THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHONOLOGY

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL TRAINING

DIVISION OF ENGLISH TAUGHT ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

GRADUATION THESIS
A STUDY OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Advisor: Dr. NGUYEN TUAN MINH

Student: NGUYEN HUONG QUYNH

Student ID: K145520216046

Class: K50AP.E
Contents
I.Introduction_______________________________________________________2
1.Overview_______________________________________________________2
2.Applications_____________________________________________________2
2.1 In Manufacturing Industry_____________________________________3
2.2 In Everyday life______________________________________________5
2.3 In Healthcare________________________________________________6
2.4 In Smart Cities_______________________________________________6
2.5 In Agriculture________________________________________________7
2.6 In Disaster Management_______________________________________8
II. Architectures____________________________________________________10
2.1 Three- and Five-Layer Architectures_______________________________10
III. . Protocols______________________________________________________12
IV. Technologies____________________________________________________13
V. Future__________________________________________________________13

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I.Introduction
The concept that the past was the world of human labor. In contrary, the present
and the future will become the world of Internet. Everything is supposed to be in
connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the
devices used in daily life, make our life trouble less , smarter and more modern.
1.Overview
Industry 4.0 is the current stage of the industrial revolution. It reprsents the use
of Industry internet of things . The Internet of things (IoT) defined as a paradigm
in which objects equipped with sensors, actuators, and processors
communicate with each other to serve a meaningful purpose.

2.Applications
As being the global network, IoT need to connect actual and virtual devises with
efficient data sharing method, secured data storage using cloud computing and
robust inter network connectivity. Iot is responsible to connect millions of
objects (things) which can impact major factors like healthcare, home, security,
utility and appliances, communication, business, transportation, education,
government, science, humanity, retail and emergency services.

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 Figure 2.1 : Applications area of Internet of things

2.1 In Manufacturing Industry

The introduction of IoT has opened gates for multitude of possibilities of

performance upgrades through total control. IoT has moved out from our homes
and offices to the industrial segment, and hence known to become IIoT
(Industrial Internet of Things). Industrial IoT in Manufacturing industry is a
core element of the transformation, and by far it has seen the most investment,
which makes for a promising future.

 Inventory Management
Monitoring of events across the supply chain is now possible through IoT
Application. Using these systems, the inventory is tracked across the globe on a
line-item level and the users are notified of any significant deviations from the
plans, or even updates. This provides cross-channel visibility into inventories
and managers are provided with realistic estimates of the available material,

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work in progress and the estimated arrival time of new materials. Ultimately this
optimizes supply and reduces shared costs in the value chain.
 Quality Control
IoT sensors collect aggregate product data and other third-party syndicated data
from various stages of a product cycle. This data relates to the complete
composition of raw materials used, temperature and working environment,
wastes, the impact of transportation and more on the final products. Moreover, if
used in the final product, the IoT device can provide data about the customer
sentiments on using the product. All of these inputs can later be analyzed to
identify and correct quality issues, which leads to significant improvement.
 Enhanced Safety
Big Data analysis is effectively possible with Industrial Internet of Things . Key
performance indicators of health and safety, such as number of injuries, short-
and long-term absences, illness rates, near-misses, can thus be monitored
constantly to ensure better workplace conditions. Lagging indicators like the
number of accidents can be addressed immediately.
 Smart Metering
IIoT has seen to the introduction of various smart meters. These Smart meters
can monitor the consumption of resources like electricity, fuels, water etc.
Through the use of IoT sensors, manufacturers will know exactly how much is
consumed and what for. Through effective management, operational expenditure
can be reduced significantly.
 Predictive Maintenance
Gone is the era of preventive maintenance, with Industrial IoT in Manufacturing
we have not only seen a revolution in the machine maintenance system, but also
it’s delivery. For the first time, predictive maintenance is delivered through
hardware, which takes machine health monitoring beyond cloud computing, into
edge computing. This means faster processing and on spot analysis. Infinite
Uptime, which is ranked amongst the top 25 IoT solutions provider globally, is
the only company providing it through their patented technology. Predictive
maintenance (PdM) techniques are designed to help determine the condition of
equipments in order to predict when maintenance should be performed or
possible breakdowns. This promises cost savings over routine or time-based
preventive maintenance, as the tasks are performed only when warranted.
 Smart Packaging
By using IoT sensors in products and packaging, manufacturers can gain
valuable insights into the usage patterns and handling of product from multiple
customers. Smart tracking mechanisms can be used to track product
deterioration during transit and impact of weather, road and other environment
variables on the product. This in turn offers insights that can be used to re-

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engineer products and packaging for better performance in both customer
experience and at times, even the cost of packaging.
 Digital Industries
IoT enabled machinery can transmit operational information to the partners like
OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) and to field engineers. This will
enable operation managers and factory heads to remotely manage the factory
units and take advantage of process automation and optimization. This makes
streamlining the day-to-day work effortless.
Industrial IoT in Manufacturing is indeed empowering the industrial revolution
(industry 4.0). Top companies have been the beneficiaries of integrating IoT
enabled services, the list of the names include Amazon, Hitachi, John Deere,
Komatsu, Maersk and many more.
2.2 In Everyday life

Figure
 Social networking
This application is related to the automatic update of information about our
social activities in social networking web portals, such as Twitter and Plazes. We
may think of RFIDs that generate events about people and places to give users
real-time updates in their social networks, which are then gathered and uploaded
in social networking websites. Application user interfaces display a feed of
events that their friends have preliminarily defined and the users can control
their friend lists as well as what events are disclosed to which friends.

2.3 In Healthcare

IoT technologies can find a number of applications in the health-care sector. On

the one hand, they can be used to enhance current assisted living
solutions.Patients will carry medical sensors to monitor parameters such as body
temperature, blood pressure, breathing activity. Other sensors, either wearable
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(e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes) or fixed (proximity) will be used to gather
data used to monitor patient activities in their living environments. Information
will be locally aggregated and transmitted to remote medical centers, which will
be able to perform advanced remote monitoring and will be capable of rapid
response actions when needed. The interconnection of such heterogeneous
sensors could provide a comprehensive picture of health parameters, thereby
triggering an intervention by the medical staff upon detection of conditions that
may lead to health deterioration, thus realizing preventive care.Another relevant
application sector relates to personalized health-care and well-being solutions.
The use of wearable sensors, together with suitable applications running on
personal computing devices enables people to track their daily activities (steps
walked, calories burned, exercises performed, etc.), providing suggestions for
enhancing their lifestyle and prevent the onset of health problems.

2.4 In Smart Cities

The term ‘Smart Cities’ is used to denote the cyberphisycal eco-system emerging
by deploying advanced communication infrastructure and novel services over
city-wide scenarios. By means of advanced services, it is indeed possible to
optimize the usage of physical city infrastructures (e.g., road networks, power
grid, etc.) and quality of life for its citizens. IoT technologies can find a number
of diverse application in smart cities scenarios. As a case study, IoT technologies
can be used to provide advanced traffic control systems.
Through IoT it will be possible to monitor car traffic in big cities or highways
and deploy services that offer traffic routing advice to avoid congestion. In this
perspective, cars will be understood as representing ‘smart objects’. In addition,
smart parking devices system, based on RFID and sensor technologies, may
allow to monitor available parking spaces and provide drivers with automated
parking advice, thus improving mobility in urban area. Moreover, sensors may
monitor the flow of vehicular traffic on highways and retrieve aggregate
information such as average speed and numbers of cars. Sensors could detect the
pollution level of air, retrieving smog information such as the level of carbon
dioxide, PM10, etc., and deliver such information to health agencies.
Furthermore, sensors could be used in a forensics setting, by detecting violations
and by transmitting the relevant data to law enforcement agencies in order to
identify the violator, or to store information that will be provided in case of
accident for subsequent accident scene analysis.

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2.5 In Agriculture

Smart Farming is an emerging concept that refers to managing farms using

modern Information and Communication Technologies to increase the quantity
and quality of products while optimizing the human labor required.
 Precision Farming
Precision farming or precision agriculture is an umbrella concept for IoT -
based approaches that make farming more controlled and accurate. In
simple words, plants and cattle get precisely the treatment they need,
determined by machines with superhuman accuracy. The biggest
difference from the classical approach is that precision farming allows
decisions to be made per square meter or even per plant or animal rather
than for a field. By precisely measuring variations within a field, farmers
can boost the effectiveness of pesticides and fertilizers, or use them
selectively.

 Precision Livestock Farming

As in the case of precision agriculture, smart farming techniques enable
farmers better to monitor the needs of individual animals and to adjust
their nutrition accordingly, thereby preventing disease and enhancing herd
health.
Large farm owners can use wireless IoT applications to monitor the
location, well-being, and health of their cattle. With this information, they
can identify sick animals, so that they can be separated from the herd to
prevent the spread of disease.

 Automation in Smart Greenhouses

Traditional greenhouses control the environmental parameters through
manual intervention or a proportional control mechanism, which often
results in production loss, energy loss, and increased labor cost.
IoT-driven smart greenhouses can intelligently monitor as well as control
the climate, eliminating the need for manual intervention. Various sensors
are deployed to measure the environmental parameters according to the
specific requirements of the crop. That data is stored in a cloud-based
platform for further processing and control with minimal manual
intervention.

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Agricultural Drones
Agriculture is one of the major verticals to incorporate both ground-based and
aerial drones for crop health assessment, irrigation, crop monitoring, crop
spraying, planting, soil and field analysis and other spheres.
Technology has changed over time and agricultural drones are a very good
example of this. Today, agriculture is one of the major industries to incorporate
drones. Drones are being used in agriculture in order to enhance various
agricultural practices. The ways ground-based and aerial based drones are being
used in agriculture are crop health assessment, irrigation, crop monitoring, crop
spraying, planting, and soil and field analysis.
Thus, the IoT agricultural applications are making it possible for ranchers and
farmers to collect meaningful data. Large landowners and small farmers must
understand the potential of IoT market for agriculture by installing smart
technologies to increase competitiveness and sustainability in their productions.
With the population growing rapidly, the demand can be successfully met if the
ranchers, as well as small farmers, implement agricultural IoT solutions in a
prosperous manner.

2.6 In Disaster Management

 INDUSTRIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Industrial disasters can be massive enough to grab human lives as well as to

damage the economic condition of workers, factories, and government. The risk
becomes higher with gas, coal, electrical, and oil industries. This section
describes the involvement of IoT to handle the disasters in some of these
industrial sectors. The design for detection and monitoring of toxic gases is a
major concern in the gas generation facilities around the globe. A simple client-
server-based system model using Raspberry Pi is proposed in Korea to
identifying any hazardous gas in a gas factory. A similar approach is observed .
Where AT Mega32 has been employed as sensor node. This node is equipped
with a platinum micro-wire to detect dust particles in a gas leakage. This IoT-
supported sensor node is connected to the remote user with ZigBee to monitor
the gas leakage in its vicinity. Industrial gas repairing work takes a lot of
manpower and time. However, this process can be automated with the help of
IoT. To send the detected gas via Internet, ZigBee and JenNet communication
paradigms are exploited. A recent methodology presents the usage of micro-
drones to assist in gas leakage detection in an industrial area.
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The proposed system primarily identifies Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs) in gases. In addition, the overall network is
connected with the GSM module.
Furthermore, safety management is very crucial for the oil depot. In this case, a
safety management system must ensure all the real-time monitoring facilities.
 EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Earthquake is one of the natural events that occur almost every day in different
parts on the earth. It causes millions of people die and homeless. The latest event
was recorded in Nepal in April 2015. It took nearly 9,000 human lives and
injured more than 22,000 people. Nevertheless, researchers are consistently
engaging themselves to design and develop novel forms of IoT-based systems
that may help to notify the prospective remotely located victims before the
incidence takes place. ‘NerveNet’, implemented at Onagawa, Japan, is one of the
most recent advancements toward the IoT integration with earthquake
monitoring. It is based on the concept of bypass network which is proven to be
disaster-resilient.
Nevertheless, the success of any earthquake related system depends on its prior
knowledge sharing. An IoT-based early warning system is designed in to cope up
with this issue. The proposed system is built on top of ZigBee communication
where PIC microcontroller does all the necessary computation-intensive works.
A few number of accelerometers collect the raw vibration data from different
places on the ground and assimilate together at the server-end. Then, if the
gathered measurement is above the threshold level, the system notifies all the
nearby people about the possible danger of an earthquake. Furthermore, the
earthquake information needs to conveyed and analyzed for further processing
and inference of knowledge. To this end, proposed an IoT-based system model to
leverage the earthquake information for the better purpose of its understating.
 FOREST FIRE DISASTER MANAGEMENT

A forest fire is one of the most ancient mishaps taking place on the earth.
Recently, several destructive incidents happened, for instance, seven people died
in Uttarakhand, India forest- fire where 4,048 hectares forest were burned. More
incidents are also regularly taking place around the globe throughout the year.
This is obviously a serious concern where the IoT has already been applied.
Forest Weather Index (FWI) is the key to in this involvement. A novel FWI
algorithm is proposed in using sensors with WSN taking the Internet as a

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backbone, to determine and make decisions over the occurrence of forest-fire.
Moreover, camping fire, slow propagation, medium propagation, shadow
detection, etc., all types of solutions have been investigated in this article.

II. Architectures
Different architectures have been proposed by different researchers.So, There is
no single consensus on architecture for IoT, which is agreed universally.
The IoT should be capable of interconnecting billions or trillions of
heterogeneous objects through the Internet, so there is a critical need for a
flexible layered architecture. The ever increasing number of proposed
architectures has not yet converged to a reference model.
2.1 Three- and Five-Layer Architectures
The most basic architecture is a three-layer architecture as shown in Figure . It
was introduced in the early stages of research in this area. It has three layers,
namely, the perception, network, and application layers.
 The Perception layer : the main function is to sample the data about
environment with various kinds of perception devices and distinguish
device’s state. It processes the data with cooperative accessing way to
obtain useful information and then transmit it to network layer through the
access devices such as WSN gateway , etc.
 The network layer: main function of this layer is fusing perception
information and transmit it to corresponding platforms of upper layer via
Internet, mobile communications network, wireless network and various
kinds of private network.
 The application and service layer: It is deviced into two sub layers. One is
service sub layer, the other one is application sub layer. Service sub layer
integrates and stores the information resource from network layer. It’s a
reliable and credible foundation platform to support industry application,
which provides many services including information management, data
analysis and decision making in the form of data center of middle wear.
Application sub layer integrates all necessary functions of lower layers
and provides service specific for all industries. The typical applications
include
ecology environment monitoring preservation of cultural relics, intelligent
logistics , etc.

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 The device equipments in perception layer or network in network layer
can be regard as an independent system. However functions of service sub
layer or application sub layer running normally have to depend on
network layers and perception layer. For this reason, we make them
together as a layer.

Figure : Architecture of IoT

The three-layer architecture defines the main idea of the Internet of Things, but it
is not sufficient for research on IoT because research often focuses on finer
aspects of the Internet of Things. That is why, we have many more layered
architectures proposed in the literature. One is the five-layer architecture, which
additionally includes the processing and business layers. The five layers are
perception, transport, processing, application, and business layers (see Figure ).
The role of the perception and application layers is the same as the architecture
with three layers. We outline the function of the remaining three layers.
 The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the perception layer to
the processing layer and vice versa through networks such as wireless, 3G,
LAN, Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.
 The processing layer is also known as the middleware layer. It stores,
analyzes, and processes huge amounts of data that comes from the
transport layer. It can manage and provide a diverse set of services to the

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 lower layers. It employs many technologies such as databases, cloud
computing, and big data processing modules.
 The business (management) layer manages the overall IoT system
activities and services. The responsibilities of this layer are to build a
business model , graphs, flowcharts, based on the received data from the
application layer. It is also supposed to design , analyze, implement,
evaluate, monitor, and develop IoT system related elements. The Business
Layer makes it possible to support decision-making processes based on
Big data analysis. In addition, monitoring and management of the
underlying four layers is achieved at this layer . Morever , this layer
compares the output of each layer with the expected output to enhance
services and maintain user’s privacy.

III. . Protocols
The internet of things protocols included in two basic types : IoT Network
Protocols and IoT Data Protocols. There are diverse options for the
connectivity.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

IV. Technologies

V. Future and challenges

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