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2018
MGP-19
GS Test 01A Solution
2nd Floor, IAPL House, #19, Pusha Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005 | student@forumias.academy|9821711605
MGP 2019 | Test 01A - Solutions | ForumIAS
(10 Questions | 125 Marks | Duration 1.5 Hours)
NOTE: The answers provided are for your reference and not ideal. They provide fodder
points for building a good answer and aim to add to your existing knowledge. It is
expected that candidates use their own creativity and research to augment their answers
going beyond the content provided in the answers given below.
Q.1) “The treaty of Versailles was an ill-conceived and dictated peace which was a failure
both in its intents and outcomes”. Examine. (10 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Introduce with end of World War 1 and treaty of Versailles.
❖ Mention how it was a dictated peace: Germany was forced to sign it and it
was not invited before negotiating it.
❖ It was ill-conceived as all the victor powers wanted different things and
looking for selfish interests.
❖ French wanted to punish Germany while Britain wanted a kinder treatment.
❖ Then mention how it was a failure in outcomes: it led to instability in
Germany, rise of Nazism and Fascism, war guilt clause and a feeling of
humiliation among Germans which led to another major war 20 years later.
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace document signed at the end of World War I between the
victor
Allied Powers and defeated Germany. The goal following World War I was to restore
European stability and maintain everlasting peace. However, these goals were recognized by all
of the leaders as not
easily achievable.
How It was a dictated peace:

● Germany was not allowed into the discussions at Versailles. It would have been
reasonable to allow Germans to present their case in the discussion, which would have
toned down some of the harsh terms of the treaty.
● The splitting of Germany into two by creation of the Polish Corridor and cession to
Poland of a large slice of the industrial area of Silesia were most offensive to Germany.
● National self-determination: This principle had been applied in the case of non-
Germans; but the settlement left around a million Germans under Polish rule, and
almost three million in the Sudetenland, controlled by the new state of Czechoslovakia.
● The loss of African colonies: German colonies were mandated to Allied powers for
administration under mandate system, but in reality Allied powers like Britain and
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France distributed German colonies among themselves, without admitting that they
did.
● How It was ill-conceived:
● The disarmament clause: Germany laid down arms in the hope that her action would
be followed by a general limitation of the armaments of all nations as proposed in
Wilson’s 14 points, but it did not Happen and was supposed to weaken Germany.
● The ‘War Guilt’ clause: Germans objected to be solely blamed for the outbreak of the
World War. Although Germany was a major factor in the outbreak of the war, it was not
solely responsible.
● Reparation: While a huge indemnity was imposed on Germany, its natural resources
such coal mines from saarl and silesia were taken from German control. One cannot
starve a goose and expect it to lay golden eggs.
● Defects in ‘League of Nations’: It was difficult to get unanimous decisions; the League
had no military force of its own, and though Article 16 expected member states to
supply troops if necessary, a resolution was passed in 1923 that each member would
decide for itself whether or not to fight in a crisis. This clearly made nonsense of the
idea of collective security.
The whole scheme seemed designed to keep Germany in perpetual subjugation. The terms were
not merely harsh and inequitable but betrayed a lack of sincerity and good faith on the part of
the victor powers. Twenty years was roughly the length of time it would take a new-born
generation of Germans to grow to adulthood and get ready to come back for revenge for their
humiliation in 1939.
Q.2) Explain the factors that were responsible for the rising of the Nation-state system in
Europe? (10 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Define concept of Nation State
❖ Give short about then prevailing background in Europe
❖ Give Factors responsible for rise
❖ In Short mention consequences
❖ Conclude with above consequences
Answer:
Historically, the growth of the nation state and its developing legitimacy, came after the
collapse of the Roman Empire. Nation state building was one of the major events in modern
world history, which marked the beginning of modern world from medieval society. It also

created the sense of affinity among the people and they began to treat themselves a distinct
entity.
Major Factors responsible for rise of nation state in Europe were:
1. Renaissance provided a fillip to the national language and scholars began to produce
literature in local national language.
2. Commercial rivalries amongst the merchants, with the support of their kings, of
different countries greatly contributed to the rise of nation state. They also played the
role of messenger of international happenings in terms of nation system building.
3. The rise of a strong middle class in the later middle ages greatly facilitated it. With
the end of Feudalism and emergence of strong societies and further into nation states.
4. The great setback to church as a result of renaissance, social reformers such as
Emmanuel Kant, John Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire and many more had spread the
ideas of political, social progressive ideals. They educated the common masses, which
ultimately resulted into emergence of strong nation states.
5. Military campaigns of different strong nations also played significant role in this
process. For example: Role played by Napoleon Bonaparte in triggering the feeling
of affinity, togetherness and linguistic affinity
Among masses ultimately resulted into Unification of many nation states, such as
Germany, Italy.
Thus, nation state system in Europe has gone through many phases under different prevailing
factors such as ultimate emergence of monarchy to constitutional monarch then to Republic
nation state. This nation state system is continuous evolving and upgrading process. During
19th century and even in 20th century many nation states emerged on the basis of language,
ethnicity, geographical factors or for political convenience in Europe.
Q.3) Discuss the limitations of utopian socialism. How was socialism redefined by Marx?
(10 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Define Utopian socialism
❖ Mention its proponents like Robert Owen, Charles Fourier etc. and the New
Harmony experiment.
❖ The major limitations like- lack of investigation about causes of exploitation by
capitalists, Utopians believed in cooperation between classes and hence could
not put forward a roadmap to ameliorate the sufferings of labour class.
❖ Then mention the role of Marx- his ideas of historical materialism, materialistic
determinism and dictatorship of the proletariat etc. and their impact on
socialism after.

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Answer:
Utopian socialism
Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as
exemplified by the work of early socialists like Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and
Robert Owen. This term was given due to the ideal and somewhat impractical solutions
provided by their proponents.
Limitations of Utopian Socialism:
● Utopians believe that people of all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society if
it is presented convincingly and generally did not believe in necessity of any form of
class struggle or political revolution for emergence of socialism.
● Utopian socialism was criticized for giving the visions and outlines for imaginary or
futuristic ideal and egalitarian society, but without the scientific analysis of social
evolution.
● Marx Das Kapital viewed “utopian socialism” as not being grounded in actual
material conditions of existing society.
● It lacked “scientific” approach to socialism if contrasted with Marxist theory.
● As per Marx and his friend Engels, utopian socialists failed to recognize why it was
that socialism arose in the historical context that it did, that it arose as a response to
new social contradictions of a new mode of production, i.e. capitalism.
● While utopian socialists believed it was possible to work within or reform capitalist
society, Marx confronted the question of the economic and political power of the
capitalist class, expressed in their ownership of the means of producing wealth.
Socialism redefined by Marx:
According to Marx: The path to socialism proceeds not through the establishment of model
communities that set examples of harmonious cooperation to the world but through the clash
of social
Classes.
What was new in Marx’s ideas?
• Marxism gave theories about Historical Materialism and Materialistic Determinism.
• According to him existence of classes is only bound up with particular, historic
phases in the development of production;
• He emphasised that class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the
Proletariat.
• He also believed that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to the
abolition of all classes and to a classless society.
With Marx’s discovery of the materialist conception of history and the process of expropriation
of surplus value under capitalism, socialism was put on a new footing which later got
materialised in the form of rise of USSR as a first Socialist Nation state.

Q.4) Though they had a lot of similarities between them, still, Nazism and Fascism had
many differences. Discuss. (10 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Introduce by defining Nazism and Fascism.
❖ Mention common features of both like one party rule, one man rule,
obedience to state, state control over economy, cult of nation, aggressive
foreign policy etc.
❖ Now mention how both of these had a significant amount of differences
between them like Nazism being more efficient than Fascism, Anti-
semeticism of Nazis, Italy had a monarch while Germany had nobody to
stop Hitler, How role of state in economy was deeper etc.
❖ Conclude suitably giving the common points of both Nazism and Fascism
and their negative repercussions during WW2
Answer:
Fascism and Nazism terms are used to describe extreme right-wing movements and
governments in the world which developed during 1930s and 1940s in Italy (under Mussolini)
and Germany (under Hitler) respectively. Apart from these, there were various fascist regimes
all over the world and each regime had its own special features. Nazism is an offshoot of
Fascism which is much more aggressive and right wing than other fascist ideologies.
Similar features of Nazism and Fascism are as follows:
● Radical nationalism – Their ultimate objective was establishment of highest national

prestige. They believe in expansionism.
● Anti-democratic – They attempted to organize a totalitarian state with one party and
one leader approach.
● Autocracy – control of ruler over everything – agriculture, industry and way of life of
people.
● Militarism – They had no faith in peaceful means to resolve disputes and differences
● Anti-communist – as they drew solid support from all the classes.
● Populist approach – They promised what people wanted to hear to continue stronghold
of their regime.
Although the regimes had various similarities but there were some fundamental differences
as well:
● In terms of policy and principle, Nazism may be considered as more organized

ideology which espoused distinct policies which can be considered extreme and
repressive over Fascism.
● Racism was the most prominent difference between Nazism and Fascism. Towards
the Jews, Nazis followed the policy of cleansing, which resulted in death of millions of
Jews. Nazi believed in the supremacy of Aryan race. Italian also adopted a racial policy
but it was rather late in 1938 and not as ruthlessly as Nazis did.
● Nazism spread much more deeply and widely in Germany than Fascism in Italy.

● The Nazi system was more efficient and successful with respect to the goal of
economic self-sufficiency and Hitler was able to eliminate unemployment. In contrast,
unemployment increased in Fascist Italy and thus failed to achieve economic self-
sufficiency.
● Fascist regime under Mussolini was more successful in its policy towards church. He
was able to reach an agreement with the pope in 1929.
● Constitutional positions of Hitler and Mussolini were different. In Italy, the
monarchy had continued to exist and the king played an important role in the end of
Mussolini’s rule by ordering his dismissal in 1943. In contrast, there was no authority
above Hitler in Germany to constitutionally dismiss or arrest him.
Due to the aggressive foreign policies pursued by both Nazis and Fascists, world was forced
into the Second World War. Both Italy and Germany under these regimes followed an
exclusionary foreign policy disregarding League of Nations and idea of collective security which
led to second world war apart from various human rights violations.
Q.5) Examine how World War II was different from World War I? (10 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Introduce World Wars
❖ Discuss the differentiating factors between the two world wars.
Answer:
The term ‘World War’ is widely and generally accepted only as it is retrospectively applied to
two major international conflicts that occurred during the 20th century: World War I (1914–
1918) and World War II (1939–1945). Both wars though originated in Europe, directly or
indirectly engulfed the whole world leading to unprecedented destruction of human, economic,
cultural and environmental loss.
Difference between World War 1 and World War 2
Aspect World War 1 World War 2
Basic idealism It was driven by the ideals of It was driven by the excesses in
behind the war Imperialism and Nationalism. war guilt clause of Treaty of
Versailles. It was also driven by
political ideologies like Fascism
and Nazism.

Outcome of the It destroyed empires like It led to creation of superpower

war Ottoman, Austro Hungarian. New blocs - USA and USSR. Europe
countries were created and lost its supremacy over the world.
boundaries redrawn.
Affect on It was a war that didn’t affect It was a war where the execution
Civilians civilians directly. of Jews and excesses of Nazism
and Fascism formed the
background of the war. Hence,
civilians were directly involved.
Treatment of After the war, the winners were The winning powers took a more
Defeated harsh on terms and conditions sanguine route and tried to be
Parties with defeated countries. Stripped rationale through United Nations
defeated countries of their entire thus making it more effective
wealth and honour. Hence, than League of Nations. Helped
Treaty of Versailles acted as a defeated countries to rebuild
precursor to World War 2. their nation.
On Imperialism After the war, it was seen that It led to a wave of nationalism
and imperialistic powers tightened among colonised countries. With
Colonialism their grip on the colonies to weakening of imperialistic powers
extract more resources to cover due to second war a wave
for losses in war. decolonialisation was seen in
Asia and Africa.
The new era of neo imperialism
based on the ideology of either
capitalist or communist gained
the ground in the later years.
Warfare Mostly dominated by Rifles, Guns Improved and Sophisticated

and Heavy Artillery. Poisonous weapon along with Nuclear
Gases were also used. Bombs – capable of severe mass
destruction came to the fore.
There are certainly other differences between both the world war. They are mostly factual in
nature an can be remembered as below.

Aspect World War 1 World War 2
Groups Of The nations which participated The nations which participated in

Nations in World War-I were divided into World War-II were referred to as
two groups namely ‘The Central ‘The Axis Powers’ and ‘The Allied
Powers’ and ‘The Allied Powers’. Powers
The central powers group The Axis Powers group consisted of
consisted of Germany, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Japan. The Allied powers
Ottoman group consisted of France,
Empire (Turkey) and Bulgaria. Britain, US, Russia, Poland,
The Allied powers group Belgium and China
consisted of Russia, Great
Britain, France, Italy, Japan,
Belgium, Serbia and (from 1917)
the U.S.
Area Of War Mainly limited within European Europe was largely under war but
Continent. Had a limited for this time outside the Europe in
mobility African, Asian colonies it was seen.
For example Pearl Harbour, a USA
naval
base in Hawaii Territory was
attacked by Japan. Manchuria in
China attacked by Japan

Q.6) “Industrial Revolution in various European countries was different from that of
England in many aspects.” Elucidate. (15 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Introduce with Industrial Revolution (IR).
❖ Explain how it began in England. Also mention the causes behind it like
coal, liberal government, scientific revolution, role of cotton etc.
❖ Then mention how IR in other countries was fundamentally different from
that in England. You can mention examples of French, Russian and German
IR were driving factors, scale, scope and outcomes were fundamentally
different.
❖ Conclude with how Industrial revolution made the countries stronger,
richer and exemplified the process of colonization to meet the demands of
home country leading to conflicts in 20th century.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late
1700s and early 1800s. After the first appearance of industrialization in Britain, many other
nations joined in the industrial revolution. In the 19th century the Industrial Revolution spread
to Germany, France, Belgium, and much of the rest of western Europe. Change happened
somewhat differently in each setting because of varying resources, political conditions, and
social and economic status but there were also many similarities.
Difference between the process of industrialization of Britain and other European

countries:
● Fossil Fuel - In Britain, Industrial revolution was characterised by an increase in the

use of fossil fuels – coal in particular – in industry. On the other hand, most accounts
of European industrialization have not placed a heavy emphasis on the
importance of fossil fuels.
● Early mover advantage to Britain: The entry costs for early industrializers like
Britain, using relatively cheap technology and with few competitors, were far lower
than for those that industrialised later, who found themselves competing against
nations with efficient industries using complex and expensive machinery.
● Low wages V/S Technology: Many European countries were noticeably slower to shift
towards new forms of powered production not simply because fuel was expensive, but
also owing to the fact that local wages were low which hindered investment on
technology. For example Belgium and France.
● Political Instability - In countries like France, industrial development was delayed by
political turmoil and a lack of coal, but the central government played a more active
role in development than Britain.
● Agrarian Structure - Industrialization spread more slowly in Russia, and the Russian
economy remained overwhelmingly agrarian for a long time. Even in largely
industrialized areas, such as western Europe, some areas lagged behind in industrial

development. Southern Italy, Spain remained largely agrarian until much later
than their neighbors.
● Case of Germany: German government wanted to hasten the process and catch up
with British industrialization. Germany used its rich iron and coal resources to
develop heavy industry, such as iron and steel manufacture. It also provided an
environment that encouraged big businesses and cooperation among large firms. The
German banking sector, for example, was dominated by a few large banks that
coordinated efforts to increase industry.
However, there were numerous similarities between the industrialization process in

various European countries and Britain:
● Belgium, like Britain, had abundant coal reserves, as well as rich deposits of lead and
iron-ore. Therefore, economic development in Belgium also followed a fairly similar
pattern to that of Britain.
● Germany also followed a similar trajectory, though industrialization here was largely
delayed until after 1850. Here, economic growth was accompanied by both extensive
population growth.
● Restructuring of the workforce : The proportion of the workforce employed in
agriculture, forestry and fishing declined steadily in most of the countries whilst those
employed in industry, manufacturing, mining, and transport rose.
Apart from these, search for colonies, their exploitation for market access and raw materials
were also common in these countries which industrialised later. This scramble for colonies was
one of the factors which led to the First World War.
Q.7) Write short notes on; (15 Marks)

A. Bloody Sunday (In the context of Russian Revolution)
B. Continental system of Napoleon.
C. American civil war
Answer:
A. Bloody Sunday (In the context of Russian Revolution)
Guidelines:
❖ What was bloody sunday incident all about.
❖ What factors led to its occurrence.
❖ Give its significance.
❖ Conclude by stating its role in october revolution (1917).
“Bloody Sunday” was a major event that took place on 22nd January 1905 as a part of series of
history of Russian Revolution. In this event, when the striking workers went on a procession to
Tsar’s palace to present petition to redress their grievances, the palace guards fired on
unarmed crowd.

During this period Russia was going through difficult socio-economic and political. Politically,
it was ruled by autocratic Tsar ruler who believed in divine theory of kingship and neglected
public grievances. Economically also huge distress was there due to agrarian distress and
ongoing poverty and high rate of unemployment.
This bloody Sunday unfortunate incident became the important factor to raise anti
establishment sentiments among huge masses and further encourage them to join the forces
of Russian revolution. Rise of Socialist party and gaining the support for Marxist ideology
were elaborated consequences of this Bloody Sunday incident.
Prominent leaders such as Lenin under Bolshevik party used the issue of working class and
common masses, who kept the fire of protest alive which was initiated by Bloody Sunday event.
This bloody Sunday had thus sown the seeds for future course of protest and became a
prelude to the October Revolution of 1917.
B. Continental system of Napoleon
Guidelines:
❖ Give a brief introduction defining continental system.
❖ Explain role of Continental system.
❖ In the concluding paragraph write its impact and significance.
The term Continental System refers to the Mechanism devised by Napoleon Bonaparte from
1806 to 1813 to weaken the traditional rival British economy and to force Britain to
surrender before France.
This was established in November 1806 and it lasted till 1813.
Napoleon had defeated Britain in various battles on European soil but could not defeat it on its
own soil due to British naval supremacy and geographical isolation.
So as to crush Britain’s economic strength via this continental system, Napoleon issued Berlin
Decree in November 1806 as to prohibit British Goods into Europe. It was further
strengthened by Warsaw treaty and Fountainbleau decree which said that ships of the berlin
decree violators would be ceased and goods would be burnt.
In short run this system had worked in downsizing British Trade but due to its strong
network of global rich colonies Britain could survive successfully and regain itself as a strong
economy. Even there was strong demand for British goods in rest of the Europe which was not
fulfilled by France.
Thus, after such outcomes Napoleon gave up this continental system especially after Battle of
Leipzig in October 1813.

C. American civil war
Guidelines:
❖ Give a brief introduction about American civil war and its period.
❖ Divide the answer into different parts like causes, course of Civil war etc.
❖ In the concluding paragraph, write the significance of American civil war.
Answer:
American civil war (1861-65) refers to an important phase in the history of USA, which saw a
fight between the Northern American states and the Southern states that threatened the unity
and integrity of the nation.
Causes
1) Issue of Slavery was the most important and immediate cause. Abraham Lincoln the
then USA president had supported abolition, but the southern states favoured slavery.
Abolition of slavery favored north as it would release thousands of people from the
bondage which may provide labour for north, while the southern states saw it an
unnecessary interference in their social institutions.
2) Development of divergent economic interests between the industrial north and
agrarian south created differences. For eg. while northern states wanted the expansion
of banking system and centralised banking the southern state opposed it.
3) The passing of Kansas Nebraska act 1954, that left slavery to be decided by the
inhabitants in the new areas and the return of Abraham Lincoln as the President served
as the immediate causes for the outbreak of war.
Course:
South Carolina issued an ordinance of secession and the other southern states soon formed
the confederate states of America and fought war against the northern states. The war was
fought at great mass of land between New Mexico and the Eastern sea. Finally, on April 9,
1865 the north emerged victorious and the war ended.
Impact:
Tremendous devastation, thousands died and more than 1 million people were injured in this
bloodiest war. However, the American union was strengthened after the war by declaring the
union inviolable. Slavery was abolished by proclamation of emancipation issued in 1962, after
the war, racial discrimination in electoral system was removed.
The war paved the way for integration of America and victory in the civil war raised prestige of
USA internationally paving the way for its ascendancy.

Q.8) What were the various causes of the French Revolution? Discuss the impact that
this revolution had on Europe. (15 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Introduce French Revolution
❖ Discuss the Various Causes of French Revolution
➢ Economic Causes
➢ Political Causes
➢ Social Causes
➢ Role of Intellectuals
❖ Impact of French Revolution
Answer:
The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789
and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. A revolution in France
which saw uprooting of centuries old institution such as absolute monarchy and feudal
system.
Causes of French Revolution:

The number of causes of French Revolution, though many were intertwined and were
manifested from the Monarchy under Louis XIV who declared that “I AM STATE”. Broadly, the
causes can be classified as following:

Impact of French Revolution on Europe

The impact of French Revolution has been said to lay down the parameters of modern world
thus, leaving a huge impact on Europe and the World.
The contribution of French Revolution can be classified into two facets:
One, which was solely the contribution of French Revolution, namely:

a) Promotion of modern philosophy of Polity and Administration which incorporated:

1. Humanism, and
2. Expressions
b) Foundation of idea of Secularism
c) Promotion of democratic setup like:
1. Republic
2. Legislative
3. Voting System (Adult Suffrage)
d) Idea of Liberty, Fraternity and Equality resounded in whole of Europe
These all provided for a catalytic for changes in Europe.
Second, set of contribution was due to Napoleon which was again an outcome of French
Revolution. The ideals spread by Napoleon somewhere led the foundation of new Europe.
a) Promotion of Nationalism
● Led to Unification of Italy and Germany
b) The fundamentals of French Revolution (as mentioned above) were transmitted to Europe
under the military conquest of Napoleon.
c) Napoleon administered developments in Education and law.
Therefore, French Revolution and Napoleon have an important role in Modern Europe History
leading to a new era in Europe by 1815 where in most important incident was Vienna
Congress.
Q.9) "American Revolution had many causes viz, social, economic and ideological".
Discuss. Also, examine the role of important personalities who made it successful.
(15 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Introduce with American Revolution.
❖ Mention the various causes like:
➢ Adversarial taxation policies, stamp acts and curbs on foreign trade
etc.
➢ Egalitarian society, lack of privileges, culture of hard work
➢ Mention role of thinkers and able leaders like Locke, Thomas Paine,
Benjamin Franklin etc and their ideas like Natural laws,
Republicanism, laissez faire, no taxation without representation.
❖ Mention the role of important personalities like Benjamin Franklin,
Thomas Paine, George Washington etc.

Answer:
American Revolution due to which 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies won political
independence and went on to form the United States of America. The war followed more than a
decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment
of its North American colonies that was caused by British attempts to assert greater control
over colonial affairs.
No single event caused the revolution. It was, instead, a series of events/causes that led to the
revolution.
Economic causes:
● Triangular Trade, coupled with the British policy of Mercantilism, provided a
favorable balance of trade only to Great Britain.
● American capitalists faced obstacles as they were forbidden to use non-British ships for
trade by the English government.
● Further, products such as tobacco, cotton, sugar etc. could only be transported to
England and heavy duties were levied when the American colonies imported goods
from other places.
● Additionally, the colonies could not start industries such as iron works and textiles
and had to compulsorily import them from England.
● Under the Navigation Law 1651, American ships had to compulsorily attend British
ports before leaving to other parts of the world.
● The 1689 English Bill of Rights discriminated between the rights of Americans and
native British natives.
Social causes:
● No Taxation Without Representation: Americans felt they deserved equal rights of

Englishmen. The British, on the other hand breed inequality as they felt that the
colonies were created to be used in the way that best suited the Crown and Parliament.
● Proclamation of 1763 introduced a massive boundary to separate white settlements
from Indian country. The Americans believed the British were siding with the Native
Indians against the colonists.
● Stamp Act affected what people could and couldn’t buy. Subsequent boycott forced
women to become part of revolution.
● Absence of special privileges in American Society led to the emergence of strong
resistance.
Ideological Causes:
● John Locke's ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution.
his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the
Revolution's political ideology.
● commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the
revolution, as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to
American interests.

● Thomas Paine's pamphlet ‘Common Sense’ contributed significantly in spreading the

ideas of republicanism and liberalism together, bolstering enthusiasm for separation
from Great Britain, and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army.
● Dissenting Protestant churches acted as school of democracy which preached
Revolutionary themes in their sermons, while most Church of England preached loyalty
to the king, the titular head of the English state church.
Role of leaders:
Leaders of American revolution were inspired by major writings of the Enlightenment including
those of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the Baron de
Montesquieu. From these, the founders gleaned the concepts of the social contract, limited
government, the consent of the governed, and separation of powers.
● Samuel Adams publicized and defended the Boston Tea Party action as a principled
protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional
rights.
● The American revolutionaries were inspired by the ideas of equality and liberty
espoused by philosophers John Locke, Harrington, Paine etc. They believed they had
fundamental rights which no Government could infringe.
● George Washington was the leader of the American forces under whom the War of
Independence was fought.
● People like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine provided further leadership and
motivated the masses through their spirited writings and speeches.
These factors triggered the revolution when in 1774, the representatives of 13 American
colonies met at
the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia and appealed to the British King to remove
trade restrictions and refrain from imposing compulsory taxes. The King declared it as a
mutiny and sent troops to repress them. The colonies planned for military defense with local
militia. In 1781, British forces surrendered and freedom was won by America.
Q.10) What was the policy of Appeasement? Discuss how did it culminate into World War
II? (15 Marks)
Guidelines:
❖ Define Appeasement
❖ Policy of Appeasement
❖ Phases of Policy of Appeasement
❖ Why there was a need for Policy of Appeasement?
❖ Different events of Policy of Appeasement leading to World War 2

Answer:
Appeasement: It is the process of pacifying or (making someone less angry or hostile) by
acceding to their demands.
Policy of Appeasement: After the World War 1, an economic and politically vulnerable Britain
followed this policy to avoid any kind confrontation from aggressive powers of Germany,
Italy and Japan by ceding to the demands of these countries which it deemed reasonable.
This policy was later taken up by France also.
Policy of Appeasement
Phases Justification
● 1920 to 1937 - War to be avoided ● Essential to avoid war - horrors of

at any cost, Britain and sometimes World War 1 and Spanish Civil War
France, accepted the act of fresh in the mind of People
Aggression and breach of Versailles ● Genuine Grievance of Italy and
Treaty for e.g. German Rearmament Germany - Italy cheated while
and Reoccupation of Rhineland) Germany Treated too harshly at
● May 1937 - Neville Chamberlain Versailles. Revision of most hated
became new Britain PM and gave clauses of Versailles
new drive to policy, he believed in ● Failure of League Nations –
taking the initiative and hence tried Chamberlain believed that the only
to find out what Hitler wanted and way to settle disputes was by
then negotiate with him. personal contact between leaders.
● Start of Policy of Appeasement ● Economic Cooperation between
can be found in Germany and Britain will be good
● Young and Dawes Plan of Britain for both.
– tried to conciliate the Germans ● Britain’s Fear of Communist
● Locarno Treaties Russia weighed more than fear of
Germany and Italy. Germany was
expected to act as buffer against
communist expansion westwards.
● Britain was unprepared for any
full scale war and hence needed
to avoid any military action.

Please Note: Policy of Appeasement was mainly a British policy, with which the French
did not always agree.
Policy of Appeasement and its culmination into World War 2

To understand the culmination of Policy of Appeasement we need to see how appeasement
worked and strengthened Hitler which led to World War 2.

The passiveness of Britain and France at Munich Conference, convinced Hitler to attack
Poland. Also, Britain and France if taken a stand at Munich and backed Czechs who were
militarily more superior to Polish could have countered Hitler. Hence, Chamberlain is
criticised to choose the wrong issue over which to make stand against Hitler.
It can be said that the Policy of Appeasement of British and France was primarily Governed
by their self-national interest and only secondarily by moral considerations.
Policy of Appeasement can thus be said to be largely responsible for the situation deteriorating
into World War.


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