International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019

http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.4424 ISSN: 2456-1878

Bioeconomic Analysis of Resource Utilization of

Flying Fish (Hyrundicthys oxycephalus) in the
Makassar Strait, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Kasri1, Aris Baso2, Hamzah Tahang2
1
Student of M aster Degree Fisheries Science, Faculty of M arine and Fisheries Science, Hasanuddin University, Perintis Kemerdekaan St
Km 10, M akassar 90245, Indonesia
2
Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of M arine and Fisheries Science, Hasanuddin University, Perintis Kemerdekaan St Km 10,
M akassar 90245, Indonesia
Email: kasrimuhammad219@gmail.com

Abstract— This study aims to analyze the bioeconomic value of the use of flying fish in the Makassar Strait waters. The study
was conducted in November 2018-March 2019 which took place in Takalar District. Data collection techniques are conducted
by interview, observation, questionnaire and literature study. The research method in this study is the survey method. The
sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique by taking a sample of 36 samples of flying fish business.
Data analysis using the static and optimal dynamic bioeconomic formula with the help of Microsoft Excel and Maple 18.
Software. The results showed that the actual conditions of the use of flying fish in the Strait Waters have experienced
overfishing, both biologically and economically with the actual production amount of 1,604 tons, maximum production in the
management regime of MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) with a total production of 2,545 tons, maximum production in the
MEY (Maximum Economic Yield) management regime with a total production of 2,538 tons with an economic rent of
14,687,087,983 IDR.
Keywords— Bioeconomic, Utilization, Flying Fish, Makassar Strait

I. INTRODUCTION The exploitation of flying fish fisheries, especially their

The increasing population increase has led to increased use
of funds from time to time. This condition requires an
agreement on resource management and exploitation will
ultimately resolve the balance of the Environment .
Therefore, resources must consider the technology used
and the carrying capacity of the environment or
preservation. Economic pressure has become very
dominant in applying coastal communities. Sustainability
of the Fisheries and Marine Fund has not received attention
in meeting market demand for fish where demand has
increased along with the increasing population of the
world.
Even though fishery resources are classified as renewable
resources, if they are not managed properly, there is a
possibility that there will be a decrease in both the quality
and quantity of the stock or even the worst is the
occurrence of scarcity or extinction. According to [1] that
there has been a significant increase in the exploitation of
fish resources from 1995-2004. The exploitation of the
resource in question has exceeded sustainable production
and in some regions of Indonesia, overfishing has
occurred, fishing, at least economic overfishing is
characterized by high use of inputs, but not followed by
proportional increases in output and returns.
eggs, it is feared that in the future there will be a decline in
flying fish stocks. This trend has begun to be identified,
namely by decreasing the number of flying fish and flying
fish eggs, and decreasing the average length of caught
flying fish. [2].
This condition resulted in the condition of flying fish
resources began to experience a decline in production from
year to year, due to the exploitation of the mother of flying
fish and flying fish eggs on a large scale and continuously.
The impact of externalities produced not only affects the
ecosystem but also affects the socio-economic conditions
of fishing communities in the future. Seeing the existence
of flying fish resources is pride as an icon of fisheries in
the Makassar Strait will disappear as well as the presence
of endemic fish in Sumatran waters such as terubuk fish.
The bioeconomic approach is a combination of aspects of
biology, technology, and economics [3][4].
Research on bioeconomic is still limited in South Sulawesi,
namely Mackerel Indians [5], Scad Indians [6], Flying Fish
[7] in the Makassar Strait and Flores sea, (Petersen, et. al,
2011), Bioeconomic of Utilizing Grouper (Plectropomus
leopardus) in Selayar Islands Regency [9], and
Bioeconomic of Coral Grouper in the Spermonde Islands
[10]. The bioeconomic model approach to marine fisheries

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.4424 ISSN: 2456-1878

resources have been recommended by FAO, because of the
many uncertainty factors in fisheries management. [11].
This study focuses on cases of catching flying fish
economic value and increasing market demand which
causes the exploitation of these fish to increase every year.
Exploitation on a large scale and continuously will have an
impact on stock conditions which will ultimately have an
impact on fishermen's income and fishermen's losses. The
purpose of this study was to analyze the bioeconomic value
and efforts to the actual use of flying fish (Hyrundicthys
oxycephalus) in the Makassar Strait waters.
II. RESEARCH METHODS
2.1. Time and Place
This research was conducted from November 2018 to April
2019. The place of this research was conducted in Takalar
District in South Galesong District. Location
determination is done intentionally because there is a
flying fishing business unit in this sub-district that
specifically catches flying fish.
2.2. Data collection technique
Data collection is done using interviews, observations,
questionnaires and literature studies.
2.3. Research Method
The research method is primarily a scientific way to get
data with specific purposes and uses. To achieve these
objectives, a method that is relevant to the goals to be
achieved is needed. The method used in this study is the
survey method. According to [12] the survey method is
"Research conducted using questionnaires as a research
tool carried out in large and small populations, but the data
studied is data from samples taken from the population, so
that relative events, distribution, and relationships between
variables, sociological and psychological ".
2.4. Sampling Technique
Sampling for research according to [13], if the subject is
less than 100 people, all should be taken, if the subject is
large or more than 100 people can be taken 10-15% or 20-
25% or more. Based on data from the Department of
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the number of flying fish
businesses in South Galesong is 104. Whereas in the
District of North Galesong and South Galesong there were
no fishing businesses that specifically caught flying fish
but were more focused on catching flying fish eg gs. So
from that researcher took a sample of 35% of the
population, which is about 36 samples of the fly fishing
business.
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE)
After the production data and efforts (input or
effort) are arranged in a time series according to the type
of fishing gear, the next step is to find the catch per unit
effort (CPUE). According to [14], the calculation of CPUE
aims to determine the abundance and level of utilization of
fisheries resources in a particular water area. The CPUE
value can be denoted as follows:
𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝟏
CPUEt = …………………………………….(1)
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕𝟏
Where :
CPUEt : catches per fishing effort in year t
Catch 1 : catch in the t-year
2.5.2. Standardization of Fishing Gear
Standardization of fishing gear aims to homogenize
different units of effort, so it can be assumed that the effort
to capture a type of fishing gear is the same as standard
fishing gear. The standard fishing gear is based on the
amount of the catch obtained and the magnitude of the
value of the fishing power index (FPI) with the input
(effort) of a standardized tool.
Estd = Ytot / CPUEstd …………………………………(2)
Dimana :
Estd : Standardized Fishing Efforts
CPUEstd : CPUE standard capture tool
Ytot : CPUE is the standard
2.5.3. Estimated Biological Parameters
Biological parameters include the water carrying capacity
constants (K), natural growth constants (r), technological
parameters (q). While the economic parameters include the
cost per fishing effort (c/p), the price of flying fish per unit,
the catch (p), and the discount rate. There are several
approaches in estimating biological parameters, but in this
study the estimation model is CYP (Clark, Yoshimoto and
Pooley) with the approach and development of the formula
model [15] and [16], systematically the equation is written
as follows: [17]
𝟐𝒓 ( 𝟐−𝒓)
Ln (Ut+1) = (𝟐+𝒓) 𝑳𝒏(𝒒, 𝑲) − (𝟐+𝒓) 𝑳𝒏(𝑼𝒕) −
𝒒
(𝟐+𝒓)
(𝑬𝒕 + 𝑬𝒕+𝟏) ……………………..……….(3)
Where :
Ut+1 : CPUE at time t + 1
Ut : CPUE at time t
Et : Effort at time t
Et+1 : Effort at time t + 1
β 0 : intercept coefficient regression results

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019
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β1 : variable X coefficient 1 regression results 2.5.6. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

β2 : variable X coefficient 2 regression results As a comparison, MSY, MEY and Open Access potential
calculations are carried out. Calculation of the Maximu m
2.5.4. Estimated Economic Parameters Sustainable Yield (MSY) model uses the equation:
𝒓
Economic parameters include estimated input costs, EMSY = ………………...………………………...(10)
𝟐𝒒
estimated capture output prices and the level of resource
𝐊𝐫
cuts. Catching costs or estimation of input costs obtained YMSY = ………………...………………………...(11)
𝟒
from primary data which is then made data series of annual 𝐊
capture costs using the formula: XMSY = ………………………...……………..….(12)
𝟐

Where :
c = ∑ 𝒄 𝒊 /𝒏𝟏 …..………….……………...……………(4) EMSY : Efforts to capture MSY's condition
Where : YMSY : Catch of MSY condition
c : Average catching costs (IDR) per year XMSY : Optimal stock estimation of MSY conditions
ci : Cost catch per effort, respondents to-i
2.5.7. Maximum Economic Yield (MEY)
n 1 : Number of respondents
Assuming that the demand curve is perfectly elastic, the
Output price estimation is obtained from primary data rent of fisheries resources based on the Maximu m
which is then made the real sales price data series in the Economic Yield (MEY) value is obtained by using the
year with the formula: [17] following equation:
𝒓 𝒄
EMEY = (𝟏 − ) …………………………..…….(13)
p = ∑ 𝒑𝒊 /𝒏𝟐 ………….………………………………..(5) 𝟐𝒒 𝒑𝒒𝑲

𝒓𝑲 𝒄 𝒄
YMEY = (𝟏 + )(𝟏 − ) …….……………….(14)
Where : 𝟒 𝒑𝒒𝑲 𝒑𝒒𝑲
p = Average price of catch per kg 𝑲 𝒄
XMEY = (𝟏 + ) ……………………………..….(15)
p i = Average price in the season 𝟐 𝒑𝒒𝑲

n 2 = Number of seasons (peak, normal, famine) Where :

EMEY : Efforts to capture MEY's condition
Parameter of the level of pieces of flying fish resources YMEY : Catch of MEY condition
(d) using equations [3] : XMEY : Optimal stock estimation of MEY conditions

d = ln (1+i) ………………………………………….(6) 2.5.8. Open Access (OA)

The level of effort under open access conditions (open
Where :
access)
i : investment interest rate - inflation rate 𝒓 𝒄
d : discount rate of resources EOA = (𝟏 − ) ...………………………………...(16)
𝒒 𝑲𝒑𝒒
𝒓𝒄 𝒄
YOA = (𝟏 − ) …………………...…………….(17)
2.5.5. Bioeconomic Analysis 𝒑𝒒 𝑲𝒑𝒒
The output of the bioeconomic model includes optimal 𝒄
XOA = ……………………………………..…..….(18)
stock (X *), optimal catch (Y *) and optimal fishing effort 𝒑𝒒

(E *) which is assumed by using the equation: Where:

EOA : Efforts to capture OA's condition
X* = K/4⦋ c/qpK + 1- 𝝈/r)+⦃(c/qpK +1-𝝈/r)2 + 8c YOA : Catch of OA condition
𝝈/qpKr⦄1/2⦌ …………………………………..(7) XOA : Optimal stock estimation of OA conditions
Y* = rX* (1-X*/K) ……….………………………….(8)
E* = Y*/qX* ………………..……...………………...(9)
Where :
K : Environmental carrying capacity
c : The cost of catching flying fish
p : The price of flying fish per kilogram III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
r : Intrinsic growth
q : capture power coefficient and flying fish gear
𝝈 : discount rate of resources

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019
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3.1. Flying Fish Production

2,000

1,750

1,500

1,250 y = -97.404x + 196710

1,000

750

500

250

0
2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Fig.1: Production of Flying Fish in the Makassar Strait in 2006 -2018

The production of flying fish in the Makassar Strait waters
is very fluctuating. However, if you look at the data
carefully, the number of flying fish production in the
Makassar Strait waters tends to decrease from year to year,
especially in 2008, starting from 1,722.50 tons, it
experienced a very large decline in production to 515.00
tons. The same thing happened from 2015 until 2018, a
significant decrease of 73%.
3.2. Flying Fish Catching Efforts

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

-
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Fig.2: Flying Fish Catching Efforts in Makassar Strait Waters in 2006-2018

Catching efforts on fly fishing in the Makassar Strait
waters tend to decline even though in several years there
has been an increase. The decrease in fishing efforts
occurred in 2008 until 2014, which amounted to 2,287 to
1,841 fishing units.
3.3. Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE)
CPUE is one indicator of sustainable fisheries
management. The general pattern of a fishery that is
exploited which experiences overfished indicators is that
the increase in total effort is followed by an increase in
catches which is then followed by a decrease in catch per
unit effort (CPUE). Catch per unit effort or Catch Per Unit
Effort (CPUE) is a number that describes the comparison
between catches per unit of effort or effort.

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Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) for flying fish varies greatly so that it is necessary to use other fishing gear that is more
each year. In several years several fishing gears were no effective and efficient for catching flying fish, especially
longer used. The reason is that productivity has decreased in the Makassar Strait.

1.0000
0.9000
0.8000
0.7000
0.6000
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Fig.3: CPUE Resources for Flying Fish in the Makassar Strait in 2006 -2018

See the CPUE value above, which number starts to resource potential is unable to produce more even though
decrease every year. If seen the above phenomenon is very the effort is increased.
worrying by the opinion of [18] that the CPUE value can
be used to see the ability of the resource if it is continuously 3.4. Relations CPUE and Effort
exploited. A declining CPUE value can indicate that the

1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
CPUE

0.500
0.400
y = -0.0011x + 2.5018
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,100 2,200 2,300 2,400
Effort
Fig.4: Relationship between CPUE and Fish Flying Efforts in the Makassar Strait

The relationship between CPUE and Effort on efforts to fly
fishing in the Makassar Strait in the graph above shows a
reciprocal relationship. This means that the increase in
flying fishing efforts has caused CPUE to decline. From
this equation it can be seen that the value of the slope that
is negative indicates the CPUE and Effort relationship
shows a negative relationship, the negative relationship is
the relationship when the increase in a variable will cause
a decrease in other variables and conversely the increase in
a variable will cause a decrease in other variables [19]. This

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can be interpreted that an increase in effort will reduce the
productivity of the catch (CPUE).
3.5. Estimated Biological Parameters
Biological parameters are one of the factors that greatly
affect the survival of a marine organism, especially flying
fish, because if one variable from biological parameters
such as the carrying capacity of the environment does not
match the needs, this will have an impact on the growth
rate of flying fish.
Biological parameters that will be estimated include
environmental carrying capacity (K), capture power
coefficient (q), and fish growth rate (r). The estimation
Table 1. Results of Estimating Biological Parameters of Flying Fish
Number. Biological Parameters
1 Fish Natural Growth Rate Constants (r)
2 Capture Coefficient (q)
3 Environmental carrying capacity
Source: Data Analysis Results processed, 2019.
Based on the data obtained as presented in Table 1. The
constant growth rate of flying fish (r) is 0.8651 which
means that flying fish can grow naturally without any
interference from natural symptoms with a coefficient of
0.8651 tons or 865.1 Kg per year. The capture coefficient
(q) is 0.00036, this means that the proportion of flying fish
stocks that can be captured by a standard unit of fishing
gear is 0,00036 tons. The catch coefficient value is
influenced by the number of fishing gear used and the
availability of flying fish resources in nature.
The waters carrying capacity constant (K) is 11,765, this
indicates that the aquatic environment supports flying fish
production of 11,765 tons per year from its biological
aspects, including food abundance, population growth, and
fish size. The greater the carrying capacity of water allows
the increasing the number of flying fish production in the
Makassar Strait waters.
3.6. Estimated Economic Parameters
3.6.1. Estimated Input Cost
The cost of using fly fish consists of fixed costs and
variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that are not used up in
one trip (trip). For fixed costs, the costs of depreciation of
fishing equipment include boats, machines and gill net
floats. While variable costs are costs that are used up for
one trip (trip). Fisheries economic theory states that in open
access fisheries where the cost of fishing is assumed to be
comparable to business fishing business will continue to
increase even though income per business unit decreases
and ultimately income will decrease to equal costs
incurred.
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model used to estimate biological parameters is an
estimation model developed by [17] or better known as the
CYP model.
Estimation of biological parameters by the CYP method
requires logarithmic input data from CPUE at time t + 1
and logarithm CPUE at time t and input data Effort t at t
and t +1. To use OLS or regression, Ln CPUE t + 1 as Y,
Ln CPUE t as X1 and Et + Et + 1 as X2 [20]. The
estimation results from the three parameters presented in
table 11 are useful for determining the level of production
of sheets such as maximu m sustainable yield (MSY),
maximu m economic yield (MEY) and open access (OA)
conditions. This value can be seen in the following table:
Estimated Results Unit
0.8651 ton/year
0.00036 ton/unit
11,765 ton
The overall estimation results of the cost of input flying
fish in fly fishing business per trip are 1,318,861 or
137,985,212 IDR per year. This input cost is dominated by
oil fuel (diesel) which requires at least 90-150 liters of
diesel per trip.
3.6.2. Estimated Output Price
In addition to the components of the capture costs required
in this analysis also required price component data. The
price component to be used in the analysis is the average
price obtained from primary data or through direct
interviews with fishermen and also secondary data fro m
the Takalar District and Department of Maritime Affairs
and Fishery of South Sulawesi Province with the 2006 time
series up to 2018.
One problem in determining prices is the existence of
abnormal price movements due to inflation. To overcome
the abnormalities of the movement, adjustments were
made by converting the nominal prices obtained to real
prices. To convert nominal prices into real prices, the
consumer price index (CPI) is used.
The estimated output price is obtained from the analysis of
the nominal price which is then multiplied by the consumer
price index. Then from that, the average real price is 6,200
per kilogram of flying fish.
3.6.3. Estimated Discount Rate Level
The parameter of the discount rate level refers to the
investment interest rate and an inflation rate that applies in
2019. Based on data from Bank Indonesia for the value of
the prevailing interest rate of 17.50 and the inflation rate of
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3.32%. To get the value of the piece of resource level namely the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
estimated by the equation d = ln (1 + i) where i = the management regime, the Maximum Economic Yield
investment interest rate minus the inflation rate, so that the (MEY) management regime and the Open Access (OA)
value of the piece of resource is obtained as d = ln (1+ management regime. The three management regime
(17.50% - 3.32%) = = 2.72. models are determined using analytical solving tools
through the Microsoft Excel 2019 and Maple 18 program.
3.7. Bioeconomic of Fish Resources Utilization in the The results of the bioeconomic optimization analysis of
Makassar Strait each flying fish management regime in this study are
Bioeconomic analysis of the use of flying fish in this study briefly presented in the following table.
is estimated in 3 (three) management regime models,
Table 2. Results of Bioeconomic Optimization Analysis
Effort (E)
Number Management Model Yield (Y) (Ton) Biomass (X) (Ton)
(Unit)
1 Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) 1,215 2,545 5,882
2 Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) 1,210 2,536 6,232
3 Open Access (OA) 2,285 568 698
4 Actual 1,944 1,604
Source: Data from the analysis, processed 2019

Based on the above table, the balance of MSY (Maximu m
Sustainable Yield) in the production conditions is 2,545
tons per year, in the MEY (Maximum Economic Yield )
balance it is 2,536 tons per year and when the Open Access
condition is obtained the production is 568 tons per year.
Of the three regimes above, it shows that in the Maximu m
Economic Yield condition it is advantageous when viewed
from biological parameters and economic parameters when
compared to the other two management regimes. To see
more details, the picture follows.

Fig.5: Bioeconomic Equilibrium of flying fish in the Makassar Strait

The maximu m profit occurred during the MEY condition
with an effort of 1,210 with an economic rent of
11,901,970,204 IDR. When compared with the value of
MSY with a smaller economic rent of 11,896,495,632 IDR.
The difference in economic rent between MEY and MSY
is around 5,474,572 IDR. While the Open Access (OA)
condition does not have a rent value, in other words, the
value of TR = TC so that no profit is obtained at all.
IV. CONCLUSION

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