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B Y P . W . M A R S H A L L A N D A. A. T O P R A C
40(^0.50
CHORD ~
192-s I M A Y 19 7 4
tional effect of diameter ratio, f(/3), as
LINE LOAD indicated by Roark, was considered
Q K/in CLOSED RING
Jo paradoxical in that test data w i t h
CHORD „,_
THINNESS ' t o
RATIO
Fig. 5 — Theoretical elastic stresses — axially loaded T-joint
194-s I M A Y 19 7 4
FAILURE
STAGE 1 STAGE 2
DEFLECTION
Fig. 7 — Reserve strength of a tubular connection
w h e r e /? and Y are defined in a
I.Or manner analogous to the usage for
circular tubes.
MATERIAL LIMIT The second term on the right of
V
P • Fy/yj equation (3) is quite similar to the
empirical punching shear, equation
ULTIMATE P U N C H I N G SHEAR (2); only the exponent of Y is differ-
ent. The leading term corresponds to
the /? effect and has the following
properties:
1. M i n i m u m value of 1.0, w h i c h
occurs at /? = 0.5.
2. Increasing punching shear effi-
ciency at larger and smaller /? -
ratios; this is comparable to the
20 30 40 50 60
theoretical results for circular T-
R/t *y CHORD THINNESS RATIO joints, Fig. 6.
3. Where/?approaches its limits (0
Fig. 8 — Empirical design curve — static strength and 1.0), punching shear is limited
by the shear strength of the mate-
rial (or by other considerations
such as w e b crippling).
Test data (Ref. 10) for the specific
case of 5 x 5 x 0.187 chord are also
plotted in Fig. 1 1 . Failure w a s defined
as w h e n joint deformation reached
3% of chord width. The strength in-
crease for /? -ratios over 0.5 appears
to be confirmed, w i t h the test data
showing strengths ranging from 1.5
to 1.8 times the computed "upper
bound" limit load. This reserve
strength undoubtedly comes from
some of the same sources discussed
^ above for circular tube connections.
For/? -ratios under 0.5, however,
the test data show equation (3) to be
increasingly less conservative as /?
decreases. The dotted line (Fig. 11)
represents a punching shear criteria
w h i c h is independent of the j3 -ratio,
Fig. 9 — Load redistribution. First yielding occurs at hot spot A. Cross hatched yield line is given by:
analogous to plastic hinge in a continuous frame. Full strength of ring AB is reached when
yielding also occurs at B, after considerable angle change at hot spot. Ring AB continues to v„ = f o r / ? < 0.5 (3a)
deform at constant load while rest of joint catches up, resulting in more uniform load dis- 0.5 Y
tribution. Limit load of joint is reached when ring CD and stringer CE also yield. Deformed
shape is indicated by dashed lines
Note that this straight sloping line
goes through the origin; total joint
capacity goes to zero as the brace
punching shear capacity of tubular of plastic design, the ultimate punch- perimeter and/3 -ratio also approach
connections was gained from consid- ing shear stress v p is obtained as: zero. The combination of equations
eration of a limit analysis of square (3) and (3a) results in criteria w i t h
tubes. Using the yield line pattern of 0.25 more or less consistent safety factors
Fig. 11 and the upper bound theorem i o (3) throughout the range of/?.
/?(!-/?) o.5*y
WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT! 195-s
60 Japanese Research
SPECIFIC RESULTS A simplified limit analysis of cross
FOR 5X5X.I87 CHORD joints w i t h circular tubes has been re-
MATERIAL L I M I T / ported (Ref. 11), w h i c h employs the
50- v p = 0 . 4 Fy^ physical model of Fig. 1 2 to derive an
expression for theoretical ultimate
strength w h i c h can be reduced to the
following:
40
0-5 B,
LIMIT ANALYSIS (4)
0.25 Fy
0(1-0) 2 TR
1 9 6 - s I MAY 1974
and Q»=1.0 for/?<0.6
Interaction Effects
Japanese data (Ref. 11), showing
the extent to w h i c h axial load in the
chord member reduces its capacity to
carry punching shear, are plotted in
Fig. 13. The proposed modifier Q f for
interaction effects would be used in
design as follows:
_ 0.4 CHORD Allowable v = (6)
cr AREA Ac
0.3
t
Pmax Of-Qs
0.9xY°?
0.2-
0.1 - where Q f = 1.22 - 0.5 |U| for | U | > 0 . 4 4
Qf=1.0 for|U|<0.44
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
COMPRESSION TENSION and |U|= chord utilization ratio at the
CHORD UTILIZATION RATIO
connection.
U =
FyTc"
Fig. 13 — Interaction effects of stress in chord
SHEAR ON 9"
^ H E A R ON 6' SHEAR ON 2.5 VERT. WELD
OVERLAP WELD OVERLAP WELD BEARING ON LEG
198-s I M A Y 19 7 4
Table 2 — Fatigue Categories
Stress
category Situation Kinds of s t r e s s ' 3 '
cient number of fluctuations of stress. to a safety factor of 3 on computed ual stresses develop. W h a t is usually
Where the fatigue environment i n - fatigue life. A n alternative approach, measured on the actual structure (or a
volves stress cycles of varying magni- w h i c h w i l l be presented here, is to scale model) is the strain range, w i t h
tude and varying numbers of applica- use fatigue curves w h i c h fall on the the zero point undefined. The con-
tions, failure is usually assumed to safe side of most of the data. It might stant strain range approximation is in
occur (or reach a given probability be noted that a linear cumulative fair agreement w i t h the results of fa-
level) w h e n the cumulative damage damage rule is consistent w i t h the tigue tests on practical as-welded
ratio, D, reaches unity, w h e r e fracture mechanics approach to joints, particularly in the low cycle
fatigue crack propagation (Ref. 14). range.
D = 2 n/ N (8) Fatigue criteria are presented as a
Stress fluctuations will be defined
and n = number of cycles applied at a in terms of stress range, the peak-to- set of S-N design curves (Fig. 16) for
given stress range trough magnitude of these fluctua- the various situations categorized in
N = number of cycles at that tions. Mean stress is ignored. In w e l d - Table 2.
stress range corresponding ed structures w e usually do not know Curves A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are
to failure (or a given probabil- the zero point, as there are residual consistent w i t h AISC fatigue criteria
ity of failure) stresses as high as yield w h i c h result (Ref. 15), w h i c h appear in turn to re-
Some designers limit the damage from the heat of w e l d i n g . Where flect the data published earlier by
ratio to 0.33 w h e n using median or there is localized plastic deformation WRC (Ref. 16). Curves rather than
best fit fatigue curves, corresponding during shakedown, a new set of resid- tabulated (step function) allowables
TEE
100
E' . LAP
©
T
o7 w*
CYCLES, N
ate u s e d b e c a u s e t h e y a r e m o r e a p -
propriate to tubular structures ex-
p o s e d t o a c o n t i n u o u s s p e c t r u m of
c y c l i c l o a d s . In t h e s e s i m p l e s i t u a - Fig. 22 — Fatigue curves E and E' nominal member stress at fil-
t i o n s t h e n o m i n a l m e m b e r s t r e s s (f a + let welds and complex joints
fb) f a i r l y w e l l r e p r e s e n t s t h e a c t u a l
s t r e s s as w o u l d b e m e a s u r e d a d j a -
cent to t h e w e l d . See Fig. 17. p e r i m e n t a l ( R e f s . 4 , 7), a n a l y s i s of t h e actual a s - w e l d e d h a r d w a r e — tubular
C u r v e X is b a s e d o n c u r r e n t d e s i g n c o n n e c t i o n . C a t e g o r y X is c o n s i s t e n t connections, pressure vessels, lab-
p r a c t i c e s f o r o f f s h o r e s t r u c t u r e s (Ref. w i t h category C since the local oratory models and prototype failures
8). T h e r e l e v a n t s t r e s s f o r f a t i g u e f a i l - t r a n s v e r s e stress adjacent to the — f r o m a v a r i e t y of s o u r c e s ( R e f s . 1 3 ,
u r e of t u b u l a r c o n n e c t i o n s is t h e h o t w e l d is c o n s i d e r e d i n b o t h c a s e s . In 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 ) . In t h e l o w
spot stress measured adjacent to t h e t h e r a n g e of i n e l a s t i c s t r e s s e s a n d cycle range, the design curve corre-
w e l d , as s h o w n in Fig. 1 8 . T h i s is l o w c y c l e f a t i g u e (Ref. 1 7 ) it is m o r e sponds to roughly 9 5 % survival (5%
usually considerably higher t h a n t h e r e a l i s t i c t o d e a l i n t e r m s of h o t s p o t failure probability) based on test data
nominal m e m b e r stress, and w o u l d strain rather than stress. w h i c h are spread out over a scatter
n o r m a l l y be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m a d e - T h e d a t a p l o t t e d in F i g . 1 8 r e p r e - b a n d m o r e t h a n o n e log c y c l e w i d e .
t a i l e d t h e o r e t i c a l ( R e f s . 5, 6), or e x - s e n t h o t s p o t s t r e s s (or s t r a i n ) f r o m W i t h i n t h i s r a n g e , all s t r u c t u r a l q u a l -
200-s I M A Y 19 74
ity steels show similar fatigue also that for some connections of this eral Requirements for the Metal Arc Weld-
behavior, independent of yield type curve E is too conservative but ing of Structural Steel Tubes to B.S. 1775.
strength in the range of 36 to 100 ksi: unfortunately at this stage no distinc- 4. Toprac, A. A., et al., "Welded Tubular
Differences w h i c h s h o w up for tion can be made. Connections: An Investigation of Stresses
smooth polished laboratory spec- Curves D, E, F, and G are limited to in T-Joints" Welding Journal, Vol. 45, No.
imens in the high cycle range simply 1, January 1966, Res. Suppl., pp. 1-s to
situations in w h i c h nominal member
do not apply to practical as-welded 12-s.
stresses represent actual load 5. Dundrova, V., Stresses at Intersec-
(notched) hardware subjected to local- transfer across the weld. Curve G' is tion of Tubes — Cross and T-Joints, The
ized plastic strains in the presence of shifted d o w n to a factor of 2.0 to University of Texas, S.F.R.L. Technical
a corrosive environment (e.g., sea- account for the uneven distribution of Report P-550-5( 1966).
water). load transfer across the w e l d at the 6. Greste, Ojars, A Computer Program
Little data are available for the high tube-to-tube intersection (Ref. 5). for the Analysis of Tubular K-Joints,
cycle range, over 2 x 10 6 cycles. In The data supporting the empirical University of California Structural Engi-
the presence of initial flows a n d / o r design curves, T, K, D', and E' general- neering Lab. Report No. 69-19(1969).
corrosive environments, there is no ly show more scatter than the more 7. Beale, L. A., and Toprac, A. A.,
Analysis of In-Plane T, Y and K Welded
endurance limit, and the fatigue basic data of Fig. 18, primarily be- Tubular Connections, Welding Research
strength continues to drop off. cause they neglect some of the rele- Council Bulletin 125, New York, N.Y., Oc-
Unfortunately, use of curve X re- vant factors, and only represent tober 1967.
quires knowledge of stress concentra- "typical" connection geometries. 8. Marshall, P. W., et at, "Materials
tion factors and hot spot stresses Where actual stress concentration Problems in Offshore Platforms," Offshore
w i t h i n the tubular connections — factors are k n o w n , the use of curve X Technology Conference Preprint No. OTC
information w h i c h would not be avail- is to be preferred. 1043(1969).
able to many designers. However, Because of the uncertainty and 9. Reber, J. B„ "Ultimate Strength De-
anyone should be able to calculate sign of Tubular Joints," Offshore Technol-
scatter involved, calculated fatigue
punching shear (equation 1) and ogy Conference Preprint No. OTC 1664
lives should be taken w i t h a healthy (1972).
make use of the empirical design
amount of skepticism, and should be 10. Graff, W. J., "Welded Tubular Con-
curves T and K (Figs. 19 and 20) for
viewed more as a design guideline nections of Rectangular and Circular Hol-
cyclic punching shear in, respec-
than as an absolute requirement of low Sections," paper for presentation to
tively, T and K connections. These are
the code. the Texas Section, ASCE, El Paso, October
based on data assembled by Toprac 8-10,1970.
(Ref. 21) from tests in w h i c h the 11. Toprac, A. A., et at, Studies on
chord thinness ratio,"/ , was limited Concluding Remarks
Tubular Joints in Japan — Part I — Review
to the range of 1 8 to 24. Thus the of Research Reports, report prepared for
The criteria presented have been
curves may err on the safe side for Welding Research Council, Tubular Struc-
developed primarily on the basis of re-
very heavy chord members ( 7 under tures Committee, September, 1968.
search and experience w i t h fixed off-
1 8), and they could be unconservative 12. Bouwkamp, J. G., Research on
shore platforms. These structures are Tubular Connections in Structural Work,
for chords w i t h 7 over 24. Since the
theoretical elastic punching shear highly redundant, and localized tubu- Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 7 1 ,
efficiency (Fig. 6) varies inversely lar joint failures can occur w i t h o u t 1961.
w i t h y ° - 7 , it is suggested that, for leading to collapse of the structure. 13. Bell, A. O., and Walker, R. C,
chords having y greater than 24, the One purpose in presenting this "Stresses Experienced by an Offshore
allowable cyclic punching shear be re- paper is to let potential designers of Mobile Drilling Unit," Offshore Tech-
other classes of tubular structures nology Conference Preprint No. OTC 1440
duced in proportion to ( 2 4 / Y ) 0 7 .
see just how the data fall relative to (1971).
Once failure of the chord in the 14. Becker, J. F., et at, "Fatigue Failure
the proposed criteria, and w h a t the
punching shear mode has been pre- of Welded Tubular Joints," Offshore Tech-
scatter is, so that they may be in a nology Conference Preprint No. OTC 1 228
vented, by the use of heavy wall position to evaluate the suitability of
"joint c a n s " or by means of other (1970).
the criteria for their particular applica- 15. American Institute of Steel Con-
joint reinforcement, the problem of
tion. struction, Specifications for Design, Fab-
possible fatigue failure in the braces rication and Erection of Structural Steel
Also, it is hoped that, as additional
remains. In simple joints, localized for Buildings, New York, N.Y., February 12,
data become available, they w i l l be
stresses in the brace may reach 2.5 1969.
compared against the criteria and
times nominal f a + f b due to non-uni- 16. Munse, W. H., and Grover, L., Fa-
form load transfer (a factor of about 2, data given herein. Such comparison,
tigue of Welded Steel Structures, Welding
Fig. 5), restraint to Poisson's-ratio discussion, and re-examination
Research Council, New York, N.Y. 1964.
breathing (a factor of 1.6 for perfect should eventually lead to a better 17. Peterson, R. E., "Fatigue of Metals
axisymmetric restraint), and continu- design. in Engineering and Design," ASTM Mar-
ity w i t h the severely deformed chord. The authors are indebted to their burg Lecture, 1962.
Accordingly, curve D' (Fig. 21) w h e n colleagues in the various API, A W S , 18. Kooistra, L. F., Lange, E. A., and
applied to nominal brace stress takes WRC, and ASCE task groups con- Pickett, A. G., "Full-Size Pressure Vessel
these factors into account. Data cerned w i t h welded tubular struc- Testing and its Application to Design,"
tures, w h o s e prodding and comments ASME Paper 63-Wa-293, 1 963.
points are for thick walled simple
helped shape the guidelines present- 19. Bouwkamp, J. G., Tubular Joints
joints tested by Bouwkamp et al (Refs. Under Static and Alternating Loads, Uni-
14, 19), for w h i c h failure occurred in ed here.
versity of California, Structures and Mate-
the brace (branch member) rather References rials Research Report No. 66-15, Berk-
than in the chord (main member). 1. API Recommended Practice for Plan- eley, June 1966.
Where some other form of joint re- ning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed 20. Toprac, A. A., and Natarajan, M.,An
inforcement is used (such as brace Offshore Platforms, API RP 2A, Fourth Investigation of Welded Tubular Joints:
overlap, gussets, or rings) localized Edition (1973). Progress Report, International Institute of
2. American Welding Society Structural Welding Comm. XV Doc. XV-265-69, June
stresses in the brace may become
Welding Code, AWS D1.1 -72 (1 972). 1969.
larger and more difficult to ascertain 3. British Standard 449-1959 Appendix 21. Toprac, A. A., Design Consid-
and thus have to be designed accord- C, "Determination of the Length of the erations for Welded Tubular Connections,
ing to curve E' (Fig. 22), w h i c h implies Curve of Intersection of a Tube with An- Report prepared for Welding Research
stress concentration factors as high other Tube or with a Flat Plate", and Council, Tubular Structures Committee,
as 6. However, it should be stated British Standard 938-1 962, Spec, for Gen- December 1970.
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202-s I M A Y 19 7 4