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3 - Multiple Access PDF
3 - Multiple Access PDF
COMMUNICATIONS
Carlos Pupiales Y.
chpupiales@utn.edu.ec
Outline:
• Introduction
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA
• SDMA
• OFDMA
• Hybrid Techniques
• If there is only a single BS, how can it communicate with many MS simultaneously?
• If there are multiple BS, how can operator assign spectral resources to BS in order the
number of users in each BS can be maximized?
• Time Division Duplexing (TDD) uses time to provide forward and reverse link.
2 time slots are used to achieve this.
• Each user is assigned one frequency (part of the available spectrum) to perform a call.
• The assignment is done during the call set up and last until the call ends. Only this user
can use these frequencies.
• Since FDMA is a continuous transmission scheme, fewer bits are needed for overhead
purposes.
• What if many users needs access to the network at the same time?
• Guard time is used for synchronization purposes for the receiver between time
slots and frames.
• Handoff process is much simpler since MS is able to listen for other BS while it’s
in idle mode.
• The burst arrange a TDMA frame which contains address and synchronization
information that BTS and MS use to identify each other.
• The efficiency is the percentage of bits per frame which contains data.
• The narrowband signal is multiplied by a very large bandwidth signal called spreading
signal.
• Spreading signal is a pseudo-noise code sequence that has a chip rate which is greater
than the data rate of the message.
• All users use the same frequency and may transmit at the same time.
• Each user has its own codeword which is approximately orthogonal to each other.
• The receptor will be able to detect only the codeword which is looking for, the other ones
looks like noise.
• Only the proper receiver will have the key to demodulate the signal transmitted.
• As channel data rates are high, multipath which is delayed by more than a chip rate will
appear as noise.
• The original data signal is multiplied directly by the high chip rate spreading code.
• The carrier frequency at which the original data signal is transmitted is rapidly
changed according to the spreading code.
• The original data signal is not transmitted continuously Instead, the signal is
transmitted in short bursts where the time of the burst is decided by the spreading
code.
• Broadcast transmission is a waste of energy when just few users are within the cell.
• The great advantage of SDMA is that power and eventually spectrum can be used
more efficiently.
• Less interference.
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 14
OFDMA
• It stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access.
• It has the problem of high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio; therefore, amplifiers needs
a wide dynamic range.
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 15
OFDMA
• 66.7 us
• Even though ISI is still present, it doesn´t disturb the data at the receiver.
• Takes a copy of samples from the end of the symbol and repeat them at the
beginning of OFDM symbol.
• Using TDMA and OFDM: One user transmit one symbol and then the system switch
to another user.
• Using Packet Ratio, one user transmits one packet modulated in OFDM and then the
system switch to another user.
• To overcome this, we can use Single Carried FDMA in uplink. It’s a variation of ODFM
which transport in each subcarrier a combination of data symbols instead of each data
being mapped to a separate subcarrier.
• The advantage is that the spectrum doesn’t need to be contiguous, so users can e
allocated depending on specific requirements.
• The advantage is Near-Far Effect is avoided due to only one user is transmitting at
time.
• To learn and understand deeper this topic, please read the follow documents.
• http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/104.pdf
• https://eva.fing.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/67091/mod_resource/content/1/codificacion/Codificaci
on_de_voz_y_video_textos_completos_.pdf
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 29
Examples
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYRMYSIVj1o
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKy5dOl3Et4
• How to maximize the few resources and allocate more users in a small
space.