Hydrogen sulfide toxicity would be an extremely rare occurrence in cage culture, flow-

through systems, and water-recirculating systems. However, there have been

documented instances of hydrogen sulfidetoxicity in ponds. These situations usually
resulted from diffusion of hydrogen sulfide from anaerobic zones in sediment into the
water column at a greater rate than the rate of oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfate
by chemical oxidation or oxidation by sulfate-oxidizing bacteria. This scenario results in
a residual concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the water column until the rate
of hydrogen sulfide diffusion decreases, the rate of its oxidation increases, or both.
Toxicity is most likely when this phenomenon occurs in ponds with water of pH < 7,
because the proportion of sulfide in the form of toxic hydrogen sulfide is greatest at
lower pH. Maintaining plenty of dissolved oxygen in the water column will maximize the
rate of hydrogen sulfide oxidation. (Boyd, et. al. 2017)