3 Trony in the Ancient and the Modern World Irony is inseparable from the evolution of the modern con sciousness. In one respect, irony ie traditonal subject, as ol 2s human speech, codified in man, defined in i struc ture, bat as unexciting as these scholac tops ae. tn a ‘other regard, however, sony vitally Kemal with that sel-reflectve syle of poetry that became accentuated during ‘the romantic age, and ita decisive mark of lterary moder nity. Int move typical of tomantc though, however, irony seas then turned around and discovered in works of ierature here it had never before been surmised und thus beeame almost coextensive with Iterture Hell. There is general agreement that this decisive extension of iony toa baie rit ical term wok place toward the end the eightcemth century terature. Unt then, ony had been wndersoad mosly as 4 figure of speech, firmly established and registered in rhetoi ‘We can even specify thie turning point much more precisely by referring toa fragment writen in 1797 by Fredric Sele fe and expressing, to all appearance, the new feature of Irony forthe Gs tine. ‘The fragment begins with the statement, “Pilosophy isthe ‘ue homeland of irony which one would lke wo define as logical beauty” (F213, o. 42: LF, 148)—obvioly eee 1 Sl pene Wk oa ater ih it. Spe ode an Sow gg Hors SeTA omy the Ancient and he Maden World no Socratic ron asthe fst manifestation of the ironic ‘mood in the Wet. Schlegel goes onto sy tha there also a theorcl species of ions,” which sparingly used, has an excellent effec, especialy in polemics" (FS, 152, 0.42; LF, 148). This phrase of the fagment apparently relates the dominant wage of ony from Cicero to Swift and Volare a ‘a thetrical device or figure of speech thats good in polemics ‘cate attacks ire and notin a vulgar way. Yet comm pred tothe philosophical type of irony, wo the “sublime wr Ini of the Socratic mae" thie rhetorical Kinds more pompous. There tone pony, however, of approaching fd equaling the lofty Socratic tye of irony, and that i in poetry. Fr this purpine, however, pty should no retict irony to “oat ironical pnsages at rhetoric does.” bu be iron throughout, Socrates wi inhi dialogues. Asa mat ter of fact, Schlegel continues, thee sa poetry that accom: plshes precisely this tsk: "There are aient and modern Poems that are pervaded by the divine breath of irony throughout and informed by a truly transcendental buffoon infinitely abore ll imitations, even above i own at virtue, ‘or gents; externally, in its execution: the mimic syle of & moderately gifted Kalan bf (PS, 2158, no. 42: LE, 198), Tn another fragment of the same year, Schlegel describes the ironic mood of Socrates more fll andindicates how such irony should animate poetic works. This irony isan “involun- ‘eath Steel Land he Prepare: Rr Fc i ‘ii athe i Og ty ‘Reman’ in Ramon Irony Frederic Carter (pe in, iments dae crower we Gry Hane rad hs Novum Fos Shug as oe Hes Uae re 85h {ron in the Ancien and the Madera Word 75 tary and yet compezly deliberate diasmulaion” (FS, 2160, ‘ho. to: LF, 59) pose to convey because for one "who hasnt got twill remain 2 vide even after openly ‘onfesed” In uch an ironic performance, “everything should be playful and serous, guielealy open and deeply Indden." This irony originates from beth naive and velec- in, ature and at, and ie the “conjuction ofa pefecy Instinctive and perfectly conscious philosophy.” The most compact statements abou thie Knd of irony ocr in the mi dle Of the feagment and read: "Ie contains and arouses a feeling of the insoluble antagonism berwen the absolute and he relative, beween the impos and the neces of ‘complete communication, Iis the frees fal ienss, for by itsmeans one wanscends once and yet kis the most laf fo ts sboltely necesany” (FS, £160, no. 108: LF, 138). “These few quote already indicate dhe clone ink been the ‘ew notion of irony and the consiousnes of ierary moder: nity tha marked the beginning of romanticism When Schlegel decided to term the maud which permeates certuin works by Boccaccio, Cervantes, Sterne, and Goethe moni, he cused indeed 2 Fendamental change in Western critical though The authors just mentioned would have been somewhat astonished 1 hea him interpret thei teary cre- ationss displaying iron)—tsay noting of Shakespeare and other older siodes of the ironic ule For antl Schlegel, itony had retained it clasal meaning as figure of speech, and the only reason shy we today det find anything re imarkable in Schleges formulations is that his wage ofthe term took root and became estalshed. Un then, far nto the eghtenth century he word ony had kept it sre76 tryin the Ancient ond he Modern Werk consitent connotation of an established form of speech oF ‘ammunition which could be reduced wo the simple for ‘mula “a igure of speech by which one want to convey the ‘opposite of what one says This isa quote frm the French Engelpedia of 1763 and contain the essence of the def nitions of irony found in numerous handbooks of various European Itratures a they hid developed from older tan ual of rhetoric concerning dhe art of publ speaking and perasion, in the schematized structure of dasa shetri we were toseek the place forrony, we would fndiefirtin the column of the wopes, that i, among indirect modes of speech Gn lading metaphor allegory, metalep and hyperbaton) and Second undet the rubric of figures of spec, that, of par ticular verhal onstruction (including question, anticipation, Ihsiation, consultation, apostrophe, illustration, feigned re iret, and intimation) ‘The most tase characteristic of all forms of dasial irony is aleays that the intention of the speaker is opposed to what he acually ss, that we under- ould perhaps ad to this description that accor ‘ent opinion, inorder to distinguish irony from mere yng, the entire tenor of speaking, including intonation, empha, and gesture, was supposed to help reveal the real or intended ‘meaning. Irony i monty discussed by the claskal rhetor ‘ans inthe context of peculiar idosynerais of syle, Arie tote mentions irony in he third book of is Rtn which is devoted tose and presents tae 4 "mockery of onesel” ‘Some ofthe forms belita gendeman, and some do nt irony belt hm more than dee buffoonery. The jes othe ro > doormen tagtetan ‘Troy n the Ancient and the Maer Werld 77 ‘eal man area is own expense; the buffoon exces Laughter at ohers" From other pastages of his works, expecially his Eis, we know that Arse conceived of irony a8 noble self-deprecation. “Irony is the contrary of boast exaggera= tion.” he aid: “is a seldeprecating concealment of one's Powers and possssons—it shows ber tase to deprecate than to exaggerate one's vires" Cicero, who introduced the een it the Latin work! and ‘rendered is “disimlation” (ea dssnulaio, quam Grae ira vos dscasted irony in his work On th Ort connection with figures of speech He defied irony as saying ‘one thing and meaning another. explaining that tad very seat influence on the minds of the audience and was ex ‘wemely entertaining # was presented in a conversational rather than dedlamatory tone Finally, Quinta assigned Irony is postion among the topes and figures dicused in the cighth and ninth books of hi Oat Edwation, where its basic characteristic is thatthe intention of the spear di fers from what e actually says, that we understand the con leary of what he expen in speech in utrnue anien ent tearm 6 quod dior inteligendusn ex"? tn addition 19 these two formal modes of ony, however, Quan men- tions a thied which transcends the scope of mere thet, oF what Schlegel would al singe ironic nstance, and relates to the whole manne of exsence of «person, Quintin refers Airc wo Socrates, whose entre ie had an ironic coloring eee copia ene Foes ™ Lh,18 Tronyin te Ancient and the Madera World because he assumed the role ofan ignorant human being lost in wonder atthe widom of exhers* [Ar this observation indicates, Quinlan, aswell as Cicero and other thewricins, regarded Socrates a5 the master of irony, the ern. Originally, however, the words edna and ‘ron ba owe and vulgar connotation, event the exten of being am invective. We come acros these terms in Aristo: pane’ comedies, in which the rons i placed among lias, Shysters,petifoggers, hypocrites, and charaane—in other words, with decivrs» Plato was the frat o present Socrates 4s ionic imerlocitor who by undertatng italia hi Famous pose of igrorance, embarrased his partner and si rmultanebuly led i into the proper tain of sought With the Platonic Socrats, the aide of the ionist was freed from the burlesque coarseness of dssicl comedy and ap- peared wih that refined, human, and humorous self depre- ‘tion that made Socrates the paragon of the teacher Yet even in Plato's dslogues where the atitude of Socratic Irony is 0 obviously presen, the term itony ise tll reins jas derogatory cat inthe sense of hoax and hypocrisy and a such, evinces the Sophis atitude of intletal deception {nd false pretension In his Rub, for example, Pty de Pcs the scene in wach Socrates deliberates, in characteristic Fashion, on the concept of diainnd, tha x justice. At a crucial point inthe discsion, his conversational partner ‘Thrasymachus exposes, requesting Socrates desist from ‘is eternal questioning and refining and fall to come out vith a direct statement and reveal his own opinion. Again sesuming his tance of ignorance, Socrates rephcs thats is ‘uuely dificult wo discover justice and dhey should have pty 2 Nophane Nae geh roy in the Ancien an the Modern Wold 79 rather than scor for hm, At this pin, Thanymachs burs tt "By Heracles! Here gain the vel known disiaion (of Socrates! I have tld the others beforehand that you vould not answer, but ake refuge in disimulaton.” The Greek tm rendered hete by dismulation is of course itn, non (33781 -= ‘From many other insances in Pat's dialogues we know thatthe pretended ignorance of Socrates was considered by ‘many of is contemporaricrschicasery, cor, or deceptive ‘ceapsm, all of which made him ceseree the epithet ern (Only through Arioule di dhe word irony asume tht re- fined and urbane tinge marking the characer of “Socrai irony" This sigiicant change in meaning can be detected i ‘Aittl’s Niomachon Fy where rine and lon, derstaement snd bostfless, ae discussed 8 modes of de- Wiation from truth, Arse, however, held the opinion dat irony deviates from truth ot forthe ake of one's own ad ‘ange, but out ofa dsike for bombast and to spare hers From feelings of inferior. Irony nas therefore 2 fine ane robe fri, The protorype of thi gerne irony was to be found in Socrates and wih this eerence wony Teceed tlassial expression. Some of the other fe’ stances in rhc Aristotle mensions irony als evel a Socrati image This Physiagnony, Arise decribes the ions as possessing greater age and having wrinkles around his eye reflecting a ‘al power of judgment In hi History of Animals, Aris tate Be pr, ss en, gp Reece ‘cinon srg ihe cing dg to Stephano, counting ekotro in he Ancient and the Modern World tote considers eycroms ssn upward toward the temples as ‘marks of the mocker ad ion» “These physiognomical features which predestined Socrates a the maser of iony can ako be discovered in Pato’ writ ings about the philosopher. This aspect of Socrates comes forth in the Syaprae inthe speech delivered in Socrates honor by Alcibiades when he compares Socrates with the Sileni, those carved figurines with sxytke and grotesque images on the estror, but pute god inside. Thisis obviously a reference to the contrat between the philosopher's outer appearance, his protruding lps, paunch and stub nose, and his personal rank and inuleesul quality. This contrat can kobe seen a form of ronicdisimulation, amas ad has become a famous ad continuous theme in European teat. Toward his fellow citizens, Socrates asumes the ‘mask of one who tends to appreciate handsome young men nd convivial symposi, who oa appearances universally igorancand unfit for any practical acy. But once beneath the surface, we discover that he is above the attractions of physical beauty a wells those of wealth and popular esteem, 3nd that he postestes an unparalleled degree of secon. Uring the Grek term erica for this typeof disimlaton, Alabiadesexplsne to his drinking companions “He spends his whole Ie pretending and playing with people, and 1 Mi mow of pan A Wher nod: Oa User om ta 3 ony the Ancient andthe Modern Worl 8 forgiveness" however, Hegel dept his owe postion rec ‘naling the splic ofconsdousnes into “beatiful woul” and ‘disemblance-"Taken together, allof these figures manifest 2 progression, an enhancement of re conacioness, one f= ter the other. The culmination of tis proces is that “recom ling yes” which unter al particule forms of certainty adi “God manifested inthe midst of those who know themselves in the form of pare knowledge” (GWFH 3404) I the postion of the avowed evil actually represents Friedrich Sehlegel, this strange hierarchy express! a ex: tremely high regard for iony. A previous forme of con- sciousness are nt yet fll conscious of themselves They ate ditfoxe manifestations, bred on ions, and aching teat ‘mental awareness of themaees. The form of evi conscious. nes, however hs the function of diving consence to las consequence by avowing evil nthe statement “I is I" (GWEH 490). For Hegel, this i "the highest revolt of the mind conscious of ise” According to the Hegelian pric ples of calectc however, this hight form of negativity re- ‘Gsely motivates the atv ofthe ites” andi thereby sien tal forthe reconcling yes (GWFH 3-492). Yet ace in el the evil sage of consouanes ir the porest ngaiity, the spirit that always negates, the ap of isolated mbjetvity Separating tel from the snifyng bance Although such encoded texts lays mits a certain in eterminatenes at far at hiorical point of reference are concerned. Hegel’ oer wings specially his Phissply of “Low, make tslfiienly obvious tha he had Schlegel in mie ‘when he depicted the postion of “sbolte evi” nthe Phe someolgy of Spr. For these text relate suc assumptions irc to tony and Schlegel (GWHH 7279-40) They make these reference, however no longer in apocalyptic images but in direct polemics and are often not free from trong88 ron nthe Anco andthe Moder Wald animosity and outbursts of hated (GWE 18:51) In Hepes Philopyof Law, fornsance, Schlegel ronys-not only the ‘vl thatthe enely general evilim itself but abo adds dhe orm of ei subject, vay, by proclaiming to know isl 2s the vanity of ll content and to know isl inthis know ego a the abwolate" (WAH 7-79). Axa partipant in He gels Berlin ecres, Kierkegaard observed that “on every ccsion” Hegel seed the opportunity to speak up against irony and scolded Schlegel and his disciples a “incorrigible and subborn sinners" Kirkegaard said “Hegel always di ‘ame them inthe mos disparaging manner; indced Hegel Tooks down with intense cora and dain at thee ‘toperior persons ase often calls them, But the fc that Hegel hat come infuriated withthe fan of irony nearest ois own position has naturally distorted is concepe af the concep. ‘And if the eader seldom gets a dicunsion, Schlegel on the other hand, vay ges 3 drubbing” (Cl, 8s) "The proximity of Schlegel irony to Hegels own postion noticed by Kierkegaard seems to relate 19 Hegelian dale 2 permanent eonsrucion and suspension, an alteration of self-reation and slf-dessuction, an inherent “negativity.” Some of the most recent interpretations of Hegel today deed tend wo lnk Hegel very closely withthe romantic theory of Friedrich Schlegel" although Schlegel irony certainly Seen Weep The Cot of yah Ct Rifas satin ro Spero Roh ets sei Ronn ad Ruhr rn Sr Me. rnd rcp One ope pd hel Pei a (SNe a ru Cop uma and en ae Baste ‘en gh) ses Rodger Babe, tr deen Reng Irony inthe Ancien and the Modern World 8 lacks the tcleology and gosloriented drive of Hegel dia leccal thought process. The emite structure of Hegekan ‘ought appears to be oriented toward some kind of landing for arriving ina completed philosophy, 2 system, providing the ground for the perfected philosophy of law and the pet fected human society, the State, the wrilying subtance. To eep the opponite tendencies of Schlegel and Hegel apart, ‘one should characterize thi a2 relationship of two fda mentally contradicory types of Knowledge that cannon be reduced toa common ground and therefore form compete aac unresolable opposition. The Hegelian type of knowl ‘ege claims 2 ttl inceleual comprehension of the in terpreaio of theft ad the infin, Seg! insists that this relatonship can never be reduced to a structure oF & alec comprehensible by nite knowledge, bet consiater an infince process graspable only im aypects To relate these courses ofthe erly nineteenth century more to ou man- ner of thinking, we could alo ay that in Hegel and Schlegst respectively, we encounter modee of thought, forms of nowiedge, ad modes of philosophical ceriide that core- spond to the entirely different discourses of structural and posstrucuralism of hemeneutcr and deconstruction in ‘Yeteven if we insist on fundamental difference been, Hegel and Schlegel, we come across irony in the center of Heyes own philosophy. la his lectures om The Hit of Pi apy, Hegel: as usual, engages in enraged diatribes against lnony, negating this atitade at mere play with everything, which distoves all higher and divine tuth into nothingness Imo ordinarines, and 20 0n (GWWFH 8:go-61). At this ‘Fake Hoch aero: Sanh fa90 Irony inthe Anco andthe Modern Wer point, however ll of a sadden, Hegel draws a parallel be ‘een irony and dialectics by saying in one sngle parenthesis, "AI dialectic respects everthing that should be respected iti were respected, les the iner destruction generate on icuniversal tony ofthe world” (GIWFH 18:46). Heine and ierkeguard, who attended Hepes lctres, ook notice of| this remarkable incident. Kierkegaard tried to explain thi irony using the workd- historia individual, he tage ero of ‘worl history Such ero his to bring about anew level of storia reaity by displacing the ol order, but is tuna 0 an actualy that wil equally become subject to change (Cl 276-77). Kierkegaard thought that Hegel ad quite correctly esribed this “universal iony ofthe word: nash 3 ‘ach particular historia actuality is but moment inthe sczualization ofthe Idea, i Bears within ial the seeds of is ‘own destruction” (CL, #7). Indeed, Hegel himself had made the tragic fate of the “world storia indviduaites” a cen tral theme of his lectures on the Php of History (GWEH 1845-50) "Yet mare pevily speaking ts not much dhe dialectal and world historia destruction of noble individuals such which ereats irony, but rather the eye, the observation, the consciousness of the one who views thi destruction a8 3 rnecestary concomitant and precondition of world historical development and of Hie in general tx first ofall the phi losopher’, Hegel, conxiousness tht it ironic Because he observes the dalecical elution of world history which ‘moves om through contradiions and out of necesty de- stroys forms of We, 20 that other, higher form can emerge Hegel sensed irony in his decal consideration aconding to which existing historical forms appear ae both firmly re spected and yet at dhe same ime subject to neeesary deste ion, In a second consideration, however, Hegel was, of ‘Tryin the Ancien ond the Modern World gh ‘course, convined that this entre proces wat governed by ‘ean and meaning and thatthe world sprit mene on, de spite all destruction, “exaked and glorified" (GWFH 1298). This consciousness of higher meaningfulnes increased the ‘zony on the part ofthe philosopher ina certain way, espe- lly since the agents on the word historical stage dit not share this overall view and quite often appeared duped by 4 bigher destiny ‘What about irony, however ithe conviction of an ove ing meaningfulnes ig fading? The ft to anticipate this problem was perhaps Benjamin Constant, who in 1990 tyed ith the idea “that God, Le, the author of ws and ur Sar oundings, died before having finished his work -- that ‘everthing now finds itself made for a goal which no longer ‘xs, and that we especialy fee! destined for something of which we ourseles have not the slightest dea" Constant ‘vanced this speculation in eter which was not published ‘nil the beginning of our century and could hardly have ‘ccasioned the rise of topics sich ss world historia irony, developed on an an-Hegean foundation and from de po sion of God's death. Ie was Heine who articulated these ‘mes in deliberately ionic context. Im his The Boak ‘usw of 1806, for instance, he describes the world asthe Arcam ofan intoxicated Go who hat olen away seep ‘ou fom te carousing sey ofthe Godan ain en 'oaeep ona lovey star and Jos oto hl that eso ‘eae everything be dreamy, and dream ages the shape, ‘en may fr bt harmonious the la Plo, ‘Seba of Marathon Mw he Mdean Ven the Sas92 Tromy i the Ancient and the Mar World ‘wey athe the reach Revlon, ge steams ‘Sretxen ind ean thir divine dream Yet itwoutbe long belore the Cod wil awaken and rb hi seep ‘jean elem ur wei ihe i nig, ‘deed, wl Have never ens (SW 20597" ei in thi content that Heine wses terms such as “Gods Irony” and the irony ofthe world,” and refers to the irony ofthe great poet ofthe world tage up thet.” Heals God the Aranpans of heaven,” the “author ofthe univers,” who ‘ns“adined to allacenes of horror in his fea good dove of merriment,” ore ofthe opinion that “Our good Lord ssl ota better sronist than Mr. Tick” (SW 2424, 522, 2855 $3427. Contrary o Hegel, Heine's noion of Gods ony" and irony ofthe work resus from the disappearance ofthe conviction of reasonable order in thir word ad derives fom that "great rupture through the world” which hae"tornasan- ‘der the world, right through the mide" but ako goes right ‘rough the center of the heart of the poct, which, like the center of the word,” has been “badly torn anunder” SW 4'30-"Once the world was whole.” Heine says "in antiquity nd the Middle Ages and in pie of all apparent ight there wast unity of dhe word, and there were whole pots We willonor these poets and derive delight frm ther: yetevery iitaton oftheir wholeness ix he—a le dacovered by every sane eye and then neces subject to dadain” (SW 9309 4 Iwas Nietache, however, who drew dhe most radical con sequences from these diesons of univer irony ofthe world In one instance he even referred tothe term with its Irony nthe Ancien and the Modern World 9 Hegelian flavor, when he attempted to describe his own ate tude in entirely classi terms, but then navertenly added decidedly modern ingredient oi, saying omer fat love of ‘ny fate] is my innermost nature. But tis docs not precude my lve of rony, ven word-hisoial irony” (EN 6963; OM, ‘381 Yet Nietsche usually voided the teri ioay, which Tor his ste had too mich romantic ini and prefered the classical notion of dasimulation which he translated as mas." In his unpublished fragment, for instance, Nitache regarded the “increases in disimalation” a indices ofa ‘ending order of rank among beings “Inthe organic word, simulation appears wo be lacking; in the organic cunning ‘exis plan are already masters hat. ‘The highes aman ‘beings like Caesar, Napoca (Stendhals word about hi), [arethe ames the higher aces (Hains), the Greeks Ody seus) [in this regard} slyness belongs tthe een in the eration ofthe human being” (FN 8:0, #59) Tn the few instances where we come acrom the term in [Niewsche' writings, irony has moaly a negative connotation “The early text On the User and Diadora of Hist for Life (08) for ntance, depicts irony a8 the atid of “praia adie Moar ve ere Crp a, Rew ‘cio ae deg F, When pombe the falling aon wee tenet Fath un Te tf Toon ane Wap Water auimana New Yok Rano ue eee ie sey Feb, Fcc Nas: Den ee Ko sea {Gimeige Clie Unery Prem, Fcc Nis The (Gober War Rass Nw Yn: Rane He soy Frc Shes Bown Gon sud tre Wi Rano fie {eso Wa acca ta Hate ee eos we ti Fedech Rc, To ee ech, 1 chop tw Yr nga SokeIrony inthe Ancien and the Modern Worl pestimints” of hiorial scholarship in the vente of jv, Without any regard for the future. The “ionic exitene” and the typeof trem sfenarme” that come to ight here have indeed a kind of inborn gray-haredness” and manifest hemselves in senile occupations” thoe of “ooking back, of reckoning up, of dosing’ acount, of seeking consolation through remembering what hasbeen in short storie ture” (EN 1903: UM, 101). Combined with such aretrospee tive teed was the premonition th the fre ad ein Store in which one could really rejoice, and thus people lived ‘on with the Feng “onl the ground wil goon bearing ‘And fi ceaes to bear that too i very well” Nietasche ‘ai, “hat i thet feling and thas they Hive an ironic exe tence” (EN 1302; UM, 100) He admits hat everything hu ‘man requites the “ironic consideration far ae “genie” {is concermed, but this in precisely the reason wy irony i 20 superfluous in the world fr him (FN aio; HH, 190) Hae ‘ition to irony spoils the character according to Niche: “in the end one comes to resemble a snapping dog which has learned how to laugh but forgotten how to bite” (FN #60; Ht, 346-9 Historically speaking the origin of ony was the “age of Socrates,” that isa ife “among men of fatigued insines, among the conservatives of ancent Athens who et themscles go—oward happiness hey si toward pleasure as they rte~and whoallthe while il mouthed the ancient pomp ‘ous words to which their ives no longer gave them any right. In this word irony was needed, Nieusche said: “ory may Ihave been requited for greatnes of ou that Socratic reat ‘icassurance of the old physician and plebeian who cu rut ley ito his own flesh, shee into the flesh and heart of ‘the ‘noble with a look that sd clearly enough: ‘Don't di semble infront of mel Here—we are equal” (FN 5148; GE, Irony im he Ancient andthe Madera World 9 198) rony wat alo operative in the modern age 82 neces: sity for exitence. Nictche found tin the “morality of me ocr." a moraliy that spoke of "measure and dignity and duty and neighbor love while pursuing nly the continsation and propagation oft orn type Such amoral, be thought, wl fi it fel to oneal ts ry” (EN 817; GE, 242) ‘Akogether, irony appeared to Nieache a one of the many forms of lie that represented decadence. Irony was the ‘shoulder shrugging onthe part ofthe scholar “who aces noth ingin philosophy but series of rfid ytens and prodigal effort that ‘does nobody any good” (FN grag0; GE, 123) Trony is that “Jnsitam of medioctsy which instinctively ‘works atthe anniiaion of the uncommon man and tres break every bent how or, preferably, to unbend (RN 5-194, (GE, 126). The ions is "person who no longer cartes and seals" who no longer knows how to affirm and to negte (EN 5135: .E, 140), Yeeand no go against his ate, Intend, he ies to maintain a “able abstinence” by repesting "Mom laigne “What dot know? or Socate “kaw that know nothing!” Or here I dont trast myself, here no door open tome!" Or."Esenif one were open, why enter right aay? OF ‘What use are all ath hypotheses? Entertaining no hypothe: Ses at all might wel be part of good taste Must you inst on ‘immediatly straightening whats crooked? on filing up ev ery bole with oakum? Innit there time? Doesnt tte have time? © you devilish brood are you incapable of ting? The uncertain has its charms, too; the spin, too, Ba Cire; Cire, oo, was a philosopher” (EN 5137-38: GE, 149-30). ‘As always when Nietache touches upon subject of dec enee, however hissuaightforward eraluations begin o shift and soon let us notice his preietion for sch phenome, “The last quote cited ae taken fom his phos om sept ism, This aphorism moves on to describe contemporary8 Irn the Ancient an the Modern Word France, which for Nictsche “now relly shows it cura superiority over Europe by being the school and display ofall ‘charms of sceptcsm.” In similar fashion, France has alrays possessed“ masterly skill at converting even the most eam Rous turn of fe spi into something stracive and sedc- tive" UN ge GE, 196-33). Decadence now appears in favorable light. The aphorism, in urn, isonly one ofa whole series inspired by Bander, French romantic, nd wt olism, al cose related to Nietache's treatment of roy. For that invengation, however, we have to transcend the restrictions et Fy the word irony. (One god seas pointtothe complex configuration ofirony in Nite’ writings, often presented a an ar of living a2 fr lar asa re nthe theme ofthe mask ashe folded itinthe sections "The Free Spt and “What Is Noble?” from ‘Bond Gaod ans Ev, That this topic relates to the dasial rotons of dinate and cin i indicate by the impres ‘son that the met prominent aphoriem onthe mask no. 400f ‘eond God and Ev seems 0 pick up the Socratic image of the ext Nieaache ayn this aphorsm"Teould imagine that ‘human being who had to guard something precious and ‘ulnerabe might roll through fe, rude and round 2 n ol freen wine cask with heavy hoop therefinementofisshame ‘wold want ttt ay” (5358: GR, 51)-Thisconratisone ‘tthe sin pits inte discussion ar are shame, avoidance ‘of openness, and nakednexs—and simulates the question of 2 ee ee ie ‘ShrheteDe Rep son Womack ge Ate Kallogub 5, Shear eee roy the Aci an th Modern World ‘whether“nothing ethan the opposite” might be the proper Ainguise forthe shame of a go” WEN 6:57; GE, 5. With regard to human actions, Nietzsche continues: “There are sceurrencs of such delicate mature that one does well 12 cover them up with some rudeness (conceal them there ae actions oflove and extravagant generosity after which noting more advisable than to take ask and give any eyewitness 2 sound thrashing: that would mode his memory. Some ‘now how to murle and abuse ther own memory sn order to have their revenge at eas again this ony witness shame ie invensive™ (FV 5737-58 GE, 50-2. ‘Toward the end ofthe aphorism Nictache concentrates on the communicative acon of such "concealed burma be ing who “insincively needs speech for lence and for burial fn ilence.” Such a person i inexhustible in hs evasion of ‘ommunicaton” and obviously "want and secs toi that a smash of hi roam in hie pac through the eats dead of his fiends.” Here we realize tht the original reference points of semblance and truth, appearance and reaty, con: Indeed, Nictzache continue with regard tothe desire for mask onthe par ofthe human being "And supposing he did not want, be would sil elze ome day that in pte ofthat ‘mask of hms there—and that ell Every profound spirit feeds a mark: even more around evry profound sprit & mask is growing continual, owing 1 the constantly fake, ‘namely sallo,inerpretation of evry word, every step, ery sign of life he ges" (AN 9368 GE, 5. Another form of masking and “une of dhe most refined guises is Epicureanism ofa cerain ostentatious courage fof taste which takes suerng casuly and rests everything sad and profound” (EN s:5-26: GE, 90-21)-Other people “employ cheerfulness beat they se misunderstood on i98 Irony the Ancien ad the Modern Wold account—they vant to be misunderstood” (EN siss6; GE, 220), Science is anther disguise which erates “a cheerful appearance,” and thore who employ scence do so “because bing scientific suggests that a human being i peril — they want to sedace odors otis fale inference” (EN 9:26; GE, 220-21) Free and insolent minds want to conceal that they are broker hearts (Hamlet, Gallan), and sometimes even foolishness the matk for an unblewed alktoo-certain Apowledge." From al thi follows for Nicuache dat is" characteristic of more refined humanity to respect the mas and not to induige in prychology and curiosity in the wrong place” (EN 5208: GE, 20). [Asa “hermit” Nietache alto cid not believe tht any phi losopher “ever expressed his real and ulimate opinions in Books" and indeed doubted "whether a plilosopher could posi have‘ulinate areal opinions” (FN 5:43 GE, 230) Pethaps suc a philsopher writes books pve to conceal what he harbors so tha one wonders “whether behing every fone of his caves there isnot, mut not be, another deeper ‘ave more camprenensive, ranger, richer wort beyond the surface an diysmaly deep ground behind every ground, under every attmpt wo Furnish ‘grounds (FW 54543 GE, 210). The concation to which we are driven by sch consid rations appear to be: "Every philosophy alo onc phi lesoph: every opinion talk 3 hide-out, every word allo & mask” (EN 5:25). Ve ere agai, it belongy tothe marks of 2 refined syle o humanity and philosophiing to expect the ‘mask of the philosopher and not to indulge in skeptical ‘houghes such a: "There x something arbitrary in his op ing hee to lookback ano lok around in hi not digging deeper here but laying bis spade aide; there i also some thing suspicious abou i” UN saga: GE, 220) Such a wilt ruth at any rie belongs toa youthful tate omy the Ancien the Maden World 9 of pilsophisng which ssa "men and things inthis a= net with Yesand No" This isthe" worst of tases, dhe taste for the uncondiona and one needs to he crely fled and abused by this ate before one leans the “a pus “a le ar into one's fetings” and “risks tying even what is atifiial—as the real arts life do” GW 49: CE, 49). "No." Nieuache say in hie preface to The iy Semen, “his bad tase, this will to teu, to rah at any pice hit Youthful madness in the love of erth, have low thet chat for us for that we are too expetienced, 00 serious, 00 Imery,t0 burned, too prefoend. We no longer tive that, truth remain rath sehen the wil are withdrawn; we have lived too much to believe thi. Today we conser ie 3 mater of decency not to with to ace everything naked, or to be present at everything, orto undentand and ‘bnow’ evry thing” (AN gap: GE, 98. ‘We could go onto show the relevance ofthe mask to Niet sch’ own exitence, hie a. debe, «Doppler (EN 6266; GM, 225), oo styl: “long cfu, hard, dangerous ‘ought ad the tae of he gallo andthe very et mot capricious humor” (RN 3:47: GE, 40-41). However, already seems sufienly evident that ironic disimulation, configu ative thinking and wring, double-edged communication, and artsy of ving and phiowpiking were his response to the universal irony ofthe word. Niece tok up this topic when, in The Gap Scr, he rie the question of "what vould happen everything upon which or ultimate conv: tions rest mould become incredie nothing should prove to bedivine any more unless it were ero, Binnie, the le—if (Go himself shoul prove to be our most enduring le? (EN 577: 6S, a. rom ths vantage pint, Nietache was not certain whether ‘ranting not tallow oneself o be deceived” was relly “est fof maances”00 ron inthe Ancient andthe Modern Work harmful ess dangerous, less calamitous" than allowing one self tobe dectived, “whether the greater advantage ivan the Side ofthe unconditionally mistrust o the unconditionally trusting” UW 9575-76: GS, 2-81). His answer to this di Jemma was the admonition! “Let us be on our gus” at he developed it in an aphorm wih the same ile. This apho- rism aes its point of departure fom the realization thatthe “otal character of the work, however, it in all eternity uaoe—in the enue not of a lack of necessity but of ack of order, arrangement, form, beauty, widom, and whatever ‘other names thereat for our aesthetic anthropomorphiss (EN 93488; GS, 168). To astume a "world of truth” that ie supposed to have "its equivalent and its measure in human ‘ought an human valuations" and could be “mastered com- pletely and forever wth the aid of our aquae ile reason” tras for Nietzsche “rudy and naive, ssuming titi not ‘mental iness, an iioy” CW g:625; GS, 345) Such a world is not fac, bat an imaginative fabrication and elaboration on a sum of meager observations: such a world isin Fux’ at vill never approximate truth: because—there i no "ath™ GEN tag) To atume, however, that Nietache had e- ‘duced this "whole marvelous uncertainy and sch ambiguity ‘of existence” (AN 3373; 6S, 76) toa monic principle such asthe will power or wo the complementary interrlatonahip ‘of wilt power and eteral recurrence would certainly fll Short of his ich deployment ofthe universal irony of the Wisindce a widely shared opinion, even among his ene- mis, that Nietache was the "urntable” forthe postmodern Irony the Ancien ond the Modern World 108 petlod, moving around the curse and direction of moder Intellectual history. The min evidence for thi view is his radicalized ertique of reason, truth, moray, religion, and all the ordering principles on which Western thought rebed This crucial poniin can jus ar well be atributed to Nita sche's manner of writing, his ionic afllaion of wath and ison, mask and authenticity, hie and decadence. Several modern authors borrowed the irony dzelly from Nietache ‘and adie this frankly. We have only to think of Andre Gide, Thomas Mann, and Robert Musi, ‘Thomas Mann ‘openly declared shat the event which Nitache contuted in hie bear the single name of iran." In spite ofthe close proximity Nietzsche among the writers who would consider themselves as candidates for postmodernism, however, they luck such a lar alice with irony. This reluctance about irony and avoidance of the word could sendy be meied in [Nictche and in his ate certainly had vomething todo with the antéromantic campaign he believed himself to be con- ducting. In postmodern writing, however, dhe shunning of Irony seen wo be related wo the prominent postion of tony {nthe modern intellectual word ts concomitant relationship to reason and its mitigating function amidet a general ratio nals Irony seems to have compromised isl Urough this allance and therefore appears unt for describing the pot ‘modern mood, although there i perhaps no beter word for this complex phenomenon, Paul de Man seems tobe the only exception to this atitude Me described his theory of Hterature dearly in terms of irony and came wo a position which equated irony wih any type of text De Man never considered himself a postmodern ei, 28 Toma an. ftp Na. Wer. Mone ee Yr Uapom roy in the Ancient and the Modern Word however, but this cam perhaps be atrbute tothe fact that this erm was not yeti vogue a the time of hi writing or simply explained by the observation that hardly any writer ‘would apply this erm to himself. Ye the entre ructure of de Mans thought, especialy his convictions about the Higu tive character of language and the reting plyemny of ‘meaning in every human expresion, perfectly qualifies him for such a xatse, noe to speak ofthe application of his eas by his students, whose techniques of “undoing 3 reading” oF Ting the text fall ack upon sl have Become stereo ‘ypes of postmodern ecm, ‘One reaon forthe prominence of irony in de Man's writ ings may simply have been dhe new cris. Justasirony had been the“princple of structure” interary works for some of the new cries (eg, Cleanth Brooks), ony was for de Man the principle of dsruperein a iterary text Whereas the new ism saw irony, ambiguity, and paradox at forging to- ether the mulipity and varity of 2 poetic work to an ‘organic whol of integraliy, harmony, complete entity with ist, and Slt-presence, de Man conceved of ony in ferme ‘ofa discrepancy between ign and meaning, lack of caer- ‘ence among the parts ofa work, a sedestracive ability on the part of erature to articulate its own Fictional, and an inability o escape from a situation that hax become wnbear abe. rony practically coincides with hisnetion of deconstrac- tion his imerpretaive techniques according to the motto of ‘Blinds and Inght and Aloo of Reading. De Man also deved into the historia evotion of irony a a characteristic of modern consciousness from Friedrich Schlegel w Kierkegaard and Nitache with te French corre: spondence in Baudelaire’ Om the Fence of Laugh. Already inthe essay on “The Rhetoric of Temporaliy” (6). de Man ‘comes close this later version of “radial irony” you cant Irony in he Ancient end the Maden World 109, be a ie bit ionic" when he describes the “atelate itony” whic, in hs opinion, all uheve authors have ap- prosched in terms of consciousness of madness 3 conscious test of non- Elle apart comme une ade itllecucie moderne, dont on peut Sans doute retouver a ace one dans le Moyen Age, dans ses mani- Fetationlitraits, og forme d'un mouvement ot auteurs ple 3 Teatérieur de on eave, mais quia’ & dsignée pare terme drone {03 époque romanigue, et aguele on x donc souvent donne, pat ‘ppostion figure clase le nom done romatig, 1 waz. Sion cherche des formes démergence caractriiques de irnie elasiue, on consate rapidement que pregue tous le thoricens de Troni aque accrdent pour vir en Socratele vale mae de Throne, quien stensane talents, en déplayant ss mews gornce, plonge on inteocuteur dasa pepleité tle mene simukanémenten Tevaainant een se moquant des sut ls voie du bon cheminerent ineallecuel. Latitude dept ionique appari ic dans cote aio- ‘humiliation rafie, humane, mas aus plenedumour, gift ilove un achesype de crcipant. exemple aig deVitonic Scangue et cerainements prise de postion sr once de Delphes, (gi Tait proclamé le plas ge dey homes, mas que Socrate com sents en er mot dacs dpoleie +O humains celu-H, parm vous, Teplas savant quit comme Soca, quenfin de compteson avait ule (PL23b). "Mais aust prsente que puise te, en tant que chose, Prone dans Jes conventions de Socrts, cence dane le premier alopuct ‘Phtonicens, le concept imme y conserve toulement cet signiic {ation negative gu ft @sbord aocte, chee ls Gres, 0 syPE Se Tironigue, de Toro. Nou svons par exemple par Arixophane que ce terme disignat 4 Torgine le conuaire de cewe peste ubaine i Iguele nove asocions ce terme aujourdhsi, quit rape plsie , Dan ce pasage Arie tee pare de diferentes expects de planers, tw fees dn sage des Pdi qu n'a pas wars jung’ no jury, e de leq! i avai pedsenté toe les formes extant. Certain dente les conveanene un honsme honorable aut aon. Chacun dot done chosr celle qui lui revient. On rove ent epasage dj ite ss Vioniecosiérée comme une forme éminene spite, page selon leque!Firone plus noble que ls buffer ce tise, pique Troniue plane or icméme, lor uel fndieux Hom uh pi Sd Bot penn ns ten one ‘Sept ee gut mn cng! Quer Wert blo oe sesso ade prs ok arc an openear ame ox depen des aes (AR 14194, $9), Vet in 2 ing Areas sborde encore probe de a conlson on toes ct weatoane bconcinion tenigas parm Veuceup donne oni chever le dacoum Col cone pu xempk ede [rome pour concrete pecan devon senate {manger ce qu clit srt len pe fe va pt vou Prove eck ma ca (AR 12De, 13), Dar eens Ato cone 3 Tega, Peni not pat smeurée Tame de son eos ai alee son suentce (Ceci conse eile, ment dott vere ent cot hee comme tne ston Teena consace cme ate ae fépson ene hile. Ce point de ve exprime sua bin Sars Edie 3 Haine (AR T2396, S120, 3) dan Come alpen par om page de coe wore ci, Slon tees ke vamard prtend dope pa grande oye gues des ‘repre, oo vir der chores qv ne cont pd ou vogue (Sion conte, dim la mete ob wae dr mopes Eras Saamvapes doesn eoilgenalarets iat ‘aE Chom tienes ae fev al Tun nl Taste, Asie [oe encore ln oeton de work on ton de vert Soca wie tA 1 287) 3 Inca aaogut dane FE 1 Ncmope Pour oe ence ‘ety ico, i exe wot penpecive Called mile sue bgt cle Bie de rpecer emi e authentic. U'arognce, som Grme de Teapeion, ee antarctic {iy sdonn en vant (lst); oa foe de Faeoston, Cle Se em er cei Pesce un ce (A 1 920 ere comparason es wie 8 piu eepries pa Arte, vee evans dane Laud Nua Da Ta dec pg Bi gel asd etn homme set tend ave des suai lose tet mat ne ponte pains acne ible mee, Leo commie, te ou dvr kes bonnes oat ul pote vmne {oor GE ce dex eters ent Pomme de autres (pt snl bien dan ve qe dw pace, pe dees qualicaons Si caper a miner a vse (AR Ma? 22-25), Le sca de terre aro fone le demarche pote df comme se dergence dear, dns Pap oe retention a monde (spromlfuan int s) Bar), Cetidire comme de Tirole, et ome une peétenion plan grand (nporrijuare Et > usb €'es-ndre comme Fdzonie (AR 1127, 30-20). Le dba portant ut Tron dans es tees tiga pend done xoitement de opinion, ‘ondamestale pour Assot, que Ton eft dela jase meso et Jo rie, ce qui i contre demblée une grande sigan, d'autnt ps que ce type de divergence de Est oust maniferement de sn at ans es textes, Fron et din, dune manite encore relive * ‘meu pile, comme une divergence 1 Tegard de Vauthenaet. La note ‘érablemene nouvelle de Tronic gu'eprime Ariote das Lie 1 Niomague ten cependane a fat qu'il rend Fexemple de Socate pour ilser Taspet noble ee éminent de ire. Lirone avait sins ‘omervé a sgification dsqu. Gre dane ce page: ut mat pcb ac let ce ea des dee ist ne Sena mementos i pac dnd ple sng rps oe rae Ca pee Sete cor iat prtees fone pee Se oe cone Soca AR 157539 oon om Vai ne 10, ri Danse pase, Aritoealoute encore ae ceux ase petisent sur de chores sans imporance os touts naturelles ne sont que de ‘fimasies» Toute tension net ps non pis une iri dans ce sens noble du terme. Pati, leit dese dima so-mme apart Comme une ventable vantuve~ comme pour ls velement iste Les des Sprites ou de quelques Athiniens gui Tes iment. Une iran négligence dans Tabllemene, et une top grande atenion porte aux vEtements paraisent Tune comme Tse eve de a tarde azo) 1c encore, note quel attarde exe contaie de Thomme authenique e ue celles est pre ie Uizoni. I fut tenir compre da fit Que ce jugeent sur Vironie est port das Te SSCs Wd ih, i en Be Enns He soliton asa tem eel enn Maids Man tage. Sota ee ‘eso Regma "Oe Oot ng el, ‘ita ge ese e039, pT sconte de la caracéristion dav mgnaime émegalosy ho), gui omttue le sujet da quatsime live de L'fihique 3 Niomajue (AR 11234, 9419). La distinction de Feonie par Arstote et encore reniocée parle ft gail a conse, pour afant u'on en weave mene, cone wo cosnportement sppropeé au sagan, Bien ‘ote, on exgeavane out de clic de Fathenti, stuf quand I pute ioniquement. Be ise Sroniquement, par exemple, dans son apport avec afoul (AR T1248, 30-3, Les tenes que now avons cit ci Monten cirement qu'Ani- tots, en Evoquant a ore pls eminentedeFitone, pent Socrate Tora comme exerple'. Un eour sur manitre dont Ariso- pane voy ironic ee Soerate unre ben le changement de signif faton de Tironie qui sy ratache. Cher Ariophane as, on Babli ssi on ben ene Tionie et Socrat, méme #<éaie dart on se négtilT conviet de citer ie ce pasage des Ones ef Arstophane, te pide qui fut donnée en 414 avant J-C. ct gus sue, chrono fqement, entre Les Nudes et Les Gravois. C'est dans cet pce ‘qiAsnophane forge le terme moguesr dy ssocratner»(eunpas) (1282), qui ne designe ps seulement I négligence qrsvaient les Spat: pour leur trv vestments, mis signifi «Se comport (COE 23,56; Pose oi, tad, de Pies du Colambicr, 1941 p 171). A propo de Mose, il emargue que ceil ef adrese people dans des fevillesbebdomadsrer eft cependant ssa scan didctisme, mi sous les forme eps vais, qu'on pourra Be Poni csique 8 Fran rmanigue | 27 ee ie aecaat eee ie Siem meta ate a eee sre c tee reas Seal i hy i Cage ate tee ec se ciase ce mater hy Si ee eae pete ecae att emer Beco ee Ses elaine Prac errereretion Sea eeeenes rece ineme nes ee atone Savi mae eee ee Seger eel Shainin tae suet ome ee eee seeninise eee ear nce pope arent eee eesti are enema eres seen Eons eee ma See 1.0 Mame on Ha, bes ee es Cahn nd Ding sei Tp Sag” OM ‘Tome pv toe hoon iu epece aah 99cr, bien sc, iedichSehlegl, vec lego iti on Goi La Csi tig eth Sate se rencontre dan ete converaton alporque. La Stir voudraie prendre ls Critique dans ses ba, comme une soa, pce quelle soppose qu'elle accompli mane (pewt-te meme pits eficace) a Fonction q'ererce celles cele de uge da wri do bon ex du beaus. Ne sata par pour ele sde cone a bite, de Pani le pécht, dor moquere publique toute mite de pen- se perventc, aus bin comme mane dette que comme mode de viet, jstement en cel, des coiger et de anne»? Mais quand sll et repouiée pur ln Ceiugue arogane, quia consider camine tne compe Cop impudente et trop ile, Sai, pour jie ss rent ia parent, conte a bioraphie rapport ie, dite 2 Jeaese, ella fe ene jeune file igre edie qui carscalat de pe Gece sur es terns de Is moguerie et de Tinjtepublgue, ei dss ancinne comédie comme dns le dame sey, nit de ot gui Eat neaf ou iahabinel, og Time en le cancurant, Mas ‘nai, ayae regu éducaon de Teranget El Gusto, elle a pps art ls rain da perage, ct la moquenie cutive d'Horce, que les “Ancien appebient aust oni. Ele ae part acquis la male de Inpro, laquelle, comme Fexprnene les rrr de Swi, it bien scour mg de mone es jes pro nor ge ‘ice de quelques ares pais Eni, apres ne scouragesement ‘iteraiée de ceranesmauvises mane, elle Eprouva le desir de caer es eeuvres exstanepar elle mimes» et dene pst siple= tment Fombre des saves A cet endoit de ls convertion le pére de 1 Sais, qui cappelle Sophron, c'e-4-dreTentendement aede, st sil engendste avec a mire Euphrosne, ven lx rejindre. est lei gia donne 3 enfin son nom oignel, xt rome, mai «dans le sins noble o Tentndsient lex Gres». Ce nom, fe xidcment ‘oubt, es & prise redécouver. Dans le méme temp, Sophian, le ple dévole sa sar, I Crique, uvelle abl et bien un lien de rt i cnt pict emo See orn oaremieg eaten ‘sr one st conventions posgues pu rep» (HE3, 19-19) parenté avec Son enfin & i, quill fot désonmas,reconnaire "ironic comme sige. ron are la Crue gull veut der sna ie Tenfeutane de fonction. Ele digo pour ce fie de ‘ute les formes delineate» Tépopée comme a dame, a nouvelle etl fible,méme au pe épigramie, apport des tour ure invsbles ov dela mate, je ne me monte ie gues in tant ete dsparis, di-elle. Ce don de métunorphove et inv Ii a jsement été donne & leone par sa mre Eaphronye, ui es appar lrone la vel de et enesen pour mune un anneaa ‘un esque quill confret cer pouvots, rome veut desormas over son le de référence, «dan conversation, das a dicen, ans le sermon, dis le Ee, ee tout dns le oman ie tach tours, Aprés que Ton a enfin redécouver som nom vata i ft aust haber ces auteurs de ionic que Ton ns pa, juguic, ‘econ comme ves partis. sone die “Sept Sete LH ila Can tn et ponbes Fad dang cnne sc py ort Papen a Se rec eae eu avo mem ce ot Spee i Sipe arene ‘eco °F on es un "Fr ne page sea 1 Critique approuve toue 3 tle changement de nom de ris, qui perd cell de Sate pour celat dronic, et aimenst pour spat Bice un got em Geant fsa nidce le symbole qu'ele port Jsgvici dan 2 peronnaté de Sue, le Mu, et ele at end done, 4a plce, un are et une Ache pour guele en fis se signet iin ‘Regois done de ma main cst out, le meilleur que je puise te donner, ce carqucis plein de Baches et eet ae. Jad, Diane aba ave le glbier qui coors sales montages; Amor Ia ola Fare et 'e carquois quand son egard rsa xt 4 Endymion, et plongea cha une des ches dans a Source de Catal. pret, lle stent sans beser profondément. La dosleur quelle cute et toujours stave * Lisinlonet coupe mace re po po 47)30 | roa et oso Conformément a ton devo, utile Late dune manne philathro~ pie ile ft peot ec grand. Les fches du carguois sont de divers spices Le pits, Sophron, ne fit pas de cadean matrie sfille oni, snas I donne cet lyon: +Dan le parcale,rleve toujours le {neal quant au gen, rmne-le a particulier» I eine: Ur poe gle pve gsi a eros ep Fe ee cee an eyo i> sesame Peo 6 Tn at! |Aps que cete métamorphoes set accompli, le inteloeseur se sepuents eta Critique pread cong de Mroni en cs mots «Le ‘monde tein de tot; donne brent des nouvelle de e qu fie w