Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Docs in Training Notes
Docs in Training Notes
Docs in Training Notes
Function of Mackonkey’s: have crystal violet and bile salts, both inhibit growth of gram positive so only
gram negative will be able to grow in Mackonkey’s agar. Lactose is the only carbohydrate found here. It
has neutral red stain. Combination of these two from pink colonies on Mackonkey’s agar by fermenters.
While non-fermenters form other color, or white color colonies.
Medication to treat Glaucoma: alpha agaonist, beta blockers, diuretics – carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
or manitol, cholino mimetics, and prostaglandin F2 alpha.
Facial angiofibroma, ash leaf spots-skin depigmentation, history of seizure, MR. What condition this
patient have? And what neoplasm the patient at risk of developing?
- Tuberouscleorsis
- Neoplasm: cardiac rhabdomyoma, astrocytoma, and angiomyolipoma
Cause of achalasia?
- It is where you lose your myenteric auer baux pleux, therefore, lower esophageal sphincter
is unable to relax.
- How is it diagnosed: “bird peak” appearance with barium swallow
Which glomerular disease would you expect to see in the following changes:
- It is an autoimmune disease
- It occurs weeks after an MI
- Result in fibrinous pericarditis
- Lack of NADPH oxidase activity which is critical for phagocytosis. Therefore neutrophil
cannot phagocytosis things
- Consequences: these individuals are susceptible to opportunistic infections like staph.
Aureus, e.coli, and aspergillous
Wilm’s tumor:
- Alpha agonist
- Beta blockers
- Cholino memetics
- Diuretics : manitol and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- Prostaglandin F2 alpha
- Have alpha blockers administered before hand and phenylephrine is an alpha one agonist.
Therefore no change in blood pressure. When epinephrine is administered, you get rid of
alpha 1 vasoconstriction, un mask the beta 2 dilation, therefore drop in bp when
epinephrine and phenylephrine are on board.
Drugs:
- Neurosyphilis
- Doesn’t Constrict to light but constrict to accomadation
Antimitochondrial Antibody: Seen in primary biliary cirrohosis
Atrophy of mamillary bodies: cause Wernicke’s encephalopathy, associated with alcohol use
Benz Johns protein – Multiple myeloma, immunoglobulin in urine. Also seen in Walder strong
macroglobular anemia
Cherkov’s triad:
- Seen with multiple sclerosis: Nysthagmus, intention tremor, and cant speak
- For choliangitis: jaundice, right upper quandrant pain, and fever
- 0steogenesis imperfects – blue sclera
Nerve damage :
Day 2 Quiz
Direct cholinergic agonist: carbacol, bethanacol, and pilocarpine
Beta 2 trebutaline
Agents that release norepinephrine from the pre synaptic neuron: amphetamine, tyromine
P-ANCA – microscopic polyangitis, Chrugg Struav syndrome, not seen in polyarthirits nodosa
Bushach nods – proximal interpharyngeal joint swelling due to osteophites in osteo arthirits
Day 3 Quiz
x-ray: pass on both side of the corona: sarcoidosis bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
new born with chronic diarrhoea, failure to thrive, and chronic candida - SCID
child with eczema, coarse facial features, cold abcesses – hyper immunoglobulin E syndomre, also
known as Job’s syndrome
child with partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy, and recurrent infection is Chedaki Kaussi disease
Obligate intracellular bacteria: chlymydia and ricketsia stay inside because of cold, they cant replicate
extracelluarly because they cant make their own ATP. Other intracellular bug is Legionella.
Encapsulated bacteria: strep. Pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, hemophillus influenza, and klebsiella
influenza. Have Quellung reaction to detect these, capsular swelling.
Shock:
- hyperacute rejection preformed antidonor antibodies (times frame: within minutes, seen
in OR)
- acute rejection T cell mediated (occur within weeks)
- chronic rejection antibody mediated vascular damage, taking place over months to years
Which antibiotics are used in narrow spectrum anaerobic coverage? Metronitrozole and quindoniacine
HLA B-27 – psoriac arthirits, ankolysing spondylitis, inflammatory bowl disease arthirits, and Writer;s
syndrome
Isenmenker complex
- late cyanosis
- uncorrected L to R shunt becomes a R to L shunt bypass pulmonary circulation
Elevated hCG:
G proteins:
“tidine” H2 antagonist
Tryptilline CCA
Antidepressants:
Drugs dissociative curve: how does it change compare to competitive vs. Non competitive antagonist:
- Non competitive antagonist decrease V max, shift the max velocity down which decrease
the efficacy
- Competitive inhibitor increase your Km, shifting the curve to the right, need larger
amount of substrate which decrease the potency
Increase protein in CSF and modest increase in cell count albumin cytologic dissociation
Brush field spot small white spots in the periphery of the eye lids in down syndrome patients
Kaychser flexor ring yellow – gray pigments in cornea margin Wilson’s disease
Ashoff bodies theccal myocardial cell inflammation you see in Rheumatic fever
Nerve:
Phagocyte immunodeficiency
- WBC
- Wiscott Aldrich
- Burton
- Chronic granulomatosis disease
- Another one: hyper IgM syndrome
Personality disorder:
CD14 macrophages
Autistic disorder
Asperger syndrome
Rett disorder
- Primarily affect female/ female are the only one to survive it. Also similar to autisim
- Loss of developmental characteristic hand wringing
Day 6 Quiz
Heart defect:
Fat, female, forty, and fertile risk factor for actute cholecystitis
Optically clear nuclei / ground glass nuclei papillary carcninoma of the thyroid
ESR:
Macrolides: PUS Pneumonia, URI (Gram positive cocci – eg. Strep pyogenes), STD (Neisseria
Gonnorrhea)
SE of ACE inhibitors:
- Hyperkalemia
- Cough
- Angioedema
- Taste changes
- Hypotension (too much)
- In preganacy: renal damage to fetus
- Can cause rash and elevate your rennin
What protozoal:
Pathology:
- Chronic atropic gastritis cause pernicious anemai, predispose you to gastric carcinoma
- Cold intolerance hypothyroidism which can cause myxedema
- Branching rods and oral infection actinomyces isralii
- Eczema, recurrent infection, thrombocytopenia Wiskott Aldrich syndrome
- Hemecytinuria and thrombosis Paraxysomal Nocturnal Hemosidurinia (PNH)
- Dermatitis, dementia, diarhhea, death pellagra, Vit D3/ninacin deficiency
- Social withdrawal, flat affect, thought blocking, poor motivation, poor grooming, alogia
(poverty of speech)
Different immunodeficiency
Seven....(p.122)
(1) Alcohol
(2) ACE inhibitors
(3) Diethyl diesterol
(4) Vitamin A
(5) Pheletamide
(6) X-ray, anticonvulsants, warfarin, tetracycline
(7) Alkylating agents, anticancer drugs, aminoglycoside, folate antagonist – methotrexate, lithium,
floroquinilones are all example of teratogons