPRHOODVROD(UDYLHMDOD6RD
WDQWRDV­TXHFXDQGRQDFL³\DGHE­DFXDWURPHVHVGHOX]\
WHQ­D HO FRUWH HQ WU¡PLWH 9LY­D HQ XQD GH HVDV FDVDV
DQWLJXDVGH6DQWLDJR&HQWURGHHVDVFRQKDUWDVSLH]DV\
SLVR GH PDGHUDߨ 3HUR SRU TX© OHV FXHQWR HVWR" 3DXVD
FRQ OD 6RD 6HUDILQD PHMRU YDPRV D 5RGULJR 4X©
5RGULJR" 6X ELVQLHWR 9LY­DQ MXQWRV \ VROR VH WHQ­DQ HO
XQRDORWURSRUTXHHUDQODVRYHMDVQHJUDVGHODIDPLOLD$
OD6RDVXVKLMRV\QLHWRVOHGHMDURQGHKDEODUFXDQGRVH
GHVWDS³ODROOD\WRGRVVXSLHURQTXHHQJD±DEDDOPDULGR
PRYLPLHQWRS©OYLFR/DVSLH]DVGHODFDVD"3XHGRGHFLU
TXHPHQH©PLFRQHMDHQWRGDVDGHP¡VGHORVGRVED±RV
HOSDWLR\ODFRFLQD
6­\QRIXHI¡FLO3RUTXHFRPRWRGDEXHQDYLHMDOD6RD
6HUDILQD QR GRUP­D QDGD \ FRPR H[WUD YLHMD GRUP­D
PXFKR PHQRV 6H OOHYDED WRGR HO G­D VHQW¡ GH VLWLDO HQ
VLWLDO \ OXJDU HQ HO TXH HVW¡EDPRV OOHJDED D LQVWDODUVH
FRQ VX W© \ D SHGLU TXH OH VLQWRQL]¡UDPRV VX SHUVRQDO
HVW©UHR D SLOD )XH DK­ HQ XQD GH ODV WDQWDV IUHFXHQFLDV
UDGLDOHV FXDQGR FDFKDPRV TXH OD 6RD 6HUDILQD VH
TXHGDED PHGLR GRUPLGD FRQ ORV EROHURV $V­ TXH G­D
WUDVG­DDSHQDVFRPHQ]DEDXQEROHUR\OD6RDHPSH]DED
D GRUPLWDU SDUW­DPRV GHOH TXH VXHQH D PRYHU OD
FDFKLPEDDFXDOTXLHUDGHODVSLH]DV
(OWHPDIXHTXHEDVWDURQXQSDUGHGHVDSDULFLRQHVSDUD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 52
TXHOD6RD6HUDILQDFDFKDUDTXHDOJRDQGDEDPDO
ߚ5RGULJR 5RGULJR 5RGULJR YHQJDQ QR PH GHMHQ
VRODWU¡LJDQPHP¡VW©S³QJDQPHODUDGLRߚSHG­DXQD\
RWUDYH]ODYLHMDREOLJ¡QGRQRVDIUHQDUORLQIUHQDEOH
(QWRQFHVYROY­DPRVOHKDF­DPRVFRPSD±­DXQUDWROH
G¡EDPRVXQOLWURGHW©\OHSRQ­DPRVODUDGLR
5RGULJRHUDXQRGHHVRVPLQRVTXHVRQWHUULEOHPLQRV
SHURQRVHODVGDQGHPLQRV\HVRKDFHTXHVHDQPXFKR
P¡V PLQRV 'H HVRV PLQRV TXH VH SXHGHQ HFKDU $[H
FRPRSHUIXPH\YDQDROHUFRPRVLVHKXELHVHQHFKDGRHO
PHMRU\P¡VFDURHDXGHWRLOHWWH'HHVRVPLQRVDORVTXH
OHV SHUGRQDU­DL KDVWD ORV SHRV &RPR VL IXHUD SRFR
5RGULJRDGHP¡VHUDXQORTXLOOR\XQDGHVXVORFXUDVIXH
ODTXHDFDE³FRQWRGR
$OFRPLHQ]RIXHWRGRQRUPDOVXVSURSXHVWDVDPDWRULDV
HUDQ EULOODQWHV l0DUWLQD PH WLQFD HQ OD FRFLQD DUULED
GHOPXHEOHGRQGHJXDUGDODOHFKHPLDEXHOD{l0DUWLQD
YDPRVDOED±R\UHSLWDPRVHVDGRQGHDSR\DVWHODVPDQRV
HQHOELG©{l0DUWLQDDKRUDHQODSLH]DGHYLVLWDVFRQOD
HVSDOGDDSR\¡HQODVLOODGHUXHGDVGHPLDEXHOD{
+DVWD DK­ FRPR OHV GHF­D WRGR ELHQ WRGR GH PXWXR
DFXHUGR KHUPRVRߨ 3HUR HO SUREOHPD IXH TXH VX
HPRFL³QFDGDYH]DXPHQWDEDP¡Vl0DUWLQDHQPLSLH]D
SHUR Wº FRQ OD PLW¡ GHO WURQFR DVRPDR SRU OD YHQWDQD{
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
l0DUWLQDDKRUDDPDUU¡DOFDQGHODEURFROJDQWHGHEURQFH
TXH HVW¡ HQ HVD SLH]D TXH GD PLHGR{ l0DUWLQD HQ OD
ERGHJXLWD TXH HVW¡ DEDMR GH OD HVFDOHUD FRQ ORV RMRV
YHQGDGRV{
&XDQGR SHQVDED TXH ODV FRVDV QR SRG­DQ HPSHRUDU
FRPHQ]³ HO SULQFLSLR GHO ILQ l0DUWLQD VROR IDOWD XQD
FRVDTXLHURTXHORKDJDPRVHQODFDPDGHPLDEXHOD{
(QWRQFHVVLQP¡VTXHKDEODUDJDUU³DOD6RDODVHQW³
HQHOSDWLROHSXVRHOFGGHJUDQGHVEDODGDVGHWRGRV
ORV WLHPSRV OH VXEL³ HO DXG­IRQR OH FDUJ³ HO WHUPR FRQ
GRVOLWURVGHW©\SDUWLPRVDSURIDQDUODFDPDGHPHGLD
SOD]D
$OFRPLHQ]RDGPLWRTXHPHVHQW­S©VLPDSHUVRQDSHUR
FRQ HO SDVDU GHO UDWR GLJDPRV TXH HVFXFKDU VRQDU ORV
ILHUURVGHODFDPD\YHUF³PRHOYDVLWRFRQDJXDGHSODFD
GHO YHODGRU GH OD 6RD KDF­D ROLWDV PH GLVWUDMR GH OD
LQFRPRGLGDG\PHOOHY³DODDFFL³Q)XHDK­HVWDQGR\R
DEDMR\©ODUULEDFXDQGRQRVRORYLHVWUHOODVWDPEL©QYL
DODYLHMDSDU¡HQHOSDWLRFRQVXVRMRVILMRVHQPLFDUD
ߚb5RGULJRWXDEXHODߚJULW©GHVHVSHU¡
5RGULJR VH SDU³ DVRP³ VX FDEH]D DO SDWLR \ OD 6RD
\DF­DVHQW¡GXUPLHQGRORQD
ߚ1RSDVDQDߞ0DUWLQDHVW¡UDMD
&RQWLQXDPRV HQWRQFHV SHUR QR SDVDURQ QL FLQFR
53
PLQXWRVFXDQGRODYROY­DYHU YROYLHURQ D GHVKHUHGDUߨ PH SXHGR LU D YLYLU
ߚb5RGULJRRWUDYH]WXDEXHOD FRQWLJR"{
6HYROYL³DSDUDU\ORPLVPRODYLHMDHVWDED]HWDVLQ $ORTXHUHVSRQG­
SRGHUPRYHUVHGHOVLWLDO l5RGULJR Wº FDFK¡L TXH VL WH YLHQHV D YLYLU DF¡
0HHVWR\YROYLHQGRORFDSHQV©7HUPLQDPRVHODFWR\ VHUHPRVSDUHMDVLVRPRVSDUHMDDOJºQG­DVHU©PDGUHGH
FDODED]DFDODED]DFDGDXQR\RSDߞPLFDVD XQKLMRFRQWXVJHQHV\FU©HPHTXHFRQORVP­RVEDVWD\
/HVMXURTXHPHHQFDQWDU­DWHQHUXQILQDOHVSHFWDFXODU VREUDODFXRWDGHORFXUD\GHVFRQWURO\DHVW¡{
\ GHFLUOHV TXH OD YLHMD QXQFD HVWXYR YLYD DSDUHFL³ HO
&DUORV 3LQWR \ OD HVFHQD VH FRQJHO³ FRQ PL UDMD DO DLUH
HQWUHHOKXPRSHURQRQXQFDDSDUHFL³&DUOLWRV6ROROHV
SXHGRFRQWDUTXHDOSDUGHG­DVODUHODFL³QVHIXHHQEDMD
\ QR QRV YLPRV P¡V SHUR V­ XQ SDU GH PHVHV GHVSX©V
5RGULJRPHPHQVDML³
l0DUWLQDWHHVFULERSDUDFRQWDUWHTXHPLDEXHODPXUL³
KDFHXQSDUGHG­DV\HQVXWHVWDPHQWRWHGHM³XQSDUGH
FDO]RQHV\VXSODFD{
1RPHQWLUD(VFULEL³
l0DUWLQDWHHVFULERSDUDFRQWDUWHTXHPLDEXHODPXUL³
KDFH XQ SDU GH G­DV \ OH HQFRQWUDPRV XQD F¡PDUD GH
IRWRV HQ HOOD YDULDV IRWRV WX\DVߨ DOJR OH SDVDED D PL
DEXHOD FRQWLJRߨ \ V­ HUD YHUG¡ QRV YLR SHUR QR WH
SUHRFXSHV QR VH QRV YH OD FDUD V­ VH QRV YH WRGR OR
GHP¡Vߨ OD F¡PDUD OD HQFRQWU³ PL PDP¡ߨ PH

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 54
 HO WRPDWH UHYHQWDGR FRUU­ D OD GXFKD \ PLHQWUDV PH
GXFKDED VH DFDE³ HO JDV WHUPLQ© YLVWL©QGRPH FRQJHO¡
3OHLWRSOHLWRSOHLWRSOHLWR SLQJ¼LQR &RUU­ DO SDUDGHUR \ VXIU­ DO YHU TXH OD
YHLQWLºQLFD PLFUR TXH PH VLUYH SDUW­D VLQ P­ )LOR WD[L
/©DVHFRQODYR]GHOHOHQFR WDFR DV­ TXH SDJX©  OXFDV SRU XQD FDUUHUD TXH HQ
FRPSOHWRGH+H\$UQROG JHQHUDOVDOH/DDPDUJXUDHVWDEDDSXQWRGHLQYDGLUPL
7RGDV KHPRV TXHULGR DJUHGLU I­VLFDPHQWH D DOJXLHQ
WRGDV3HURFRPREXHQDPXMHUERUUDFKDODPD\RU­DVROR
VRPRV SHUUDV TXH ODGUDQ \ QR PXHUGHQ \ QR PRUGHPRV
E¡VLFDPHQWH SRUTXH FRQ XQ SDU GH FRSHWHV HQ HO FXHUSR
QXHVWUD PRWULFLGDG ILQD \ JUXHVD VH YD D OD FUHVWD 1R
SRGU­DPRV HPSXMDU D DOJXLHQ QL DXQTXH HVWXYL©UDPRV D
PHGLRPHWURGHGLVWDQFLD<RORGHVFXEU­DPLVWLHUQRV\
YLUJLQDOHV  D±LWRV FXDQGR HQ PHGLR GH OD SLVWD GH
EDLOH GHVHQIUHQDGD EDLODQGR FXDO DIULFDQD HQ ULWR
DIULFDQR PH DFHUTX© D XQ DEVROXWR GHVFRQRFLGR \ DO
LQWHQWDUVHGXFLUORVHLQWHUSXVRHQWUH\R\©OXQDDEVROXWD
GHVFRQRFLGD TXH IUHQ³ WRGD PL LQVSLUDFL³Q VH[\ VH[\
VHQVXDO &RQW© KDVWD WUHV \ FXDQGR FDFK© TXH HO ORFR
HVWDED P¡V DQLPRVR FRQ HOOD TXH FRQPLJR HQWHQG­ TXH
KDE­DSHUGLGRODEDWDOOD\ODJXHUUDYHQGU­DGHVSX©V
(VHG­DKDE­DVLGRXQG­DQHJURGHVSHUW©DWUDV¡\FRQ
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
FXHUSR \ OR WHUPLQ³ GH LQYDGLU FXDQGR OOHJDQGR D OD
RILFLQD PH HQWHU© GH TXH SRU UHGXFFL³Q GH SHUVRQDO
HFKDURQ DO 5REHUWR HO ºQLFR PLQR P¡V R PHQRV
HQFDFKDRDHVHTXHXQDVLHPSUHWLHQHFDVLOLVWR\TXHHQ
FDVRGHHPHUJHQFLDWHSRGU­DURPSHUHOYLGULR3HURHUD
YLHUQHV\VRORWHQHPRVXQYLHUQHVDODVHPDQDLPSRVLEOH
GHVSHUGLFLDUOR
&RPRKDE­DWHQLGRXQPX\PDOG­DQRPHSRG­DGDUHO
OXMR GH TXH FRQWLQXDUD SHRU (QWRQFHV YROY­ DO DWDTXH
HVWDYH]IXLSRURWUREDLOHVH[\VH[\VHQVXDOHQJDQFK³
FRQPLJR\HQPHQRVGHXQVHJXQGRYROYL³DDSDUHFHUOD
PLVPD HQDQD FXPD TXH PH KDE­D LQWHUUXPSLGR KDFH XQ
UDWR /R PLU³ OR VHGXMR \ FDJX© SRU VHJXQGD YH] (VWD
YH] QR PH TXHG© GH EUD]RV FUX]DGRV \ DQWHV GH TXH
SXGLHUD VLTXLHUD SDUDUOH ORV FDUURV PH PLU³ GH SLHV D
FDEH]D\H[FODP³XQDPLVWRVR
ߚ<DTXL©QOHKD\JDQDGRYRߞߨ
7XYH GRV RSFLRQHV /D SULPHUD RSFL³Q HUD WUDWDU GH
55
HQIRFDU \ GDUPH LPSXOVR SDUD FKDQWDUOH XQD FDFKHW¡ /D
VHJXQGD RSFL³Q HUD UHFRJHU VX SUHJXQWD \ UHIOH[LRQDU
(QWRQFHV ߚVDELHQGR TXH HO FRQWURO VREUH PL FXHUSR
YDO­D FDOODPSDߚ OD PLU© PH GL PHGLD YXHOWD \ PH
DFHUTX©DODEDUUDVLQSDUDUGHHVFXFKDUHOHFRGHVXYR]
HQPLFDEH]D
0LHQWUDV OD EDUZRPDQ PH SUHSDUDED OD GXRG©FLPD
SLVFRODPHLQVWDO©HQXQOXJDUF³PRGR\FRQODPLUDGD
SHUGLGDHQHOKRUL]RQWHFRPHQ]³XQYLDMHKDFLDPLVP¡V
SURIXQGRV DGHQWURV %XVTX© EXVTX© EXVTX© HQWUH PLV
PHPRULDV \ QDGD QR OH KDE­D JDQDGR D QDGLH OD HQDQD
FXPDWHQ­DWRGDODUD]³Q6HJX­P¡VSDUDPLVDGHQWURV\
WHUPLQ© KDFLHQGR XQ DQ¡OLVLV PRUIRVLQW¡FWLFR GH VX
KHUPRVD IUDVH \ FRPSUHQG­ TXH VX SUHJXQWD HUD
DWHPSRUDO HQWRQFHV DºQ HVWDED D WLHPSR GH JDQDUOH D
DOJXLHQ\HVHDOJXLHQHUDHOODߨ
7RP© PL SLVFROD YROY­ D OD SLVWD GH EDLOH OD DJDUU©
SRU OD HVSDOGD OD OHYDQW© GHO FXHOOR OD PHW­ DO
FXDGULO¡WHURGHWRGRYDOHWRP©XQDVLOODGHOSºEOLFR\VH
OD UHYHQW© HQ OD HVSDOGD (OOD VDF³ XQ FXFKLOOR \ PH OR
HQWHUU³HQHOKRPEUR<ROHKLFHXQDOODYHLQJOHVD\DK­
IXH FXDQGR HQWHQG­ TXH OD YLROHQFLD WUDH P¡V YLROHQFLD
SRUTXH DQWHV GH FRQWLQXDU GLMR ODV FLQFR SDODEUDV TXH
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
FXDOTXLHU PXMHU GH ELHQ WHPH HVFXFKDU GH RWUD PXMHU
FKRUL]D
ߚ7HWLUDVWHDODVDOLGD
(QWRQFHV VDO­ FRQ GRV ERWHOODV ODV UHYHQW© HQ OD
YHUHGD \ DQWHV GH TXH VH SXGLHUD GHIHQGHU FDFK© TXH
HVWDED VR±DQGR 3RUTXH HQ OD YLGD UHDO FXDQGR OD
EDUZRPDQ PH VLUYL³ OD SLVFROD PH DGYLUWL³ XQ QR WH
PHW¡L FRQ HVD GLFHQ TXH WLHQH FDXVDV SHQDOHV $V­ TXH
KDVWDDK­QRP¡VOOHJX©PHIXLSDߞODFDVDSHOHDQGRVROD
LPDJLQDQGR ODV PLO FRVDV TXH GHE­ GHFLUOH \ ORV PLO
HVFHQDULRV SRVLEOHV GH HVH ILDVFR GH G­D < HV TXH XQD
PXMHUTXHQRSHOHDVRODQRHVPXMHU
3' +DEU¡V JDQDGR HQDQD FXPD SHUR QL FRQ YRߞ QL
FRQ QDGLH PH YR\ D PDQFKDU ORV SX±RV FRQ VDQJUH
3RUTXHVLPHPDQFKRFRQDOJRVHU¡FRQYLQR&RPRYHQ
VR\XQDERUUDFKDSDF­ILFD
56

GH6HSWLHPEUH
4XHFRPLHQFHQORVMXHJRVGHO
KDPEUH
3DUDODVH[WUDQMHUDV\H[WUDQMHURVTXHOHHQVHSDQTXHVRQ
ELHQYHQLGRV HQ &KLOH $OHPDQHV UXFLRV VREUH HO PHWUR
QRYHQWDGHHVWDWXUDKDLWLDQRVSRWRQHV\JULQJRVUXJELVWDV
VHSDQTXHFXHQWRFRQXQVLOO³QELHQF³PRGRSDUDYLVLWDV
HQ PL GHSDUWDPHQWRߨ 6HSDQ WDPEL©Q TXH HO G­D P¡V
DOHJUH SDUD WRGRV ORV FKLOHQRV HV HO  GH VHSWLHPEUH \
VXVY­VSHUDVSRUTXHDTX­VHUHDOL]DQODV2OLPSLDGDVGHO
FRSHWH
(V HQ HVWDV ILHVWDV FXDQGR VH SRWHQFLDQ ODV
FDUDFWHU­VWLFDV HVHQFLDOHV GH WRGD PXMHU ERUUDFKD HO
HVS­ULWXGHFRPSHWHQFLD\HODPRUSRUODEDQGHUDSRUORV
SDGUHVGHODSDWULDSRUHOKXHPXO\HOF³QGRU8QRGHORV
HVFHQDULRV LGHDOHV SDUD FRPSHWLU \ SHUUHDUVH WRGDV ODV
FXHFDVHV/D3LRMHUDXELFDGDHQHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDG
FHUTXLWDGHO0HUFDGR&HQWUDO+D\GRVIRUPDVGHOOHJDUD
HOODXQDHVVDOLUGHOPHWUR\FDPLQDUXQSDUGHSDVRV\
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
OD RWUD HV DILQDQGR HO ROIDWR \ GHWHFWDQGR HO RORU GH
JUDQDGLQDLQJUHGLHQWHLQVLJQHGHOWHUUHPRWR
$K­ HVWDED \R \ FXDQGR \D LED SRU HO WHUFHU
WHUUHPRWRߨ $EUH SDU©QWHVLV (V ELHQ ULFR HO WHUUHPRWR
SHUR OD FDFD±D WH OD HQFDUJR &LHUUH SDU©QWHVLV %XHQR
HQ HVR HVWDED FXDQGR HPSHF© D SDUDU OD RUHMD SDUD
HVFXFKDUODGLVFXVL³QGHODPHVDDPLHVSDOGD8QJUXSR
GHEUDVLOH±RVKDEODEDGHODVSDODEUDVIUDVHVFKLOHQDVTXH
OODPDEDQ VX DWHQFL³Q lD FDO]³Q TXLWDGR{ lD OD
FRQFKDODORUD{ lD OD FKX±D{ lSLFR HQ HO RMR{
lFDUDS¡OLGD{ lKDFKD]R{ lUDQFLR{ߨ 1RPEUDURQ
PXFKDV SHUR QR WRGDV \ PL VHQWLPLHQWR GH FXOSD VHU­D
HQRUPH VL VH IXHVHQ VLQ FRQRFHU XQD GH ODV HVHQFLDOHV
*LU©HQWRQFHVPLWURQFR\PHW­ODFXFKDUD
ߚ7LHQHQ TXH VDEHU HVWR KD\ RWUD SDODEUD \ HV
lODFKR{ TXH HV XQ GLPLQXWLYR GH YDOHU FDOODPSD
SURYLHQH GHO ODW­Q HQWHUR /DUU\ \ VH SURQXQFLD lDO©MDWH
GHP­VLQRTXLHUHVTXHWHFKDUFKHWHH{7DPEL©QHVW¡HQ
VX YHUVL³Q IHPHQLQD lODFKD{ TXH SURYLHQH GHO KHEUHR
KD]WH OD ORFD \ VH SURQXQFLD lTX© WH SDVD HV WRGR XQD
PHQWLUD PH RIHQGHV TX© WH KDV FUH­GR HV PL SULPR HQ
GXRGHFLPRFKRUURFLHQWRVPLOJUDGRVTXHPHYLQRDYHU\
QRWLHQHURSDSRUTXHHVW¡HQVLWXDFL³QGHFDOOH{
'HVSX©V GH PL SHURUDWD OLQJ¼­VWLFD XQR GH ORV
57
EUDVLOH±RVPHWLU³HOSULPHUSDOR SROHUD\OHFDFK©HOVL[SDFNFRQORVREOLFXRV'LFKRVHD
ߚ<R VR\ ODFKR HQWRQFHV \ YRFH HVW¡ FRPR TXLHUH GHSDVRORVREOLFXRVHVXQDSDUWHGHOFXHUSRTXHHVW¡HQ
JDWL±D H[WLQFL³Q HQWUH ORV KRPEUHV (QWRQFHV PH UHQG­ 0H
(UDGH6DOYDGRUGH%DK­D\HIHFWLYDPHQWHHUDODFKR PDQG³ WUHV DSUHWRQHV XQ EHVR FRQ VDERU D JUDQDGLQD \
SRUTXH DQGDED FRQ VX PLQD 3HUR HO JDURWL±R QR PH OLVWRQRQHFHVLWDEDP¡VHQODYLGD
VDFDED ORV RMRV GH HQFLPD $O SULQFLSLR PH WLU³ SDORV (QPLFDEH]DVRQDEDXQD\RWUDYH]HOlHVODKRUDHVOD
GHVSX©V IXHURQ WURQFRV \ PH WHUPLQ³ WLUDQGR HO ERVTXH KRUDHVODKRUDGHMXJDU\ODULODULHKRKRKRK\ODUL
HQWHUR <R HQ XQ DFWR GH VROLGDULGDG GH J©QHUR PH
DFHUTXHDODPLQD\OHGLMHDOJRDV­FRPR HOIUHQWH\XQSDVLWRSDUDDWU¡VQRVVHJXLPRVDJDUUDQGRD
ߚ2\HDPLJXL±DFXLGDDOPLQRPLUDTXHHQFXDOTXLHU
PLQXWRVHPHWLUDHQFLPDFX­GDORTXL©QFRPRWºTXHG­D
D G­D SXHGHV WHQHUOH TXL©Q FRPR Wº TXH VROR HQWUH WXV
EUD]RVVHGXHUPHTXL©QFRPRWºߨ
(OODIU­DFRPRHOYLHQWRSHOLJURVDFRPRHOPDUHQXQ
HVSD±RO ELHQ LPSURYLVDGR PH GLR D HQWHQGHU TXH \D QR
HVWDEDQ MXQWRV SUHFLVDPHQWH SRUTXH HO PLQR HUD ODFKR
7HQ­DGRVRSFLRQHVG¡UPHODVGHFRQVHMHUDPDWULPRQLDOR
G¡UPHODV GH LQYHVWLJDGRUD SULYDGD \ GHVFXEULU VL
HIHFWLYDPHQWH HUD WDQ ODFKR 2SW© SRU OD VHJXQGD \ QR
SDV³ P¡V GH PHGLD KRUD FXDQGR GHVFXEU­ TXH V­ TXH V­
HUDODFKR1RVSDUDPRV\VHPXHUHQHOFXHUSD]RFRVLWD
P¡V ULFD FRVD P¡V EHOOD TXH Wº FRVD P¡V OLQGD TXH Wº
ºQLFR FRPR HUHV LQPHQVR FXDQGR TXLHUHV JUDFLDV SRU
H[LVWLU < GH UHSHQWH HVWLU³ VXV EUD]RV VH OH OHYDQW³ OD
ODULHKXVWHGHVVDEHQTXHYLHQH{\DV­XQSDVLWRSDUD
EHVRV<RHQDPRU¡(OJDURWRPHKDE­DKHFKRODVILHVWDV
SDWULDVPHKDE­DHOKHFKRHO\HOIDOWDEDHOSXUR
\PHSRG­DGDUSRUSDJ¡
)XH HQ XQR GH ORV EHVRV \R HQWUHJ¡QGROR WRGR RQGD
FXDQGRWHEHVRPLDPRUVHPHSDUDOL]DHOFRUD]³Q\WX
PLUDGD GH D SRTXLWR PH HQORTXHFH FXDQGR \D OH LED D
KDFHU OD SURSXHVWD LQGHFHQWH ߚlD\ºGHPH XVW©
FRPSDGUH D JULWDU YLYD &KLOH{ߚߨ IXH DK­ FXDQGR
FDFK©TXHHOJDURWRHVWDEDFRQODPLU¡ILMDHQRWUDTXHQR
HUDQLVXH[QL\R(UDODFKRODYHUGDGTXHV­3RUHVR
DQWHV GH OD KXPLOODFL³Q DQWHV GH TXH PH FDPELDUD SRU
RWUDYROY­DPLPHVD\OHGLMHDOPXQGRTXHHOJDURWL±R
GDED XQRV EHVRV P¡V IHRV TXH SDVDU ODV ILHVWDV SDWULDV
HQIHUPD
7HUUHPRWR WUDV WHUUHPRWR U©SOLFD WUDV U©SOLFD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 58
SDUWLPRV D XQD IRQGD \ \D HVD HV RWUD KLVWRULD 4XH VL
WHUPLQ©JULWDQGRYLYD&KLOH"6­DWRGRSXOP³Q(VHD±R
QR VROR OR JULW© WDPEL©Q OR UHFLW© OR FDQW© \ KDVWD OR 1RWRPRP¡V
EDLO©ELHQ]DSDWHDGR

+D\WUHVWLSRVGHSHUVRQDV\WUHVWLSRVGHGRPLQJR(VW¡Q
ODVTXHVRQOODPDGDVSRUODLJOHVLDDVHUYLUOHDO6H±RU\D
OHYDQWDUVHWRGRVORVGRPLQJRVGHVXYLGDSDUDLUDPLVD
'RPLQJRVDQWR2WUDVTXHVHOHYDQWDQHVHG­DFRQ¡QLPR
8VDLQ %ROW \ VDOHQ D HMHUFLWDUVH DO SDUTXH 'RPLQJR
VDQR < SRU ºOWLPR HVW¡Q ODV FRPR XQD (VDV TXH
WRPDPRV*DWRUDGHºQLFDPHQWHSDUDSDVDUODFD±D\DOR
P¡V VRPRV OODPDGDV SRU HO VH±RU GH OD ERWLOOHU­D \ VXV
PDQMDUHVGLVSXHVWRVDVHUVHUYLGRV'RPLQJRGHPLHUGD
(V YHUGDG HO WHUFHU WLSR GH SHUVRQDV OD PD\RU SDUWH
GHO WLHPSR GLVIUXWD GH OD YLGD \ VXV SODFHUHV < GLJR OD
PD\RUSDUWHGHOWLHPSR\QRWRGRHOWLHPSRE¡VLFDPHQWH
SRUORVPDOGLWRVG­DVGRPLQJR
&X¡OHVODUD]³Q"
%XHQR OHV FXHQWR OR TXH PH SDVD XQ GRPLQJR
FXDOTXLHUD
1RWRPRP¡VORMXURSHURTX­WHQPHGHDGHQWURD-DFN
HO GHVWULSDGRU TXH PH HVW¡ FHUFHQDQGR OD FDEH]D SRU
GHQWURߨ /ODPHQ D OD DPEXODQFLD GHER VHU SULRULGDG

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 59
QDFLRQDO GH WUDVSODQWH GH VLVWHPD GLJHVWLYR FRPSOHWR VL
HVWD JXDWD \D QR DJXDQWD P¡Vߨ 0H PXHUR HQ FXDOTXLHU
PLQXWRVHPHDSDUHFHODSHO¡HOFDPLQREODQFR\\DQR
OORUHV SRU P­ $UJHQWLQD HVWR\ HQ XQ OXJDU OOHQR GH OX]
GRQGH H[LVWH SD] GRQGH QR KD\ PDOGDG \ FXDQGR OHV
WRTXHSDUWLUHVSHURYHUODVDTX­ߨ
1RWRPRP¡VORMXURSRUTXHQLWRGDVODVDVSLULQDVGH
%D\HU \ VL HV %D\HU HV EXHQR SRGU¡Q DFDEDU FRQ PL
GRORU SHUR WHQJR TXH VREUHYLYLU SRUTXH VRQ UHFL©Q ODV
QXHYHGHODPD±DQD
&DVL HQ HVWDGR YHJHWDO VHPLSDUDSO©MLFD SXGLHQGR
PRYHU VROR XQD PDQR XV© WRGDV PLV IXHU]DV SUHQG­ OD
WHOH \ HVW¡Q GDQGR HO 3DEHOO³Q GH OD &RQVWUXFFL³Q 
PHWURVFXDGUDGRVED±RVGRUPLWRULRVORVP¡VDOWRV
HVW¡QGDUHV GH FDOLGDG ILQDV WHUPLQDFLRQHV GLVH±R GH
YDQJXDUGLD JUDQGHV HVSDFLRV GH ¡UHDV YHUGHV FHQWURV
FRPHUFLDOHVMXHJRVLQIDQWLOHVFROHJLRV\KRVSLWDOHVXQD
FDVD SHQVDQGR HQ ODV GLVWLQWDV IDPLOLDV GH KR\ P¡V TXH
XQKRJDUHVXQHVWLORGHYLGD
4XHG©HQEODQFRODVGRVKRUDVTXHGXU³HOSURJUDPD
< HV TXH QR KD\ QDGD P¡V DWUDSDQWH TXH XQ EXHQ
LQIRPHUFLDO GH FDVDV FRQ HVSDFLRV SHUIHFWRV PXHEOHV
SHUIHFWRV\QL±RV\QL±DVIHOLFHV=DSSLQJSDOߞFDQDOGHO
ODGR9D\DYD\DGHVFXEU­TXHV­H[LVWHQSURJUDPDVP¡V
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
DWUDSDQWHV )DODEHOOD 79 \ XQ FKHI PLQR TXH FRQ XQ
DSDUDWLWRURERWVIXHFDSD]GHSLFDUSHODUPROHUFRUWDU
UHEDQDU GHPROHU SLQWDU UHYLYLU \ KDVWD KDFHU EDLODU HO
FD±RDGRVPDQ]DQDV\XQDSHUD<VLORFRPSUR"(VWDED
PDUFDQGR HO QºPHUR TXH DSDUHF­D HQ OD SDQWDOOD FXDQGR
GLMHQRQRSXHGRVHUWDQWRQWD3HURQRDOFDQF©DGHMDUHO
FHOXODU HQ HO YHODGRU FXDQGR HO FKHI PLQR GLMR
PLU¡QGRPHDORVRMRVTXHVLHUDXQDGHODVGLH]SULPHUDV
SHUVRQDV HQ OODPDU QR VROR PH OOHYDU­D HO DSDUDWLWR
URERWV VLQR TXH SRU HO PLVPR SUHFLR PH OOHYDU­D WUHV
DSDUDWLWRV URERWV P¡V XQD P¡TXLQD VDFD MXJR LQGXVWULDO
FDSD]GHKDFHUMXJRGHIUXWDGHPDGHUDGHFHPHQWR\GH
SROYR1RGXG©HUDLPSHUGLEOHHORIHUW³Q$SDJX©ODWHOH
\DSDJX©WHOHDOPLVPRWLHPSR6LHVWD
ߚb0DP¡ PDP¡ PDP¡ OHY¡QWDWH ߚHVFXFK© GH
SURQWR
'RV SHQGHMRV UXFLRV FRQ VRQULVDV SHUIHFWDV PH
GHVSHUWDURQ \ DQWHV GH SRGHU PDQGDUORV D OD FUHVWD \
VHJXLUGXUPLHQGRJULWDURQDFRUR
ߚ0DP¡OOHJ³WXP¡TXLQD
&RUU­KDFLDODSXHUWD\FDFK©TXHQRHUDPLSXHUWDGH
VLHPSUHWDPSRFRHUDPLFDVDGHVLHPSUHWDPSRFRHVRV
QL±RVUXELRVQLHQSLQWXUD\DQWHVGHSRGHUSUHJXQWDUOHV
TXL©QHVHUDQ\TX©KDF­D\RDK­HVFXFK©GHVGHPLDPSOLR
60
\F¡OLGRKDOOGHDFFHVRTXHGHVGHODFRFLQDFRQPXHEOHV
GH P¡UPRO KHUPRVDV WHUPLQDFLRQHV \ ODYDYDMLOOD
LQFRUSRUDGDXQKRPEUHTXHKDEODEDDODYHORFLGDGGHOD (OG­DHQTXHQRWRP©\YLY­SDUD
OX]PHOODPDEDSRUPLQRPEUH
ߚ0DUWLQDPLDPRUF³PRYDODFD±D"ߚSUHJXQW³HO
FRQWDUOR
FORQ GHO FKHI GH )DODEHOOD 79 PLU¡QGRPH D ORV RMRVߚ
9HRTXHQRPX\ELHQߚFRQWLQX³ߚWºWUDQTXLODXQEXHQ
$PLJGDOLWLV SXUXOHQWD VLHWH G­DV GH UHSRVR SDUFLDO \
MXJRGHIUXWDQDWXUDOWHKDU¡VHQWLUPHMRU
DQWLEL³WLFRV +DVWD DK­ HO GLDJQ³VWLFR GHO GRF LED
ߚ<RQRVR\WXDPRUHVRVSHQGHMRVQRVRQPLVKLMRV\
SHUIHFWR VLQ HPEDUJR HQXQFL³ WUHV SDODEUDV TXH XQD
HVWDFDVDQRHVPLFDVDGHERHVWDUVR±DQGR\VLHVWRHV
QXQFD GHELHUD HVFXFKDU MXQWDV l7LHQHVXQDYHQ©UHD{
XQVXH±RQRKD\WLHPSRTXHSHUGHU
1R PHQWLUD GLMR l/RWHQJRFKLFR{ 1R PHQWLUD GLMR
/HV SDV© XQDV PRQHGDV D PLV GRV KLMRV ORV PDQG© D
l0HIXLDGHQWUR{1RPHQWLUDDKRUDV­GLMR
FRPSUDUVHXQFHQWHOODPHHPSHORW©HPSHORW©DOFKHIPH
GHVDW©\GHDK­SDUDDGHODQWHVHSRGU¡QLPDJLQDU
l1238('(6720$5{
7DPEL©QVHSRGU¡QLPDJLQDUTXHGHVSHUW©OHFKXJD<
GHODFD±D"1DGD<GHODVJDQDVGHQRYROYHUDWRPDU
ߚ<DSHURGRFQRSXHGR"RQRGHER"ߚSUHJXQW©
QXQFD P¡V" 3RU IDYRU QR SRGU­D YLYLU HQ XQ PXQGR VLQ
ߚ'H SRGHU SXHGHV (O WHPD HV TXH VL WH WRPDV XQ
SLVFROD$QWHVPXHUWDTXHDEVWHPLD
FRSHWHORVDQWLEL³WLFRVQRKDU¡QHIHFWR\ODHQIHUPHGDG
SXHGH HPSHRUDU \ WH SXHGHV PRULU \ VL WH PXHUHV QR
SRGU¡VWRPDUQXQFDP¡VHQODYLGD
(O GRF WHQ­D XQ SXQWR \ \R WHQ­D XQ SUREOHPD SRUTXH
KDFH FKRUURPLO PHVHV DWU¡V KDE­DPRV FRPSUDGR FRQ OD
0DU­D HQWUDGDV SDUD XQD ILHVWD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 61
HOHFWU³QLFDFDPSLQJKRPEUHV VLQ SROHUDVH[R
GHVHQIUHQDGRFRSHWHKRPEUHV VLQ SROHUDDLUH
OLEUHSXQFKL SXQFKL SXQFKLKRPEUHV VLQ SROHUDGR[ GR[
GR[TXHSDVDSDUDGR[JHQWHDGHODQWHTXHSDVDSDUDGR[
\VRORIDOWDEDQGRVG­DV1RSRGU­DWRPDUQLXQDJRWDGH
WRGR HO FRSHWH GHVWLODGR TXH PHW­ HQ EROVDV ]LSORF SDUD
HQWUDU FRQWUDEDQGHDGR HQWUH ODV SHFKXJDV DO
PDJQRHYHQWR0DO
<OOHJ³HOILQGHVHPDQD\QRWXYHRWUDRSFL³QTXHYHU
F³PR OD 0DU­D QR SDUDED GH VDFDUPH SLFD WRP¡QGROR
WRGR \ FODUR FRPR OD PXMHU ERUUDFKD VH ODV VDEH SRU
OLWUR SRU VXSXHVWR WHQ­D PL SODQ % (O GRFWRU PH KDE­D
GLFKR TXH QR SRG­D WRPDU WUDJR SHUR QR KDE­D
PHQFLRQDGRTXHQRSRG­DIXPDUSODQWDVWHUDS©XWLFDV
(QWRQFHV QRV LQVWDODPRV FRQ VLOODV GH SOD\D IXHUD GH
ODFDUSD\PLHQWUDVOD0DU­DVHHPERUUDFKDED\RHVWDED
IXOOFRQ0HPR4X©0HPR"<DSRߞ4XHPHPRV
$EUH SDU©QWHVLV 8QR GH ORV PRWLYRV SRU ORV FXDOHV
SUHILHUR HO FRSHWH D RWURV HVWXSHIDFLHQWHV HV TXH ORV
RWURV HVWXSHIDFLHQWHV PH SRQHQ P¡V OHQWD TXH HPSOHDGR
SºEOLFREDLODQGRXQEROHURHQODOXQDFRQERWRWRVSXQWD
GH ILHUUR (QWRQFHV FXDQGR OD 0DU­D OOHYDED WDQ VROR
PHGLD SLVFROD \R \D HVWDED YXHOD YXHOD QR WH KDFH
IDOWDHTXLSDMH(VWDEDSHJ¡SHJ¡SHJ¡(UDXQWHOHWXEEL
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
HQ FDPD GH YHOFUR $O UDWR \D KDE­D GHVFXELHUWR HO
VHQWLGR GH OD YLGD KDE­D HQWDEODGR XQD FRQYHUVDFL³Q
LQWHUQDFRQPLVDQWHSDVDGRVDQFHVWUDOHV\KDE­DMXJDGRD
OD URQGD GH 6DQ 0LJXHO FRQ XQD PDULSRVD TXH VH IXH
HQRMDGD FXDQGR OD GHM© VROD SRUTXH QR PH TXLVR
DFRPSD±DUDDEUD]DUDORV¡UEROHV(VGHFLUHVWDEDP¡V
YRO¡ TXH OD FUHVWD LPDJ­QHQVH HVWD ZXHY¡ VL KDVWD
GHVFXEU­ TXH XQ EHVR HQWUH &KDUOHV &KDSOLQ \ $GROI
+LWOHU IRUPDU­D XQ ELJRWH SHUIHFWR VH DEULU­D XQD
FRPSXHUWD\GHQWURHOODHVWDU­DHOSDUD­VR<DV­PLHQWUDV
OD 0DU­D DYDQ]DED HQ ODV SLVFRODV \ HQ OD H[WURYHUVL³Q
\R HVWDED FDGD YH] P¡V HQ ORV DGHQWURV GH OD
LQWURVSHFFL³Q&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
)LJºUHQVH D OD 0DU­D DUULED GH OD SHORWD GH SLODWHV
OORUDQGRSRUVXVH[\DP­LQWHQWDQGRDFWLYDUVXVFKDFUDV
FRQPLHQHUJ­DF³VPLFDVREUHQDWXUDORWRUJDGDSRUHOVRO
SDGUH \ KHUPDQR \ FRQYHQFL©QGROD GH TXH WRGRV VRPRV
XQRFRQHOPXQGR
< HV TXH HO SLWR DGHP¡V GH OHQWD PH SRQH ODWHUD
SDFKDPDPLFDKRSRQRQRQRJO¡QGXODSLQHDO SHUG³QDWH OD
IHOLFLGDGHVW¡DTX­\DKRUD\QDGDP¡VLPSRUWDKHUPDQD
P­D 6LQ HPEDUJR OXQ¡WLFD \ WRGR WHQ­D TXH VDFDU D PL
DPLJDGHHVHHVWDGRPHODQF³OLFR
ߚ0DU­D ©O TXH QR YLQR D EDLODU ©O TXH QR YLQR D
62
JR]DUTXHVHYD\DSDUDQGR©OTXHVHTXHG³QRVDEHGHOR
TXHVHSHUGL³\VLVLJRFRQ0HPRPHYR\DYROYHUORFD
b9DPRVDEDLODU
/DPLU©FRPRHVSHUDQGRXQDUHVSXHVWD\ODSREUHWHQ­D
ORV RMRV HQ ³UELWD 1R OOHY¡EDPRV QL GRV KRUDV HQ XQD
ILHVWDGHGRVG­DV\FX¡OGHODVGRVHVWDEDSHRU0HHFK©
D0DU­D%XOWRVDOKRPEUR\SDUWLPRVDODSLVWDGHEDLOH
<DLQVWDODGDVUHFRUG©RWURPRWLYRSRUHOFXDOSUHILHURHO
FRSHWH D RWURV HVWXSHIDFLHQWHV \ HV TXH FRQ XQ SDU GH
WUDJRV HO FXHUSR VH WH VXHOWD SHUR FRQ 0HPR OD
FRRUGLQDFL³Q PºVLFDSLHUQDV VH WH YD D OD FUHVWD /D
0DU­DDJDUU³YXHOR\VHLQVWDO³DOFHQWURGHXQF­UFXORGH
SHUVRQDV PLHQWUDV TXH OD WUDW© GH VHJXLU SHUR VHQW­ TXH
WRGRV VH UH­DQ GH P­ \ GH PL EDLOH /DJRV :HEHU 2SW©
HQWRQFHV SRU GHMDU GH EDLODU \ FRQYHUVDU VHU VRFLDEOH
3HUR FDGD SHUVRQD D OD TXH PH DFHUTX© VH UH­D GH P­
6DEHQ SRU TX©" 3RUTXH YRO¡ KDEOR FRPR LGLRWD
REMHFL³QFRPRLGLRWDGHQHJDGDFRPRLGLRWDHOODKDEOD
FRPRLGLRRRRRWDDDDDߨ
&DQVDGD GH VHQWLUPH LQFRPSUHQGLGD \ GHVSX©V GH
LQVLVWLUOH HQ UHLWHUDGDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV D OD SDOPHUD D OD
TXHWHQ­DDEUD]DGDTXHDSHVDUGHVHQWLUTXHQXHVWURDPRU
HUDUHF­SURFR\TXHPHVHQW­DKRQUDG­VLPDGHVHUDPDGD
SRU XQ VHU GH P¡V GH WUHVFLHQWRV D±RV GH HGDG GHFLG­
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
HPSUHQGHU UXPER D OD FDUSD $ GHFLU YHUGDG SHQV© HQ
TXHGDUPHP¡VUDWRDEUD]¡DODSDOPHUDSHURVHDMLO³GHO
WRGR FXDQGR WUDW³ GH FRUUHUPH PDQR FRQ XQD GH VXV
UDPDV(VRQRVHKDFHQRHQXQDSULPHUDFLWD
<DPHWLGDHQHOVDFRGHGRUPLU\DSDUDWDGDGHOSXQFKL
SXQFKLPHHQWUHJX©D0RUIHR'H0DU­D%XOWRVQDGD8Q
ºOWLPRPRWLYRSRUHOFXDOSUHILHURHOFRSHWH\QRD0DU­D
-XDQDHVSRUTXH0DU­D-XDQDWHSUHQGHXQUDWR\GHVSX©V
WHPDQGDGHXQVX¡FDWHDGRUPLU(OUHORMPDUFDEDOD
GH OD PDGUXJDGD < MDP¡V GHVGH TXH FXPSO­ OD PD\RU­D
GHHGDGKDE­DPXHUWRWDQWHPSUDQR
3HVWD±H©\HQXQDEULU\FHUUDUGHRMRVGHVSHUW©SHJ¡
HQ HO WHFKR DVXVWDGD SRU ORV JULWRV GH XQD LPE©FLO (O
UHORMDKRUDPDUFDEDODV
ߚ0DU­DFDFKDGHVSLHUWDDIXHUDDQGDXQDWLSDJDWDHQ
FHOR EXVFDQGR D DOJXLHQߨ 0DU­D FDFKD bGHVSLHUWDߨ
0DU­D"ߨ0DU­D"
0L DPLJD QR HVWDED \ HO JULWR GH OD JDWD HQ FHOR VH
DSUR[LPDEDFDGDYH]P¡V
ߚ,60$$$$$(((((((/
,60$$$$$$$$(((((/ $%5((((( 78
&$53$$$$$
(QWRQFHVODUHFRQRF­(UDHOODOD0DU­DPL0DU­DPL
QL±LWDLQGHIHQVDJULWDEDSRUVXFRUD]³QURWR$EU­QXHVWUD
63
FDUSDODGLYLV©DOROHMRVGHDPEXODQGR]RPELH\FRUU­D 1RVRWUDV SRU VXSXHVWR QRV KLFLPRV ODV WRQWDV \ HV
VRFRUUHUOD TXH MDP¡V QDGLH VH LPDJLQDU­D TXH HUD PL 0DU­D OD TXH
ߚ,60$$$$(((((/ $%5((((( 78 JULWDED DV­ 6L WLHQH FDULWD GH WUDQTXLOLWD OD SREUH 3HUR
&$53$$$$$$$$$$$$ FU©DQPH DPLJDV OD 0DU­D FXDQGR HVW¡ FXU¡ HV GH ODV
/HV MXUR TXH LQWHQW© WUDQTXLOL]DUOD LQWHQWH GLDORJDU WUDQTXLOLWDVTXHVHSHUVLJQDQFRQHOURVDULRGHFRFRV
SHUR XQD PXMHU DEDQGRQDGD \ FXU¡ FRPR HOOD VROD
ºQLFDPHQWH VH SRG­D DWHUUL]DU GH XQD PDQHUD VX WRQWR
JXDWH HQ OD IUHQWH \ EDVW³ SDUD TXH GHVSDELODUD 0DU­D
%XOWRV DO KRPEUR 0DU­D %XOWRV DO VDFR 0DU­D %XOWRV
UDMD 0DU­D %XOWRV GHVSLHUWD XQD KRUD GHVSX©V VLQ
SRGHUVHQLHOSRWR
ߚ$PLJDߨ ߚGLMR FRQIXQGLGDߚ VR±© TXH DQRFKH OH
GLMXJRDXQWDO5DIDHOTXHPHLQYLW³DVXFDUSDSHURQR
PHGLMRFX¡OHUD\QRORYLP¡V
ߚ0DU­DQRVR±DVWHVHOODPDED,VPDHOߨ
ߚ(Q VHULR" ߚPH SUHJXQW³ OD 0DU­D P¡V
DYHUJRQ]DGDTXHODFKXFKD
ߚ6­ SHUR QR WH SUHRFXS­ QDGLH VH GHEH KDEHU GDGR
FXHQWDߚOHPHQW­
$EULPRV OD FDUSD \ YROYLPRV D OR TXH YLQLPRV D
EDLODU
3HUR RFXUUL³ OD LQHYLWDEOH 'XUDQWH HO VHJXQGR G­D GH
ILHVWDHQWUHEDLOH\EDLOH\FDGDYHLQWHPLQXWRVDOJXLHQ
JULWDEDl,VPDDDDHODEUHHHHWXFDUSDDDD{

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 64

+DQJRYHU3RPDLUH
'HVSHUW© VLQ FDFKDU G³QGH QL FRQ TXL©Q HVWDED \ HQ XQ
DFWR GH VXSHUYLYHQFLD SXUD DWLQ© D DJDUUDUPH ORV
FDO]RQHV(VWDEDQSXHVWRV\VREUHHOORVWHQ­DHOSDQWDO³Q
FRQ ORV ERWRQHV GHVDEURFKDGRV 1R GDED P¡V GH OD
KLQFKD]³Q
%XVTX©PLFDUWHUD\ODHQFRQWU©GHQWURGHXQDJUDQROOD
GHJUHGDHQODTXHDGHP¡VGHPLVSHUWHQHQFLDVKDE­DDO
PHQRV GLH] FKDQFKLWRV WDPEL©Q GH JUHGD GH GLVWLQWRV
WDPD±RV
4X©SDV³D\HU"'³QGHHVWR\"4X©KRUDHV"&HOXODU
VLQ EDWHU­D SHUR HO UHORM GH PXUR PDUFDED ODV  \
IUDFFL³Q0HGLRWHPHURVDVDO­GHODSLH]D\FDFK©TXHHQ
OD KDELWDFL³Q TXH HVWDED DO IRQGR GHO SDVLOOR VH
HVFXFKDED XQ URQTXLGR PHGLR DJ³QLFR DO YHU TXH OD
SXHUWDHVWDEDVHPLDELHUWDPHDQLP©DDVRPDUPLFDEH]D
(OURQTXLGRSDUHF­DVHUGHXQDVH±RUDTXHRFXSDEDP¡V
GHODPLWDGGHODFDPD$OODGRHQXQULQF³QVHYH­DGH
HVSDOGDVXQEXOWLWRTXHGHE­DVHUVXPDULGR
6DOJR GH OD FDVD P¡V SHUGLGD TXH FRFKD\X\R HQ
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
FD]XHOD\IODVKUHFXHUGR
3RPDLUH
3DVHRFRQOD0DU­D
/D0DU­DTXHTXLHUHVDFDUVHXQDIRWRHQODLJOHVLDGH
3RPDLUH
l0HGLRSDQRUDPD0DU­DWHSDVDVWHHVW¡VSDߞDQLPDU
XQSURJUDPDGHGHSRUWHVH[WUHPRV{SLHQVR
'HVSX©VKDPEUHPXFKDKDPEUH
5HVWDXUDQWHGHHPSDQ¡GHXQNLOR
3HUR GH UHSHQWH YXHOYR DO SUHVHQWH \ HVWR\ VROD \ HQ
XQD FDVD H[WUD±D < PH VLHQWR WULVWH DEDQGRQDGD
KLQFKDGD\HQFD±DGDVLQOD0DU­D
<GHQXHYRUHFRUG©
/D 0DU­D VXELHQGR D ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV XQD VHOILH GH
QRVRWUDVFRPLHQGRXQDHPSDQ¡GHNLOR\RQHJ¡QGRPHD
VHUHWLTXHWDGDVHDFHUFDODVH±RUDTXHQRVDWHQGL³HQHO
UHVWDXUDQWH \ QRV SUHJXQWD VL VH SXHGH VHQWDU FRQ
QRVRWUDV $FHSWDPRV DFWR VHJXLGR VH SUHVHQWD l+ROD
VR\ GR±D $QD{ 'H DK­ SDߞ GHODQWH SXUR OODQWR QLYHO
WHQJRHODOPDHQSHGD]RV\DQRDJXDQWRHVWDSHQDWDQWR
WLHPSRVLQYHUWHHVFRPRXQDFRQGHQD(QWUHVXVVROOR]RV
DOJR ORJUDPRV FRPSUHQGHU VH KDE­D HQWHUDGR GH TXH VX
PDULGR WHQ­D RWUD HQ VX OXJDU GH WUDEDMR 'RQ (QULTXH
WUDEDMDED[HQXQDPLQDGRQGHQRVRORWHQ­DDRWUD
65
PLQD VLQR WDPEL©Q XQ FU­R GH GRV D±RV /D SREUH $QD
HVWDEDHQVKRFNLDGDQRVDE­DTX©FKXFKDKDFHU
< QR VDEHU TX© KDFHU VROR VH SXHGH UHVROYHU GH XQD
IRUPDFRQXQDSLVFROD
ߚ'R±D$QDHVFºFKHPHDWHQWDPHQWHXVW©YDDOODPDU
DHVHGHVJUDFLDGROHYDDFRQWDUTXHVDEHODYHUGDG\OH
YD D SHGLU TXH VH OOHYH WRGDV ODV FRVDV GH VX FDVDߨ
G­JDOHTXHQRORTXLHUHYHUQXQFDP¡V4XHVLXVW©YDD
VXIULU" 6­ \ K¡JDOR SRUTXH ODV PXMHUHV OORUDPRV
OORUDPRVOORUDPRVQRVGHVDKRJDPRV\GHVSX©VSRGHPRV
YROYHUDEDLODUFXPELDDOHJUH4XHVL©OYDDVXIULU"/H
KDU¡FUHHUTXHQRSRUTXHDV­VRQORVKRPEUHVMXUDQTXH
WLHQHQHOFRQWUROVREUHVXVHPRFLRQHVSHURFXDQGR©OYHD
TXHXVW©HVW¡ELHQDK­UHFL©QYDDFDFKDUTXHODSHUGL³\
YDDOORUDUGXFK¡QGRVHHVFXFKDQGRD/XLV0LJXHO6HOR
GLJR \R TXH PH IDOWDQ FXDWUR TXLHEUHV DPRURVRV SDUD
SRVWXODUPHDO*XLQQHVV\GHWRGRVKHVDOLGRELHQSDU¡
ߚ0DUWLQDQRVHDVFXHQWHUD\RWHKHYLVWRHVWURSDMR SDVDU D EXVFDU D OD SOD]D FXDOTXLHU FRVD WH PDQGR XQ
WRGDY­D QR VXSHUDV D WXV ºOWLPRV FDWRUFH PLQRV ߚ
LQWHUUXPSL³OD0DU­D
ߚ0DU­DHVWDYH]QRVHWUDWDGHP­
'R±D$QDHVER]³XQDVRQULVD\VHUDM³FRQODFDVD\
ODV SLVFRODV (O PDULGR QR HVWDED DV­ TXH FXDQGR \D
OOHY¡EDPRV XQ SDU GH FRSHWHV OH SURSXVH TXH OH
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
TXHP¡UDPRV OD URSD LQWHULRU D VX PDULGR TXH OD
PH]FO¡UDPRVFRQKDULQDSLS­GRVKXHYRV\YHQHQRSDUD
UDWDV OH KLFL©UDPRV XQ TXHTXH VH OR GL©UDPRV
JUDE¡UDPRVWRGRHOSURFHVRORVXEL©UDPRVD<RX7XEH\
OR FRQYLUWL©UDPRV HQ YLUDO FRPR OD YHQJDQ]D GH OD
SRPDULQDSHURQRSUHQGLHURQ
ߚ0LUHGR±D$QDHVWRTXHXVW©YHDF¡WDPEL©QOHYD
DD\XGDUHQVXSURFHVRߚ6DTX©PLFHOXODU\OHPRVWU©HO
7LQGHUߚ PLUH SRU HMHPSOR F³PR VH YHU­D XVW© FRQ
HVWHSHULFR"'LFHTXHHVW¡DNLORPHWURVHVWRGRI¡FLO
PLUH XVW© KDFH PDWFK HVSHUD XQ UDWLWR \ YH TX© I¡FLO
DOWLUR PH GLR XQ OLNH GH YXHOWDߨ HVW¡ KDUWR ULFR HO
SHULFRߨ
<DV­IXHF³PRDOFDERGHXQUDWRFRQFUHW©ODFLWD
ߚ<D 0DU­D HVW¡L WRP¡ DV­ TXH QR SXHGHV PDQHMDU
DV­ WH TXHGDV DF¡ DOJXLHQ WLHQH TXH YHODU SRU HO
ELHQHVWDU GH QXHVWUD DPLJD QXHYD (O SHULFR PH YD D
626 \ PH OODPDV LQYHQWDQGR DOJXQD FRQWLQJHQFLD
XUJHQWHFRUUHDPLJDYHQWH
&RUU­DODSOD]DODFLWDHUDDODV
VHJX­DVROD
\HOPLQRVHJX­DSLGL©QGRPHTXHORHVSHUDUD
\QRUHVSRQGL³P¡V
66
 3RUFDOLHQWHPHSDVDSHQV© EXVFDU VH IXHURQ SRU XQ DWDMR \ QXQFD VH FUX]DURQ
 GH EDWHU­D PHQVDMH D OD 0DU­D l$PLJD HO PLQR FRQPLJRYROYLHURQ\MDP¡VVHLPDJLQDURQTXHPHKDE­D
QROOHJ³YR\GHYXHOWDYHQJDQSRUP­\QRVHQFRQWUDPRV DFRVWDGRHQODSLH]DFKLFD
HQHOFDPLQR{ 3HUR HO SUREOHPD QR IXH TXH VH SUHRFXSDUDQ SRUTXH
(O FXHQWR HV TXH OOHJX© D OD FDVD FRQ ORV FUHVSRV SHQVDURQTXHPHKDE­DLGRILQDOPHQWHFRQHOPLQRVLQR
KHFKRVFXDOULFLWRVGHRUR/DSXHUWDHVWDEDDELHUWDKDE­D TXH VH SXVLHURQ D FRFLQDU WUHV HPSDQ¡ SDUD TXH
WUHV YDVRV ORV WUHV HVWDEDQ YDF­RV VH OR KDE­DQ WRPDGR FHOHEU¡UDPRVQXHVWUDDPLVWDGDOG­DVLJXLHQWH
WRGR < DKRUD SRGU¡Q HQWHQGHU SRU TX© FDGD YH] TXH OD
)XL D OD FRFLQD \ PH HQFRQWU© FRQ WUHV HPSDQ¡V 0DU­D OOHQD FRQ PRQHGDV DOJXQR GH ORV FKDQFKLWRV GH
JLJDQWHV0HGLRKDPEUHPXFKDKDPEUH<PHODVFRP­ JUHGD TXH FRPSUDPRV HQ 3RPDLUH OR UHYLHQWD FRQ WDQWD
ODVWUHV/XHJRPHGLRVXH±R+DE­DWDPEL©QWUHVFDPDV IXULD \ WDPEL©Q SRGU¡Q HQWHQGHU SRU TX© FXDQGR QR PH
XQDJUDQGHXQDPHGLDQD\XQVRI¡FDPD(VWDVRWUDVGRV UHYLHQWDQODFKDQFKLWDVR\\RODTXHPHOOHQRGHIXULD\
VH GHEHQ KDEHU FXUDGR \ GHEHQ KDEHU LGR D EDLODU SRU WHUPLQRDSDJDQGRODWHOH
DK­SHQV©0HUHFRVW©HQXQDGHODVFDPDV/OHJ³HORWUR
G­D \ \D VDEHQ OR TXH YLQR GHVSX©V 'HVSHUW© FRQ XQD
ODJXQDPHQWDOQLYHOG³QGHHVWDU¡PLSULPDYHUDG³QGHVH
KDEU¡ HVFRQGLGR HO VRO VLQ FDFKDU G³QGH QL FRQ TXL©Q
HVWDED \ HQ XQ DFWR GH VXSHUYLYHQFLD SXUD DWLQ© D
DJDUUDUPH ORV FDO]RQHV \ ELHQ HVWDEDQ SXHVWRV \ VREUH
HOORV WHQ­D SXHVWR HO SDQWDO³Q FRQ ORV ERWRQHV
GHVDEURFKDGRV1RGDEDP¡VGHODKLQFKD]³Q
&XDQGRUHFRUG©ODSHO­FXODHQWHUDFDFK©TXHOD0DU­D
HUDHOEXOWRUHFRVWDGRDOODGRGHODVH±RUDTXHURQFDED
/RTXHSDV³HVTXHODQRFKHDQWHULRUFXDQGRPHIXHURQD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 67

/D0DU­D
7HQJR PXFKDV DPLJDV TXH H[WUD±R FDOHWD FDOHWD FDOHWD 3RU
TX© QRV DOHMDPRV VL QRV TXHU­DPRV WDQWR" PH SUHJXQWR )XHURQ
WDQWDVERUUDFKHUDVMXQWDVߨ/XHJRUHFXHUGRTXHVRQHVFRULD GH OD
YLGDDQLPDOHVUDVWUHURVFXOHEUDVSRQ]R±RVDV
PDOGLWDVVDEDQGLMDVHVSHFWURVGHOLQILHUQR\VHPHSDVDߨ
7RGR SDUWL³ FXDQGR OOHJX© HQFKXI¡ D OD SUHYLD
SUHJXQWDQGR SRU PL SUHVD HO -RV© ,JQDFLR TXLHQ HQWUH
VXVSDUHVYDURQHVHUDDSRGDGRFRPRl6RQULVDGH&XUD{
SRUVXIDPDGHQRQHJ¡UVHOHDQDGLH
ߚ(VW¡DOIRQGRGHOSDWLRߚUHFLE­SRUUHVSXHVWD
(QWRQFHVPHQWDOLF©PLHQWUDGDWULXQIDOFDPLQDWDPLVV
&KLOH \ PLUDGD SHUGLGD HQ HO KRUL]RQWH 7RGRV
LQFOX\HQGRDO6RQULVDGH&XUDVHYROWHDU­DQLPSDFWDGRV
SRUPLEHOOH]D\GHVSODQWH<RORVH±DODU­DFRQPL­QGLFH
\ OH GLU­D l7ºߨ Wº HUHV HO HOHJLGR{ \ ©O YHQGU­D
FRUULHQGRGHURGLOODV\EHVDU­DPLPDQR
3DWUD±DV HQWU© WULXQIDOPHQWH DO SDWLR \ HVWDEDQ WRGRV
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
ORVYDURQHVLQFOX\HQGRDPL6RQULVDGH&XUDDOUHGHGRU
GHXQDIODFDTXHORVWHQ­DDWRGRVSLGLHQGRDJ¼LWD
ߚ<HVDTXL©QHV"ߚSUHJXQW©
ߚ/D 0DULW]D TXH KR\ HVW¡ FHOHEUDQGR VX FXPSOHD±RV
SRUFXDUWDYH]
(VWDED GH FXPSOHD±RV GRV VHPDQDV DQWHV TXH \R ODV
GRV VRPRV /LEUD QXHVWURV QRPEUHV HPSLH]DQ FRQ 0 \
SRUORYLVWRDODVGRVQRQRVJXVWDSHUGHUHOWLHPSR
0DULW]D QR QRV FRQRFHPRV SHUR WH GHFODUR
RILFLDOPHQWHPL%))SHQV©
$V­ IXH FRPR PH DFHUTX© \ FDFK© TXH OD PLQD WHQ­D
P¡V FXHQWRV TXH HO J©QHVLV GH &KRFDSLF VX YLGD HUD
FRPRGHWHOHVHULH$EUHSDU©QWHVLV/DVWHOHVHULHVGHKR\
\D QR VRQ OR TXH HUDQ DQWHV 3RU HMHPSOR DFRVWXPEUR D
UHYLYLU HO EHVR HQWUH -RYDQND \ HO FXUD -XDQ FXDQGR OD
3RWR /RFR VH TXHG³ FRQ HO 'DY­ R FXDQGR GHVILO³ HO
FXDUWHOGHODVIHDV\3DWULFLDHVWDEDVHQWDGDHQVXRILFLQD
TXHM¡QGRVH (Q FDPELR DKRUD JHQHUDOPHQWH XQD YH ORV
SULPHURV TXLQFH PLQXWRV GHO SULPHU FDS­WXOR \ \D VDEH
F³PR WHUPLQDU¡ WRGR $GHP¡V ORV SHUVRQDMHV VRQ
DVTXHURVDPHQWH PRQ³WRQRV '³QGH TXHG³ OD &RMLQRD \
VXV IUXVWUDFLRQHV SRU QR SRGHU VHU DUWLVWD FLUFHQVH" /D
0DU­D6DORP©0DU­D-DFRY©\OD0DU­D0DJGDOHQD"(O
'M%LOO\"/DYHQJDQ]DGH6LOYDQDl/D'LHQWHGH2UR{
68
D6DULWD0HOODIH"/DVDYHQWXUDVGH3DROLWD&¡UFDPRFRQ
VXDPLJD0DU\RULH"/DVILHVWDVGHOD$OH[LV2SD]R"/D
SHO¡ GH FDEOHV GH $OH[DQGUD 7KRPSVRQ KDFLHQGR
PDULSRVDV GH SDSHO HQFHUU¡ HQ VX SLH]D FRQ TXLQFH PLO
SHVWLOORV"<SRUVXSXHVWRF³PRQRPHQFLRQDUORVDKRJRV
GH 2OJXLWD 0DULQD SHUVRQDMH LQVLJQH LQVSLUDFL³Q SDUD
WRGDPXMHUERUUDFKD&LHUUHSDU©QWHVLV
%XHQRHOFXHQWRHVTXHHVHG­D6RQULVDGH&XUDSDV³D
VHJXQGRSODQROD0DULW]DPHOOHY³GHFDUUHWHHQFDUUHWH
\ MXQWDV IXLPRV GLQDPLWD 'XUDQWH VHPDQDV VDOLPRV D
EDLODU\OLWHUDOPHQWHQRVFRPLPRVD3HGUR-XDQ\'LHJR
D/HRQDUGRD5DSKDHOD'RQDWHOORD0LFKHODQJHOR\D
6SOLQWHU D *DVSDU D 0HOFKRU \ DO %DOWD]DU D ORV
KDOFRQHV JDO¡FWLFRV D WRGRV ORV SLWXIRV D 'DUWD±¡Q \ D
ORV WUHV PRVTXHWHURV D OD PLW¡ GH ORV HVFXDGURQHV GH
ERPEHURV GH &KLOHߨ 'LFKR HQ RWUR PRGR QR GHMDPRV
W­WHUH FRQ FDEH]D 'LFKR D PL PRGR QR GHMDPRV SLFR
SDUDGR
(OSUREOHPDOOHJ³FXDQGRILMDPRVQXHVWUDDWHQFL³QHQ
HOPLVPRWLSR<RHQXQDDFWLWXGFRQFLOLDGRUDOHGHF­DD
OD0DULW]DTXHVLYDPRVDGHMDUGHVHUXQG­DDPLJDVTXH
QR VHD SRU ©O SRUTXH Wº IXLVWH OD KHUPDQD TXH \R QXQFD
WXYH\WºODP­D(OODHQWHRU­DGHF­DORPLVPRSHUROD
GHVLOXVL³Q JROSH³ PL SXHUWD FXDQGR PH HQWHU© GH TXH
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
KDE­D DJUHJDGR D VX )DFHERRN D WUHV GH PLV H[ D ORV
FXDOHVHQXQDFRQYHUVDFL³Q­QWLPDGHDPLJXLVORVUDQNL©
FRPR ORV KRPEUHV TXH PH KDE­DQ KHFKR YHU P¡V
HVWUHOODV
0DULW]D WUDLFLRQHUD FRPR YLRODVWH ORV F³GLJRV
FRQPLJR \R WDPEL©Q ORV YR\ D YLRODU FRQWLJR \ TXLHUR
TXH WRGDV ODV OHFWRUDV VH HQWHUHQ GH TXH DQGD XQD
FDPER\DQD GH ODV PDODV GDQGR YXHOWDV SRU DK­ -DP¡V
SHQV© TXH KDU­D DOJR DV­ SHUR YR\ D GDU D FRQRFHU WX
DSHOOLGR
(O DSHOOLGR GH HVWD VXHOWD HVߨ UHGREOH GH
WDPERUHVߨ YD\DQ DEULHQGR VXV UHGHV VRFLDOHV SDUD
SXWHDUODߨP¡VIXHUWHHVHUHGREOHGHWDPERUHVߨQRODV
HVFXFKRߨPXFKRP¡VIXHUWHHVHUHGREOHGHWDPERUHVߨ
bHODSHOOLGRHVߨ
/DYHUGDGߨQRSRGU­DFDHUWDQEDMRSRUTXHKDVWDOD
PXMHUERUUDFKDP¡VERUUDFKDGHODVERUUDFKDVFRQRFHORV
F³GLJRV E¡VLFRV GH VHU PXMHU 3HUR WHQJDQ FXLGDGR
FKLTXLOODVDQGDVXHOWDXQDFDPER\DQDFRQSLHOGHRYHMD
GHHVDVTXHWHRIUHFHQVXDPLVWDGVROR\ºQLFDPHQWHSDUD
DJDUUDUVH D ORV WX\RVߨ GH HVDV TXH WLHQHQ HO SLFR
WDWXDGRHQODIUHQWHFRQWLQWDUHDOQRFRPRXQDTXHVHOR
WDWºDGHYH]HQFXDQGRFRQO¡SLFHVHVFULSWRV
69
  'HVSHUWDVWH DFRVWDGD HPSHORWD FDO]³Q SRU DOO¡ VRVW©Q
SRUHORWURODGRPHGLRDFDODPEU¡(VW¡VFRQDOJXLHQTXH
)('((55$7$6'(/$ QR VDEHV TXL©Q HV QL WDPSRFR YROYHU¡V D YHU SRUTXH WH
08-(5%255$&+$ IXLVWHVLQGHFLUFKD­WR6RUU\FRPSDGULWRIHGHHUUDWDV

(QHOPDWULPRQLRGHWXFX±DGDOHOHYDQWDVWHODPDQRDWX
VXHJUD TXLHQ WH LQWHQW³ DJUHGLU SRUTXH WH YLR SDU¡QGROH
ORV FDUURV D VX KLMR ߚWX SRORORߚ GHVSX©V GH TXH OR
YLVWHVDOLUGHODFDELQDGHIRWRVGHOPDWULPX\FDUL±RVLWR
FRQXQDPXMHUDTXLHQQRFRQRF­DVSHURTXHUHVXOW³VHU
VXSULPD6RUU\IDPLOLDGH©OIHGHHUUDWDV

/HGLMLVWHDWXPDP¡TXHSDVDU­DVXQILQGHVHPDQDFRQWX
PHMRU DPLJD SHUR WH FRPSUDVWH XQ SDVDMH HQ EXV DO
OLWRUDOQRFRQWHVWDVWHHOWHO©IRQRSRUWHPRUREOLJDVWHDWX
DPLJD D PHQWLU FXDQGR YROYLVWH \ WH SLOODURQ HQ OD
PHQWLUDVDOLVWHFRUULHQGRWHFRPSUDVWHRWURSDVDMHHQEXV
DOOLWRUDOWHIXLVWHlDYLYLU{DODSOD\DSDUDHYLWDUHOUHWR
SHURODVOXFDVWHDOFDQ]DURQSDUDHVWDUWUHVG­DVWRPDUWH

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 70
GRVFRPELQDGRV\WXYLVWHTXHYROYHUFRQODFRODHQWUHODV VHQVXDOHV 1XQFD OH FRQWDVWH SHUR DKRUD HV FXDQGR
SLHUQDV6RUU\IDPLOLDP­DIHGHHUUDWDV 6RUU\0DU­DIHGHHUUDWDV

/OHJDVWH D WUDEDMDU UDMD GH FXU¡ FRQ XQD FD±D TXH
IHUPHQWDWRGRORTXHWRPDVWHEU­JLGDPHQWHSHQVDQGRSRU
VXSXHVWRlHVPHMRUOOHJDUTXHQROOHJDU{3HURDOHQWUDUD
ODRILFLQDWHHQWHUDVGHTXHIDOOHFL³HODEXHORGHWXMHIH\
DQGDQWRGRVGHOXWR6RUU\FROHJDVIHGHHUUDWDV
/H FDOHQWDVWH OD VRSD GHVFULWHULDGDPHQWH D PHGLD
GLVFRWHTXH VDELHQGR TXH QR SRGU­DV KDFHU QDGD SRUTXH
DQGDEDV FRQ OD UXOHU 6RUU\ PLHPEURV GH ORV SUHVHQWHV
IHGHHUUDWDV

7HSDVDVWHHOWHUULEOHUROORFRQHOSRORORGHWXDPLJDOR
HQFHUUDVWH HQ HO ED±R OH KLFLVWH XQ PDVDMH WDLODQG©V OH
MDERQDVWH HO \XQTXH \ HO PDUWLOOR \ VH OR VHFDVWH FRQ OD
OHQJXD7RGRHVRHQWXLPDJLQDFL³QSRUVXSXHVWR6RUU\
%))IHGHHUUDWDV

/HJULWDVWHODYLGDDOIDUPDF©XWLFR\OHWLUDVWHHOYXHOWR
SRUTXH VHQWLVWH TXH WH DWHQGL³ GH PX\ PDOD JDQD \ WH
HQWUHJ³ORVDQRYXODWRULRVFRQXQDFDUDGHPRUDOLVWDQLYHO
IDPLOLD 8', FRPSXHVWD SRU PDP¡ SDS¡ \  KLMRV HQ
PDUFKD QR DO DERUWR 6$1726 DQRYXODWRULRV ORV DPR
FRQ OD YLGD 6RUU\ IDUPDF©XWLFR P¡V R PHQRV IH GH
HUUDWDV

7X DPLJD WH SUHVW³ HO DXWR \ OR XVDVWH SDUD ILQHV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 71
  ߚ0DUWLQDHVWDVVRQKRUDVGHOOHJDU"
ߚ0DP¡QROHGHVWDQWRFRORUVLQRHVWDQWDUGH
&“026(581$08-(5 ߚ&X¡QWRWRPDVWH"
%255$&+$ ߚ'RVODWDVGHFHUYH]DPDPLWD
ߚ'LODYHUGDG0DUWLQD&X¡QWRWRPDVWH"
<12025,5(1(/,17(172 ߚ<DRKGRVOLWURVGHFHUYH]D\WUHVSLVFRODVPDPLWD
ߚ0DUWLQD QR PH KDJDV SUHQGHU OD OX] GL OD YHUGDG
&X¡QWRWRPDVWH"
ߚ<DRKGRVOLWURVGHFHUYH]DRFKRSLVFRODV\PHGLD
JDUUDIDGHYLQRPDPLWD
ߚ0DUWLQDDYHUSUHQGHODOX]
ߚ<D RK GRV OLWURV GH FHUYH]D TXL]¡ QXHYH R GLH]
SLVFRODV PHGLD JDUUDID GH YLQR \ GRV FKRFRUU³Q SDߞ
DPHQL]DUPDPLWD
ߚ0DUWLQDQRPHPLHQWDVWHFRQR]FRWHWLULWDODYR]
FXDQGRHVW¡VQHUYLRVDGLODYHUGDG
ߚ<D RK WUHV OLWURV GH FKHOD GRFH SLVFRODV PHGLD
JDUUDIDGHYLQRVROD\ODRWUDPLW¡GHODJDUUDIDHQMRWH
GRV FKRFRUU³Q SDߞ DPHQL]DU \ PH WRP© XQ FKRUULWR GH
HQMXDJXHEXFDOWDPEL©QSDߞWUDWDUGHSDVDUSLRODPDPLWD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 72
 ߚ$OJRP¡VTXHWHQJDTXHVDEHU"
ߚ1RPDPLWDQDGDEXHQDVQRFKHV
ߚ1DߞGHEXHQDVQRFKHVSUHQGHODOX]
ߚ1RPDPLWDQRSRUIDYRUWHORUXHJR
ߚ3UHQGHODOX]0DUWLQDQRWHHVWR\SUHJXQWDQGR 
3UHQG­ OD OX] \ HO FKXS³Q HQ HO FXHOOR TXH WHQ­D OR
(/&+25“6&232'(
SRG­DVYHUDD±RVOX]GHGLVWDQFLD<HVTXHGHSHQGHMD
PL PDP¡ PH HQVH±³ WRGR OR TXH XQD PXMHU ERUUDFKD /$
QHFHVLWDVDEHUSDUDQRPRULUHQHOLQWHQWR 08-(5%255$&+$
ߚ0DUWLQD WU¡HPH XQD SHLQHWD GRV SDUDFHWDPRO \ XQ
ELG³QGHDJXD
0H SHLQ³ HO FKXS³Q SRU FLQFR PLQXWRV FRQ OD
LQWHQVLGDGGHXQDPDP¡IXULRVD\PHREOLJ³DWRPDUPH
HOELG³QHQWHUR\GRVSDUDFHWDPRO$ORWURG­DOHFKXJD
4X©HVSHUDEDQ"4X©OHVGLMHUDDOJRTXHQRVDE­DQ"
/DKLGUDWDFL³QHVHOVHFUHWR\VLQRPHFUHHQYHQJDQDPL
FDVD \ OHV PXHVWUR PLV FRPSUREDQWHV GH SDJR PH VDOH
P¡VFDUDODFXHQWDGHDJXDTXHODGHDUULHQGRORVJDVWRV
FRPXQHVODOX]HOJDV\ODFRPLGDMXQWRV

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 73

$ULHV
$025 'HEHVEXVFDUODIRUPDGHEDMDUHVHFDORUH[WUD±R
TXH VH DSRGHUD GH WX FXHUSR 6L GH DOJR VLUYH WH YR\ D
VRSODU XQ SRFR OR TXH WLHQHV TXH EXVFDU WLHQH FRPR
IRUPDGHJULIRGHFDEH]DGHKDEDGHFKLQRFRQEHDWWOH
6$/8'(QHOSU³[LPREULQGLVKD]XQVDOXGSRUWRGRVORV
FD­GRVTXL]¡VHVODºQLFDIRUPDGHTXHWHGHVFXHQWDGH
TXH WLHQHV TXH VHQWDU FDEH]D WH DSXHVWR TXH \D SHUGLVWH
ODFXHQWD
75$%$-2 (VHFRPSD±HURGHWUDEDMRV­HVHHOTXHFDGD
YH]TXHWHVDOXGDORKDFHPHGLRQHUYLRVLWRQRHVTXHOH
JXVWHV QR VHDV UROOHUD HV TXH WH HVW¡V HFKDQGR PXFKR
SHUIXPHDPLJDDYHFHVPHQRVHVP¡V
&2/259HUGHERWHOOD
7DXUR
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
$025 < TXH QR WH GLJDQ HQ OD HVTXLQD HO YHQDR HO
YHQDR(VRDWLWHPRUWLILFD3RUHVRGHEHVFDJDUDQWHVGH
TXH WH FDJXHQ \ FXDQGR WH SLOOHQ DFWLWXG GH RIHQGLGD
SUDFWLFDIUHQWHDOHVSHMR
6$/8' $PLJD HVD LQGLJHVWL³Q QR HV LQGLJHVWL³Q WLHQH
SDWLWDV\VHU¡YDU³Q
75$%$-2 $QWHV GH DYLVDU HQ WX WUDEDMR GH WX
lLQGLJHVWL³Q{FRQFDOHQGDULRHQPDQRVDFDODFXHQWDOD
LQGLJHVWL³QFRQSDWLWDVSRGU­DVHUGHWXMHIHVXHOWD
&2/25*XLQGDVHFD
*©PLQLV
$025 6L TXLHUHV WULXQIDU GHEHV SRGDU HO SDVWR GH WX
FDVLWD\H[LJLUORWDPEL©QDWXSDUHMD(OSDVWRODUJRVROR
DWUDHUDWDV
6$/8' $PLJD HPSLQDU HO FRGR QR HV GHSRUWH VDOH D
FDPLQDUZHRQDIORMD
75$%$-2 5HQXQFLD D WRGR F³PSUDWH XQ SDVDMH GH LGD \
74
VLQUHWRUQRDODFKXFKD\QRYXHOYDVP¡V$92ߞ7(/2
',*252%(572
&2/25&RQFKHYLQR
&¡QFHU
$025 $ TXLHQ VHD TXH VH DWUDYLHVH HQ WX FDPLQR SDUD
HQWRUSHFHU WX GHVDUUROOR DIHFWLYR \ VH[XDO GDOH FRQ XQ
VRSDSRDYHUVLVHYD6LQRVHYDGDOHGRVVRSDSLDGDV
6$/8'6DE­DVTXHVLQRWRPDVFRSHWHQXQFDHQWXYLGDWH
YDV D PRULU LJXDO" 3HUG³QDWH \ YXHOYH D GDUOH XQD
RSRUWXQLGDG DO FRSHWH HQ WX YLGD OR TXH KLFLVWH HVWXYR
PX\ PDO SHUR FU©HPH V© OR TXH KLFLVWH HO YHUDQR
SDVDGR\VHPHUHF­DHVR\PXFKRP¡V
75$%$-2 6XHOWD HVWH OLEUR \ DQGD D KDFHU OR TXH WLHQHV
TXHKDFHUSDUDGHVDFDUODYXHOWD
&2/259HUGHROLYDPLOLWDU
/HR
$025 'HEHV DEDQGRQDU OD UXWLQD H LPSUHVLRQDU D WX
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
SDUHMDFRQWUXFRVHVWLOR&LUFR'X6ROHLO3DUDHVRSLHQVD
HQWXDQLPDOIDYRULWR\DWULEº\HOHXQDFXDOLGDGKXPDQDR
SDVDWLHPSRV 3RU HMHPSOR /D 5LQRFHURQWH TXH &DQWD
/­ULFR )¡FLO WH SHJDV FRQ VX FXHUQR HQ OD IUHQWH
PLHQWUDV FDQWDV HO $YH 0DU­D 4XL]¡ QR IXH XQ EXHQ
HMHPSOR
6$/8'<RV©TXHHVW¡VVROWHUD\TXH\DORVPRWLYRVSDUD
GHSLODUWH SDUHFHQ QR VHU WDQWRV SHUR FU©HPH DPLJD
KDFHIDOWDXQDEXHQDUDVXUDGDKDVFUHDGRXQPLFURK¡ELWDW
HQWXVSLHUQDV\HQFXDOTXLHUPLQXWRORVSHUURVGHODFDOOH
WHYDQDHPSH]DUDPLUDUFRQRWURVRMRV
75$%$-2 7XV FRPSD±HURVDV GH WUDEDMR \D VDEHQ OR GH
WXV SLHUQDV SRU HVR \D QDGLH TXLHUH DOPRU]DU FRQWLJR
+DVDOJRSRUDPRUD*LOOHWWH
&2/25$]XOPDULQR
9LUJR
$025 7X FRPSRUWDPLHQWR QR KD VLGR GH VH±RULWD SHUR
DºQ HVW¡V D WLHPSR GH YROYHU DO FDPLQR GHO 6H±RU $V­
75
TXH KR\ LU¡V D OD ERWLOOHU­D \ OH GLU¡V DO VH±RU TXH WH
YHQGDXQDSURPRGHDOJRVDOGU¡VDEDLODU\WULXQIDU¡V
6$/8' 'H XQ WLHPSR D HVWD SDUWH YLHQHV SHQVDQGR HQ
UDGLFDOL]DU WX HVWLOR GH YLGD \ GHMDU GH FRPHU FDUQH 7H
IHOLFLWR HV XQ EXHQ SULPHU SDVR DKRUD ELHQߨ TXH OR
UDGLFDOQRLQFOX\DDHVDRWUDFDUQHYRߞFDFKDLGHORTXH
WHHVWR\KDEODQGRJRORVD
75$%$-2 6© TXH VLHQWHV TXH HV DPRU SRU WX FROHJXLWD
SHURDQWHVGHGHFODUDUWHFU©HPHOHKDFHIDOWDXQDEXHQD
DOLQL¡HQORVFKDFUDV\XQDEXHQDSDW¡HQODUDMD
&2/25*ULVSROYR
/LEUD
$025 $PRUSURKLELGRPXUPXUDQSRUODVFDOOHVSRUTXH
VRQGHGLVWLQWDVVRFLHGDGHVSHURQRLPSRUWDGHMDTXHOD
JHQWHJULWHWDߞKDUWRULFRHOIODLWH
6$/8' (VD PDOGLWD REVHVL³Q SRU PHMRUDU WX ILJXUD WH
OOHY³DGHVYDULDUKDVWDODORFXUD\WHHVW¡TXLWDQGRKDVWD
ODUD]³Q<DSDUDHVW¡VELHQDV­DOLP©QWDQWHIODFXFKHQWD
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
75$%$-2 7X MHIH HVW¡ SHQVDQGR HQ DVFHQGHUWH SHUR SRU
ODFKXFKDOHY¡QWDWHWHPSUDQRZHRQDD92ߞ7((672<
+$%/$1'2 0$5$ WDQ EULOODQWH \ WDQ EXHQD SDߞ OD
SHVWD±D
&2/25 1R OH GHV WDQWR FRORU WH OR GLJR HQ EXHQD WH OR
GLJRSRUTXHWHTXLHURDPLJD
(VFRUSL³Q
$025 (VH H[ HVH TXH QR WLHQH PDQ­ HVH TXH WLHQH
DOSLVWH QR QR DOSLVWH HVH TXH WLHQH XQD OHQWHMD WH
YROYHU¡DOODPDU7ºQRFDLJDVHQVXUHG7HGLU¡SDODEUDV
ERQLWDV3HURGHSDODEUDVERQLWDVQRVHYLYHHQODFDPLWD
'LOH TXH WLHQHV XQ QXHYR PDFKR TXH WH SRQH PHMRU GH
PHMRUKXPRU
6$/8' (VHRWURH[HVHTXHWHSRQHQHUYLRVDHVHTXHWH
VDFDGHTXLFLRHVHTXHWHSRQHPRGRSVLFRNLOOHU\TXHD
SHVDUGHWHQHUWHEORTXHDGDGHWRGDVODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVWº
WHODVLQJHQLDVSDUDYHUORLJXDO\DHVW¡FRQRWUDHVP¡V
DQWHVGHWHUPLQDUFRQWLJR\DORVHVWDED1RYDOHODSHQD
QRWHFDOLHQWHVODFDEH]DWUDQTXLOL]DODQHXUD\VLWLHQHV
JDQDVGHOORUDUSLHQVDHQP­\HQWRGDVPLVGHVJUDFLDV
76
180(52[
7HFRVW³DK"
6DJLWDULR
$025<TX©HVDPRU"4X©FUHHVWºTXHVLJQLILFDDPRU"
$FDVR FUHHV TXH VH WUDWD GH GHFLUOH HQ GRV SDODEUDV WH
TXLHUR\QDGDP¡V(VW¡VPX\HTXLYRFDGDHODPRUHVHVR
SHUR VºPDOH GRV FRSDV GH YLQR +R\ QR SLHUGDV HO
WLHPSR
6$/8' 3DUD HYLWDU OD FD±D GH PD±DQD GHEHV GRUPLU XQ
SRTXLWR P¡V FLHUUD ODV FRUWLQDV \ S©JDWH XQD VLHVWD \
YHU¡V TX© SDVDU¡ TX© PLVWHULR KDEU¡ SXHGH VHU WX JUDQ
QRFKH \ DO GHVSHUWDU \D WX YLGD VDEU¡ DOJR TXH QR
FRQRFHUߨ
1š0(52ORVDQLPDOLWRVVXELHURQGHHQ
&DSULFRUQLR
$025 0DODV QRWLFLDV WH SLGL³ R WH YDQ D SHGLU XQ
WLHPSR HVH WLHPSR WLHQH QRPEUH \ DSHOOLGR < QR
QHFHVLWD SHQVDU HQ OD GHFLVL³Q GH HVWDU R QR MXQWRV
https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/
QHFHVLWD VDOLU D EDLODU FRQ VXV DPLJRV SDUD
HPERUUDFKDUVH
6$/8'<DHVWLHPSRGHGDUOHXQDQXHYDRSRUWXQLGDGDWX
K­JDGR 7H IDOO³ SHUR \D HVW¡ OLVWR SDUD OD VLJXLHQWH
EDWDOOD&X­GDWHGHQRYROYHUDH[KLELUWXVSDUWHVQREOHV
HQSºEOLFRQRKDFHUWXVFRVDVHQHOED±RGHKRPEUHV\
VREUHWRGRGHWDQWHDUHOWHUUHQRDQWHVGHFRQFUHWDU3DUD
DOJRWLHQHVPDQRVbšVDODV
1š0(52QDQDQDQDQDQDQDQ¡
$FXDULR
$025 3DUD GH PLUDU FRQ FDUD GH ZHRQD D HVH KRPEUH
TXH WH JXVWD SDUD GH LU D VX RILFLQD WRGRV ORV G­DV FRQ
SUHWH[WRV HVWºSLGRV \ bDWU©YHWHWHWH G©MDOH WX GLUHFFL³Q
+D]ORSRUODPLHUGDbKDVWDFX¡QGRODVSROLOODV\DWLHQHQ
XQDPHWU³SROLHQWX\DVDEHV
75$%$-2 b6­7RGDODRILFLQDVDEHTXHWHJXVWDVLKDVWD
HVW¡Q RUJDQL]DQGR XQD ULID SDUD UHFDXGDU IRQGRV \
FRPSUDUWHXQEDEHUR
77
1š0(527XQºPHURGHWHO©IRQRZHRQDbHVRGDOH

3LVFLV
$025 6H DFDE³ OD UDFKD GH PDOD VXHUWH KR\ YDV D
GHVFXEULUTXHHOPXQGRHVVRORSDUDWLTXHQDGLHSXHGH
KDFHUWHGD±RQDGLHSXHGHKDFHUWHGD±R([FHSWRHOFKLQR
WXHUWRGHMDTXHHVHWHIDOWHHOUHVSHWR
1RWDV
4XLHURDFODUDUTXHWHQJRODPHMRUGHODVEXHQDVRQGDVFRQODFRPXQLGDG
JD\ \ TXH HO ºQLFR VHQWLPLHQWR QHJDWLYR FKLTXLWLWR TXH SURYRFDQ HQ P­ HV
HQYLGLD5LFN\0DUW­QSRUWL5LFN\PHKDU­DWUDQVH[XDO

75$%$-2 (VW¡V HQ OD SLWLOOD VL OOHJDV XQD YH] P¡V FRQ
FD±DWHYDQDGHVSHGLU9DDYDOHUODSHQDQRKD\PDOTXH
SRU ELHQ QR YHQJD \ FXDQGR 'LRV WH FLHUUD XQD SXHUWD
VLHPSUH WH DEULU¡ OD UHMLWD GH PHWDO GH OD ERWLOOHU­D P¡V
FHUFDQD

',1(52 1DGD QDGD &DFKDVWH HO MXHJR GH SDODEUDV"

3LVFLVXQSHVFDGRQDGDUQDGDQDGDWHGHM©ORFD

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 78
(GLFL³QHQIRUPDWRGLJLWDOGLFLHPEUHGH

0HUFHGSLVR6DQWLDJRGH&KLOH

'LVH±RGHODFXELHUWD5DQGRP+RXVH0RQGDGRUL6$

4XHGDULJXURVDPHQWHSURKLELGDVLQODDXWRUL]DFL³QHVFULWDGHORVWLWXODUHVGHO
l&RS\ULJKW{EDMRODVVDQFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQODVOH\HVODUHSURGXFFL³QWRWDO
RSDUFLDOGHHVWDREUDSRUFXDOTXLHUPHGLRRSURFHGLPLHQWRFRPSUHQGLGRVOD
UHSURJUDI­D\HOWUDWDPLHQWRLQIRUP¡WLFR\ODGLVWULEXFL³QGHHOODPHGLDQWH
DOTXLOHURSU©VWDPRSºEOLFRV

,6%1

&RQYHUVL³QDIRUPDWRGLJLWDO1HZFRPODE6/

ZZZPHJXVWDOHHUFO

https://teprestomilibroblog.wordpress.com/ 79