Thermochemistry

1) for a given process , heat changes at constant pressure and constant volume are related to each
others as

Answer : for a process at constant pressure the heat changes is given by relationship

Delta^H=Delta^E+pdeltaV

For constant volume deltaV=0

Therefore deltaH=deltaE

2) the net heat changes in chemical reaction is same weather it is brought in two or more different ways
in one several steps it is known as

Answer: Hess’s law

Statement of Hess’s law: if a chemical change take place by several different route the overall energy
changes is same regardless of the route by which chemical changes occurs

3) enthalpy of neutralization of all the strong acids and strong bases is the same value because

Answer: the net chemical changes involve the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to form water

>strong acids completely ionized for give H+ ions and strong base give OH- . then H+ + OH- ………….>
H2O the heat released is called heat of neutralization

4) if an endothermic reaction is allowed to take place very rapidly in the air . The temperature of the
surrounding air

Answer: Decreases

The heat required for the reaction is taken from the reacting and the temperature of the system falls
below the initial temperature . heat flow from surrounding to the system

5) In endothermic reaction the heat content of the

Answer : product is more than that of reactants

In an endothermic reaction the enthalpy of products H2 is grater than that of the reactant H1 therefore
change in enthalpy = H2-H1 is positive

6) pressure volume work is

Answer pchangeV

In the pressure volume work the force becomes pressure and distance becomes volume change . and
work = (force)(distance) = PchnageV

7) the condition for standard enthalpy changes is

Answer: 1 Atm 30 C

The standard enthalpy of a reaction is the enthalpy changes which occurs under standard conditions i.e
25C (298k) and 1 Atm pressure

8) Glass calorimeter reactions is one which we measure

Answer : Enthalpy of reaction

For most of the reactions ( except combustion reactions ) an ordinary glass calorimeter can be used to
determine the value of enthalpy of reaction

9) born-haber cycle is an application of

Answer : Hess’s law

Hess’s law find its best applications in born-haber cycle , which states that energy changes in cycle
process is zero

10) lattice energy of NaCl

Answer -776kj

11)standard enthalpy of Al2O3 cannot be measured because

Answer protective layer of oxide cover the surface

There are many compounds for which enthalpy cannot be measured directly by calorimetric method .
such as Al2O3 also has problem for measurement of its standard enthalpy of formation . it is difficult to
burn Al completely in oxygen because a protective layer of Al2O3 is formed which covers the surface of
the un-reacted element

12) when ammonium chloride dissolve in water this process is

Answer : endothermic process

The enthalpy of solutions od NH4Cl is +16.2 kj/mole it indicates the cooling of water in which NH4Cl is
dissolved . therefore dissolutions of NH4Cl in water is endothermic.

14) the energy of the reactant is not equal to the energy of the product this loss of energy is in the form

Answer : Heat

A system cannot destroy or create energy however it can exchange energy with surrounding in the form
of heat