MA6151 Mathematics I Lecture Notes

UNIT I: MATRIX
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Let ‘A’ be a given matrix. Let ߣ be a scalar. The equation det ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉሿ‫ݎ݋‬ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉȁ ൌ Ͳis called the
characteristic equation of the matrix A.
૚ ૝
1. Find the Characteristic equation of A = ቀ ቁ
૛ ૜
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.ߣଶ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A
& ‫ܦ‬ଶ = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁǤTherefore ‫ܦ‬ଵ = 4 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = -5 implies that ߣଶ െ Ͷߣ െ ͷ ൌ ͲǤ
૚ ૙ ૜
2. Find the Characteristic equation of A = ൭૛ ૚ െ૚൱
૚ െ૚ ૚
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.,ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ =
Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 3 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = -1 &
‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ െͻ implies that ߣଷ െ ͵ߣଶ െ ߣ ൅ ͻ ൌ Ͳ Ǥ
EIGEN VALUE
The values of ߣ obtained from the characteristic equation ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉȁ ൌ Ͳ are called the Eigen values of A.
EIGEN VECTOR
Let A be a square matrix of order ‘n’ and ߣ be a scalar, X be a nonzero column vector such that AX = ߣX.
‫ݔ‬ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ۊ ۇ‬
The non-zero column vector ܺ ൌ ‫ ۈ‬ǤǤ ‫ ۋ‬which satisfies ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉሿܺ ൌ Ͳ is called eigen vector or latent
Ǥ
‫ݔ‬
‫ ۉ‬௡‫ی‬
vector.
LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EIGEN VECTOR
Let ‘A’ be the matrix whose columns are eigen vectors.
(i) If ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ then the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
(ii) If ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ് Ͳ then the eigen vectors are linearly independent.
െ૛ ૛ െ૜
1. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of ࡭ൌ൭ ૛ ૚ െ૟൱
െ૚ െ૛ ૙
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.ǡ ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
1
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 18 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = 45 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ implies thatߣଷ െ ͳͺ ߣଶ ൅ Ͷͷߣ ൌ ͲǤ
ߣ ൌ െ͵ǡ െ͵ǡͷܽ‫ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݄݊݁݃݅݁݁ݐ݁ݎ‬
To find eigen vector : By the definition we have ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ie., (‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
െ૛ െ ߣ ૛ െ૜ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ ૛ ૚െߣ െ૟൱ ൭‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺͳሻ
െ૚ െ૛ െߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
CASE (I) : When λ= -3 , Substituting in (1) we get
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ ;ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ;െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ฺ If ߣଵ ൌ Ͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭͵൱
଴ ଷ ଶ
ʹ
CASE (ii) : When λ= 5 , Substituting in (1) we get
െ͹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ; ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ;െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ଵ ൌ ଶ ൌ ିଵ ൌ ݇ ฺ If ߣଶ ൌ Ͳ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ ʹ ൱
െͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
The eigen vectors are ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ൭͵൱ Ǣ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ൭͵൱ Ǣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ൭ ʹ ൱
ʹ ʹ െͳ
Since the eigen values are repeated the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
૙ ૚ ૚
2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of ࡭ ൌ ൭૚ ૙ ૚൱
૚ ૚ ૙
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.ǡ ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ. Where
‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 0 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ ቚ ቚ൅ቚ ቚ൅ቚ ቚ ൌ െ͵ & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ ʹ implies thatߣଷ െ ͵ߣ െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ߣ ൌ െͳǡ െͳǡʹܽ‫ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݄݊݁݃݅݁݁ݐ݁ݎ‬
૙െߣ ૚ ૚ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ ૚ ૙െߣ ‫ݔ‬
૚ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺͳሻ
૚ ૚ ૙ െ ߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
૚ ૚ ૚ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
CASE (I) : When λ= -1 , Substituting in (1) we get ൭૚ ૚ ૚൱ ൭‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱
૚ ૚ ૚ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
All the three equations reduce to one and the same equation ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬Two of the unknowns, say ‫ݔ‬ଵ and ‫ݔ‬ଶ are to be treated as free variables. Taking ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͳ and‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ,
we get ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െͳ and taking ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳ and ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ, we get ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െͳ.
2
ͳ Ͳ
‫ܺ ׵‬ଵ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱ ܽ݊݀ܺଶ ൌ ൭ ͳ ൱
െͳ െͳ
െ૛ ૚ ૚ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
CASE (ii) : When λ= 2 , Substituting in (1) we get ൭ ૚ െ૛ ‫ݔ‬
૚ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ ൱
૚ ૚ െ૛ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ; ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ;‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య ௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ฺ ൌ ൌ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଵ ଵ ଵ
ͳ
‫ܺ ׵‬ଷ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ͳ
ͳ Ͳ ͳ
The eigen vectors are ܺଵ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱ Ǣܺଶ ൌ ൭ ͳ ൱ ܽ݊݀ܺଷ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
െͳ െͳ ͳ
Though two of the eigen values are equal, the eigen vectors are ܺଵ ǡ ܺଶ ǡ ܺଷ are linearly independent.
NOTE:
(i) The eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.
(ii) If all the eigen values of a matrix are distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors are linearly
independent.
(iii) If two or more eigen values are equal, then the eigen vectors may be linearly indenpent or linearly
dependent.
PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:
Property 1: (I) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of the principal
diagonal (trace of the matrix). i.e.,ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ
(ii)The product of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
i.e.,ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Property 2: A square matrix A and its transpose ‫ ்ܣ‬have the same Eigen values.
Property 3: The characteristic roots of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.
ଵ
Property 4: If ߣ is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then λ ǡ ሺλ ് Ͳሻis the Eigen value of ‫ିܣ‬ଵ
ଵ
Property 5: If ߣ is an Eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A, then λ ǡ ሺλ ് Ͳሻis also its Eigen value.
Property 6: If ߣଵ ǡ ߣଶ ǡ ߣଷ ǡ ǥ ߣ௡ are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then ‫ܣ‬௠ has the Eigen
valuesߣଵ௠ ǡ ߣ௠ ௠ ௠
ଶ ǡ ߣଷ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ߣ௡ (m being a positive integer)
Property7: If ߣଵ ǡ ߣଶ ǡ ߣଷ ǡ ǥ ߣ௡ are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then ݇ߣଵ ǡ ݇ߣଶ ǡ ݇ߣଷ ǡ ǥ ݇ߣ௡ are the Eigen
valuesof the matrix KA.
3
Property 8: Property7: If ߣଵ ǡ ߣଶ ǡ ߣଷ ǡ ǥ ߣ௡ are the Eigen values of a matrix A and if K is a scalar then
ߣଵ െ ‫ܭ‬ǡ ߣଶ െ ‫ܭ‬ǡ ߣଷ െ ݇ǡ ǥ ߣ௡ െ ݇ are the Eigen valuesof the matrix A-KI.
Property 9: The Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real numbers.
Property 10: The Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are
orthogonal.
Property 11: The similar matrices have same Eigen values.
Property 12: Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different Eigen values are orthogonal.
Property 13: If A and B are ݊ ൈ ݊matrices and B is a non singular matrix then A and ‫ି ܤ‬ଵ ‫ ܤܣ‬have same
Eigen values.
Property 14: Two Eigen vectors ܺଵ and ܺଶ are called orthogonal vectors if ܺଵ் ܺଶ ൌ Ͳ
Property 15: If ߣଵ ǡ ߣଶ ǡ ߣଷ ǡ ǥ ߣ௡ be distinct Eigen values of a ݊ ൈ ݊ matrix then corresponding Eigen
vectors ܺଵ ǡ ܺଶǡ ܺଷǡ ܺସ ǡ ǥܺ௡ form a linearly independent set.
Note: The absolute value of a determinant (|detA|) is the product of the absolute values of the eigen values
of matrix A.
c = 0 is an eigen value of A if A is a singular (noninvertible) matrix
· If A is a n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower triangular) or diagonal matrix, the eigen
values of A are the diagonal entries of A.
· A and its transpose matrix have same eigen values.
· Eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all real.
· Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix are orthogonal, but only for distinct eigen values.
· The dominant or principal eigen vector of a matrix is an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen
value of largest magnitude (for real numbers, largest absolute value) of that matrix.
· For a transition matrix, the dominant eigen value is always 1.
· The smallest eigen value of matrix A is the same as the inverse (reciprocal) of the largest eigen value
-1
of A ; i.e. of the inverse of A.
૚ ૚ ૞
1. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =൭૚ ૞ ૚൱
૜ ૚ ૚
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ &ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+5+1= 7 & Product of the Eigen values = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
i.e., ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ 1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Thereforeߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ͹ &ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ െ͸Ͷ
4
૚ ૚ ૚
2. If A =൭૚ ૛ ૛൱ write down the sum and product of the Eigen values of A.
૚ ૛ ૜
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ &ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+2+3= 6 & Product of the Eigen values = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Ie, ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ 1(6-4)-1(3-2) +1(2-2) = 2-1 =1. Thereforeߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ͸ & ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ͳ
૛ ૙ ૚
3. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =൭૙ ૛ ૙൱
૚ ૙ ૛
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ & ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =6 & Product of the Eigen values = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ =6
૚ ૛
4. Prove that the Eigen values of െ૜࡭ି૚ are the same as those of A = ቀ ቁ
૛ ૚
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A isȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0
ie.ߣଶ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Therefore ‫ܦ‬ଵ = 2 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = -3 implies that ߣଶ െ ʹߣ െ ͵ ൌ Ͳ . Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.
ଵ ଵ
(By the property of Eigen values we know that if ߣଵ Ƭߣଶ are eigen values A then ఒ & ఒ are eigen
భ మ
ିଵ
values of ‫ܣ‬ also if െ݇ߣଵ Ƭെ݇ߣଶ are eigen values -kA)
ଵ
Since Eigen values of A are 3 and -1. Eigen values of ‫ିܣ‬ଵ areଷ Ƭ െ ͳ
Therefore Eigen values of െ͵‫ିܣ‬ଵ are -1 and 3.
5. If the Sum of the two eigen values and trace of ૜ ൈ ૜ matrix A are equal. Find the value of ȁ࡭ȁǤ
Solution: Let ߣଵ ǡ ߣଶ ǡ Ƭߣଷ be the eigen values of A. From the property of Eigen values we know that
ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ & ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁǤ Given ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ that is
ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ implies that ߣଷ ൌ Ͳ
Therefore Product of the Eigen values = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ൐ ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
6. Prove that if X is an eigen vector of A corresponding to the eigen value λ. Then for any nonzero
scalar multiple of A, X is an eigen vector.
Solution: By definition of eigen values ‫ܺܣ‬௥ ൌ ߣ௥ ܺ௥ → (1) Pre multiplying by k on both sides of (1)
ሺ݇‫ܣ‬ሻܺ௥ ൌ ሺ݇ߣ௥ ሻܺ௥ ൌ൐ ݇ߣ௥ is the Eigen values of (kA) & ܺ௥ is the Eigen vector of (kA).
5
૛ ૛ ૚
7. Two eigen values of a matrix A =൭૚ ૜ ૚൱ are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of A &࡭ି૚ .
૚ ૛ ૛
Solution: From the property of Eigen values we know thatߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൅ ߣଷ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ .
Given ߣଵ ൌ ߣଶ ൌ ͳ ‫ ʹ ׵‬൅ ߣଷ ൌ ʹ ൅ ͵ ൅ ʹ ൌ ͹ ൌ൐ ߣଷ ൌ ͷ . Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.
ଵ ଵ
(By the property of Eigen values we know that if ߣଵ Ƭߣଶ are eigen values A then ఒభ
& ఒమ
are eigen
ଵ
values of ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ) Therefore the Eigen values of ‫ିܣ‬ଵ are 1, 1,ହ .
૛ ૜ ૚
8. Find the eigen value of A = ቀ ቁ corresponding to the eigen vector ቀ ቁ .
૙ ૝ ૙
ʹെߣ ͵ ͳ Ͳ
Solution: By the definition we have ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ie. (‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ቀ ቁቀ ቁ ൌ ቀ ቁ
Ͳ Ͷെߣ Ͳ Ͳ
2-ߣ =0 ൌ൐ 2 =ߣଵ .BY property ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ൌ൐ ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ = 6 ൌ൐ ߣଶ ൌ Ͷ. Therefore eigen
values of A are 2 and 6.
9. If A is an orthogonal matrix. Show that ࡭ି૚ is also orthogonal matrix.

Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ ்ܣ‬.Implies that (A‫ )ܫ= ܣ ்ܣ = ்ܣ‬Let B = ‫ିܣ‬ଵ , to prove
B is orthogonal we have to check ‫ ܤ ் ܤ = ் ܤܤ‬ൌ ‫ܫ‬.
To prove: ‫ିܣ= ் ܤܤ‬ଵ ሺ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ሻ் ൌ ‫ ்ܣ‬ሺ‫ ்ܣ‬ሻ் =‫ܫ= ܣ ்ܣ‬, Since ሺ‫ ்ܣ‬ሻ் =A.
ࢇ ૝
10. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix ቀ ቁ has 3 and -2 as its eigen values.
૚ ࢈
Solution: BY propertyߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൌ ܽଵଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ & ߣଵ ߣଶ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ൐ ߣଵ ൅ ߣଶ ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ & ߣଵ ߣଶ ൌ ܾܽ െ Ͷ
Given ߣଵ ൌ ͵Ƭߣଶ ൌ െʹ ൌ൐ ܽ ൅ ܾ = 1ൌ൐ ܾ ൌ ͳ െ & -6ൌ ܾܽ െ Ͷ ൌ൐ ܾܽ ൌ െʹ Therefore
a(1-a)=-2 ൌ൐ ܽଶ െ ܽ െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ a = 2 & a = -1.ൌ൐ b = -1 & b = 2. Therefore when a=-1 then b=2
and when a = 2 then b = -1.
૞ ૝
11. Given that ࡭ ൌ ቀ ቁ verify that eigen values of ࡭૛ are the squares of those of A.
૚ ૛
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0
i.e.,ߣଶ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁǤTherefore ‫ܦ‬ଵ = 7 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = 6 implies that
ߣଶ െ ͹ߣ ൅ ͸ ൌ ͲǤ Eigen values are 1 & 6.
ʹͻ ʹͺ ʹͻ െ ߣ ʹͺ
‫ܣ‬ଶ ൌ ቀ ቁ ‫ ׵‬The Characteristic equation of ‫ܣ‬ଶ is ቚ ቚ =0
͹ ͺ ͹ ͺെߣ
ߣଶ െ ͵͹ߣ ൅ ͵͸ ൌ ͲǤ ‫ ׵‬Eigen values of ‫ܣ‬ଶ are 1 and 36, that are the squares of the eigen values of A,
namely 1 and 6.
6
૟ െ૛ ૛
12. The product of two eigen values of the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൭െ૜ ૜ െ૚൱ is 14. Find the third eigen
૛ െ૚ ૜
value.
ȁ஺ȁ ଶ଼
Solution: By the property ߣଵ ߣଶ ߣଷ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ . Given that ߣଵ ߣଶ ൌ ͳͶ ‫ߣ ׵‬ଷ ൌ ఒ ൌ ଵସ ൌ ʹ.
భ ఒమ
૝ ૚
13. Find the eigen values of૛࡭૛ ǡ ࢏ࢌ࡭ ൌ ቀ ቁ.
૜ ૛
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0
i.e.,ߣଶ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁǤTherefore ‫ܦ‬ଵ = 6 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = 5 implies that
ߣଶ െ ͸ߣ ൅ ͷ ൌ ͲǤ Eigen values are 1 & 5.
By the property ߣଵ ଶ ܽ݊݀ߣଶ ଶ ܽ‫ܣ݂݋ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݄݊݁݃݅݁݁ݐ݁ݎ‬ଶ .
(i.e.) 1 & 25 are the eigen values of ‫ܣ‬ଶ .
‫ ׵‬The eigen values of ʹ‫ܣ‬ଶ are 2(1) & 2(25) = 2, 50.
૜ ૚ ૝
14. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of ൌ ൭૙ ૛ ૟൱ .
૙ ૙ ૞
Solution: By the property “The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements”.
Eigen values of A = 3, 2, 5.
Sum of the squares of the eigen values of A =9+4+25 =38.
૜ ૙ ૙
15. Find the sum of the eigen values of the inverse of ൌ ൭ૡ ૝ ૙൱ .
૟ ૛ ૞
Solution: By the property “The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements”.
Eigen values of A = 3, 4, 5.
ଵ
By the property ఒ ݅‫ିܣ݂݋݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݄݊݁݃݅݁݁ݐݏ‬ଵ .
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ିܣ݂݋݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݊݁݃݅ܧ ׵‬ଵ ൌ ଷ ǡ ସ ǡ ହ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ସ଻
Sum of the eigen values of ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ଷ ൅ ସ ൅ ହ ൌ ଺଴.
CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM:

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
7
This means that, if ܿ଴ ߣ௡ ൅ ܿଵ ߣ௡ିଵ ൅ ܿଶ ߣ௡ିଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ܿ௡ିଵ ߣ ൅ ܿ௡ ൌ Ͳ is the characteristic equation of a
square matrix A of order n, ܿ଴ ‫ܣ‬௡ ൅ ܿଵ ‫ܣ‬௡ିଵ ൅ ܿଶ ‫ܣ‬௡ିଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ܿ௡ିଵ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ܿ௡ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ , where I is the unit matrix of
order n.
1. If A is non singular matrix then we can get࡭ି૚ , using this theorem
ିଵ
‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ௔బ
ሾܽଵ ‫ ܫ‬൅ ܽଶ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ܽଷ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬Ǥ Ǥ ൅ܽ௡ ‫ܣ‬௡ିଵ ሿ
2. Higher positive integral powers of A can be computed

ିଵ
‫ܣ‬௡ାଵ ൌ ௔బ
ሾܽ଴ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ܽଵ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ܽଶ ‫ܣ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬Ǥ Ǥ ൅ܽ௡ିଵ ‫ܣ‬௡ ሿ
૜ െ૚
1. Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = ቀ ቁ
െ૚ ૞
Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley
Hamilton theorem. The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0
ie.,ߣଶ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Therefore ‫ܦ‬ଵ = 8 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = 14 implies that ߣଶ െ ͺߣ ൅ ͳͶ ൌ Ͳ We have to check ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͳͶ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
͵ െͳ ͵ െͳ ͳͲ െͺ ʹͶ െͺ
A2 = ቀ ቁቀ ቁ=ቀ ቁ & 8A = ቀ ቁ
െͳ ͷ െͳ ͷ െͺ ʹ͸ െͺ ͶͲ
L.H.S = ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͳͶ‫ܫ‬
ͳͲ െͺ ʹͶ െͺ ͳͶ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
=ቀ ቁെቀ ቁ൅ቀ ቁ=ቀ ቁ=R.H.Sൌ൐Cayley Hamilton theorem is
െͺ ʹ͸ െͺ ͶͲ Ͳ ͳͶ Ͳ Ͳ
verified.
૚ ૝
2. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find ࡭ି૚ given A=ቀ ቁ
૛ ૜
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 i.e.,ߣଶ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace
of A & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁǤTherefore ‫ܦ‬ଵ = 4 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = -5 implies that ߣଶ െ Ͷߣ െ ͷ ൌ ͲǤ By Cayley Hamilton
theorem we have ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬െ ͷ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1) , Premultiplying by ‫ିܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1) we get
ଵ ଵ െ͵ Ͷ
‫ିܣ‬ଵ =ହ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ܫ‬ሿ ൌ൐ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ = ቀ ቁ
ହ െʹ െͳ
૚ ૙ ૜
3. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find ࡭ି૚ for A = ൭૛ ૚ െ૚൱
૚ െ૚ ૚
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.,ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͲWhere ‫ܦ‬ଵ
= Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 3 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ = -1
& ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ െͻ implies thatߣଷ െ 3 ߣଶ െ ߣ ൅ ͻ ൌ ͲǤ
8
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ ͵‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͻ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1) Premultiplying
ଵ
by ‫ିܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1) we get ‫ିܣ‬ଵ =ଽ ሾെ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬ሿ
െͶ ͵ െ͸ ͵ Ͳ ͻ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ିଵ ଵ
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ =ଽ ൥൭െ͵ െʹ െͶ൱ ൅ ൭͸ ͵ െ͵൱ ൅ ൭Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൱൩
Ͳ ʹ െͷ ͵ െ͵ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ͵ ͵
ଵ
ൌ൐ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ =ଽ ൥൭͵ ʹ െ͹൱൩
͵ െͳ െͳ
૚ ૛ െ૛
4. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find ࡭ି૚ for A = ൭െ૚ ૜ ૙൱
૙ െ૛ ૚
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.,ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͲWhere
‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 5 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =9
& ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ implies thatߣଷ െ 5 ߣଶ ൅ ͻߣ െ ͳ ൌ ͲǤ (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 5 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͻ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1) , Premultiplying by ‫ିܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1)
we get ‫ିܣ‬ଵ = ሾ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͻ‫ܫ‬ሿ
െͳ ͳʹ െͶ ͷ ͳͲ െͳͲ ͻ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ = ൥൭െͶ ͹ ʹ ൱ െ ൭ െͷ ͳͷ Ͳ ൱ ൅ ൭ Ͳ ͻ Ͳ൱൩
ʹ െͺ ͳ Ͳ െͳͲ ͷ Ͳ Ͳ ͻ
͵ ʹ ͸
ିଵ
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ = ൥൭ͳ ͳ ʹ൱൩
ʹ ʹ ͷ
െ૚ ૙ ૜
5. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find ࡭ି૚ for A = ൭ ૡ ૚ െૠ൱
െ૜ ૙ ૡ
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.,ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͲWhere
‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 8 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =8
& ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ implies thatߣଷ െ 8 ߣଶ ൅ ͺߣ െ ͳ ൌ Ͳ (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
‫ܣ‬ଷ െ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1)
Premultiplying by ‫ିܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1) we get‫ିܣ‬ଵ = ሾ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͺ‫ܫ‬ሿ
െͺ Ͳ ʹͳ െͺ Ͳ ʹͶ ͺ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ = ൥൭ ʹͳ ͳ െ͵ͻ൱ െ ൭ ͸Ͷ ͺ െͷ͸൱ ൅ ൭Ͳ ͺ Ͳ൱൩
െʹͳ Ͳ ͷͷ െʹͶ Ͳ ͸Ͷ Ͳ Ͳ ͺ
9
ͺ Ͳ െ͵
ൌ൐ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ = ൥൭െͶ͵ ͳ ͳ͹ ൱൩
͵ Ͳ െͳ
૛ ૚ ૚
૞ ૛
6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find ࡭ interms of ࡭ , A & I of A = ൭૙ ૚ ૙൱
૚ ૚ ૛
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.,ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 5 &
‫ܦ‬ଶ =7 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͵ implies thatߣଷ െ 5 ߣଶ ൅ ͹ߣ െ ͵ ൌ Ͳ
theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check : ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 5 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͹‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ݅ሻ
Consider L.H.S of (I) : ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 5 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͹‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ܫ‬
ͳͶ ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ʹͷ ʹͲ ʹͲ ͳͶ ͹ ͹ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ
= ൭Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ൱- ൭ Ͳ ͷ Ͳ൱൅൭Ͳ ͹ Ͳ ൱ െ ൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൱
ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͳͶ ʹͲ ʹͲ ʹͷ ͹ ͹ ͳͶ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
=൥൭Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൱൩ = R.H.S of (i)
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Therefore C.H.T is verified.
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 5 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͹‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1) ,
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ଷ = ሾͷ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͹‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵‫ܫ‬ሿ
ʹͷ ʹͲ ʹͲ ͳͶ ͹ ͹ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ
= ൥൭ Ͳ ͷ Ͳ ൱ െ ൭ Ͳ ͹ Ͳ ൱ ൅ ൭ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൱൩
ʹͲ ʹͲ ʹͷ ͹ ͹ ͳͶ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
ͳͶ ͳ͵ ͳ͵
=൭ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൱
ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͳͶ
Premultiplying by ‫ܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1) we get

ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ସ = ሾͷ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ ͹‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ܣ‬ଵ ሿ ………(2)
ͳͶ ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͷ Ͷ Ͷ ʹ ͳ ͳ
=ͷ ൭ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ൱ െ ͹ ൭Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൱ ൅ ͵ ൭Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൱
ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͳͶ Ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͳ ͳ ʹ
Ͷͳ ͶͲ ͶͲ
= ൭Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൱
ͶͲ ͶͲ Ͷͳ
Premultiplying by ‫ܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (2) we get
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ହ = ሾͷ‫ܣ‬ସ െ ͹‫ܣ‬ଷ ൅ ͵‫ܣ‬ଶ ሿ
10
ʹͲͷ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲ ͻͺ ͻͳ ͻͳ ͳͷ ͳʹ ͳʹ
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ହ = ൥൭ Ͳ ͷ Ͳ ൱ െ ൭ Ͳ ͹ Ͳ ൱ ൅ ൭ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ ൱൩
ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͷ ͻͳ ͻͳ ͻͺ ͳʹ ͳʹ ͳͷ
ͳʹʹ ͳʹͳ ͳʹͳ
ହ
ൌ൐ ‫ = ܣ‬൥൭ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ൱൩
ͳʹͳ ͳʹͳ ͳʹʹ
૛ െ૚ ૛
7. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find ࡭૝ interms of ࡭૛ , A & I of A = ൭െ૚ ૛ െ૚൱
૚ െ૚ ૛
ଷ ଶ
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie.,ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 6 &
‫ܦ‬ଶ =8 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͵ implies thatߣଷ െ 6 ߣଶ ൅ ͺߣ െ ͵ ൌ Ͳ
theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check : ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 6 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ݅ሻ
Consider L.H.S of (I) : ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 6 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ܫ‬
ʹͻ െʹͺ ͵ͺ Ͷʹ െ͵͸ ͷͶ ͳ͸ െͺ ͳ͸ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ
= ൭െʹʹ ʹ͵ െʹͺ൱- ൭െ͵Ͳ ͵͸ െ͵͸൱ ൅ ൭െͺ ͳ͸ െͺ൱ െ ൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൱
ʹʹ െʹʹ ʹͻ ͵Ͳ െ͵Ͳ Ͷʹ ͺ െͺ ͳ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
=൥൭Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൱൩ = R.H.S of (i)
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Therefore C.H.T is verified.
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 6 ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1) ,
‫ܣ‬ଷ ൌ 6 ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵‫ܫ‬.
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ସ = ሾ͸‫ܣ‬ଷ െ ͺ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ܣ‬ሿ
ൌ ͸ (͸‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵‫ܫ‬ሻ ൅ ሾെͺ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ܣ‬ሿ
= ʹͺ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ Ͷͷ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͳͺ‫ܫ‬
͹ െ͸ ͻ ͻͲ െͶͷ ͻͲ ͳͺ Ͳ Ͳ
ସ
ൌ൐ ‫ܣ‬ = ൥ʹͺ ൭െͷ ͸ െ͸൱ െ ൭െͶͷ ͻͲ െͶͷ൱ ൅ ൭ Ͳ ͳͺ Ͳ ൱൩
ͷ െͷ ͹ Ͷͷ െͶͷ ͻͲ Ͳ Ͳ ͳͺ
ͳʹͶ െͳʹ͵ ͳ͸ʹ
‫ܣ ׵‬ସ =൭െͻͷ ͻ͸ െͳʹ͵൱
ͻͷ െͻͷ ͳʹͶ
૛ െ૚ ૚
8. Verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem and hence find ࡭ି૚ ࢌ࢕࢘ ࡭ ൌ ൭െ૚ ૛ െ૚൱
૚ െ૚ ૛
ଷ ଶ
Ans: : The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0 ie., ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
11
Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A ,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 6
& ‫ܦ‬ଶ = -9 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͷ Þߣଷ െ 6 ߣଶ ൅ ͻߣ െ Ͷ ൌ ͲǤ
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have ‫ܣ‬ଷ െ 6‫ܣ‬ଶ ൅ ͻ‫ ܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ …..(1)
ଵ
Premultiplying by ‫ିܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1) we get ‫ିܣ‬ଵ =ସ ሾ‫ܣ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ ܣ‬൅ ͻ‫ܫ‬ሿ
െ͸ െͷ ͷ െͳʹ ͸ െ͸ ͻ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ ͳ െͳ
ଵ ଵ
ൌ൐ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ =ସ ൥൭െͷ ͸ െͷ൱ ൅ ൭ ͸ െͳʹ ͸ ൱ ൅ ൭Ͳ ͻ Ͳ൱൩ =ସ ൥൭ ͳ ͵ ͳ ൱൩
ͷ െͷ ͸ െ͸ ͸ െͳʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͻ െͳ ͳ ͵
DIAGONALISATION OF A MATRIX
The process of finding a matrix M such that ‫ିܯ‬ଵ ‫ ܯܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬, where D is a diagonal matrix, if called
diagonalisation of the Matrix A
Note: ࡭࢑ ൌ ࡹࡰ࢑ ࡹି૚
DIAGONALISATION BY ORTHOGONAL
TRANSFORMATION OR ORTHOGONAL REDUCTION
If A is a real symmetric matrix, then the eigen vectors of A will be not only linearly independent but also
pair wise orthogonal. If we normalize each eigen vector ܺ௥ i.e. divide each element of ܺ௥ by the square
root of the sum of the square\s of all the elements of ܺ௥ and use the normalized eigen vectors of A to form
the normalised modal matrix N, then it can be proved that N is an orthogonal matrix. By a property of
orthogonal matrix, ܰ ିଵ ൌ ܰ ் .
‫ ׵‬The similarity transformation ‫ିܯ‬ଵ ‫ ܯܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܦ‬takes the form ܰ ் ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬.
Transforming A into D by means of the transformation ܰ ் ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܦ‬is known as orthogonal transformation or
orthogonal reduction.
NOTE:- Diagonalisation by orthogonal transformation is possible only for a real symmetric matrix.
૟ െ૛ ૛
1. Diagonalise the matrix ൭െ૛ ૜ െ૚൱ by an orthogonal transformation.
૛ െ૚ ૜
͸ െʹ ʹ
SOLUTION: Given A = ൭െʹ ͵ െͳ൱
ʹ െͳ ͵
The Characteristic equation of A is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ =0
i.e.ǡ ߣଷ െ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ߣଶ ൅‫ܦ‬ଶ ߣ െ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 12 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =36 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͵ʹ implies thatߣଷ െ ͳʹ ߣଶ ൅ ͵͸ߣ െ ͵ʹ ൌ ͲǤ
‫݄݁݁ܶ ׵‬igen values of the matrix A are 2 , 2 & 8.
12
͸െɉ െʹ ʹ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െʹ ͵െɉ ‫ݔ‬
െͳ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
ʹ െͳ ͵ െ ɉ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
CASE (I) : When λ=8 , Substituting in (2) we get
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ
௫భ ௫ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ଵଶ
ൌ ି଺మ ൌ ଺
ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ ͺ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ͳ
CASE(ii) : When λ=2 , Substituting in (2) we get
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
We have only one equation ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ with three unknowns, let ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
Ͳ
if ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ‫ݔ݄݊݁ݐ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ʹ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ͳ
ܽ
CASE(iii) : When λ=2 , Let ܺଷ ൌ ቆܾ ቇ From orthogonal transformation we know that ܺଵ ǡ ܺଶ Ƭܺଷ
ܿ
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. ൌ൐ ܺଵ Ǥ ܺଶ ் ൌ Ͳ , ܺଶ Ǥ ܺଷ ் ൌ Ͳ & ܺଷ Ǥ ܺଵ ் ൌ Ͳ
ʹܽ െ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
െͳ
௔ ௕ ௖
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଶ ൌ ଶ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ʹ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ିଶ
ͳ
ʹ Ͳ െͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭െͳ ͳ െͳ൱
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ଶ ଵ
Ͳ െ
ξ଺ ξଷ
‫ିۇ‬ଵ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξ଺ െ
ξଶ ξଷ‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ۉ‬ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ ‫ی‬
ଶ ିଵ ଵ ଶ ଵ
Ͳ െ
ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺ ͸ െʹ ʹ ξ଺ ξଷ ͺ Ͳ Ͳ
்
‫ۇ‬ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬ ‫ିۇ‬ଵ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫Ͳ ۈ‬ ξଶ ξଶ‫ۋ‬
൭െʹ ͵ െͳ൱ ‫ۈ‬ξ଺ ξଶ
െ
ξଷ‫ۋ‬
= ൭Ͳ ʹ Ͳ൱ =D
ଵ ଵ ଵ ʹ െͳ ͵ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ
െ െ
‫ۉ‬ ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ ‫ی‬
13
૜ ૚ ૚
2. Diagonalise the matrix ൭૚ ૜ െ૚൱ by an orthogonal transformation.
૚ െ૚ ૜
͵ ͳ ͳ
Solution: Given A = ൭ͳ ͵ െͳ൱
ͳ െͳ ͵
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 9 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =24 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ͸ implies thatߣଷ െ ͻ ߣଶ ൅ ʹͶߣ െ ͳ͸ ൌ ͲǤ
To find eigen vector: By the definition we have ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ie., (‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
͵െɉ ͳ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ ͳ ͵െɉ ‫ݔ‬
െͳ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
ͳ െͳ ͵ െ ɉ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ିଷయ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ ͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ ͳ ൱
ଷ ଷ
ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
We have only one equation‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ with three unknowns, let ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ if ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ
Ͳ
ͳ‫ݔ݄݊݁ݐ‬ଶ ൌ െͳ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ Ͷ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ͳ
ܽ
ܿ
െܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳܽ െ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ
௔ ௕ ௖
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ଵ ൌ ଵ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ Ͷ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ଶ
ͳ
14
െͳ Ͳ ʹ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ ͳ െͳ ͳ൱
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ିଵ ଶ
Ͳ
ξଷ ξ଺
‫ۇ‬ଵ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଷ െ
ξଶ ξ଺‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ۉ‬ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺‫ی‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ ିଵ ଶ
െ Ͳ
ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ ͵ ͳ ͳ ‫ۇ‬ξଷ ξ଺ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
்
‫ۇ‬ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬ ଵ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫Ͳ ۈ‬ െ
ξଶ ξଶ‫ۋ‬ ൭ ͳ ͵ െͳ൱ ‫ۈ‬ ξଷ
െ
ξଶ ξ଺‫ۋ‬
= ൭ Ͳ Ͷ Ͳ൱ =D
ଶ ଵ ଵ ͳ െͳ ͵ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ Ͷ
‫ۉ‬ ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺‫ی‬
૚૙ െ૛ െ૞
3. Diagonalise the matrix ൭െ૛ ૛ ૜ ൱ by an orthogonal transformation.
െ૞ ૜ ૞
ͳͲ െʹ െͷ
Solution: Given A = ൭െʹ ʹ ͵൱
െͷ ͵ ͷ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 17 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =42 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ implies thatߣଷ െ ͳ͹ ߣଶ ൅ Ͷʹߣ ൌ ͲǤ
ͳͲ െ ɉ െʹ െͷ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െʹ ʹെɉ ‫ݔ‬
͵ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
െͷ ͵ ͷ െ ɉ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
ͳͲ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିହమ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ Ͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭െͷ൱
ଵ ସ
Ͷ
͹‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
15
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଵଵ ൌ ିଵଵ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ͵ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ିଵଵ
ͳ
CASE(iii) : When λ=14 , Substituting in (2) we get
െͶ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͳʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ െͻ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ͵
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ଽଽ ൌ ൌ ି଺଺ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ͳͶ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭ ͳ ൱
ିଷଷ
ʹ
ͳ ͳ െ͵
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭െͷ ͳ ͳ ൱
Ͷ ͳ ʹ
ଵ ଵ ିଷ
ξସଶ ξଷ ξଵସ
‫ି ۇ‬ହ ଵ ଵ ‫ۊ‬
Normalized modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξସଶ ξଷ ξଵସ‫ۋ‬
ସ ଵ ଶ
‫ۉ‬ξସଶ ξଷ ξଵସ‫ی‬
ଵ ହ ସ ଵ ଵ ିଷ
െ
ξସଶ ξସଶ ξସଶ ͳͲ െʹ െͷ ξସଶ ξଷ ξଵସ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
்
‫ۇ‬ ଵ ଵ ଵ ‫ۊ‬ ‫ି ۇ‬ହ ଵ ଵ ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ۈ‬ ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ ‫ۋ‬
൭െʹ ʹ ͵ ൱ ‫ۈ‬ξସଶ ξଷ ξଵସ‫ۋ‬
= ൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ ൱ =D
ଷ ଵ ଶ െͷ ͵ ͷ ସ ଵ ଶ Ͳ Ͳ ͳͶ
െ
‫ۉ‬ ξଵସ ξଵସ ξଵସ‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ξସଶ ξଷ ξଵସ‫ی‬
QUADRATIC FORMS
A homogeneous polynomial of the second degree in any number of variables is called a quadratic form.
For example, ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶଶ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷଶ ൅ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ is a quadratic form in three variables.
ܽଵଵ ܽଵଶ ǥ ܽଵ௡
ܽଶଵǤ ܽଶଶ ǥ ܽଶ௡
The symmetric matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൣܽ௜௝ ൧ ൌ ቎ ǤǤ ǤǤǤ
Ǥ
ǤǤ ቏ is called the matrix of the quadratic form Q.
ǤǤ
Ǥ Ǥ
ܽ௡ଵ ܽ௡ଶ ܽ௡௡
NOTE:
To find the symmetric matrix A of a quadratic form, the coefficient of ‫ݔ‬௜ଶ is placed in the ܽ௜௜ position and
ଵ
ቀଶ ൈ ܿ‫ݔ݂݋ݐ݂݂݊݁݅ܿ݅݁݋‬௜ ‫ݔ‬௝ ቁ is placed in each of the ܽ௜௝ and ܽ௝௜ positions.
CANONICAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC FORM: Let ܳ ൌ ܺ ் ‫ ܺܣ‬be a quadratic form in n variables

‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ǥ ‫ݔ‬௡ .
In the linear transformation X = PY, if P is chosen such that ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ்ܲ ‫ ܲܣ‬is a diagonal matrix of the form
ߣଵ Ͳ Ͳ ǥ Ͳ
൥Ͳ ߣ ଶ Ͳ ǥ Ͳ ൩, then the quadratic form Q gets reduced as Qൌ ܻ ் ‫ܻܤ‬
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ǥ ߣ௡
16
ߣଵ Ͳ Ͳ ǥ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
ൌ ሾ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ǥ ‫ݕ‬௡ ሿ ൥Ͳ ߣଶ Ͳ ǥ Ͳ ൩ ቈ‫ݕ‬ଶ ቉
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ǥ ߣ௡ ‫ݕ‬௡
ൌ ߣଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ൅ ߣଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ߣ௡ ‫ݕ‬௡ଶ
This form of Q is called the sum of the squares form of Q or the canonical form of Q.
NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORMS:
Rank: When the quadratic form is reduced to the canonical form it contains only r terms which is the
rank of A.
Index: The number of positive terms in the canonical form is called the index (p) of the quadratic
form.
Signature: The difference between the number of positive and negative terms is called signature (s) of
the quadratic form [s = 2p-r].
The quadratic form ܳ ൌ ܺ ் ‫ ܺܣ‬in n variables is said to be
(i) Positive definite: If r = n and p = n or if all the eigen values of A are positive.
(ii) Positive semi definite: If r < n and p = r or if all the eigen values of ‫ ܣ‬൒ Ͳ and atleast one eigen value is
zero.
(iii) Negative definite: If r = n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of A are negative.
(iv) Negative semi definite: If r < n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of ‫ ܣ‬൑ Ͳ and atleast one eigen
value is zero.
(v) Indefinite: In all other cases or if A has positive as well as negative eigen values.
RULES FOR FINDING NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORM USING PRINCIPAL SUB-
DETERMINANTS:
In this method we can determine the nature of the quadratic form without reducing it to the canonical form.
Le A be a square matrix of order n.
‫ܦ‬ଵ ൌ ȁܽଵଵ ȁ
ܽଵଵ ܽଵଶ
‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ ቚܽ ܽଶଶ ቚ
ଶଵ
ܽଵଵ ܽଵଶ ܽଵଷ
ܽ
‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ อ ଶଵ ܽଶଶ ܽଶଷ อ
ܽଷଵ ܽଷଶ ܽଷଷ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ
…………………………………
‫ܦ‬௡ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Here ‫ܦ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ‫ܦ‬௡ are called the principal subdeterminants of A. From ‫ܦ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ‫ܦ‬௡ ,the
nature of the quadratic form can be determined.
17
1. A Q.F is positive definite if ‫ܦ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ‫ܦ‬௡ are all positive i.e.,‫ܦ‬௡ ൐ Ͳfor all n.
2. A Q.F is negative definite if ‫ܦ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ହ ǥ ǥare all negative and ‫ܦ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܦ‬ସ ǡ ‫ ଺ܦ‬ǥ ǥare all positive
i.e.,ሺെͳሻ௡ ‫ܦ‬௡ ൐ Ͳfor all n.
3. A Q.F is positive semi- definite if‫ܦ‬௡ ൒ Ͳ and atleast one ‫ܦ‬௜ ൌ Ͳ.
4. A Q.F is negative semi- definite ifሺെͳሻ௡ ‫ܦ‬௡ ൒ Ͳ and atleast one ‫ܦ‬௜ ൌ Ͳ.
5. A Q.F is indefinite in all other cases.
1. Without reducing to canonical form find the nature of the Quadratic form ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൅ ࢠ૛ െ
૛࢞࢟ െ ૛࢟ࢠ െ ૛࢞ࢠ
ͳ െͳ െͳ
Solution: Matrix of the Quadratic form is A = ൭െͳ ͳ െͳ൱
െͳ െͳ ͳ
ͳ െͳ െͳ
ͳ െͳ
‫ܦ‬ଵ ൌ ͳ ൐ Ͳ , ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ ቚ ቚ = 0 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ อെͳ ͳ െͳอ = 0 -2-2 =-4
െͳ ͳ
െͳ െͳ ͳ
Since ‫ܦ‬ଵ ൐ Ͳǡ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ൌ 0 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൏ Ͳ ‫ ׵‬Nature of the Quadratic form is indefinite.
2. Reduce the quadratic form࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൅ ࢠ૛ െ ૛࢞࢟ െ ૛࢟ࢠ െ ૛࢞ࢠ to canonical form using
orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form = ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬െ ʹ‫ݖݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ͳ െͳ െͳ
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ் ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =ቆ‫ݕ‬ቇ & A = ൭െͳ ͳ െͳ൱
‫ݖ‬ െͳ െͳ ͳ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 3 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =0 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ െͶ implies thatߣଷ െ 3 ߣଶ ൅ Ͷ ൌ ͲǤ
‫݄݁݁ܶ ׵‬igen values of the matrix A are -1, 2 & 2.
To find Eigen vector : By the definition we have ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ie., (‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
ͳെߣ െͳ െͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െͳ ͳെߣ െͳ ൱ ൭ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭ Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
െͳ െͳ ͳെߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
CASE (I) : When λ=-1 , Substituting in (2) we get
2‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
18
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ െͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ଷ ଷ ଷ
ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
We have only one equation ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ with three unknowns, let ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሻ
െͳ
if ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ‫ݔ݄݊݁ݐ‬ଵ ൌ െͳ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ʹ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱
ͳ
ܽ
CASE (iii) : When λ=2 , Let ܺଷ ൌ ቆܾ ቇ From orthogonal transformation we know that ܺଵ ǡ ܺଶ Ƭܺଷ
ܿ
ܽ൅ܾ൅ܿ ൌͲ
െܽ െ Ͳܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௔ ௕ ௖
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଶ ൌ ଵ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ʹ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െʹ൱
ଵ
ͳ
ͳ െͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ͳ Ͳ െʹ൱
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ
ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺
‫ۇ‬ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
Normalized modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଷ Ͳ
ξ଺‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ۉ‬ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺‫ی‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ
ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ ͳ െͳ െͳ ‫ۇ‬ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺ െͳ Ͳ Ͳ
்
‫ ۇ‬ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ۈ‬െ ξଶ Ͳ
ξଶ‫ۋ‬
൭െͳ ͳ െͳ൱ ‫ۈ‬ξଷ Ͳ
ξ଺‫ۋ‬
= ൭ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ൱ =D
ଵ ିଶ ଵ െͳ െͳ ͳ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ
‫ۉ‬ ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺‫ی‬
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
‫ݕ‬ଵ
where ܻ ൌ ൭‫ݕ‬ଶ ൱ Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
=ሾሺܻܰሻ் ‫ܣ‬ሺܻܰሻሿ
=ܻ ் ሾܰ ் ‫ܰܣ‬ሿܻ
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
19
െͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
=ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൭ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ൱ ൭‫ݕ‬ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = െ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Indefinite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =2
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.
3. Reduce the quadratic formૡ࢞૛ ൅ ૠ࢟૛ ൅ ૜ࢠ૛ െ ૚૛࢞࢟ െ ૡ࢟ࢠ ൅ ૝࢞ࢠ to canonical form using
orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank, index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =ͺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ͳʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ͺ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݖݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ͺ െ͸ ʹ
்
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =ቆ‫ݕ‬ቇ & A = ൭െ͸ ͹ െͶ൱
‫ݖ‬ ʹ െͶ ͵
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 18 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =45 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ implies thatߣଷ െ ͳͺ ߣଶ ൅ Ͷͷߣ ൌ ͲǤ
‫݄݁݁ܶ ׵‬igen values of the matrix A are 0, 3 & 15.
To find eigen vector:By the definition we have ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ie., (‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
ͺെߣ െ͸ ʹ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െ͸ ͹െߣ ‫ݔ‬
െͶ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
ʹ െͶ ͵ െ ߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
8‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ͸‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͹‫ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫ ௫
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ଶ଴మ ൌ ଶ଴య ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ Ͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ʹ൱
ଵ଴
ʹ
ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ͸‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െͲ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
20
ʹ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ିଵ଺ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ͵ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ ͳ ൱
ଵ଺ ଼
െʹ
െ͹‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ͸‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͺ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െͳʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ସ଴ ൌ ൌ ଶ଴ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ͳͷ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െʹ൱
ିସ଴
ͳ
ܵ݅݊ܿ݁ܺଵ Ǥ ܺଶ ் ൌ Ͳ , ܺଶ Ǥ ܺଷ ் ൌ Ͳ & ܺଷ Ǥ ܺଵ ் ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ܺଵ ǡ ܺଶ Ƭܺଷ are mutually perpendicular to each
other.
ͳ ʹ ʹ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ʹ ͳ െʹ൱
ʹ െʹ ͳ
ଵ ଶ ଶ
ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ
‫ۇ‬ଶ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
Normalized modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ‫ۋ‬
ଶ ିଶ ଵ
‫ۉ‬ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ‫ی‬
ଵ ଶ ଶ ଵ ଶ ଶ
ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ͺ െ͸ ʹ ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ۇ‬ଶ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬ ‫ۇ‬ଶ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ் ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ‫ۋ‬
൭ െ͸ ͹ െͶ൱ ‫ۈ‬ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ‫ۋ‬
= ൭ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ ൱ =D
ଶ ିଶ ଵ ʹ െͶ ͵ ଶ ିଶ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳͷ
‫ۉ‬ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ξଽ ξଽ ξଽ ‫ی‬
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬
where ܻ ൌ ൭ ଶ ൱ Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
=ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ ൱ ൭‫ݕ‬ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ ͳͷ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = Ͳ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ͳͷ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive semi definite
21
4. Reduce the quadratic form૟࢞૛ ൅ ૜࢟૛ ൅ ૜ࢠ૛ െ ૝࢞࢟ െ ૛࢟ࢠ ൅ ૝࢞ࢠ to canonical form using
Solution: Quadratic form = ͸‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݖݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ͸ െʹ ʹ
் ‫ݕ‬
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =ቆ ቇ & A = ൭െʹ ͵ െͳ൱
‫ݖ‬ ʹ െͳ ͵
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 12 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =36 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͵ʹ implies thatߣଷ െ 12 ߣଶ ൅ ͵͸ߣ െ ͵ʹ ൌ ͲǤ
͸െɉ െʹ ʹ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െʹ ͵െɉ ‫ݔ‬
െͳ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
ʹ െͳ ͵ െ ɉ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ
௫భ ௫ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ଵଶ
ൌ ି଺మ ൌ ଺
ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ ͺ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ͳ
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
We have only one equation ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ with three unknowns, let ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
Ͳ
if ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ‫ݔ݄݊݁ݐ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ʹ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ͳ
ܽ
ܿ
ʹܽ െ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
22
Ͳܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
െͳ
௔ ௕ ௖
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ʹ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ିଶ ିଶ ଶ
ͳ
ʹ Ͳ െͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭െͳ ͳ െͳ൱
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ଶ ଵ
Ͳ െ
ξ଺ ξଷ
‫ିۇ‬ଵ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ ۈ‬ξ଺ െ
ξଶ ξଷ‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ ۉ‬ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ ‫ی‬
ଶ ିଵ ଵ ଶ ଵ
Ͳ െ
ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺ ͸ െʹ ʹ ξ଺ ξଷ ͺ Ͳ Ͳ
்
‫ۇ‬ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬ ‫ିۇ‬ଵ ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫Ͳ ۈ‬ ξଶ ξଶ‫ۋ‬
൭െʹ ͵ െͳ൱ ‫ ۈ‬ξ଺ ξଶ
െ ‫ = ۋ‬൭Ͳ
ξଷ
ʹ Ͳ൱ =D
ଵ ଵ ଵ ʹ െͳ ͵ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ
െ െ
‫ۉ‬ ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ‫ی‬ ‫ ۉ‬ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ ‫ی‬
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
ͺ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
=ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൭Ͳ ‫ݕ‬
ʹ Ͳ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = 8‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive definite
5. Reduce the quadratic form૛࢞૛ ൅ ૛࢟૛ ൅ ࢠ૛ ൅ ૝࢞࢟ to canonical form using orthogonal
transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form = ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݕݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ʹ ʹ Ͳ
்
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =ቆ‫ݕ‬ቇ & A = ൭ʹ ʹ Ͳ൱
‫ݖ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
23
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 5 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =4 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ implies thatߣଷ െ ͷ ߣଶ ൅ Ͷߣ ൌ ͲǤ
ʹെߣ ʹ Ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ ʹ ʹെߣ ‫ݔ‬
Ͳ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ ߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
2‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଶమ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ Ͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ଶ ଴
Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ െͲ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule
଴
ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ͳ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱
଴ ିଷ
െͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ Ͷ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
଺ ଺ ଴
Ͳ
other.
ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭െͳ Ͳ ͳ൱
Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
ଵ ଵ
Ͳ
ξଶ ξଶ
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ൮ ଵ
Ͳ
ଵ൲
ିξଶ ξଶ
Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
24
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ Ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ξଶ ξଶ ξଶ ξଶ
்
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ൮ Ͳ Ͳ െͳ൲ ൭ʹ ʹ Ͳ൱ ൮ ଵ Ͳ
ଵ൲ = ൭Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൱ =D
ଵ ଵ ିξଶ ξଶ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͷ
ξଶ ξଶ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
ͳ Ͳ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ Ͷ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = Ͳ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive semi definite
6. Reduce the quadratic form૜࢞૛ ൅ ૞࢟૛ ൅ ૜ࢠ૛ െ ૛࢞࢟ െ ૛࢟ࢠ ൅ ૛࢞ࢠ to canonical form using
Solution: Quadratic form = ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ݖݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ͵ െͳ ͳ
்
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =ቆ‫ݕ‬ቇ & A = ൭െͳ ͷ െͳ൱
‫ݖ‬ ͳ െͳ ͵
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 11 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =36 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͵͸ implies thatߣଷ െ ͳͳ ߣଶ ൅ ͵͸ߣ െ ͵͸ ൌ ͲǤ
͵െߣ െͳ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െͳ ͷെߣ െͳ ൱ ൭‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
ͳ െͳ ͵ െ ߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
25
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ ʹ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱
ିଶ ଴ ଶ
െͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ͵ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ିଵ ିଵ ିଵ
ͳ
െ͵‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିସ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ͳͷ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െʹ൱
ଶ ଶ
ͳ
other.
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ Ͳ ͳ െʹ൱
െͳ ͳ ͳ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
ξଶ ξଷ ξ଺
‫ۇ‬ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫Ͳ ۈ‬ ξଷ ξ଺ ‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ
‫ۉ‬ ξଶ ξଷ ξ଺ ‫ی‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
Ͳ ିξଶ
ξଶ ͵ െͳ ͳ ‫ۇ‬ ξଶ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ξଷ ξ଺
்
‫ۇ‬ଵ ଵ ଵ ‫ۊ‬ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ ‫ ۋ‬൭െͳ ͷ െͳ൱ ‫ۈ‬ Ͳ = ൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൱ =D
ξଷ ξ଺‫ۋ‬
ଵ ିଶ ଵ ͳ െͳ ͵ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ ͸
െ
‫ۉ‬ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺ ‫ی‬ ‫ ۉ‬ξଶ ξଷ ξ଺‫ی‬
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬
where ܻ ൌ ൭ ଶ ൱ Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
26
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
=ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൱ ൭‫ݕ‬ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ ͸ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = 2‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ͸‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
7. Reduce the quadratic form૜࢞૚ ૛ ൅ ૛࢞૛ ૛ ൅ ૜࢞૜ ૛ െ ૛࢞૚ ࢞૛ െ ૛࢞૛ ࢞૜ to canonical form using
Solution: Quadratic form = ͵‫ݔ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ଶ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ͵ െͳ Ͳ
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =൭‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ & A = ൭െͳ ʹ െͳ൱
்
‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ െͳ ͵
Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 8 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =19 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͳʹ implies thatߣଷ െ ͺ ߣଶ ൅ ͳͻߣ െ ͳʹ ൌ ͲǤ
͵െߣ െͳ Ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ െͳ ʹെߣ െͳ ൱ ൭‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
Ͳ െͳ ͵ െ ߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ ͳ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ʹ൱
ଵ ଶ ଵ
ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
27
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ିଵ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ͵ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱
ଵ ଴
െͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଵమ ൌ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ Ͷ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െͳ൱
ଵ ଵ
ͳ
other.
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ʹ Ͳ െͳ൱
ͳ െͳ ͳ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ
‫ۇ‬ଶ ଵ‫ۊ‬
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξ଺ Ͳ െ
ξଷ‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ
‫ۉ‬ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ ‫ی‬
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ
்
‫ۇ‬ଵ ‫ ͵ ۊ‬െͳ ͳ ‫ ۇ‬ଶ
ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଶ Ͳ െ ‫ ۋ‬൭െͳ ͷ െͳ൱ ‫ۈ‬ Ͳ െ ‫ = ۋ‬൭Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൱ =D
ξଶ ξ଺ ξଷ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ͳ െͳ ͵ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ Ͷ
െ െ
‫ۉ‬ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ ‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ξ଺ ξଶ ξଷ ‫ی‬
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
͵ Ͳ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ Ͷ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
28
8. Reduce the quadratic form૛࢞૚ ૛ ൅ ૟࢞૛ ૛ ൅ ૛࢞૜ ૛ ൅ ૡ࢞૚ ࢞૜ to canonical form using orthogonal
Solution: Quadratic form = ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ͸‫ݔ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ʹ Ͳ Ͷ
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =൭‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ & A = ൭Ͳ ͸ Ͳ൱
்
‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͷ Ͳ ʹ
Where ‫ܦ‬ଵ = Trace of A,‫ܦ‬ଶ =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & ‫ܦ‬ଷ =ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 10 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =12 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ͹ʹ implies thatߣଷ െ ͳͲ ߣଶ ൅ ͳʹߣ െ ͹ʹ ൌ ͲǤ
‫݄݁݁ܶ ׵‬igen values of the matrix A are -2, 6 & 6.
ʹെߣ Ͳ Ͷ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ Ͳ ͸െߣ Ͳ ൱ ൭ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭ Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
Ͷ Ͳ ʹെߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
CASE (I) : When λ=-2 , Substituting in (2) we get
4‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
0‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ൌ ଷଶ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ െʹ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱
ିଷଶ ଴
െͳ
െͶ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ െͶ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
We have only one equation ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ Ͳ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ with three unknowns, let ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ,
ͳ
if ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ݔ݄݊݁ݐ‬ଷ ൌ ͳƬ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ܽ‫݁݅ݕݎܽݎݐܾ݅ݎ‬Ǥ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ ͸ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱
ͳ
29
ܽ
ܿ
ܽ ൅ Ͳܾ െ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
ܽ ൅ Ͳܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ
௔ ௕ ௖
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଶ ൌ ଴ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ ʹ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
଴
Ͳ
ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൱
െͳ ͳ Ͳ
ଵ ଵ
Ͳ
ξଶ ξଶ
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ൮ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൲
ଵ ଵ
െ Ͳ
ξଶ ξଶ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
Ͳ െ ʹ Ͳ Ͷ Ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ
ξଶ ξଶ ξଶ ξଶ
்
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ൮ଵ Ͳ
ଵ ൲ ൭Ͳ ͸ Ͳ൱ ൮ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൲ = ൭ Ͳ ͸ Ͳ൱ =D
ξଶ ξଶ ଵ ଵ
Ͷ Ͳ ʹ െ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͸
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ξଶ ξଶ
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
െʹ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
=ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൭ Ͳ ͸ ‫ݕ‬
Ͳ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ ͸ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = -2‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ൅ ͸‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ ൅ ͸‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = In definite
9. Reduce the quadratic form૛࢞૚ ࢞૛ ൅ ૛࢞૚ ࢞૜ ൅ ૛࢞૛ ࢞૜ to canonical form using orthogonal
30
Solution: Quadratic form = ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ ͳ ͳ
் ‫ݔ‬
Matrix form of Quadratic form = ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬՜ ሺͳሻ where X =൭ ଶ ൱ & A = ൭ͳ Ͳ ͳ൱
‫ݔ‬ଷ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ܦ ׵‬ଵ = 0 & ‫ܦ‬ଶ =3 & ‫ܦ‬ଷ ൌ ʹ implies thatߣଷ െ ͵ߣ െ ʹ ൌ ͲǤ
‫݄݁݁ܶ ׵‬igen values of the matrix A are 2, -1 & -1.
െߣ ͳ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ൭ ͳ െߣ ‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൱ ൭ ଶ ൱ ൌ ൭Ͳ൱ ՜ ሺʹሻ
ͳ ͳ െߣ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
-2‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௫భ ௫మ ௫య
Solving using cross multiplication rule ଷ
ൌ ଷ
ൌ ଷ
ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଵ ൌ ʹ then ܺଵ ൌ ൭ͳ൱
ͳ
CASE(ii) : When λ=-1 , Substituting in (2) we get
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
We have only one equation ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ with three unknowns, let ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሻ
െͳ
if ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͳ‫ݔ݄݊݁ݐ‬ଵ ൌ െͳ ൌ൐ If ߣଶ ൌ െͳ then ܺଶ ൌ ൭ Ͳ ൱
ͳ
ܽ
CASE(iii) : When λ=-1 , Let ܺଷ ൌ ቆܾ ቇ From orthogonal transformation we know that ܺଵ ǡ ܺଶ Ƭܺଷ
ܿ
ܽ൅ܾ൅ܿ ൌͲ
െܽ ൅ Ͳܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
௔ ௕ ௖
Solving using cross multiplication rule ൌ ିଶ ൌ ଵ ൌ ݇ ൌ൐ If ߣଷ ൌ െͳ then ܺଷ ൌ ൭െʹ൱
ଵ
ͳ
31
ͳ െͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix M= ൭ͳ Ͳ െʹ൱
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ
ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺
‫ۇ‬ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
Normalised modal matrix ܰ ൌ ‫ۈ‬ξଷ Ͳ
ξ଺ ‫ۋ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ۉ‬ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺ ‫ی‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ
ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ‫ۇ‬ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ
்
‫ ۇ‬ଵ ଵ‫ۊ‬ ଵ ିଶ‫ۊ‬
ܰ ‫ ܰܣ‬ൌ ‫ିۈ‬ξଶ Ͳ ൭ ͳ Ͳ ͳ൱ ‫ۈ‬ξଷ Ͳ = ൭ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ ൱ =D
ξଶ‫ۋ‬ ξ଺‫ۋ‬
ଵ ିଶ ଵ ͳ ͳ Ͳ ଵ ଵ ଵ Ͳ Ͳ െͳ
‫ۉ‬ ξ଺ ξ଺ ξ଺‫ی‬ ‫ۉ‬ ξଷ ξଶ ξ଺‫ی‬
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = ܺ ் ‫ܺܣ‬
= ܻ ் ‫ܻܦ‬
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
=ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൭Ͳ െͳ Ͳ ൱ ൭‫ݕ‬ଶ ൱
Ͳ Ͳ െͳ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
Q.F = 2‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = In definite
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r =- 1.
32
UNIT – II: THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
FORMULAE:
1. The equation of the straight line through the point p( x1, y1, z1 ) and having direction cosines
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
(l , m, n) is = =
l m n
2. The equation of the straight line through the point B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and having direction ratios
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
(a, b, c) is = =
a b c
3. The equation of the straight line passing through the points A( x1, y1, z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= =
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
4. Angle between the straight lines:
(I) cos q = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
d. r of oA = (l1, m1, n1 )
d. r of oB = (l2 , m2 , n2 )
(ii) if the lines are perpendicular θ=90⁰ ,cos 90=0

l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =0
l1 m1 n1
(iii)If the lines are parallel , θ=0, cos0=1 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 1 or = =
l2 m2 n2
(iv) d.r of OA = (a1, b1, c1 ) d.r of OB = (a2 , b2 , c2 )
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

cos q =
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
(v) If the lines are perpendicular, cos90 = 0

Þ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
(vi) If the lines are parallel, cos0 = 1
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2
a1 b1 c1
or = =
a2 b2 c2
(vii) The co-ordinate of any point on the straight line is
33
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = = k,
a b c
x = x1 + ak , y = y1 + bk , z = z1 + ck
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
5. The conditions for the lines are coplanar is l1 m1 n1 = 0
l2 m2 n2
6. The equation of the coplanar plane is

x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
l1 m1 n1 = 0
l2 m2 n2
7. The sphere having centre at the origin and radius r is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2

8. The sphere having centre at the point (a, b, c) and radius r is
( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c)2 = r 2

9. The general equation of the sphere is with centre (-u, -v, -w) and radius
r = u 2 + v 2 + w2 - d
10. The equation of the sphere having the points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) as the extremities of the
diameter is ( x - x1 )( x - x2 ) + ( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) + ( z - z1 )( z - z2 ) = 0
CONE
DEFINITION: A cone is defined as a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a fixed
point and satisfies one or more conditioni.e.ie, it may intersect a fixed curve.
Note:
1. The fixed point is said to be the vertex of the cone
2. The fixed curve is said to be the guiding curve of the cone
3. The straight line in any position is called the generator of the cone.
FORMULA:
The equation of the cone with vertex ( x1, y1, z1 ) and whose generators intersect the guiding curve
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0 is
a( zx1 - z1x)2 + 2h( zx1 - z1x)( zy1 - z1 y ) + b( zy1 - z1 y )2 + 2 g ( zx1 - z1x)( z - z1 ) + 2 f ( zy1 - z1 y )( z - z1 ) + c( z - z1 ) 2 = 0
1. Find the equation of the cone with vertex at (1,1,1) and which passes through the curve
given by x2+ y2=4 ,z=2
34
Solution: let the equation of the generator be
௫ିଵ ௬ିଵ ௭ିଵ
௟
ൌ ௠
ൌ ௡
(1)
Its point of intersection with the plane z=2 is

௟ ௠
(1) Þሺͳ ൅ ௡ ǡ ͳ ൅ ௡
ǡ ʹሻ (2)
This point will lie on x2+ y2=4 Þ

௟ ௠
(ͳ ൅ ௡ሻ2 + (ͳ ൅ ሻ2=4 (3)
௡
Eliminating l,m,n from (1) & (3) gives

୶ିଵ ୷ିଵ
ሺͳ ൅ ୸ିଵሻଶ ൅ ሺͳ ൅ ୸ିଵሻଶ ൌ Ͷ
Þ X2 + y2 -2z2 +2xz+2zy-4x-4y+4 = 0
2. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and the guiding curve is
x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0, 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
Solution: Equation of the line passing through the origin is
௫ ௬ ௭
௟
ൌ ௠ ൌ ௡- (1)
Any point on this line (1) is (x, y, z) = (lr, mr,nr)

This point (x, y, z) lies on the guiding curve
x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0 , 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
This gives (l2+m2+n2) r2+ (4l+2m-6n) r+ 5 = 0 (2)
r (2l+m+2n) +5 = 0 (3)
Eliminating r from (2) & (3) gives
l2+4m2 2ln2 – 4lm+6mn+ 2ln = 0 (4)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (4) gives
x2+ 4y2 +21z2 -4xy + 6yz +12xz= 0
3. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex at (1,2,3) and which passes through the curve
x2+y2 +z2=4 , x+y+z=1 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Equation of any line through (1, 2, 3) is
௫ିଵ ௬ିଶ ௭ିଷ
ൌ ൌ =r (1)
௟ ௠ ௡
‫׵‬Any point on this line is (x,y,z) = (lr+1,mr+2,nr+3) (2)

But this point (x,y,z) lies on the curve x2+y2 +z2=4 , x+y+z=1
Þ(Lr+1)2+ (mr+2)2 + (nr+3)2 = 4 (3)
(Lr+1)+ (mr+2) + (nr+3) =1 (4)
ିହ
Solve (4) gives r = ௟ା௠ା௡
35
Using in (3) 5l2 +3m2 +n2-2ml-4nl-6nm=0 (5)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (5), we get
5x2+3y2+z2-2xy-6yz-4xz+6x+8y+10z-26=0
4. Find the Equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is
࢞ ૛ ࢟૛ ࢠ ૛
൅ ൅ ൌ ૚ǡ࢞ ൅ ࢟ ൅ ࢠ ൌ ૚
૝ ૢ ૚
Solution: The required cone is homogeneous equation of second degree with vertex at origin
and passes through the given curves hence we have
‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
൅ ൅ ൌ ͳሺͳሻǡ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͳሺʹሻ
Ͷ ͻ ͳ
From (1) & (2) We have
‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
൅ ൅ ൌ ͳଶ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ሻଶ
Ͷ ͻ ͳ
ͻ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ͵͸‫ ݖ‬ଶ
൅ ൅ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ሻଶ
͵͸ ͵͸ ͵͸
ͻ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ͵͸‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ͵͸ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ሻଶ
ʹ͹‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵ʹ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͹ʹሺ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ‫ݔݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
5. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1,1,0) and whose base is the curve
࢟ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢞૛ ൅ ࢠ૛ ൌ ૝
Solution: The Guiding curve is the intersection of
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷܽ݊݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳሺͳሻ
Any Generator through (1,1,0) is
‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ ‫ ݖ‬െ Ͳ
ൌ ൌ
݈ ݉ ݊
‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ െͳ ‫ݖ‬
ൌ ൌ ܾ‫ݕ‬ሺͳሻ
݈ ݉ ݊
݈ ݉െ݈ ݊
‫ ݔ݁ܿ݊݁ܪ‬ൌ ͳ െ ൌ Ǣ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ െ
݉ ݉ ݉
Since the point lies on (1) we get
݉െ݈ ଶ ݊ ଶ
൤ ൨ ൅ ቂെ ቃ ൌ Ͷ
݉ ݉
ሺ݉ െ ݈ሻଶ ൅ ݊ଶ ൌ Ͷ݉ଶ ฺ ݉ଶ ൅ ݈ ଶ െ ʹ݈݉ ൅ ݊ଶ െ Ͷ݉ଶ ൌ Ͳ
݈ ଶ െ ͵݉ଶ ൅ ݊ଶ െ ʹ݈݉ ൌ Ͳ
Since this is homogeneous in l, m, n Hence we substitute
݈ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳǢ ݉ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳǢ ݊ ൌ ‫ݖ‬
36
ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻଶ െ ͵ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳሻଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሺ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ͳ െ ʹ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹሺ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͵ ൅ ͸‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬െ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ
6. Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating line ૛࢞ ൅ ૜࢟ ൌ ૞ǡ ࢠ ൌ ૙ about the y-axis
Solution: If the curve x=f(y) in the xy plane is rotated about y-axis , The equation of the
surface of revolution thus generated is
૞ି૛࢞ ૛
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ ൌ ቀ ૜
ቁ
ͻሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ሻ െ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹͲ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹͷ ൌ Ͳ

This is the required equation of cone.
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CONE
DEFINITION: A right circular cone is a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a
fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line through the fixed point.
The equation of right circular cone vertex is ( x1, y1, z1 ) ,the semi vertical angle a and axis the line
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = is
l m n
(l 2 + m2 + n2 )(( x - x1 )2 + ( y - y1 )2 + ( z - z1 )2 )cos2 a = (l ( x - x1) + m( y - y1) + n( z - z1))2
1. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the point (2,1,-3) and semi
࣊ ࢞ି૙ ࢟ି૙ ࢠି૙
vertical angle is ૝ and the axis is parallel to the straight line ૚
ൌ ૜
ൌ ି૝
0
Solution: Vertex O (2, 1,-3), semi vertical angle α=45
d. r. for the axis OC parallel to SD d. r. for OC = 1.3.-4
௫ିଶ ௬ିଵ ௭ାଷ
axis equation is ଵ
ൌ ଷ
ൌ ିସ
P(x, y, z) any point on the cone . d. r. for OP= x-2,y-1,z+3 =a1,b1c1

d. r. for OC=1,3,-4 =a2,,b2 ,c2
௔భ ௔మశ ௕భ ௕మశ ௖భ ௖భ ௖మ
cos ߠ= cos 45 =
ට௔భమ ା௕భమ ା௖భమ ට௔మమ ା௕మమ ା௖మమ
= 12x2+4y2-3z2 -6xy+24yz+8xz+30x
+100y-130z-117=0
2. Find the equation of the right circular cone having its vertex at the origin and passing
through the circle y2 +z2=25, x =4, also find its semi vertical angle.
37
Solution: The Equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and
guiding curve y2 +z2=25, x =4is obtained by making
y2 +z2=25, with the help of x =4
௫
y2 +z2=25(ସሻ2 = 16(y2 +z2) =25x2 and the semi vertical angle is
ହ
ߠ ൌ ‫ି݊ܽݐ‬ଵ ሺସሻ=510 21’
3. Find the equation of the right circular cone which

passes through the point (2,1,3)with vertex at (1,1,2) and axis
࢞ି૛ ࢟ି૚ ࢠା૛
parallel to the line ૛
ൌ ି૝
ൌ ૜
Solution: d. r. for VM=2,-4, 3

d. r. for VA=2-1,1-1,3-2=1,0,1
ହ
cos ߠ= --------------------------------------- (1)
ξହ଼
Let Q(x, y, z) be any point on the cone

d. r. for VQ=x-1,y-1,z-2
d. r. for VM= 2,-4,3
ሺ௫ିଵሻଶାሺ௬ିଵሻሺିସሻାሺ௭ିଶሻ
cos ߠ= -------------- (2)
ඥሺ௫ିଵሻାሺ௬ିଵሻାሺ௭ିଶሻξସାଵ଺ାଽ
From (1) & (2) equating the R.H.S

Þ 17x2 -7y2+7z2+32xy+48yz-24zx-18x-114y-52z+118=0
4. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line 2y+3z=6, x=0
revaluated about z-axis.
Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
X2+y2= (f (z)) 2
଺ିଷ௭ ଺ିଷ௭ 2
Here Y= (f (z)) = ଶ
Hence X2+y2= ሺ ଶ
ሻ
Þ 4(X2+y2)-9z2+36z-36=0
5. Find the equation of the right circular cone which contains the three coordinate axes as
generators. Obtain the semi vertical angle and the equations of the axis of the cone.
Solution: Let l, m, n, be the d. c. of the axis.
Let ߠ be the angle.The axes of the coordinates are generators of the cone and each of the them
is inclined at angle ߠ‫ ݄݁ݐ݋ݐ‬axes.
Since 1, 0, 0, are d.c of the axis
cosߠ=l.1+m.0+n.0=l
38
Similarly cosߠ=m=n
Since l2+m2+n2=1
ଵ
Þ3cos2ߠ=1 cosߠ=േ
ξଷ
ଵ
ߠ=cos-1(േ ሻis the semi vertical angle of the cone
ξଷ
‫ݒ݄݁ݐ݁ܿ݊݅ݏ‬ertex is at the origin, the equations of axis are

x=േ‫ ݕ‬ൌ േ‫ݖ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
Now ‫ݒ݄݁ݐ‬ertex of the cone is at the origin, the d.c of axis ቀ ǡേ ǡേ ቁ
ξଷ ξଷ ξଷ
భ భ భ
ቀ ௫േ ǡ௬േ ௭ቁ
‫ ݅݉݁ݏ ׵‬െ ‫ߠ݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ‬Þcos ߠ= ξయ ξయ ξయ
ඥ௫ మ ା௬ మశ ௭ మ
x2+y2+z2= (xേ‫ ݕ‬േ ‫ݖ‬ሻ2

‫׵‬xyേ‫ ݖݕ‬േ ‫ ݔݖ‬ൌ Ͳ
6. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and base is the
circle x=a, y2 +z2=b2.
Solution: Here axis is along x-axis
௔
If ߠ is the semi-vertical angle, than Cos ߠ=
ඥ௔మశ್మ
d. c of axis are (1,0,0) the equation of the cone is

ሺଵ௫ା଴௬ା଴௭ሻ
cos ߠ=
ඥ௫ మ ା௬మశ ௭ మ
௔ ௫
ξ௔మ ା௕మ
=
ඥ௫ మ ା௬మశ ௭ మ
‫ܽ ׵‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶା ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ξܽଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ‫ݔ‬

‫ܽ ׵‬2(y2+z2) =b2x2
CYLINDER
DEFINITION: A cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a fixed line and
it has to intersect a given fixed curve. The straight line is any position called a generator and the fixed
point is called the guiding curve of the cylinder.
x y z
The equation of cylinders whose generators are parallel to the line = = and intersect the curve
l m n
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0 is
a(nx - lz )2 + 2h(nx - lz )(ny - mz ) + b(ny - mz )2 + 2 gn(nx - lz) + 2 fn(ny - mz) + n2c = 0

࢟ ࢠ
1. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to the line x = ି૛
ൌ ૜, and
whose guiding curve is the ellipse x2+2y2=1,z=3
39
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. Then the equation of the generator
through p is: =
௫ ௬ ௭
Since Generators are parallel to the line: ଵ
ൌ ିଶ ൌ ଷ , then equation of the generator is
௫ି௫భ ௬ି௬భ ௭ି௭భ
= ൌ ------------- (1)
ଵ ିଶ ଷ
The line (1) meets at Z=3 Þ from(1)

ଷି௭భ ଷି௭భ
ቀ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ଷ
ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ െ ʹ ቀ ଷ
ቁ ǡ ͵ቁ
This point will lie on the ellipse: ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ, if:

ଶ
ଷି௭భ ଶ ଷି௭భ
ቀ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ଷ
ቁ ൅ ʹ ൬‫ݕ‬ଵ െ ʹ ቀ ቁ൰ ൌ ͳ----------- (2)
ଷ
The Locus of P(x1,y1,z1) is: =9
2. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generating lines have the d. c’s (l, m ,n) and which
passes through the circumference of the fixed circle in the ZOX plane.
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. The given circle is , y=0
Then the equation of the generator through p is = ---- (1)
The point where the line (1) meets y=0 is

------------------------------------------------- (2)
Point (2) lies on
Locus of the point (x1,y1,z1) is:
3. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to z-axis and which passes
through the curve of intersection of , x+y+z=1
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.
The d. c of z axis = (0, 0, 1)
Then the equation of the generator through p is:
= ------------------------------------- (1)
If the point (x1,y1,z1) lies on x+y+z=1
40
x1+y1+z1+k=1
k=1-( x1+y1+z1) -------------------------------- (2)
The point where (1) meets x+y+z=1 is p(x1,y1, 1- x1-y1)
But the point P lies on
Þ ,
The locus is:
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CYLINDER
DEFINITION: Right circular cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a
fixed line and is at a constant distance from it or whose guiding curve is a circle.
x -a y - b z - g
The equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the line = = and
l m n
2
é l ( x - a ) + m( y - b ) + n( z - g ) ù
radius r is ( x - a ) + ( y - b ) + ( z - g ) - ê
2 2 2
ú = r2
ë l +m +n
2 2 2
û
1. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2, whose axis passes through (1, 2,
3) and has d.c’s proportional to (2,-3, 6).
Solution: d. r for AN: (2,-3, 6)
d. c for AN : 2/7,-3/7,6/7
let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.
2. The radius of a normal section of right circular cylinder is 2 units, the axis along the
straight line = find its equation.
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.

d.r. Of the QM=2,-1,5
d.c. Of the QM=
MQ=Projection of PQ on the axis

MQ =
41
3. Find the equation of the circular cylinder whose guiding curve is
Solution: Given circle is: S, U

Þ
The axis of the cylinder is the line through the center of the sphere, perpendicular to the plane of
the circle, i.e., , radius of the cylinder = radius of the circle
Centre of the sphere = (0, 0, 0), r = 3
Perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to the plane = =
The radius of the circle = =
Axis of the cylinder =
P(x,y,z) be any point on the cylinder, then

(x2+y2+z2)=( (x-0)- (y-0)+ (z-0))2+6
Þ x2+y2+z2+xy+yz-zx-9=0
4. Obtain the equation of the right circular cylinder described on the circle through the three
points A(1,0,0), B(0, 1, 0), C (0, 0, 1) as guiding circle:
Solution: Equation of the plane is: X+Y+Z=1 ----------------- (1)
Since triangle ABC is equilateral, the center D of the circle through A, B, C is
Radius of the circle =
Radius of the cylinder =
Axis of the cylinder is the line through D and perpendicular to the plane (1).
Equation of axis: x y =z Þ x=y=z
Equation of the cylinder is:
5. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of the radius 3 and the axis is the line
42
Solution:
The Equation of the Right circular cylinder is
THE SPHERE
DEFINITION: A sphere is the locus of a point moving at a constant distance form a fixed point. The
constant distance is the radius and the fixed point is the centre of the sphere.
PLANE SECTION OF A SPHERE:
A plane section of a sphere is a circle sphere S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 plane U:
ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 the combined equation (S,U) is a circle.
The equation of the sphere through the circle a ( S ,U ) is S1 = S + KU
Ie, S1 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x(2u + ak ) + y(2v + bk ) + z(2w + ck ) + d + kd1 = 0
EQUATION OF THE TANGENT PLANE
The sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 and the point of contact is ( x1, y1, z1 ) then
Equation of the Tangent plane is xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u( x + x1 ) + v( y + y1 ) + w( z + z1 ) + d = 0
CONDITION FOR TANGENCY:

Condition for tangency is perpendicular from centre to the plane = radius
-au - bv - cw + d1
= u2 + v2 + w2 - d
a2 + b2 + c2
CONDITION FOR ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO SPHERES:

The condition for orthogonality of two spheres S1 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u1x + 2v1 y + 2w1z + d1 = 0 and
S2 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u2 x + 2v2 y + 2w2 z + d2 = 0 is 2(u1u2 + v1v2 + w1w2 ) = d1 + d2

1. Find the centre and radius of the sphere
Solution: The General equation

Centre=(-u,-v,-w) =(-3,3,-4) d=9
Radius= r =
43
2. A sphere of constant radius K passes through the origin O and meets the axes in A, B, C.
Prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is the sphere
Solution: S:
As S passes through O (0, 0, 0): d=0
S: ------------------- (1)
= -------------------- (2)
As A is in x axis (y=0, z=0)
In (1)Þ
X=-2u & x=0
A (-2u, 0, 0), B (0,-2v, 0), c (0, 0,-2w)
Let G(x,y,z) be the centroid of triangle ABC.
X= y= z=
U= v= w=
(2) Þ Locus of G(x,y,z) is:

=
3. Find the equation of the concentric sphere with

and passing through the origin.
Solution: Given sphere is:
------------------ (1)
Equation of concentric sphere is
------------------- (2)
As sphere (2) passes through (0, 0, 0) K=0
Put in (2)
4. Find the equation of the sphere concentric with and
passing through the point (1,2,3)
Solution: The equation of the sphere concentric with‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸‫ ݕ‬െ ͺ‫ ݖ‬൅ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸‫ ݕ‬െ ͺ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ݇ ------------------ (i)
(I) passes through the point (1,2,3), k= -2
The required equation of the sphere is
44
5. Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and centre
on the plane x+y+z=6
Solution: S: ------------------ (1)
As c (-u,-v,-w) on the plane x+y+z=6
Þ –u-v-w=6 ----------------------------------- (2)
(1, 0, 0): 1+2u+d=0 u=-1/2-d/2
(0, 1, 0): 1+2v+d=0 v=-1/2-d/2
(0, 0, 1): 1+2w+d=0 w=-1/2-d/2 ------------------ (3)
Put in (2)
ଽ
=
ଶ
d=
Put in (3): u=-2 v=-2 w=-2

Put in (1): S:
6. Find the equation of the sphere with centre (1, 2, 3) and touch the plane, x+2y+2z=1.
Solution: Centre = (-u,-v,-w) = (1, 2, 3)
U=-1, v=-2, w=-3
= (perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere
to the plane)2
ଵ଴଴ ଶ଺
d= 14- ଽ
ൌ ଽ
S:
S: .
7. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle , 2x+3y+4z=5 and the
point (1,2,3).
Solution: U: 2x+3y+4z-5=0.
S1: S+KU = 0
S1: ) + k(2x+3y+4z-5) =0 ------------------ (1)
As S1 passes through (1, 2, 3).
45
(1+4+9-9)+k (2+6+12-5) =0
ିଵ
K= = ଷ
Put in (1): ) (2x+3y+4z-5) =0
8. Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres

and having its centre on the plane 4x-5y-z=3.
Solution: Given spheres are:
S=
X2(1+K) +Y2 (1+K) +Z2 (1+K) +X (-2+4K) +Y (-3+5K) +Z (4-6K) + (8+2K) =0
2U=-2+4K, U=-1+2K
2V=-3+5K, V=-3+5K/2
2W=4-6K, W=2-3K
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As centre lie on: 4x-5y-z=3
4-8k-5 - (-2+3k) =3
8-16k-15+25k+4-6k=6
3k=9 ÞK=3
(1) Þ 4(x+y+z) +10x+12y-14z+14=0
9. Find the centre, radius and area of the circle. , x+y+z=3
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: x+y+z=3
U=0, v=0, w=0, d=-9
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (0, 0, 0)
r= =3
Radius of the circle R=NP=
CN= perpendicular from center ‘c’ to the plane
d.r. of CN=(1,1,1)
Equation of CN = k
46
X=k, y=k, z=k
Now N(x,y,z) satisfies the plane equation
K+k+k=3ÞK=1
.
10. Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle , x+y+z=3
as the Great circle.
U: x+y+z-3=0
S1: S+KU = 0
------------------ (1)
௄
2u=k, u= ଶ
2v=10+k, v=
2w=-4+k, w=
Centre = (-U,-V,-W) =
x+y+z=3 Þ =3
4
(1) Þ
11.Find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere

U=1, v=2, w=-3, d=-6
Point of contact (x1,y1,z1) = ( )
Tangent plane is
Substitute the values: 2x+4y-10=0
12. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle , 2x+3y-
7z=10 and touch the plane x-2y+2z=1
U: 2x+3y-7z=10
S1: S+KU = 0
47
(1)
2u= , u=-2+k
2v= , v=
2w= , w=
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As sphere touches the plane x-2y+2z-1=0
Radius =
K=±1
Substitute the value of k in (1)
13. Show that the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touches the sphere and
find the point of contact. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
U: 2x-2y+z+12=0
U=-1, v=-2, w=1, d=-3
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (1,2, -1)
r= =3
CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the
plane
CN =
r = perpendicular
The plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (2,-2, 1)
Equation of CN is k
X=2k+1, y=-2k+2, z=k-1 (1)

As N(x,y,z) lie on the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0
2(2k+1)-2(-2k+2) + (k-1) +12=0
K=-1
Substitute in (1), (-1, 4,-2)
48
14. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle
, 3x-4y-6z+11=0 and cuts the sphere
orthogonally.
U: 3x-4y-6z+11=0
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
U1= v1= w1= d1 =
As sphere cuts the sphere Orthogonally.

U2=1, v2=2, w2=-3, d2=11
The condition of orthogonality is 2(U1U2 +, v1v2+, w1w2 = d1+ d2
-2+3k+6-8k+12+18k=17+11k
K=1/2
Put in (1):
2( )-x+2y-14z+23=0
15. Find the equation to the sphere passing through the circle
and cuts orthogonally the sphere
Solution:
The required sphere cuts orthogonally

Condition for orthogonal spheres is
Here
Hence equn (3) becomes
Sub k = -1 in (A) We get the required sphere
49
16. If any tangent to the sphere makes intercepts a,b,c on the co-ordinate
axes, prove that
Solution: The plane intercept form is:
Perpendicular distance from the centre of the plane = r =k
17. Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and its
radius as small as possible.
Solution: As sphere passes through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
2u=2v=2w=-(1+d)
But r=
R=
As r is least Þ
d = -1/3
(Since it is least)
The sphere is 3( )-2(x+y+z)-1=0.

18. Show that the spheres =25, touch
externally and find their point of conduct.
Solution: Given the sphere S1=
u1=-9, v1=-12, w1=-20 d1=225 , c1= (9, 12, 20); r1= = 20

S2 : =25
u2=0 , v2=0, w2=0 d1=-25 c2(0,0,0,) ;
r2= 5
C1C2=25 r1+r2=25
Spheres touch each other externally
50
The point of contact C divides C1C2 in the ratio 20: 5 = 4:1
The point of contact (9/5, 12/5,4)
19. Find the equation of the sphere which is tangential to the plane 2x + 2y -2z = 11 at (2,2,1)
and passes through the point (1,0,-1)
Solution: S: (1)
It passes through the point (1,0,-1)
2u+2w+ d= -2 (2)
Tangent pane at ( 2,2,1) is
x (2+u)+ y(2+v) +z(1+w) + 2u +2v +w + d = 0 (3)
Equation (2) & (3) represent the same line
= =k
2k-2, v= -2, w= -2k-1 d = -2k-2u-2v-w (4)

Using (4) in (2) we get k= -9/4
K=-9/4 in (4) gives u = -13/2, v=-2, w=7/2 , d=23/2
Equation (1) Þ
20. The circle on the sphere: has centre (2, 1, 2) find the
equation of the circle.
Solution: Given sphere:
whose center is C( -2,1,-4)
centre of circle N( 2,1,2)
dr of NC = 4,0,-6
Equation of the plane is ax+by+cz+d = 0 (1)
Equation (1) Becomes -4x -6z + d= 0 (2)
The point (2, 1, 2) is on the plane -8-12+d = 0 Þ d= 20
Equation (2) becomes -4x -6z+20 = 0 or -2x -3z+10 = 0
The equation of the circle is , -2x -3z+10 = 0
21. Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres
as the great circle
Solution: Given the spheres S1 : (1)
S2: (2)
The plane is S1-S2=0 U: 6x + 5y +16z-1=0 (3)
51
The required sphere is
S1+ kU= (4)
Centre C =
As the circle is the great CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN =
Radius of the circle R=NP= = =

Area of circle πR2=6π.
To find centre of the circle N(x,y,z)
Circle centre of the sphere should lie on its own plane, gives
k =-197/61
Using k in (4)
22. Find the equation of the sphere having the points (2,-3,4) and (-1,5,7) as the ends of a
diameter. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Given A (2,-3, 4) and B (-1, 5, 7)
S:
23. Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle and
x+2y+3z=3 and touch the plane 4x+3y=15 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
U: x+2y+3z=3
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
2u= , u= ; 2v=2 , v= k ; 2w=3 , w= ;
C= (-u,-v,-w) =
As sphere touches the plane 4x+3y-15=0 ,We get k = -3

Substitute the value of k in (1)
24. Find the centre radius and area of the circle given by
52
C
Solution: For the sphere , The centre C(-1,1,2)
and Radius = r =5
N
Radius of the circle R = NP= P
CN=perpendicular from the centre of the plane

=
Area =
d.r of CN are x+1, y-1, z-2. d.r of normal to the plane are 1,2,2
x=k-1, y=2k+1, z=2k+2 Substituting x, y, z in the plane equation we get k=-4/3
25. Find the two tangent planes to the sphere which are
parallel to the plane x+4y+8z=0. Find their point of contact
Solution: Given sphere is S: N: x+4y+8z=0
u= -2, v= -1, w= -3, d= 5, C= (-u,-v,-w) = (2,1, 3) and r = =3

CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN = =r
The plane x+4y+8z=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (1,4,8)

Equation of CN is hence x=k+2, y=-4k+1, z=8k+3
As N(x,y,z) lie on the plane x+4y+8z=0

(k+2)+4(4k+1) +8 (8k+3)-57 =0 gives k= 1/3
Substitute in (1), we get the point of contact is
26. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line y-z=0, x=0
revaluated about x=0, z=2. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about
the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
x2+y2= (f (z)) 2
Here y= (f (z)) = z Hence X2+y2= z2 Þ x2+y2 -z2 =0
53
UNIT – III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Curvature: The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called the curvature of the curve in that
interval.
Curvature of a circle: The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal of the
curvature
3
é æ dy ö 2 ù 2
ê1 + ç ÷ ú
ê è dx ø úû
Cartesian form of radius of curvature r = ë
æd2yö
çç 2 ÷÷
è dx ø
య
൫௫ሶ మ ା௬ሶ మ ൯మ
Parametric equation of radius of curvaturer =
௫ሶ ௬ሷି௬ሶ ௫ሷ
య
൫௥ మ ା௥ሶ మ ൯మ
Polar form of radius of curvature r =௥ మ ାଶ௥ሶ మ
ି௥௥ሷ
య
൫௙ೣమ ା௙೤మ ൯మ
Implicit form of radius of curvature r =௙ మ మ
ೣೣ ௙೤ ିଶ௙ೣ೤ ௙ೣ ௙೤ ା௙೤೤ ௙ೣ
Centre of curvature: The circle which touches the curve at P and whose radius is equal to the radius of
curvature and its centre is known as centre of curvature.
Equation of circle of curvature: ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ҧ ሻଶ + ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬തሻଶ = ߩଶ
௬ ଵ
Centre of curvaturee: ‫ݔ‬ҧ = x – ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ሻ‫ݕ‬ത = y + ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ሻ
మ ௬మ
Evolute: The locus of the centre of curvature is called an evolute

Involute: If a curve C1 is the evolute of C2 , then C2 is said to be an involute of a curve C1.
Parametric equation of some standard curves
Curve Parametric form
Y2 = 4 ax (parabola) X = at2 , y =2at
௫మ ௬మ X= a cosq , y =b sinq
൅ ௕మ ൌ ͳ (ellipse)
௔మ
௫మ ௬మ X= a secq , y = b tanq
െ ௕మ ൌ ͳ (hyperbola)
௔మ
మ మ మ
‫ ݔ‬య ൅ ‫ ݕ‬య = ܽయ X= a cos3q , y = a sin3q
௖
Xy = c2 ( rectangular hyperbola) X = ct , y = ௧
Envelope: A curve which touches each member of a family of curves is called envelope of that family
curves.
54
Envelope of a family of curves: The locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive members of
a family of curve is called the envelope of the family of curves.
Properties of envelope and evolute
Property:1: The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the corresponding
centre of curvature.
Property:2 The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a curve
is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
Property:3: There is one evolute ,but an infinite number of involutes
Property:4 The envelope of a family of curves touches at each of its point. The corresponding member of
that family
Evolute as the envelope of normals: The normals to a curve form a family of straight lines.we know that
the envelope of the family of these normals is the locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive
normals. But the centre of curvature of a curve is also the point of consecutive normals. Hence the envelope
of the normals and the locus of the centres of curvature are the same that is ,the evolute of a curve is the
envelope of the normals of the curve.
Part - A
1. Find the radius of curvature of y=ࢋ࢞ at x=0
య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ
Solution: ߩ ൌ
௬మ
y=݁ ௫
y1=݁ ௫ at x= 0 y1=1
y2=݁ ௫ at x= 0 y2=1
య య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ ሺଵାଵሻ ൗమ
ߩൌ =ߩൌ =2ξʹ
௬మ ଵ
࣊
2. Find the radius of curvature of at x = ૛ on the curve y = 4 sin x – sin 2x
య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ
Solution: ߩ ൌ
௬మ
గ
y1=4 cosx – 2 cos 2x at x= ଶ y1=2
గ
y2=Ͷ ൅ ʹ at x = ଶ y2=-4
య య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ ሺଵାସሻ ൗమ ହξହ
ߩൌ =ߩൌ =
௬మ ିସ ଶ
ഥ ൌ 2a +3at2
3. Given the coordinates of the centre of curvature of the curve is given as ࢞
55
ഥ ൌ -2at3 Determine the evolute of the curve
࢟
Solution: ‫ݔ‬ҧ ൌ 2a +3at2 t2=(‫ݔ‬ҧ െ ʹܽൗ͵ܽ )------------ 1
‫ݕ‬ത ൌ -2at3 t3= ‫ݕ‬തȀെʹܽ ------------ 2
(‫ݔ‬ҧ െ ʹܽൗ͵ܽ )3 = (‫ݕ‬തȀെʹܽሻ2
4( ‫ݔ‬ҧ -2a)3=27a‫ݕ‬ത2
The locus of the centre of curvature (evolute) is 4(x-2a)3=27a‫ݕ‬2
4. Write the envelope of Am2+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter and A, B and C are functions of x
and y. (NOV-08)
2
Solution: Given Am +Bm+C=0……………………(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. ‘m’
2Am+B=0 m=-B/2A………….(2)
Substitute (2) in (1) we get
A(-B/2A)2+B(-B/2A)+C=0
AB2/4A2-B2/2A+C=0
AB2-2AB2+4A2C=0
- AB2+4A2C=0
Therefore B2-4AC=0 which is the required envelope.
5. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y=x2. (NOV-07)
యൗ
൫ଵା௬భమ ൯ మ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ௬మ
ௗ௬ ௗమ ௬
Given y=x2 y1=ௗ௫ =2x and Y2 = ௗ௫ మ =2
యൗ ൗయ
൫ଵାሺଶ௫ሻమ ൯ మ ൫ଵାସ௫ మ ൯ మ
ߩൌ ଶ
= ଶ
6. Find the envelope of the family of x sin a+ y cos a= p, abeing the parameter. (NOV-07)
Solution: Given x sin a + y cos a= p……………. (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. ‘a’
X cos a- y sin a= o………………….(2)
Eliminate abetween (1) and (2)
X cos a = y sin a Þ Þ Tan a =
56
Sin cos
Substitute in (1)
x. + y. =p
=p
Squaring on both sides, x2 +y2=p2 which is the required envelope
7. What is the curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 at any point on it . (JAN-06)
2 2
Solution: Given x +y - 4x-6y+10=0
The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-4 g=-2
2f =-6 f=-3
Centre C(2,3), radius r = = =
Curvature of the circle =
Therefore Curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 is
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter (JAN-
06)
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=m2-1
Y2+m2x2 – 2mxy-m2+1=0
m2 (x2-1)-2mxy+y2+1=0 which is quadratic in ‘m’
Here, A=x2-1 B=-2xy C=y2+1
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2-1)(y2+1)=0
4 x2y2-4 x2y2-4x2+4y2+4=0
X2-y2=4 which is the required envelope
9. Find the curvature of the curve 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0 (MAY-05,NOV-07)

Solution: Given 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0
÷2
x2 +y2 +5/2x-y+1/2=0
Here 2g =5/2 g=5/4
57
2f=-1 f=-1/2 centre C (-5/4,1/2) radius r= = = =
Therefore Curvature of the circle 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0 is
10. State any two properties of evolute . (MAY-05)

Solution: (i) The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding contre of curvature. (ii) The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a
curve is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
11. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what the curvature of a straight line. (JAN-05)
Solution: The rate at which the plane curve has turned at a point (rate of bending of a curve is called
the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero.
12. Define evolute and involute . (JAN-05)

Solution: The locus of centre of curvature of a curve (B1,B2,B3,…) is called evolute of the given
curve.
If a curve C2 is the evolute of a curve C1 ,then C1 is said to be an involute of a curve C2.
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x2 +y2 -6x+4y+6=0 (NOV-08)
2 2
Solution: Given X +y - 6x+4y+6=0
The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-6 g=-3
2f =4 f=2
Centre C(3,-2), radius r = = =
Radius of Curvature of the circle = radius of the circle=
14. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x-a)2+y2=4a,where a is the parameter.(MAY-07)
Solution: Given (x-a)2+y2=4a
X2-2ax+a2-4a+y2=0
a2-2a (x+2)+x2+y2=0 which is quadratic in
Here A=1 B=-2 (x+2) C= x2+y2
4(x+2)2-4(x2+y2)=0
x2-4x+4- x2-y2=0
58
y2+4x=4 which is the required envelope.
15. Define evolute . (MAY-07)

തതത is called an evolute .
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature (‫ݔ‬ҧ ,‫ݕ‬ሻ
ࢇ
16. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=mx+࢓ for different values of ‘m’.
ࢇ
Solution: Given y=mx+࢓ (NOV-07, May 2009)
m2x-my+a=0 which is quadratic in ‘m’

Here A=x B=-y C=a
Y2-4ax = 0
There fore y2= 4ax which is the required envelope.
17. Find the envelope of the line +yt=2c, where‘t’ is the parameter. (NOV-02,05)
Solution: Given +yt=2c
Yt2-2ct+x=0 which is quadratic in ‘t’

Here A=y B=-2c C=x
C2-xy=0
Therefore xy=c2 which is the required envelope.
18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=c cosh(x/c)at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
Solution: Radius of curvature (NOV-05,May-09)
Given y=c cosh(x/c) and the curve crosses the y-axis. (i.e.)x=0 implies y=c.
Therefore the point of intersection is (0,c)
=c sin h(x/c)(1/c)=sin h (x/c)
(0,c)=sinh 0= 0
=cos h(x/c)(1/c)
(0,c)= cos h(0) (1/c) = 1/c
59
య
ሺଵା଴ሻమ
ߩൌ భ =c
೎
19. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy=c2at (c,c). (NOV-02)
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given xy=c2
ௗ௬
x ௗ௫ + y =0
ௗ௬ ି௬ ௗ௬
= implies ௗ௫ (c,c)=-1
ௗ௫ ௫
=-
(c,c)= =-
20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter
Solution: Given y= mx (Jan 09)
(y-mx)2=( )
Y2+m2x2 – 2mxy- m2- =0
m2 (x2- )-2mxy+y2 =0 which is quadratic in ‘m’
Here, A=x2- B=-2xy C= y2
4 x2y2-4(x2- )(y2 - )=0
1 which is the required envelope
21. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric coordinate system. (May-
09)
Solution: Radius of curvature .
22. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x1,y2) on the curve y = f(x). (Jan-09)
Solution: The circle of curvature is the circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and radius is the
radius of curvature. Therefore the equation of circle of curvature is
60
PART-B
૛ൗ ૛ൗ ૛ൗ
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point ሺࢇࢉ࢕࢙૜ ࣂǡ ࢇ࢙࢏࢔૜ ࣂሻ on the curve࢞ ૜ ൅࢟ ૜ ൌࢇ ૜.
Solution: Given x=ܽܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ……………………(1) (NOV-07,MAY-08,MAY-09)

Y=ܽ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ…………………..(2)
Differentiate (1) and (2) w.r.t ߠ
ௗ௫
ൌ ͵ܽܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሺെ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ ൌ െ͵ܽ‫ ݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ
ௗఏ
݀‫ݕ‬
ൌ ͵ܽ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠሺܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬ሻ ൌ ͵ܽܿ‫݊݅ݏߠݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ
݀ߠ
݀‫ݕ‬ൗ
݀ߠ
݀‫ݕ‬ ͵ܽܿ‫݊݅ݏߠݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ
ൌ ൌ ൌ െ‫ߠ݊ܽݐ‬
݀‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ൗ െ͵ܽ‫ ݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ
݀ߠ
ࢊ૛ ࢟ ࢊ ࢊ࢟ ࢊ ࢊࣂ
=
ࢊ࢞૛ ࢊ࢞ ࢊ࢞
ቀ ቁ ൌ ࢊࣂ ሺെ࢚ࢇ࢔ࣂሻǤ
ࢊ࢞
૚
=-sec2ࣂǤ ି૜ࢇ࢙࢏࢔ࣂࢉ࢕࢙૛ ࣂ
ࢊ૛ ࢟ ૚
=
ࢊ࢞૛ ૜ࢇ࢙࢏࢔ࣂࢉ࢕࢙૝ ࣂ
యൗ
೏೤ మ మ య
ൗ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ ൫ଵା௧௔௡మ ఏ൯ మ ଷൗ
೏ೣ
Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ࢊ૛ ࢟
= భ ൌ ͵ܽ ߠܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ ሺ‫ ܿ݁ݏ‬ଶ ߠሻ ଶ
ࢊ࢞૛ యೌ ౩౟౤ ഇ೎೚ೞర ഇ
=3a sinߠܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ‫ ܿ݁ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ൌ ͵ܽ‫ߠݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬

ߩ ൌ ͵ܽ‫ߠݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬
ሺࢇା࢞ሻ
2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve ࢟૛ ൌ ࢞૛ ሺࢇି࢞ሻ at the point (-a, 0). (NOV-08)
యൗ
೏೤ మ మ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ
೏ೣ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ࢊ૛ ࢟
ࢊ࢞૛
ሺ௔ା௫ሻ ௔௫ మ ା௫ య
Given ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሺ௔ି௫ሻ ൌ ௔ି௫
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

ௗ௬ ሺ௔ି௫ሻ൫ଶ௔௫ାଷ௫ మ ൯ି൫௔௫ మ ା௫ య ൯ሺିଵሻ
2yௗ௫ ൌ ሺ௔ି௫ሻమ
݀‫ ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻሺʹܽ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ െ ሺܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻሺെͳሻ

ൌ
݀‫ݔ‬ ʹ‫ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ
݀‫ݕ‬ ʹܽሺെʹܽଶ ൅ ͵ܽଶ ሻ ൅ ሺܽଷ െ ܽଷ ሻ
ሺെܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ൌ∞
݀‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
61
ଷൗ
݀‫ ݔ‬ଶ ଶ
ቊͳ ൅ ൬ ൰ ቋ
݀‫ݕ‬
\ߩ ൌ
ࢊ૛ ࢞
ࢊ࢟૛
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ Ͳ
ൌ ଶ ൌ ଶ ൌͲ
݀‫ ݕ‬ሺܽ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ሺܽ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ
ଶ ଷ
ଶ ଶ ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬ ଶ ଶ ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬

ࢊ૛ ࢞ ሺܽ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൤‫ݕ‬Ǥ ʹሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൬െ ݀‫ݕ‬൰ ൅ ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ Ǥ ͳ൨ െ ‫ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൤ܽ ݀‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹܽ‫ ݕ݀ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬൨
ൌ
ࢊ࢟૛ ሺܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ૛
ࢊ૛ ࢞ ሺെࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ሻሺ૝ࢇ૛ ሻ ૝ࢇ૞ ૝
ሺെࢇǡ ࢕ሻ ൌ ൌ ૟ ൌ
ࢊ࢟૛ ሺെࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ሻ૛ ࢇ ࢇ
ଷൗ
ሼͳ ൅ Ͳሽ ଶ ܽ
\ߩ ൌ ൌ
૝ Ͷ
ࢇ
3. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a,0)on the curve ࢞࢟૛ ൌ ࢇ૜ െ ࢞૜ .(MAY-07)
యൗ
೏೤ మ మ
೏ೣ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೤
೏ೣమ
Given ‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ ൌ ܽଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ

Differentiate w.r.t.’x’
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ିଷ௫ మ ି௬మ
2xyௗ௫ +y2.1=-3x2 ௗ௫
ൌ ଶ௫௬
………………(1)
ௗ௬ ିଷ௔మ ି଴
ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ൌ∞
ௗ௫ ଶ௔Ǥ଴
యൗ
೏ೣ మ మ
೏೤
Therefore ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೣ
೏೤మ
ௗ௫ ଶ௫௬
ௗ௬
ൌ ିଷ௫మ ି௬ మ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
ௗ௫ ଶ௔Ǥ଴
ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ൌͲ
ௗ௬ ିଷ௔మ ି଴
Differentiate (2) w.r.t.’y’.

೏ೣ ೏ೣ
ௗమ ௫ ଶቂ൫ିଷ௫ మ ି௬మ ൯ቀ௫Ǥଵା௬Ǥ ቁି௫௬ቀି଺௫ ିଶ௬ቁቃ
೏೤ ೏೤
ௗ௬ మ
ൌ ሺିଷ௫ మ ି௬ మ ሻమ
ௗమ ௫ ଶൣ൫ିଷ௔మ ି଴൯ሺ௔ା଴ሻି଴൧ ି଺௔య ିଶ

మ
ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ሺିଷ௔మ ି଴ሻమ
ൌ ൌ
ௗ௬ ଽ௔ర ଷ௔
యൗ
೏ೣ మ మ
య
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ ሼଵା଴ሽ ൗమ ିଷ
೏೤
Therefore radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೣ
ൌ ିଶൗ ൌ ଶ
ܽ
ଷ௔
೏೤మ
62
ଷ
ߩ ൌ ଶ ܽ (since the radius of curvature is non-negative)
4. Find the curvature of the parabola y2=4x at the vertex. (NOV-07)

యൗ
೏೤ మ మ
೏ೣ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೤
೏ೣమ
Given; y2=4x
ௗ௬
2y ௗ௫ = 4
ௗ௬
ௗ௫
=2/y
݀‫ݕ‬ ʹ
ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ൌ ∞
݀‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
యൗ
೏ೣ మ మ
೏೤
Therefore ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೣ
೏೤మ
ௗ௫ ௬
ൌ ଶ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
ௗ௬
݀‫ݔ‬
ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ Ͳ
݀‫ݕ‬
Differentiate (1) w.r.t.’y’.
݀ଶ‫ͳ ݔ‬
ൌ
݀‫ ݕ‬ଶ ʹ
య
ሼଵା଴ሽ ൗమ
Therefore ߩ ൌ =2
ଵȀଶ
Curvature K=1/ߩ =1/2
5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 27ay 2= 4x3 at the point where the tangent of the curve
makes an angle 450 with the X- axis.
Solution; Let (x1,y1) be the point on the curve at which the tangent makes an angle 450
with the X- axis.
ௗ௬
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1-------------------------------- (1)
ௗ௫
Given 27ay2= 4x3

ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ௫ మ
54ayௗ௫ =12x2 =
ௗ௫ ଽ௔௬
63
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ௫ మ
(x1,y1) =ௗ௫ =ଽ௔௬భ -----------------------------------(2)
ௗ௫ భ
ௗ௬ ଶ௫భమ
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1=
ௗ௫ ଽ௔௬భ
ଶ௫భమ
Gives ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ ଽ௔
-----------------------------(3)
As ( x1,y1) lies on the curve 27ay21= 4x31 ---------------------------------(4)

ଶ௫భమ
Using ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ gives x1= 3a
ଽ௔
And using (3) gives y1= 2a

Y1 at (3a,2a)= 1
ଶ ௬Ǥଶ௫ି௫ మ Ǥ௬భ
Y2= ଽ௔ ቂ ௬మ
ቃ
ଶ ଶǤଷ௔Ǥଶ௔ିଽ௔మ Ǥଵ
Y2= ଽ௔ ቂ ସ௔మ
ቃ=1/6a
య య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ ሺଵାଵሻ ൗమ
Therefore radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ൌ ଵൗ
௬మ ଺௔
ߩ ൌ ͳʹܽξʹ
6. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2. (JAN-06,NOV-08)

Solution: The equation of the given curve is xy=c2……….(1)
The parametric form of (1) is
௖
X=ct; y=௧
ௗ௫ ௗ௬ ିଵ ௖
ௗ௧
=c; ௗ௧ =c ቀ ௥ మ ቁ=-௧ మ
ௗ௬ ௗ௬Ȁௗ௧ ௖Ȁ௧ మ ିଵ
Y1=ௗ௫ ൌ ௗ௫Ȁௗ௧ ൌ ௖
ൌ ௧మ
ௗమ ௬ ௗ ௗ௬ ௗ ିଵ
Y2=ௗ௫ మ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀௗ௫ ቁ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀ ௧ మ ቁ
ௗ ିଵ ௗ௧
=ௗ௧ ቀ మ ቁ Ǥ
௧ ௗ௫
ʹ ͳ ʹ
Ǥ ൌ
‫ ݐ‬ଷ ܿ ܿ‫ ݐ‬ଷ
The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is ሺ‫ݔ‬
ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻ
௬
ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
Where ‫ݔ‬
మ
ቀିଵൗ మ ቁ ଵ ௖൫௧ ర ାଵ൯ ௖൫ଷ௧ ర ାଵ൯

௧
ൌ ܿ‫ ݐ‬െ ቀͳ ൅ ௧ ర ቁ ൌ ܿ‫ ݐ‬൅ ൌ
ቀଶൗ య ቁ ଶ௧ య ଶ௧ య
௖௧
௖ ଵ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ ൌ ଶ ቀ͵‫ ݐ‬൅ య ቁ………………………..(2)
௧
64
ͳ
‫ݕ‬
ഥ ൌ‫ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
௖ ଵ ଵ ௖ ௖൫௧ ర ାଵ൯ ௖൫௧ ర ାଷ൯
= ൅ ቀͳ ൅ ర ቁ ൌ ൅ ൌ
௧ ቀଶൗ య ቁ ௧ ௧ ଶ௧ ଶ௧
௖௧
௖ ଷ
ഥ ൌ ଶ ቀ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ௧ ቁ………………………………(3)
‫ݕ‬
Eliminating’ between (2) and (3),

(2)+(3)gives
ܿ ͳ ܿ ͵ ܿ ͵ ͳ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ ൬͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ଷ ൰ ൅ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ൰ ൌ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ൅ ͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ଷ ൰
ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
௖ ଵ ଷ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ ଶ ቀ‫ ݐ‬൅ ቁ ……………………………(4)
௧
(2)-(3)gives
ܿ ͳ ܿ ͵ ܿ ͵ ͳ
ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ ൬͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ଷ ൰ െ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ൰ ൌ െ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ െ ͵‫ ݐ‬െ ଷ ൰
‫ݔ‬
ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
௖ ଵ ଷ
ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ െ ଶ ቀ‫ ݐ‬െ ௧ ቁ …………………..(5)
‫ݔ‬
(4)2/3-(5)2/3gives
ଶ ଶ ܿ ଶൗଷ ͳ ଶ ͳ ଶ
ሺ‫ݔ‬
ഥ൅ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ൗଷ െ ሺ‫ݔ‬
ഥെ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ൗଷ ൌ ቀ ቁ ቈ൬‫ ݐ‬൅ ൰ െ ൬‫ ݐ‬െ ൰ ቉
ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
మ
ሺ௖ሻ ൗయ
= మ ሺͶሻ
ሺଶሻ ൗయ
ଶൗ ଶൗ ଶൗ
Therefore ሺ‫ݔ‬
ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ଷ െ ሺ‫ݔ‬
ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ଷ ൌ ሺͶܿሻ ଷ
ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻis
The locus of centre of curvatureሺ‫ݔ‬
ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ଷ െ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ଷ ൌ ሺͶܿሻ ଷ which is the required evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.
࣊ ࣋૛
7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r=a(1+cosࣂ)at ࣂ ൌ ૛ ࢇ࢔ࢊ࢖࢘࢕࢜ࢋ࢚ࢎࢇ࢚ ࢘ is a constant.
Solution: Given r=a(1+cos ߠ) (NOV-07,08)

r’= -a sin ߠ and r’’ = cosߠ
ൗ య
൫௥ మ ା௥′మ ൯ మ
The radius of curvature in polar form is ߩ =൫௥ మ ାଶ௥′మ ି௥௥′′൯
ൗ య
൛௔మ ሺଵାୡ୭ୱఏሻమ ା௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏൟ మ
=ሾ௔మ ሺଵାୡ୭ୱఏሻమ
ାଶ௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏା௔మ ሺଵା௖௢௦ఏሻ௖௢௦ఏሿ
మ
య ൘ మൗ భ
௔య ሺଶାଶ௖௢௦ఏሻ ൗమ ௔య ଶ యሺభశ೎೚ೞഇሻ య ଶξଶ௔ሺଵା௖௢௦ఏሻ ൗమ
= ௔ ሺଵାଶ௖௢௦మ ఏାଶ௦௜௡మ ఏାଷ௖௢௦ఏሻ
మ
ൌ ଷ௔మ ሺଵା௖௢௦ఏሻ
= ଷ
గ ଶξଶ௔
ߩat ߠ ൌ ଶ
is ߩ ൌ ଷ
65
଼௔మ ଼௔మ
Also, ߩଶ ൌ ଽ
ሺͳ ൅ ܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬ሻ ൌ
ଽ
‫ݎ‬
ఘమ ଼
Therefore, = ܽ ൌ ܿ‫ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋‬.
௥ ଽ
8. Considering the evolute as the envelope of normals, find the evolute of the parabola x2=4ay.
Solution: Given x2=4ay (NOV-08)
The parametric equations are x=2at, y=at2
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
ௗ௧
=2a and ௗ௧=2at
݀‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬Ȁ݀‫ݐܽʹ ݐ‬
ൌ ൌ ൌ‫ݐ‬
݀‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬Ȁ݀‫ݐ‬ ʹܽ
ௗ௬
m= ൌ‫ݐ‬
ௗ௫
ିଵ
We know that the equation of normal to the curve is y-y1= ௠ (x-x1)
ିଵ
y-at2= ௧ (x-2at) yt-at3=-x+2at
x+yt=at3+2at……………….(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.’t’we get
ଵൗ
௬ିଶ௔ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ
Y=3at2+2a t2 ൌ ଷ௔
‫ ݐ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ
ଷ௔
Substitute the value of ‘t’ in (1)

ଵൗ ଷൗ ଵൗ
௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ
yቀ ଷ௔
ቁ +x=aቀ ଷ௔
ቁ +2aቀ ଷ௔
ቁ
ଵൗ ଵൗ ଵൗ
௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ସ௔ିଶ௬
x =ቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ቂܽ ቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ൅ ʹܽ െ ‫ ݕ‬ቃ ൌ ቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ቂቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ൅ ʹܽ െ ‫ݕ‬ቃ =ቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ቂ ଷ
ቃ
ଷൗ
͵ξ͵ξܽ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െʹሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹܽሻ ଶ
Squaring on both sides, we get

ʹ͹ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹܽሻଷ which is the required evolute.
9. Obtain the evolute of the parabola y2=4ax. (NOV-07)

Solution: Given y2=4ax………………………(1)
The parametric equations are x= at2, y=2at
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
=2at =2a
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ௗ௬ ௗ௬Ȁௗ௧ ଶ௔ ଵ
ௗ௫
ൌ ௗ௫Ȁௗ௧ ൌ ଶ௔௧ ൌ ௧ =y1
ௗమ ௬ ௗ ௗ௬ ௗ ଵ
Y2=ௗ௫ మ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀௗ௫ ቁ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀ ௧ ቁ
66
ௗ ଵ ௗ௧ ିଵ ଵ ିଵ
=ௗ௧ ቀ ቁ Ǥ = మ Ǥ ൌ ଶ௔௧ య
௧ ௗ௫ ௧ ଶ௔௧
The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is ሺ‫ݔ‬

௬ ൫ଵൗ௧൯ ଵ ൫௧ మ ାଵ൯ଶ௔௧ య
ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ൌ ଶ െ
Where ‫ݔ‬ ିଵ
ቀͳ ൅ ௧ మ ቁ ൌ ଶ ൅ ௧య
ൌ ଶ ൅ ʹ ଶ ൅ ʹ
మ ቀ ൗ ቁ
ଶ௔௧ య
ഥ ൌ ͵ ଶ ൅ ʹ……………………..(2)
‫ݔ‬
ͳ
‫ݕ‬
‫ݕ‬ଶ
ͳ ͳ ሺ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൅ ͳሻʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ
‫ݕ‬ҧ ൌ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬൅ ൬ͳ ൅ ଶ ൰ ൌ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬െ ଶ
ൌ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬െ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ െ ʹܽ‫ݐ‬
ቀെͳൗʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ቁ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
ഥ ൌ െʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ………………………………(3)

‫ݕ‬
Eliminating ‘t’ between (2)and(3),
ഥ ିଶ௔
௫
(2) gives ଶ ൌ ଷୟ
ഥ
௬
(3) gives ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൌ െ ଶ௔
ഥ ଶ
‫ݕ‬ ഥ െ ʹܽ ଷ
‫ݔ‬
൬െ ൰ ൌ ൬ ൰
ʹܽ ͵
ഥ ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ݔ‬
ʹ͹ܽ‫ݕ‬ ഥ െ ʹܽሻଷ
ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻis
The locus of centre of curvatureሺ‫ݔ‬
ʹ͹ܽ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹܽሻଷ which is the required evolute.
࢞ ࢟
10. Find the equation of the envelope of ࢇ ൅ ࢈ ൌ ૚࢝ࢎࢋ࢘ࢋࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൌ ࢉ૛ . (NOV-02,07)
௫ ௬
Solution: Given that ௔ ൅ ൌ ͳ…………………(1)
௕
And ܽଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ൌ ܿ ଶ ……………..(2)
Differentiate (1)and(2) w.r.t ‘b’
ି௫ ௗ௔ ௬
െ ௕మ ൌ Ͳ………………..(3)
௔మ ௗ௕
ௗ௔
2aௗ௕ +2b=0…………………………(4)
ௗ௔ ௔మ ௬
(3)gives ௗ௕ ൌ െ ௕మ ௫ ……………..(5)
ௗ௔ ି௕
(4)givesௗ௕ ൌ ……………………(6)
௔
ି௕ ௔మ ௬
From (5)and (6) ൌ െ ௕మ ௫
௔
௫Τ ௬ ೣ ೤
ା
௫ ௬ ௔ ൗ௕ ଵ
௔య
ൌ ௕య ൌ ൌ ൌ ௔మೌା௕್మ ൌ ௖ మ
௔మ ௕మ
67
‫ݔ‬ ͳ ‫ݕ‬ ͳ
ଷ
ൌ ଶ ܽ݊݀ ଷ ൌ ଶ
ܽ ܿ ܾ ܿ
ଵൗ ଵൗ
ܽ ൌ ሺ‫ ܿݔ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ ܾܽ݊݀ ൌ ሺ‫ ܿݕ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ
ଶൗ ଶൗ
Substitute in (2) we get, ሺ‫ ܿݔ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ ൅ ሺ‫ ܿݕ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ ൌ ܿଶ
Therefore ‫ݔ‬ ଷ ൅‫ݕ‬ ଷൌ ܿ ଷ which is the required envelope.
11. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y2=12x at the point (3,6).
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ҧ ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬തሻଶ ൌ ߩଶ (NOV-07,08,JAN-09)
௬
Where, ‫ݔ‬
మ
ଵ
‫ݕ‬
௬మ
ଷൗ
ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ଶ
ߩൌ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
Given y2=12x
Differentiate w.r.t.’x’ we get
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଺
2yௗ௫ =12 implies
ௗ௫
ൌ௬
ௗ௬ ௗమ ௬ ି଺ ௗ௬
Y1=ௗ௫ (3,6)=1
ௗ௫ మ
ൌ ௬ మ ௗ௫
ௗమ ௬
Y2= (3,6)=-1/6
ௗ௫ మ
ଷൗ ଷ
ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ଶ ሺͳ ൅ ͳሻ ൗଶ
ߩൌ ൌ ൌ െͳʹξʹ
‫ݕ‬ଶ െͳൗ
͸
ߩ ൌ ͳʹξʹ (ߩcan not be negative)
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ ൌ‫ݔ‬െ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
ଵ
=3െ ିଵൗ ሺͳ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ ͳͷ
଺
ͳ ͳ
‫ݕ‬
ഥ ൌ‫ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ൌ ͸ ൅ ሺͳ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ െ͸
‫ݕ‬ଶ െͳൗ
͸
Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳͷሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͸ሻଶ ൌ ʹͺͺ
12. Find the radius of curvature at ‘t’ on x=etcost,y=etsint. (JAN-06)

య
ሺ௫′మ ା௬′మ ሻ ൗమ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ௫ ′ ௬ ′′ ି௬′௫′′
Given ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬

68
ௗ௫
X’= ௗ௧ ൌ ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ݁ ௧ ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ
ௗ௬
Y’= ൌ ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ݁ ௧ ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ
ௗ௧
ௗమ ௫
X’’= ௗ௧ మ ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺെ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬െ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ሻ ൅ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ ൌ െʹ݁ ௧ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬
ௗమ ௬
Y’’= ௗ௧ మ ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺെ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ሻ ൅ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬
య
ሺ௫′మ ା௬′మ ሻ ൗమ
֜‫ ׵‬The radius of curvature is ߩ ൌ ௫ ′ ௬ ′′ ି௬′௫′′
ଷ
ሺሾ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻሿଶ ൅ ሾ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻሿଶ ሻ ൗଶ
ߩൌ ௧
݁ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻǤ ʹ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻǤ ሺെʹ݁ ௧ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ
య యൗ
ሺ௘ మ೟ ൣ௖௢௦మ ௧ା௦௜௡మ ௧ିଶ௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧ା௖௢௦మ ௧ା௦௜௡మ ௧ାଶ௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧൧ሻ ൗమ ൫ଶ௘ మ೟ ൯ మ
=
ଶ௘ మ೟ ሾ௖௢௦మ ௧ି௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧ା௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧ା௦௜௡మ ௧ሿ
ൌ ଶ௘ మ೟
ൌ ξʹ݁ ௧
࢞૛ ࢟૛
13. Find the evolute of the ellipse ࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൌ ૚. (MAY-05,07)
௫మ ௬మ
Solution: The given curve is ௔మ ൅ ௕మ ൌ ͳ
The parametric equations are x=acosߠ ,y=bsinߠ

݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
ൌ െܽ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬ǡ ൌ ܾܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬
݀ߠ ݀ߠ
೏೤
ௗ௬ ௕
Y1=ௗ௫ ൌ ೏ഇ
೏ೣ ൌ െ ௔ ܿ‫ߠݐ݋‬
೏ഇ
ௗమ ௬ ௗ ௗ௬ ௗ ௕ ௗఏ ௕ ିଵ ௕ ௖௢௦௘௖ మ ఏ
Y2=ௗ௫ మ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀௗ௫ ቁ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀെ ௔ ܿ‫ߠݐ݋‬ቁ ௗ௫ ൌ ௔ ܿ‫ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ቀ௔௦௜௡ఏቁ ൌ െ ௔మ ௦௜௡ఏ
௕
Y2ൌ െ ௔మ ܿ‫ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ
The Co-ordinate of centre of curvature is ሺ‫ݔ‬

௬
Where ‫ݔ‬
మ
್ ್మ
ቀି ௖௢௧ఏቁ൬ଵା మ ௖௢௧ మ ఏ൰ ୠୡ୭ୱఏ ௕ మ ௖௢௦మ ఏ ௔మ
ೌ ೌ
= acosߠ - ್ ൌ ߠ െ ௔௦௜௡ఏ
ቀͳ ൅ ௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏ ቁ ௕௖௢௦௘௖ య ఏ
ି మ ௖௢௦௘௖ య ఏ
ೌ
ଵ ଵ
= acosߠ െ ௔ ߠሺܽଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ܾ ଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ൌ ߠ െ ௔ ߠሺܽଶ ሺͳ െ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ൅ ܾ ଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ
ͳ ܾଶ
ൌ ߠ െ ߠሺܽଶ െ ܽଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ܾ ଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ൌ ߠ െ ߠ ൅ ܽܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ െ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ
ܽ ܽ
௕మ ௔మ ି௕ మ
=ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ ቀܽ െ ௔
ቁൌቀ ௔
ቁ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ
௔మ ି௕మ
‫ݔ ׵‬
ഥ ൌቀ ௔
ቁ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ………………….(1)
ͳ
‫ݕ‬
‫ݕ‬ଶ
69
್మ
൬ଵା మ ௖௢௧ మ ఏ൰ ௕ మ ௖௢௦మ ఏ ௔మ
ೌ
= ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬+ ್ ൌ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬െ ቀͳ ൅ ௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏ ቁ ௕௖௢௦௘௖ యఏ
ି మ ௖௢௦௘௖ య ఏ
ೌ
௦௜௡ఏ ௔మ
ൌ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬െ ሾܽଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ܾ ଶ ሺͳ െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠሻሿ ൌ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ െ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܾ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ
௕ ௕
௔మ ௕మ ି௔మ
ൌ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ቂܾ െ ௕
ቃ ൌ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ቂ ௕
ቃ
௔మ ି௕ మ
ഥ ൌ െ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ቂ
‫ݕ‬ ௕
ቃ………………………(2)
Eliminating ‘ߠ’ between (1) and (2),we get
we know that,
The locus of is which is the evolute of the ellipse
14. Find the envelope of where l and m are connected by and a,b are constants. (MAY –
05, NOV-05)
Solution: Given that ………………..(1) …………………(2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.’m’. we get
…….(3)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t.’m’
…………..(4)
70
From (3) and (4)
Substitute in equation (2) ,
which is the required envelope.
15. Find the points on the parabola at which the radius of curvature is 4 . (MAY – 05)
Solution: Given …………….(1)
Let, P (a,b) be the point on the curve at where
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. ‘x’
Y1=2y ‫׵‬
Y 2= ‫׵‬
But, hence 8
a+1=2 a=1, ‫ ׵‬The points are (1,2),(1,-2).
71
16. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals find the evolute of .
(NOV-02,05,MAY-05)
Solution: The given curve is
The parametric equations are x=acos ,y=bsin
m=
We know that the equation of the normal is y-y1= (x-x1)
,we get
…………..(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.’ ’, we get
Substitute in equation (1),we get
72
which is the required evolute of the ellipse.
17. Find the circle of curvature at (3,4)on xy=12. (JAN-05)

Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is
Where,
Given xy=12
Differentiate w.r.t.’x’ we get
x implies
Y1= (3,4)=-4/3
Y2= (3,6)
=3
Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is .
18. Find the curvature for . (JAN-05)
Solution: Given
r’= =
r’’ =
73
The radius of curvature in polar form is =
Curvature
19. Find the evolute of the four cusped hyper cycloid .(JAN-05, NOV-07)
Solution: The equation of the given curve is ………………..(1)

The parametric equations are x = a cos 3 , y = a sin 3
Y1= / = -tan
Y2= - sec2 / =( (sec4 θ cosecθ))/3a
= a cos 3 - ( 1 + tan 2
= a cos 3 + ------------------------------------------(2)
a sin 3 ( 1 + tan 2
a sin 3 + -----------------------------------------(3)
Eliminate from 2 & 3
+ = a cos 3 + + a sin 3 +
3
= a( cos + sin ------------------------------------(4)
- = a cos 3 + - a sin 3 +
3
= a( cos - sin ------------------------------------(5)
+ = ( +
= (2)
The locus of centre of curvature is + = (2)
74
20. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the cycloid x = a (q + sin q) and y = a( 1- cos q).
(MAY’07, Nov ’08)
Given: x = a (q + sin q) , y = a( 1- cos q).
x’ =a( 1 + cos q) y’ = a( sin q)
x” = -a sin q y” = a cos q
The radius of curvature is
= = 4a cos
At q= 0
21. Find the envelope of the straight lines represented by the equation x cos α + y sin α = a sec α , α is
the parameter (Nov’ 07)
Solution: Given x cos α + y sin α = a sec α
Divided by cos α
x + y tan α = a sec2α
x + y tan α = a ( 1 + tan2α)
a tan2α – y tan α + a –x = 0
which is quadratic in tan α
A = a, B = -y C = a-x
The envelope is given by B2 – 4AC = 0
y2 = 4a(a-x) which is the required envelope
22. Prove that the evolute of the curve x = a (cos q + log tan ), y=a sin q is the catenary y = a cosh
( Nov ’05)
Solution : x = a (cos q + log tan )
x’ = a(-sin q + ) = a cot q cos q
y=a sin q
y’ = a cos q
y1 = = tan q
y2 = =¼ (sec 4 q sin q)
75
= a (cos q + log tan )- ( 1 + tan 2
=a log tan ………………..(1)
= a sin q+ ( 1 + tan 2
……………….(2)
Eliminate ‘q’from (1) and (2)
tan = ………………….(3)
y = a cosh which is the required evolute
23. Obtain the equation of the evolute of the curve x= .(May-09)

Solution: Given x=
= tan
tan = tan = =
The co-ordinates of centre of curvature is
…………………….(1)
=
76
= …………………………….(2)
Eliminating from equations (1) & (2) we get,
The locus of centre of curvature is which Is the required evolute.
24. Find the envelope of the straight line ,where a and b are parameters that are connected
by the relation a+b = c. (May-09)

Solution: Given ……………….(1)
And a+b = c……………………..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t ‘b’
- =0
…………………………(3)
………………………………(4)
Equate (3) & (4) we get
and
a= b=
Substitute in eqn (2)
, which is the required evolute.
25. Find the envelope of the family of lines subject to the condition a+b =1.(Jan-09)
Solution: Given ……………….(1)
And a+b = 1……………………..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t ‘b’
- =0
77
…………………………(3)
………………………………(4)
Equate (3) & (4) we get
and
a= b=
Substitute in eqn (2)
, which is the required evolute.
26. Find the evolute of the hyperbola considering it as the envelope of its normals.
Solution: The parametric equations are x= and y= b . (Jan-09)
Slope of the curve m= =
Equation of normal to the given curve is
y-b tan
n =-
y-b
by cos
axcos - …………………………..(1)
Differentiate eqn (1) w.r.t.’ ‘
in
-ax sin
78
= =
Substitute in eqn (1) we get,
ax -by =
, which is the required evolute of the given curve.
27. Find the radius of curvature of the curve + = at . (Jan-09)
Solution: Given + =
79
௔
Radius of curvature = =
ξଶ
80
Unit 4 Functions of several Variables
· Problems based on Partial Derivatives
· Problems based on Euler`s Theorem
· Problems based on Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
· Problems based on Jacobian
· Problems based on Taylor`s and Laurent Series
· Problems based on Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two Variables
· Problems based on Lagrangian Multiplier
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives: Let ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ be a function of two Variables x and y, If we keep y as a constant and
Vary x alone , then z is a function of x only ,
The derivative of z w.r.to x, treating y as a constant is called the partial derivatives w.r.to x and it is denoted by
the symbols
߲‫ݖ‬ ߲݂
ǡ ǡ ݂௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻǡ ‫ܦ‬௫ ݂
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬
డ௭ డ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭
Notation: డ௫ ൌ ‫݌‬ǡ డ௬
ൌ ‫ݍ‬ǡ డ௫ మ
ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ డ௬మ ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ డ௫డ௬ ൌ ‫ݏ‬
డ௭ డ௭
Successive Partial Differentiation: let ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ, then డ௫
Ƭ డ௬ being the function of x and y can further be
differentiation partially with respect to x and y.
߲ ߲‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ݂ ߲ ߲‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ݂

൬ ൰ ൌ ଶ ‫ ݎ݋‬ଶ ‫݂ݎ݋‬௫௫ ǡ ൬ ൰ ൌ ‫ݎ݋‬ ‫݂ݎ݋‬௬௫
߲‫ݔ߲ ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ߲ ݕ‬ ߲‫ݔ߲ݕ‬ ߲‫ݔ߲ݕ‬
߲ ߲‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ݂ ߲ ߲‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ݂

൬ ൰ ൌ ଶ ‫ ݎ݋‬ଶ ‫݂ݎ݋‬௬௬ ǡ ൬ ൰ ൌ ‫ݎ݋‬ ‫݂ݎ݋‬௫௬
߲‫ݕ߲ ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ߲ ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ߲ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ߲ݔ‬
Problems:
࢛ࣔ ࢛ࣔ
1. If u = ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൅ ૜࢞૛ ࢟૛ find ࣔ࢞ ǡ ࣔ࢟
డ௨ డ௨
Solution: డ௫
ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͸‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ డ௬
ൌ ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ͸‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬
ࢊ࢛
2. Find ࢊ࢚
if ࢛ ൌ ࢞૜ ࢟૝ where ࢞ ൌ ࢚૜ and ࢟ ൌ ࢚૛
ௗ௨ డ௨ ௗ௫ డ௨ ௗ௬
Solution: ௗ௧
ൌ డ௫ ௗ௧ ൅ డ௬ ௗ௧ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ͵‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ʹ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ͳ͹‫ݐ‬ଵ଺
81
ࣔ૛ ࢛ ࣔ૛ ࢛ ࣔ૛ ࢛ ૛
3. If ࢛ ൌ ࢒࢕ࢍ൫࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൅ ࢠ૛ ൯ show that ૛ ൅ ૛൅ ૛ ൌ
ࣔ࢞ ࣔ࢟ ࣔࢠ ࢞૛ ା࢟૛ ାࢠ૛
Solution: Given ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ݈‫݃݋‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ሻ

߲‫ݑ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬
ൌ ଶ
߲‫ ݔ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ
߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
ൌ ʹ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
߲‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଶ
ൌ ʹ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
߲‫ ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
ൌ ʹ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ͵ሻ
߲‫ ݖ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
Adding (1), (2),and (3) we get
߲ଶ‫߲ ݑ‬ଶ‫߲ ݑ‬ଶ‫ݑ‬ ʹ
ଶ
൅ ଶ൅ ଶ ൌ ଶ
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ߲‫ݖ‬ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ
ࣔ࢝ ࣔ࢝ ࣔ࢝
4. ࢝ ൌ ࢌሺ࢟ െ ࢠǡ ࢠ െ ࢞ǡ ࢞ െ ࢟ሻ show that ൅ ൅ ൌ૙
ࣔ࢞ ࣔ࢟ ࣔࢠ
Solution: Let ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ, ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ‫ ݖ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬
డ௪ డ௪ డ௥ డ௪ డ௦ డ௪ డ௧ డ௪ డ௪
ൌ ൅ ൅ ൌ ሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺͳሻ ---------------- (1)
డ௫ డ௥ డ௫ డ௦ డ௫ డ௧ డ௫ డ௦ డ௧
డ௪ డ௪ డ௥ డ௪ డ௦ డ௪ డ௧ డ௪ డ௪
ൌ ൅ ൅ ൌ ሺͳሻ ൅ ሺെͳሻ ---------------- (2)
డ௬ డ௥ డ௬ డ௦ డ௬ డ௧ డ௬ డ௥ డ௧
డ௪ డ௪ డ௥ డ௪ డ௦ డ௪ డ௧ డ௪ డ௪
ൌ ൅ ൅ ൌ ሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺͳሻ ---------------- (3)
డ௭ డ௥ డ௭ డ௦ డ௭ డ௧ డ௭ డ௥ డ௦
డ௪ డ௪ డ௪
(1)+ (2)+ (3) ൌ൐ ൅ ൅ ൌͲ
డ௫ డ௬ డ௭
࢞૜ ା࢟૜ ࢛ࣔ ࢛ࣔ
5. If࢛ ൌ ‫ିܖ܉ܜ‬૚ ቀ ࢞ି࢟
ቁ, Show that ࢞ ࣔ࢞ ൅ ࢟ ࣔ࢟ ൌ ‫ ܖܑܛ‬૛࢛
௫ య ା௬ య
Solution: Given ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ௫ି௬
z is a homogeneous function of degree n=2

߲‫ݖ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬
ൌ ଶ ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݖ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬
ൌ ଶ ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
As z is homogeneous function of order n=2, it satisfies the Eulers equation
߲‫ݖ‬ ߲‫ݖ‬
‫ݔ‬ ൅‫ݕ‬ ൌ ʹ‫ݖ‬
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬
ଶ ‫ݑ‬ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ ൌ ʹ ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬
‫ݔ‬ ൅‫ݕ‬ ൌ ʹ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
82
ࣔ૛ ࢛
6. If u = ࢞࢟ , find
ࣔ࢞ࣔ࢟
Sol: given u = ‫ ݔ‬௬ ൌ ݁ ௬௟௢௚௫

߲‫ݑ‬ ߲
ൌ ݁ ௬௟௢௚௫ ሺ‫ݔ݃݋݈ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݈‫ ݁ݔ݃݋‬௬௟௢௚௫
߲‫ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ߲ ߲‫ݑ‬ ߲ ߲ ͳ
ൌ ൬ ൰ ൌ ൫݈‫ ݁ݔ݃݋‬௬௟௢௚௫ ൯ ൌ ݈‫ ݁ݔ݃݋‬௬௟௢௚௫ ሺ‫ݔ݃݋݈ݕ‬ሻ ൅ ݁ ௬௟௢௚௫ ൬ ൰
߲‫ݕ߲ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ߲ ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬௬
ൌ ݈‫ݔ݃݋‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬௬ ሻ ቀ ቁ ൅ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬௬ିଵ ሺ‫ ݔ݃݋݈ݕ‬൅ ͳሻ
߲‫ݕ߲ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
Euler`s Theorem for Homogeneous Function
࢛ࣔ ࢛ࣔ
Euler`s Theorem: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n an x and y then ࢞ ቀࣔ࢞ቁ ൅ ࢟ ቀࣔ࢟ቁ ൌ ࢔࢛
Problems:
1. Verify Eulers theorem for the function ࢛ ൌ ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൅ ૛࢞࢟
Solution: Given ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݕݔ‬
This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
߲‫ݑ‬
ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬
߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݑ‬
‫ݔ‬ ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݑ‬
‫ݕ‬ ൌ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
߲‫ݔ‬
Adding (1) and (2) we get
డ௨ డ௨
‫ ݔ‬డ௫ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൌ ʹ‫ ݑ‬Hence Eulers theorem is verified.
డ௫
ࣔ૛ ࢛ ࣔ૛ ࢛ ࣔ૛ ࢛
2. If࢛ ൌ ‫ିܖܑܛ‬૚ ඥ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ , Show that ࢞૛ ൅ ૛࢞࢟ ൅ ࢟૛ ૛ ൌ ‫ܖ܉ܜ‬૜ ࢛
ࣔ࢞૛ ࣔ࢞ࣔ࢟ ࣔ࢟
Solution: Given ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ඥ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ

As z is a homogeneous function of order n = 1, it satisfies the Eulers theorem
డ௭ డ௭
‫ ݔ‬డ௫ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬డ௬ ൌ ͳ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݑ‬ ---------------- (1)
߲‫ݑ߲ ݖ݀ ݖ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬
ൌ ൌ ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ݔ߲ ݑ݀ ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݑ߲ ݖ݀ ݖ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬
ൌ ൌ ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ݕ߲ ݑ݀ ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
డ௭ డ௭
(1) ൌ൐ ‫ ݔ‬డ௫ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬డ௬ ൌ ‫ݑ‬ ---------------- (2)
By Eulers theorem of second order

డమ ௨ డమ ௨ డమ ௨
‫ ݔ‬ଶ డ௫ మ ൅ ʹ‫ݕݔ‬ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ డ௬మ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݑ‬ሻ൫݂ ′ ሺ‫ݑ‬ሻ െ ͳ൯ ---------------- (3)
డ௫డ௬
݂ሺ‫ݑ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݑ‬, ݂ ′ ሺ‫ݑ‬ሻ ൌ ଶ ‫ ݑ‬put in (3)
83
߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݑ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݑ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݕݔ‬ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ଶ
ൌ ‫ ݑ‬ሺ ଶ ‫ ݑ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ ଷ ‫ݑ‬
߲‫ ݔ‬ଶ ߲‫ݕ߲ݔ‬ ߲‫ ݕ‬ଶ
ξ࢞ିඥ࢟ ࢛ࣔ ࢛ࣔ
3. If u = ‫ିܖܑܛ‬૚ , prove that ࢞ ࣔ࢞ ൅ ࢟ ࣔ࢟ ൌ ૙
ξ࢞ାඥ࢟
ඥ೤
ξ௫ିξ௬ ξ௫൬ଵି ൰ ௬
Sol: given ‫ ݑ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ൌ ξೣ
= ‫ ݔ‬଴ ߮ ቀ௫ ቁ
ξ௫ାξ௬ ξ௫൬ଵା
ඥ೤
൰
ξೣ
‫ ݑ݊݅ݏ ׵‬is a homogeneous function of degree 0.

డ௨ డ௨
Hence by Euler’s theorem, we have ‫ݔ‬ ൅‫ݕ‬ ൌ Ͳx u = 0
డ௫ డ௬
Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function

Total Derivative: If ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻǡ ‫ ݔ݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬ൌ ߶ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻܽ݊݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ ߰ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ, then we can express u as a function of t
ௗ௨
alone by substituting the value of x and y in ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ Thus we can find the ordinary derivatives ௗ௧
which is
డ௨ డ௨
called the total derivative of u distinguish it from partial derivatives డ௫
ܽ݊݀ డ௬
ௗ௨
Now to find the ௗ௧
without actually substituting the values of x and y in ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ we establish the following
ࢊ࢛ ࢛ࣔ ࢊ࢞ ࢛ࣔ ࢊ࢟
formula ൌ ࣔ࢞ ࢊ࢚ ൅ ࣔ࢟ ࢊ࢚
ࢊ࢚
Problems:
ࢊ࢛
1. Find ࢊ࢚
if ࢛ ൌ ࢞૜ ࢟૝ where ࢞ ൌ ࢚૜ and ࢟ ൌ ࢚૛
ௗ௨ డ௨ ௗ௫ డ௨ ௗ௬
Solution: ൌ డ௫ ൅ డ௬ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ͵‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ʹ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ͳ͹‫ݐ‬ଵ଺
ௗ௧ ௗ௧ ௗ௧
࢛ࣔ ࢛ࣔ
2. If ࢛ ൌ ࢋ࢞ ‫ ࢟ ܖܑܛ‬where ࢞ ൌ ࢙࢚૛ and ࢟ ൌ ࢙૛ ࢚ find ࢙ࣔ and ࢚ࣔ
డ௨ డ௨ డ௫ డ௨ డ௬
Solution: డ௦
ൌ డ௫ డ௦
൅ డ௬ డ௦
ൌ ݁ ௫ ‫ ݐ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ݁ ௫ ‫ݐݏʹݕ‬
డ௨ డ௨ డ௫ డ௨ డ௬
డ௧
ൌ డ௫ డ௧
൅ డ௬ డ௧
ൌ ݁ ௫ ‫ ݐݏʹ ݕ‬൅ ݁ ௫ ‫ ݏݕ‬ଶ
ࢊ࢟
3. Find ࢊ࢞ if ૜࢞૛ ൅ ࢞࢟ െ ࢟૛ ൅ ૝࢞ െ ૛࢟ ൅ ૚ ൌ ૙
Solution: Let ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ

߲݂
ൌ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ
߲‫ݔ‬
߲݂
ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ
߲‫ݕ‬
߲݂
݀‫ݕ‬ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ
ൌ െ ൮ ߲‫ ݔ‬൲ ൌ െ ൬ ൰
݀‫ݔ‬ ߲݂ ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ
߲‫ݕ‬
ࢊ࢛ ࢞
4. Find ࢊ࢚
࢏ࢌ࢛ ൌ ‫ ܖܑܛ‬ቀ࢟ቁ ǡ ࢃࢎࢋ࢘ࢋ࢞ ൌ ࢋ࢚ ǡ ࢟ ൌ ࢚૛
ௗ௨ డ௨ ௗ௫ డ௨ ௗ௬
Ans : ௗ௧
ൌ డ௫ Ǥ ௗ௧ ൅ డ௬ Ǥ ௗ௧
84
௫ ଵ ௫ ௫ ௘೟ ௘೟ ଶ௘ ೟
ൌ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ቀ௬ቁ Ǥ ௬ ݁ ௧ ൅ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ቀ௬ቁ ቀെ ௬మ ቁ ʹ‫ݐ‬ ൌ ቀ௧ మ ቁ ቀ௧ మ െ ௧య
ቁ
5. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such that
ࣔ૛ ࢠ ࣔ૛ ࢠ ࣔ૛ ࢠ ࣔ૛ ࢠ
࢛ ൌ ࢒࢞ ൅ ࢓࢟ǡ ࢜ ൌ ࢒࢟ െ ࢓࢞ show that ࣔ࢞૛
൅ ࣔ࢟૛ ൌ ൫࢒૛ ൅ ࢓૛ ൯ ቀ࢛ࣔ૛ ൅ ࣔ࢜૛ቁ
Solution: z may be represented as the function of u,v

߲‫ݖ߲ ݒ߲ ݖ߲ ݑ߲ ݖ߲ ݖ‬ ߲‫ݖ‬
ൌ ൅ ൌ ݈൅ ሺെ݉ሻ
߲‫ݑ߲ ݔ߲ ݒ߲ ݔ߲ ݑ߲ ݔ‬ ߲‫ݒ‬
߲ ߲ ߲
ൌ݈ െ݉
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݒ‬
డమ ௭ డ డ௭ డ డ డ డ డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭
డ௫ మ
ൌ డ௫ Ǥ డ௫ ൌ ቀ݈ డ௨ െ ݉ డ௩ቁ ቀ݈ డ௨ െ ݉ డ௩ቁ ൌ ݈ ଶ డ௨మ െ ʹ݈݉ డ௨డ௩ ൅ ݉ଶ డ௩ మ (1)
Similarly
డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭
డ௫ మ
ൌ ݉ଶ డ௨మ ൅ ʹ݈݉ డ௨డ௩ ൅ ݈ ଶ డ௩ మ (2)
(1)+(2) ൌ൐ డ௫ మ
൅ డ௬మ ൌ ሺ݈ ଶ ൅ ݉ଶ ሻ ቀడ௨మ ൅ డ௩ మ ቁ
ࣔ૛ ࢠ ࣔ૛ ࢠ ࣔ૛ ࢠ ࣔ૛ ࢠ
6. ࡵࢌࢠ ൌ ࢌሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻǡ ࢃࢎࢋ࢘ࢋ࢞ ൌ ࢛૛ െ ࢜૛ ǡ ࢟ ൌ ૛࢛࢜ǡ ࡼࢀ ࢛ࣔ૛ ൅ ࣔ࢜૛ ൌ ૝൫࢛૛ ൅ ࢜૛ ൯ ቀࣔ࢞૛ ൅ ࣔ࢟૛ቁ
Ans: Here Z is a composite function of u and v

డ௭ డ௭ డ௫ డ௭ డ௬
‫݁ܿ݊݁ܪ‬ ൌ ൅ ……………………………………(1)
డ௨ డ௫ డ௨ డ௬ డ௨
డ௭ డ௭ డ௫ డ௭ డ௬
ܽ݊݀ ൌ ൅ ………………………………………..(2)
డ௩ డ௫ డ௩ డ௬ డ௩
డ௫ డ௫ డ௬ డ௬
Now ൌ ʹ‫ݑ‬ǡ ൌ െʹ‫ݒ‬ǡ ൌ ʹ‫ݒ‬ǡ ൌ ʹ‫ݑ‬
డ௨ డ௩ డ௨ డ௩
Sub these values in (1) & (2) We get

డ௭ డ௭ డ௭
ൌ ʹ‫ ݑ‬൅ ʹ‫………………………………ݒ‬..(3)
డ௨ డ௫ డ௬
డ డ డ
Now ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ቀʹ‫ݑ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݒ‬ ቁ ሺ‫ ݖ‬ሻ
డ௨ డ௫ డ௬
డ డ డ
Which implies ൌ ቀʹ‫ݑ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݒ‬ ቁ……………..(4)
డ௨ డ௫ డ௬
(3)x(4) We get
߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ ߲‫ݖ‬ ߲ ߲ ߲‫ݖ‬ ߲‫ݖ‬
ൌ ൬ ൰ ൌ ൬ʹ‫ݑ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݒ‬ ൰ ൬ ʹ‫ݑ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݒ‬൰
߲‫ݑ‬ଶ ߲‫ݑ߲ ݑ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݔ߲ ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
ൌ Ͷ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݒ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ݒݑ‬ ……………………………..(A)
డ௨మ డ௫ మ డ௬ మ డ௫డ௬
Similarly we get ൌ Ͷ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݒ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ݒݑ‬ ………………………(B)
డ௏ మ డ௬ మ డ௫ మ డ௫డ௬
డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭ డమ ௭
(A)+(B) Gives ൅ ൌ Ͷ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݒ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݒ‬ଶ
డ௨మ డ௩ మ డ௫ మ డ௬ మ డ௬ మ డ௫ మ
85
߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ଶ ଶ
߲ଶ‫ݖ‬ ߲ଶ‫ݖ‬
‫ ݐܹ݁݃݁݁ܿ݊݁ܪ‬ଶ ൅ ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ݑ‬൅ ‫ ݒ‬ሻ ቆ ଶ ൅ ଶ ቇ
߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݒ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬
7.If u is a function x and y and x and y are functions of r and q given by (a) x = e r cos q , y = e r sin q
¶ 2u ¶ 2u -2 r ì ¶ u ¶ 2u ü
2
shown that + = e í 2 + ý
¶x 2 ¶y 2 î ¶r ¶q 2 þ
(b) x = r cos q , y = r sin q prove that
2 2 2 2
ì ¶z ü ì ¶z ü ì ¶z ü 1 ì ¶z ü ì ¶2 z ü ì ¶2 z ü ì ¶2 z ü 1 ì ¶ 2 z ü 1 ì ¶z ü
+
í ý í ý í ý = + 2 í ý and í 2 ý+í 2 ý = í 2 ý+ 2 í 2 ý + í ý.
î ¶x þ î ¶y þ î ¶r þ r î ¶r þ î ¶x þ î ¶y þ î ¶r þ r î ¶q þ r[ î ¶q þ
Solution
(a) Here u is a function of x, y which is given as a function of r and q .
¶x r ¶x
= e cos q = x; = -e r sin q = - y;
¶r ¶q
¶y ¶ y
= e r sin q = y; = e r cos q = x
¶r ¶q
¶x ¶x ¶y ¶y
\ = x; = - y; = x and =y
¶r ¶q ¶q ¶r
¶u ¶u ¶x ¶u ¶y ¶u ¶u
Now = . + . =x +y ...(1)
¶r ¶x ¶r ¶y ¶r ¶x ¶y
¶u ¶u ¶x ¶u ¶y ¶u ¶u
= . + . = -y + x ...(2)
¶q ¶x ¶q ¶y ¶q ¶x ¶y
From (1), we get ,
¶ ¶ ¶
=x +y ...(3)
¶r ¶x ¶y
From (2), we get ,
¶ ¶ ¶
= -y + x ...(4)
¶q ¶x ¶y
¶ 2u ¶ æ ¶u ö æ ¶ ¶ öæ ¶u ¶u ö
Now, = ç ÷=çx + y ÷ç x + y ÷
¶r 2
¶r è ¶r ø è ¶x ¶y øè ¶x ¶y ø
¶ 2u 2 ¶ u
2
¶ 2u 2 ¶ u
2
= x + 2 xy + y ...(5)
¶r 2 ¶x 2 ¶x¶y ¶y 2
¶ 2u ¶ æ ¶u ö æ ¶ ¶ öæ ¶u ¶u ö
= ç ÷ = ç-y + x ÷ç - y + x ÷
¶q 2
¶q è ¶q ø è ¶x ¶y øè ¶x ¶y ø
¶ 2u 2 ¶ u
2
¶ 2u 2 ¶ u
2
= y - 2 xy + x ...(6)
¶q 2 ¶x 2 ¶x¶y ¶y 2
86
Adding (5) and (6) we get ,
¶ 2u ¶ 2u 2 ¶ u
2
2 ¶ u
2
+ = ( x 2
+ y ) + ( x 2
+ y )
¶r 2 ¶q 2 ¶x 2 ¶y 2
é ¶ 2u ¶ 2u ù é ¶ 2u ¶ 2u ù
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) ê 2 + 2 ú = e2 r ê 2 + 2 ú
ë ¶x ¶y û ë ¶x ¶y û
¶ 2u ¶ 2u -2 r é ¶ 2u ¶ 2u ù
i.e., + =e ê 2 + 2ú
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ë ¶r ¶q û
¶x ¶x ¶y ¶y
(b) = cos q ; = - r sin q ; = sin q ; = r cos q
¶r ¶q ¶r ¶q
¶z ¶z ¶x ¶z ¶y ¶z ¶z
= . + = cos q . + sin q .
¶r ¶x ¶r ¶y ¶r ¶x ¶y
¶z ¶z ¶x ¶z ¶y ¶z ¶z
= + = -r sin q + r cos q
¶q ¶x ¶q ¶y ¶q ¶x ¶y
2 2 2
ì ¶z ü 1 ì ¶z ü ì ¶z ¶z ü ì ¶z ¶z ü
í ý + 2 í ý = ícos q + sin q ý + í- sin q + cos q ý
î ¶r þ r î ¶q þ î ¶x ¶y þ î ¶x ¶y þ
2 2
ì ¶z ü ì ¶z ü
=í ý +í ý
î ¶x þ î ¶y þ
¶ 2 z ¶ æ ¶z ö
= ç ÷
¶r 2 ¶r è ¶r ø
¶ é ¶z ¶z ù
= ê cos q + sin q ú
¶r ë ¶x ¶y û
é ¶ 2 z ¶x ¶ 2 z ¶y ù é ¶z ¶x ¶ 2 z ¶y ù
= cos q ê 2 + ú + sin q ê ¶x¶y ¶r + ¶y 2 ¶r ú
ë ¶x ¶r ¶y¶x ¶r û ë û
¶ z
2
¶ z
2
¶ z
2
= cos 2 q 2 + sin 2 q 2 + 2sin q cos q
¶x ¶y ¶x¶y
¶2 z ¶ æ ¶z ö
= ç ÷
¶q 2
¶q è ¶q ø
¶ é ¶z ¶z ù
= ê -r sin q + r cos q ú
¶q ë ¶x ¶y û
¶z ì ¶ 2 z ¶x ¶ 2 z ¶y ü
= -r cos q - r sin q í 2 + ý
¶x î ¶x ¶q ¶y¶x ¶q þ
¶z é ¶ 2 z ¶ 2 z ¶y ù
- r sin q + r cos q ê + 2
¶y ë ¶ q ¶y ¶q úû
¶2 z 2 ¶2 z ¶2 z æ ¶z ¶z ö
= r 2 sin 2 q + r cos 2
q - 2 r 2
sin q cos q - r ç cos q + sin q ÷
¶x 2
¶y 2
¶x¶y è ¶x ¶y ø
87
¶2 z 1 ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z 1 æ ¶z ¶z ö
\ + 2 = 2 + 2 - ç cos q + sin q ÷
¶r 2
r ¶q 2
¶x ¶y r è ¶x ¶y ø
¶ 2 z ¶ 2 z 1 ¶z
= 2+ 2-
¶x ¶y r ¶r
¶ 2 z ¶ 2 z ¶ 2 z 1 ¶ 2 z 1 ¶z
\ + = + +
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶r 2 r 2 ¶r 2 r ¶r
Hence the Solution
Jacobian
Defn : ‫ݑ݂ܫ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݑ‬ଶ ǥ ‫ݑ‬௡ are functions of n variables ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǥ ‫ݔ‬௡ the the Jacobian of the transformation from
‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǥ ‫ݔ‬௡ ‫ݑ݋ݐ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݑ‬ଶ ǥ ‫ݑ‬௡ is defined by
߲‫ݑ‬ଵ ߲‫ݑ‬ଵ ߲‫ݑ‬ଵ ߲‫ݑ‬ଵ
ǤǤǤ ǤǤǤ
ተ ߲‫ݔ‬ଵ ߲‫ݔ‬ଶ ߲‫ݔ‬ଷ ߲‫ݔ‬௡
ተ
߲‫ݑ‬ଶ ߲‫ݑ‬ଶ ߲‫ݑ‬ଶ ߲‫ݑ‬ଶ
ǤǤǤ ǤǤǤ
߲‫ݔ‬ଵ ߲‫ݔ‬ଶ ߲‫ݔ‬ଶ ߲‫ݔ‬௡
ተ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤǤ ǤǤǤ Ǥ ተ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤǤ ǤǤǤ Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤǤ ǤǤǤ Ǥ
ተ߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬௡ ߲‫ݑ‬௡ ߲‫ݑ‬௡ ተ
௡
ǥ ǥ
߲‫ݔ‬ଵ ߲‫ݔ‬ଶ ߲‫ݔ‬ଷ ߲‫ݔ‬௡

డሺ௨భ ǡ௨మ ǥ௨೙ ሻ
and is denoted by the symbol డሺ௫భ ǡ௫మ ǥ௫೙ ሻ
or ‫ܬ‬ሺ௨భ ǡ௨మ ǥ௨೙ ሻ
Problems:
࢞ା࢟ ࢞࢟
1. Prove that the functions are ࢛ ൌ ࢞ି࢟ ǡ ࢜ ൌ ሺ࢞ି࢟ሻ૛ are functionally dependent.
Solution:
߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬ െʹ‫ݕ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ ሺ‫ݔ‬ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ
‫ ܬ‬ൌ ተተ ተተ ൌ ተተ ተൌͲ
߲‫ݒ‬ ߲‫ݒ‬ െ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻተ
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଷ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଷ
u and v are not independent,
u ,v are functionally dependent.

2. Find the Jacobian of u = xyz, v = xy + yz + zx, w = x + y + z
డ௨ డ௨ డ௨
డ௫ డ௬ డ௭
‫ݖݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬൅‫ݖ‬ ͳ
ተ డ௩ డ௩ డ௩ ተ
Solution: ‫ ܬ‬ൌ ൌ อ ‫ݖݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬൅‫ݖ‬ ͳอ ൌ ሺ‫ ݖ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻሾ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ሺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ሻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݖݕ‬ሿ.
ተ డ௫ డ௬ డ௭ ተ
డ௪ డ௪ డ௪ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬൅‫ݕ‬ ͳ
డ௫ డ௬ డ௭
࢟૛ ࢞૛ ࣔሺ࢛ǡ࢜ሻ
3. If ࢛ ൌ ࢞
ǡ ࢜ ൌ ࢟
find ࣔሺ࢞ǡ࢟ሻ
88
డ௨ డ௨ ି௬ మ ଶ௬
డሺ௨ǡ௩ሻ డ௫ డ௬ ௫మ ௫
Solution: డሺ௫ǡ௬ሻ
ൌ ቮడ௩ డ௩
ቮ ൌ ቮ ଶ௫ ି௫ మ
ቮ ൌ ͶǤ
డ௫ డ௬ ௬ ௬మ
¶ ( y1 , y2 , y3 )
4.Find the value of , if y1 = (1 - x1 ) , y2 = x1 (1 - x2 ) , y3 = x1 x2 (1 - x3 ) .
¶ ( x1 , x2 , x3 )
Solution :
¶y1 ¶y1 ¶y1
¶x1 ¶x2 ¶x3
¶ ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) ¶y2 ¶y2 ¶y2
=
¶ ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ¶x1 ¶x2 ¶x3
¶y3 ¶y3 ¶y3
¶x1 ¶x2 ¶x3
-1 0 0
= 1 - x2 - x1 0
x2 (1 - x3 ) x1 (1 - x3 ) - x1 x2
= ( -1)( - x1 )( - x1 x2 )
= - x12 x2
Hence the solution.
¶ ( x, y , z )
5.If u = xyz , v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = x + y + z , find J = .
¶ ( u , v, w )
Solution :
Since u , v, w are exp liciltly given, in terms of x, y , z , we first evaluate
¶ ( x, y , z )
J¢ =
¶ ( u , v, w )
¶u ¶u ¶u
¶x ¶y ¶z
yz zx xy
¶v ¶v ¶v
We knowthat J ¢ = = 2x 2 y 2z
¶x ¶y ¶z
1 1 1
¶w ¶w ¶w
¶x ¶y ¶z
= yz ( 2 y - 2 z ) - zx ( 2 x - 2 z ) + xy ( 2 x - 2 y )
= 2 éë yz ( y - z ) - zx ( x - z ) + xy ( x - y ) ùû
= 2 éë x 2 y - x 2 z - xy 2 + xz 2 + y 2 z - yz 2 ùû
89
= 2 éë x 2 ( y - z ) - x ( y 2 - z 2 ) + yz ( y - z ) ùû
= 2 ( y - z ) éë x 2 - x ( y + z ) + yz ùû
= 2 ( y - z ) éë y ( z - x ) - x ( z - x ) ùû
= 2 ( y - z )( z - x )( y - x )
= -2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
By u sin g , JJ ¢ = 1, we get ,
¶ ( x, y , z )
J =
¶ ( u , v, w )
-1
=
2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
xx xx xx
6. If y1 = 2 3 , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1 x2 x3
Showthat the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 is 4.
Pr oof :
x2 x3 xx xx
Given : y1 = , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1 x2 x3
¶y1 ¶y1 ¶y1
¶x1 ¶x2 ¶x3
¶ ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) ¶y2 ¶y2 ¶y2
We knowthat =
¶ ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ¶x1 ¶x2 ¶x3
¶y3 ¶y3 ¶y3
¶x1 ¶x2 ¶x3
x2 x3 x3 x2
-
x12 x1 x1
x3 x3 x1 x1
= -
x2 x22 x2
x2 x1 x1 x2
-
x3 x3 x32
- x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2
1
= 2 2 2 x2 x3 - x3 x1 x1 x2
x1 x2 x3
x2 x3 x3 x1 - x1 x2
-1 1 1
x2 x2 x2
= 12 22 32 1 -1 1
x1 x2 x3
1 1 -1
90
= - 1(1 - 1) - 1( -1 - 1) + (1 + 1)
= 0+2+2 = 4
Hencethe proof .
ࣔሺ࢛ǡ࢜ሻ
7. If ࢛ ൌ ૛࢞࢟ǡ ࢜ ൌ ࢞૛ െ ࢟૛ and ࢞ ൌ ࢘ ‫ࣂ ܛܗ܋‬ǡ ࢟ ൌ ࢘ ‫ࣂ ܖܑܛ‬. Evaluate ࣔሺ࢘ǡࣂሻ with out actual substitution.
Solution: ࢛ ൌ ૛࢞࢟ǡ ࢜ ൌ ࢞૛ െ ࢟૛ and ࢞ ൌ ࢘ ‫ࣂ ܛܗ܋‬ǡ ࢟ ൌ ࢘ ‫ࣂ ܖܑܛ‬

డ௨ డ௩ డ௫ డ௬
డ௫
ൌ ʹ‫ݕ‬ డ௫
ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ డ௥
ൌ ߠ డ௥
ൌ ߠ
డ௨ డ௩ డ௫ డ௬
ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൌ െʹ‫ݕ‬ ൌ െ‫ߠ ݎ‬ ൌ ‫ߠ ݎ‬
డ௬ డ௬ డఏ డఏ
߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݔ߲ ݑ‬ ߲‫ݔ‬

߲ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ߲ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ߲ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݎ߲ ݕ‬ ߲ߠ ተ ൌ ฬʹ‫ݕ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬ ߠ െ‫ߠ ݎ‬
ൌ ൌ ተተ ተ ተ ฬቚ ቚ
߲ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߠሻ ߲ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ߲ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߠሻ ߲‫ݒ‬ ߲‫ ݒ‬ተ ߲‫ݕ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬ െʹ‫ߠ ݕ‬ ‫ߠ ݎ‬
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݎ߲ ݕ‬ ߲ߠ
ൌ െͶሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ‫ݎ‬ሺଶ ߠ ൅ ଶ ߠሻ ൌ െͶ‫ ݎ‬ଷ
࢞ା࢟ ࣔሺ࢛ǡ࢜ሻ
8. If ࢛ ൌ ࢞ି࢟ ǡ ࢜ ൌ ‫ିܖ܉ܜ‬૚ ࢞ ൅ ‫ିܖ܉ܜ‬૚ ࢟. Find the Jacobian ࣔሺ࢞ǡ࢟ሻ.
Solution:
௫ା௬
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ௫ି௬ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ିଵ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ିଵ ‫ݕ‬
డ௨ ሺ௫ି௬ሻଵିሺ௫ା௬ሻଵ ିଶ௬ డ௩ ଵ
డ௫
ൌ ሺ௫ି௬ሻమ
ൌ ሺ௫ି௬ሻమ డ௫
ൌ ଵା௫ మ
డ௨ ሺ௫ି௬ሻଵିሺ௫ା௬ሻିଵ ଶ௫ డ௩ ଵ
డ௬
ൌ ሺ௫ି௬ሻమ
ൌ ሺ௫ି௬ሻమ డ௬
ൌ ଵା௬మ
߲‫ݑ‬ ߲‫ݑ‬ െʹ‫ݕ‬ ʹ‫ݔ‬

߲ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ ‫ݕ‬ሺͳ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሺͳ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ െʹ
ൌ ተተ ተተ ൌ ተተ ተተ ൌ ൤ ൨
߲ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ߲‫ݒ‬ ߲‫ݒ‬ ͳ ͳ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻሺͳ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ
߲‫ݔ‬ ߲‫ݕ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ
ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕݔ‬ሻ െʹ
ൌ ൤ ൨
ଶ ଶ
ሺͳ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ሻሺͳ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ሻ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ
91
¶ ( x, y )
23. If x = r cos q , y = r sin q , find
¶ (r ,q )
Solution
Given x = r cos q y = r sin q
¶x ¶y
= cos q = sin q
¶r ¶r
¶x ¶y
= - r sin q = r cos q
¶q ¶q
¶x ¶x
¶ ( x, y ) ¶r ¶q
We knowthat =
¶ (r ,q ) ¶y ¶y
¶r ¶q
cos q -r sin q
=
sin q r cos q
= r cos 2 q + r sin 2 q
(
= r cos 2 q + sin 2 q = r )
9. If ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݓ݀݊ܽݖ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݖݕ‬,
show that they are not independent. And also find the relation between them.
డሺ௨ǡ௩ǡ௪ሻ
Sol: ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݓ݀݊ܽݒ‬will not be independent if డሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௭ሻ ൌ Ͳ
డ௨ డ௨ డ௨
డ௫ డ௬ డ௭
ͳ ͳ െͳ
డሺ௨ǡ௩ǡ௪ሻ ተ డ௩ డ௩ డ௩ ተ
Hence, డሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௭ሻ ൌ =อ ͳ െͳ ͳ อ = 0.
ተ డ௫ డ௬ డ௭ ተ
డ௪ డ௪ డ௪ ʹ‫ݔ‬ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ‫ݖ‬ ʹ‫ ݖ‬െ ʹ‫ݕ‬
డ௫ డ௬ డ௭
Hence ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ ݓ݀݊ܽݒ‬are not independent.

To find the relation between them:
Given ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬
‫ ݑ ׵‬൅ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݑ‬െ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ‫ݖ‬
Now, ሺ‫ ݑ‬൅ ‫ݒ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݑ‬െ ‫ݒ‬ሻଶ ൌ ሺʹ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ‫ݖ‬ሻଶ
Þ
ʹ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݒ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݖݕ‬ሻ

Þ ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݒ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷ‫ ݓ‬, which is the required relation.

Taylor`s Series and Laurent Series
The Taylor’s series expansion of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ in the power of ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻ and ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ is
ͳ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻ݂௫ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ݂௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሾሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ݂௫௫ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ
ʹǨ
൅ʹሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ݂௫௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻଶ ݂௬௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻሿ
Problems:
92
1. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of ݁ ௫ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ in the power of x and y upto third degree terms.
Sol: The Taylor’s series expansion of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ in the power of ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻ and ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ is
ͳ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻ݂௫ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ݂௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሾሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ݂௫௫ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ
ʹǨ
൅ʹሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ݂௫௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻଶ ݂௬௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻሿ
ଵ
൅ ଷǨ ൣሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଷ ݂௫௫௫ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ͵ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻ݂௫௫௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ͵ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܾሻଶ ݂௫௬௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ݂௬௬௬ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ൧ +….…..(1)
‫݁ݎ݁ܪ‬ǡ ܽ ൌ Ͳܾܽ݊݀ ൌ Ͳ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ǡ݂ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ݁ ଴ ሺͳ ൅ Ͳሻ ൌ ݈‫ ͳ݃݋‬ൌ Ͳ
݂௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ , ݂௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ݁ ଴ ሺͳ ൅ Ͳሻ ൌ ݈‫ ͳ݃݋‬ൌ Ͳ
௘ೣ ௘బ
݂௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ሺଵା௬ሻ , ݂௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ = ሺଵା଴ሻ = 1
݂௫௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ = ݁ ௫ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻǡ ݂௫௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ = ݁ ଴ ሺͳ ൅ Ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ

௘ೣ
݂௫௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ = ሺଵା௬ሻ , ݂௫௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ = 1
ି௘ ೣ ି௘ బ
݂௬௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ሺଵା୷ሻమ , ݂௬௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ሺଵା଴ሻమ ൌ െͳ
݂௫௫௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ݂௫௫௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ݁ ଴ ሺͳ ൅ Ͳሻ = 0

௘ೣ ௘బ
݂௫௫௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ሺଵା௬ሻ ݂௫௫௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ሺଵା଴ሻ ൌ ͳ
ି௘ ೣ ି௘ బ
݂௫௬௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ሺଵା୷ሻమ ݂௫௬௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ሺଵା଴ሻమ ൌ െͳ
ଶ௘ ೣ ଶ௘ బ
݂௬௬௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ሺଵା୷ሻయ ݂௬௬௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ሺଵା଴ሻయ = 2
‫ ݁ ׵‬௫ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ

ଵ ଵ
݂ሺͲǡͲሻ ൅ ‫݂ݔ‬௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൅ ‫݂ݕ‬௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൅ ଶǨ ൣ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݂௫௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൅ ʹ‫݂ݕݔ‬௫௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݂௬௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ൧ ൅ ଷǨ ൣ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ݂௫௫௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൅
͵‫Ͳݕݔݔ݂ݕʹݔ‬ǡͲ൅͵‫Ͳݕݕݔ݂ʹݕݔ‬ǡͲ൅‫ܽݕݕݕ݂͵ݕ‬ǡܾ
ଵ ଵ
ൌ Ͳ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሺͲሻ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሺͳሻ ൅ ଶ ሾ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሺͲሻ ൅ ʹ‫ݕݔ‬ሺͳሻ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሺെͳሻሿ+ ሾ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሺͲሻ൅͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሺͳሻ ൅ ͵‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ ሺെͳሻ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ሺʹሻሿ
଺
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬െ ଶ ‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ ൅ ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ǥ……..
2. Using Taylors series expansion express ࢌሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻ ൌ ࢋ૛࢞ ‫ ܛܗ܋‬૛࢟ in powers of x and y upto second degree
࣊
terms atቀ૙ǡ ૛ ቁ
గ
Solution: ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ଶ௫ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ݂ ቀͲǡ ଶ ቁ ൌ െͳ
గ
݂௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ଶ௫ ʹ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ݂௫ ቀͲǡ ଶ ቁ ൌ െʹ
గ
݂௫௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ଶ௫ Ͷ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ݂௫௫ ቀͲǡ ଶ ቁ ൌ െͶ
గ
݂௫௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ െͶ݁ ଶ௫ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ݂௫௬ ቀͲǡ ଶ ቁ ൌ Ͳ
గ
݂௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ െʹ݁ ଶ௫ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ݂௬ ቀͲǡ ଶ ቁ ൌ Ͳ
93
గ
݂௬௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ െͶ݁ ଶ௫ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ݂௬௬ ቀͲǡ ଶ ቁ ൌ Ͷ
గ ଶ
Taylors series is ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ െͳ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൬െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ቀ‫ ݕ‬െ ቁ ൰ ൅ήήήήήήήήήήήήήήή
ଶ
3. Expand ࢌሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻ ൌ ࢋ࢞ ࢒࢕ࢍሺ૚ ൅ ࢟ሻas Taylors series up to second degree terms

Solution: ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ݈‫݃݋‬ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ݂ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ Ͳ
݂௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ݈‫݃݋‬ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ݂௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ Ͳ
݂௫௫ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ݈‫݃݋‬ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ݂௫௫ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ Ͳ
ଵ
݂௫௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ଵା௬ ݂௫௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ͳ
ଵ
݂௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௫ ଵା௬ ݂௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ͳ
௘ೣ
݂௬௬ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ െ ሺଵା௬ሻమ ݂௬௬ ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ െͳ
௬మ
Taylors series is ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ଶ
൅ήήήήήήήήήήήήήήή
4.Use Taylor ' s series oftwo var iables to exp and x 2 y + 3 y - 2 in powers of x + 1 and y - 2.
Solution
We knowthat the exp ansion of f ( x, y ) in powers x - a and y - b is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) + ( x - a ) f x ( a , b ) + ( y - b ) f y ( a , b )
1
+ é( x - a) 2 f xx (a, b) + 2( x - a )( y - b) f xy (a, b) + ( y - b) 2 f yy (a, b) ûù
ë
2!
1
+ [( x - a)3 f xxx + 3( x - a) 2 ( y - b) f xyy + 3( x - a)( y - b) 2 f xyy
3!
+ ( y - b)3 f yyy ] ....(1)
Here a = -1, b = 2
Now f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y - 2 \ f (-1, 2) = 6
f x = 2 xy f x (-1, 2) = -4
f y = x2 + 3 f y (-1, 2) = 4
f xx = 2 y f xx (-1, 2) = 4
f xy = 2 x f xy (-1, 2) = -2
f yy = 0 f yy (-1, 2) = 0
f xxx = 0 f xxx (-1, 2) = 0
f xxy = 2 f xxy (-1, 2) = 2
94
f xyy = 0 f xyy (-1, 2) = 0
f yyy = 0 f yyy (-1, 2) = 0
Substituting these value s in (1) we get ,
1
x 2 y + 3 y - 2 = 6 + ( x + 1)(-4) + ( y - 2)(4) + [( x + 1) 2 (4) + 2( x + 1)( y - 2)(-2) + ( y - 2) 2 (0)]
2!
1
+
[0 + 3( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)(2) + 0 + 0]
3!
= 6 - 4( x + 1) + 4( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 - 2( x + 1)( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)
Hencethe solution.
y
5. Expand tan -1 in the neighbourhood of (1,1).
x
solution
y
Let f ( x, y ) = tan -1
x
1 æ yö
f x ( x, y ) = . -
y 2 çè x 2 ø÷
1+ 2
x
y 1
=- 2 , f x (1,1) = -
x + y2 2
1 1
f y ( x, y ) = .
y2 x
1+ 2
x
x 1
= 2 , f y (1,1) =
x + y2 2
f xx ( x, y ) = - y (-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 x
2 xy 1
= , f xx (1,1) =
(x + y )
2 2 2 2
f xy ( x, y ) =
( x + y )1 - x 2 x
2 2
(x + y )2 2 2
y 2 - x2
= f xy (1,1) = 0
(x + y2 )
2 2
f yy ( x, y ) = x(-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 y
95
2 xy 1
=- f yy (1,1) = -
(x 2
+y )
2 2 2
y
\tan -1 = f ( x, y )
x
1
= f (1,1) + éë( x - 1) f x (1,1) + ( y - 1) f y (1,1) ùû + é( x - 1) 2 f xx (1,1) + 2( x - 1)( y - 1) f xy (1,1) + ( y - 1) 2 f yy (1,1) ûù + ...
ë
2!
( u sin g cor : 2 )
pé æ 1ö 1ù 1 é 1 æ 1 öù
= ê ( x - 1) ç - ÷ + ( y - 1) ú + ê( x - 1) 2 . + 2( x - 1)( y - 1)0 + ( y - 1) 2 ç - ÷ ú + .....
4ë è 2ø 2 û 2! ë 2 è 2 øû
y p 1 1 1 1
\ tan -1 = - ( x - 1) + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 - ( y - 1) 2 + ...
x 4 2 2 4 4
Hence the solution
Maxima and Minima and Lagrangian Multiplier

Defn: Maximum Value
‫݂݂ܫ‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ݅‫݂݂݋݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽ݉ܽݏ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݂݅‫ݐ݊݅݋݌݄݁ݐ݂݋݀݋݋݄ݎݑ݋ܾ݄݃݅݁݊݁݉݋ݏݏݐݏ݅ݔ݁ݎ݄݁ݐ‬
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ‫ݐ݊݅݋݌ݕݎ݁ݒ݁ݎ݋݂ݐ݄ܽݐ݄ܿݑݏ‬ሺܽ ൅ ݄ǡ ܾ ൅ ݇ሻ‫݀݋݋݄ݎݑ݋ܾ݄݄݃݅݁݊݁ݐ݂݋‬
݂ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൐ ݂ሺܽ ൅ ݄ǡ ܾ ൅ ݇ሻ
Defn: Minimum Value
‫݂݂ܫ‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ݅‫݂݂݋݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽ݉ܽݏ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݂݅‫ݐ݊݅݋݌݄݁ݐ݂݋݀݋݋݄ݎݑ݋ܾ݄݃݅݁݊݁݉݋ݏݏݐݏ݅ݔ݁ݎ݄݁ݐ‬
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ‫ݐ݊݅݋݌ݕݎ݁ݒ݁ݎ݋݂ݐ݄ܽݐ݄ܿݑݏ‬ሺܽ ൅ ݄ǡ ܾ ൅ ݇ሻ‫݀݋݋݄ݎݑ݋ܾ݄݄݃݅݁݊݁ݐ݂݋‬
݂ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൏ ݂ሺܽ ൅ ݄ǡ ܾ ൅ ݇ሻ
Defn: Extremum Value
‫݂݂ܫ‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ݅‫݂݂ܫ݂݋݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݉ݑ݉݁ݎݐݔܾ݁݊ܽ݁݋ݐ݀݅ܽݏݏ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݂݅݅‫݉ݑ݉݅݊݅݉ݎ݋݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽ݉ݏ݅ݐ‬
Defn: Lagrangian Multiplier
Suppose we require to find the maximum and minimum values of݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ where x,y,z are subject to a
constraint equation ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
We define a function ‫ܨ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൅ ߣ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ where ߣ݅‫݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ‬
Which is independent of x,y,z
Problems:
1. Examine ࢌሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻ ൌ ࢞૜ ൅ ࢟૜ െ ૚૛‫ ܠ‬െ ૜‫ ܡ‬൅ ૛૙ for its extreme values
Solution: Given ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ െ ͳʹ െ ͵ ൅ ʹͲ
‫ ݌‬ൌ ݂௫ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳʹǡ ݂௬ ൌ ‫ ݍ‬ൌ ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͳʹ
‫ ݎ‬ൌ ݂௫௫ ൌ ͸‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݂௫௬ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ݂௬௬ ൌ ͸‫ݕ‬
At maximum point and minimum point ݂௫ ൌ Ͳǡ ݂௬ ൌ Ͳ
ൌ൐ The points ሺʹǡͳሻǡ ሺʹǡ െͳሻǡ ሺെʹǡͳሻǡ ሺെʹǡ െͳሻmay be maximum points or minimum points.
96
At ሺʹǡͳሻǣ ‫ ݐݎ‬െ ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ ͹ʹ ൐ Ͳ and r = 12 > 0
‫ ׵‬ሺʹǡͳሻ is a minimum point
Minimum value = ʹଷ ൅ ͳଷ െ ͳʹሺʹሻ െ ͵ሺͳሻ ൅ ʹͲ ൌ ͺ ൅ ͳ െ ʹͶ െ ͵ ൅ ʹͲ ൌ ʹ
At ሺʹǡ െͳሻǡ ሺെʹǡͳሻǣ ‫ ݐݎ‬െ ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ െ͹ʹ ൏ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬The points ሺʹǡ െͳሻǡ ሺെʹǡͳሻ are saddle points.
At ሺെʹǡ െͳሻǣ ‫ ݐݎ‬െ ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ ͹ʹ ൐ Ͳ and r = -12 < 0
‫ ׵‬ሺെʹǡ െͳሻ is a maximum point
maximum value = ሺെʹሻଷ ൅ ሺെͳሻଷ െ ͳʹሺെʹሻ െ ͵ሺെͳሻ ൅ ʹͲ ൌ ͵ͺ.
2. In a plane triangle ABC ,find the maximum value of ‫࡯ ܛܗ܋ ࡮ ܛܗ܋ ࡭ ܛܗ܋‬.
Solution:݂ሺ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܥ ܤ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܤ ܣ‬൫ߨ െ ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ൯ ൌ െ ‫ ܤ ܣ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ
߲݂
ൌ ‫ ܤ‬ሺʹ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ
߲‫ܣ‬
߲݂
ൌ ‫ ܣ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܤ‬ሻ
߲‫ܤ‬
డ௙ డ௙
At the maximum point and minimum point డ஺
ൌ Ͳǡ డ஻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ܤ‬ሺʹ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ

‫ ܣ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
గ గ
Solving these equations ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ଷ ǡ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ଷ
గ
A+B+C = π ൌ൐ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ଷ
߲ଶ݂
‫ݎ‬ൌ ൌ ʹ ‫ ܤ‬ሺʹ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ
߲‫ܣ‬ଶ
߲ଶ݂
‫ݏ‬ൌ ൌ ሺʹ‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܤ‬ሻ
߲‫ܤ߲ܣ‬
߲ଶ݂
‫ݐ‬ൌ ൌ ʹ ‫ ܣ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܤ‬ሻ
߲‫ܤ‬ଶ
గ ିଵ
At ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ଷ , ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ʹǡ ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ଶ
ǡ‫ݐ‬ ൌ െͳ
ଷ
‫ ݐݎ‬െ ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ ସ ൐ Ͳ and r < 0
గ గ గ
The point ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ଷ ǡ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ଷ ǡ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ଷ is a maximum point.
గ గ గ ଵ
Maximum value = ଷ ଷ ଷ ൌ ଼.
࢞૛ ࢟૛ ࢠ૛
3. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid ࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൅ ࢉ૛ ൌ ૚.
௫మ ௬మ ௭మ
Solution: The given ellipsoid is ߮ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ௔మ ൅ ൅ ௖మ െ ͳ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (1)
௕మ
The volume of the parallelepiped is ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ͺ‫ݖݕݔ‬ ---------------- (2)
At the max point or min point
97
డ௙ డఝ ଶ௫
డ௫
൅ ߣ డ௫ ൌ ͲǢ ͺ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ߣ ቀ௔మ ቁ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (3)
డ௙ డఝ ଶ௬
డ௬
൅ ߣ డ௬ ൌ ͲǢ ͺ‫ ݖݔ‬൅ ߣ ቀ௕మ ቁ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (4)
డ௙ డఝ ଶ௭
డ௭
൅ ߣ డ௭ ൌ ͲǢ ͺ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ߣ ቀ௖ మ ቁ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (5)
Solve the equation

(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z Þ
௫మ ௬మ ௭మ
ʹͶ‫ ݖݕݔ‬൅ ʹߣ ቀ௔మ ൅ ௕మ ൅ ௖ మ ቁ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ߣ ൌ െͳʹ‫ݖݕݔ‬
ଶ௫ ௔
Put in (3)ൌ൐ ͺ‫ ݖݕ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ݖݕݔ‬ቀ௔మ ቁ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ
ξଷ
௕ ௖
Similarly, ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ǡ‫ݖ‬ ൌ
ξଷ ξଷ
଼௔௕௖
Put in (2) ‫ ׵‬Max volume = ଷξଷ
.
4. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of maximum capacity, whose surface is 108 sq. cm
Solution: Given Surface area
߮ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݖݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬ൌ ͳͲͺ ---------------- (1)
The volume is ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݖݕݔ‬ ---------------- (2)

డ௙ డఝ
డ௫
൅ ߣ డ௫ ൌ ͲǢ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ߣሺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (3)
డ௙ డఝ
൅ߣ ൌ ͲǢ ‫ ݖݔ‬൅ ߣሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (4)
డ௬ డ௬
డ௙ డఝ
డ௭
൅ ߣ డ௭ ൌ ͲǢ ͺ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ߣሺʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (5)
Solve the equation

(3)x - (4)y ൌ൐
ߣሺʹ‫ ݔݖ‬െ ʹ‫ݕݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݕ‬
(3)x - (5)z ൌ൐
௫
‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ൌ൐ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ଶ
Put in (1)‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݖݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬ൌ ͳͲͺ ൌ൐ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͸

‫ ׵‬y =6, z =3
‫ ׵‬The dimension of the box, having max capacity is Length=6cm, Breadth = 6cm, Height = 3cm.
5. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xyࢠ૛ . Find the highest temperature on the surface of
the unit sphere ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൅ ࢠ૛ ൌ ૚
Solution: ߮ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ െ ͳ ---------------- (1)
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ͶͲͲ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ---------------- (2)

98
డ௙ డఝ
డ௫
൅ ߣ డ௫ ൌ ͲǢ ͶͲͲ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൅ ߣሺʹ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (3)
డ௙ డఝ
డ௬
൅ ߣ డ௬ ൌ ͲǢ ͶͲͲ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൅ ߣሺʹ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (4)
డ௙ డఝ
డ௭
൅ ߣ డ௭ ൌ ͲǢ ͺͲͲ‫ ݖ‬൅ ߣሺʹ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ---------------- (5)
Solve the equation

(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z ൌ൐
1600‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൅ ߣʹሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ Ͳ
ൌ൐ ߣ ൌ െͺͲͲ‫ ݖ‬ଶ
ଵ ଵ
Put in (3) and (4) we get ‫ ݔ‬ൌ േ ଶ ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ േ
ଶ
ଵ
‫ ݔ ׵‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ ൌ൐ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ േ
ξଶ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫ ܶ ׵‬ൌ ͶͲͲ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ͶͲͲ ൈ ൈ ൈ ൌ ͷͲ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
The highest temperature is = 50.
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
6.Pr ovethat + = + , where x = u cos a - v sin a , y = u sin a + v cos a
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶u 2 ¶v 2
(OR)
By changing independent var iables u and v to x and y by means of the relations x = u cos a - v sin a ,
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
y = u sin a + v cos a , showthat + transforms int o + .
¶u 2 ¶v 2 ¶x 2 ¶y 2
Solution :
Here z is a composite function of u and v.
¶z ¶z ¶x ¶z ¶y
= × + ×
¶u ¶x ¶u ¶y ¶u
¶z ¶z
= cos a + sin a
¶x ¶y
¶ æ ¶ ¶ ö
or ( z ) = ç cos a + sin a ÷ z
¶x è ¶x ¶y ø
¶ ¶ ¶
Þ º cos a + sin a ® (1)
¶u ¶x ¶y
99
¶z ¶z ¶x ¶z ¶y
Also, = × + ×
¶v ¶x ¶v ¶y ¶v
¶z ¶z
= - sin a + cos a
¶x ¶y
¶ æ ¶ ¶ ö
or ( z ) = ç - sin a + cos a ÷ z
¶v è ¶x ¶y ø
¶ ¶ ¶
Þ º - sin a + cos a ® (2)
¶v ¶x ¶y
Now we shall make use of the equivalance of operators as given by (1) and (2).
¶ 2 z ¶ æ ¶z ö
= ç ÷
¶u 2 ¶u è ¶u ø
æ ¶ ¶ öæ ¶z ¶z ö
= ç cos a + sin a ÷ ç cos a + sin a ÷ (u sin g (1) and (2) )
è ¶u ¶y ø è ¶x ¶y ø
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
= cos 2 a 2 + cos a sin a + sin a cos a + sin 2 a 2
¶x ¶x¶y ¶y¶x ¶y
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
ie., = cos a 2 + 2 cos a sin a
2
+ sin a 2
2
® (3)
¶u 2 ¶x ¶x¶y ¶y
¶ 2 z ¶ æ ¶z ö
Similarly 2 = ç ÷
¶v ¶v è ¶v ø
æ ¶ ¶ öæ ¶z ¶z ö
= ç - sin a + cos a ÷ ç - sin a + cos a ÷ (u sin g (3) and (4) )
è ¶x ¶y ø è ¶x ¶y ø
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
= sin 2 a - sin a cosa - cosa sin a + cos 2
a
¶x 2 ¶x¶y ¶y¶x ¶y 2
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
= sin 2
a - 2cosa sin a + cos 2
a ® (4)
¶v 2 ¶x 2 ¶x¶y ¶y 2
Adding (3) and (4),
¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z ¶2 z
+ = +
¶u 2 ¶v 2 ¶x 2 ¶y 2
Hence the proof .
1 1
7. Investigate the max ima of the functions f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + + .
x y
Solution :
1 1
Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + +
x y
¶f 1
= 2x + y - 2
¶x x
100
¶f 1
= x + 2y - 2
¶y y
¶2 f 2
= 2+ 3
¶x 2
x
¶2 f 2
= 2+ 3
¶y 2
y
¶2 f
=1
¶x¶y
Step1: For a max imum or min imum, we must have
¶f 1
= 0 Þ 2x + y - 2 = 0 i.e., 2 x 3 + x 2 y - 1 = 0 ...(1)
¶x x
¶f 1
= 0 Þ x + 2y - 2 = 0 i.e., 2 y 3 + xy 2 - 1 = 0 ...(2)
¶y y
(1) ´ y Þ 2 x3 y + x 2 y 2 - y = 0 ...(3)
(2) ´ x Þ 2 xy + x y - x = 0
3 2 2
...(4)
From (3) we get x y = y - 2 x y
2 2 3
...(5)
Substituting (5) in (4) we get
2 xy 3 + y - 2 x 3 y - x = 0
i.e., 2 x3 y - 2 xy 3 - y + x = 0
i.e., 2 xy ( x 2 - y 2 ) + ( x - y ) = 0
i.e., 2 xy {( x - y )( x + y )} + ( x - y ) = 0
( x - y ) {2 xy ( x + y ) + 1} = 0
\ x = y (or )2 xy ( x + y ) + 1 = 0
when x = y, the equation 2 x 3 + x 3 y - 1 = 0

gives 2 x 3 + x 3 - 1 = 0
i.e.,3 x 3 = 1
1
x3 =
3
1 1
x= 3 \y = 3
3 3
æ 1 1ö
Hence çç 3 , 3 ÷÷ is a critical po int
è 3 3ø
æ 1 1ö
Step 2 : At çç 3 , 3 ÷÷ ,
è 3 3ø
101
¶2 f 2
= 2+ =8
¶x 2
1
3
¶2 f ¶2 f
= 8 ; =1
¶y 2 ¶x¶y
2
¶2 f ¶2 f æ ¶2 f ö
\ 2 . 2 -ç ÷ = 8´ 8 -1 > 0
¶x ¶y è ¶x¶y ø
¶2 f
and 2 = 8 > 0
¶x
æ 1 1ö
\ f ( x, y ) has a min imum at the po int çç 3 , 3 ÷÷ and
è 3 3ø
4
the min imum valueis 3 3.
8. Find the min imum value of the function f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + xy + ax + by.

Solution
Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + xy + ax + by ...(1)
¶f
= 2x + y + a ...(2)
¶x
¶f
= 2y + x + b ...(3)
¶y
¶2 f
=2 ...(4)
¶x 2
¶2 f
=2 ...(5)
¶y 2
¶2 f
=1 ...(6)
¶x¶y
Step 1: For miimum value of the function
¶f
= 0 Þ 2x + y + a ...(7)
¶x
¶f
=0 Þ 2y + x + b ...(8)
¶y
Solving (7) and (8) we get
2 x + y = -a
x + 2 y = -b
102
i.e., 4 x + 2 y = -2a
x + 2 y = -b
3x = b - 2a
b - 2a
x=
3
b - 2a
Substituting x = in (8) we get
3
ì b - 2a ü
-í + bý
y= î þ
3
2
-(4b - 2a )
=
2
= a - 2b
æ b - 2a ö
\ The critical po int is ç , a - 2b ÷
è 3 ø
æ b - 2a ö
Step 2 : At ç , a - 2b ÷
è 3 ø
¶ f
2
¶ f
2
¶2 f
= 2 , = 2 and =1
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶x¶y
2
¶2 f ¶2 f æ ¶2 f ö
\ 2 . 2 -ç ÷ = 2 ´ 2 -1
¶x ¶y è ¶x¶y ø
=3>0
æ b - 2a ö
\We have min imum value of the function at ç , a - 2b ÷
è 3 ø
Step 3 :The min imum value of f ( x, y ) is obtained by putting
b - 2a
x= and y = a - 2b in f ( x, y ).
3
2
æ b - 2a ö æ b - 2a ö æ b - 2a ö
÷ + ( a - 2b ) + ç ÷ ( a - 2b ) + a ç ÷ + b ( a - 2b )
2
Minimum value = ç
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø
æ b - 2 a ö éæ b - 2a ö ù
=ç ÷ êç ÷ + a - 2b + a ú + ( a - 2b ) [ a - 2b + b ]
è 3 ø ëè 3 ø û
103
æ b - 2a ö é 4a - 5b ù
=ç ÷ + (a - 2b)(a - b0
è 3 ø ëê 3 ûú
4ab - 5b 2 - 8a 2 + 10ab
= + a 2 - ab - 2ab + 2b 2
9
4ab - 5b - 8a 2 + 9a 2 - 27ab + 18b 2
2
=
9
13b + a - 23ab
2 2
=
9
x -2 y -6 z -5 x -5 y -3 z + 4
9. Find the shortest dis tan ce between the lines = = and = =
3 -2 -2 2 1 -6
Solution
x -2 y -6 z -5
Let = = =l ...(1)
3 -2 -2
x -5 y -3 z + 4
= = =m ...(2)
2 1 -6
Any po int on the first line is P (3l + 2, -2l + 6, -2l + 5) and
any po int on the sec ond line is Q(2 m + 5, m + 3, -6 m - 4)
\ PQ = (2 + 3l - 5 - 2 m ) 2 + (6 - 2l - 3 - m ) 2 + (5 - 2l + 4 + 6 m ) 2
i.e., PQ 2 =17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
Let f (l , m ) = 17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
¶f
= 34l - 32 m - 66
¶l
¶f
= -32l + 82m + 114
¶m
¶2 f ¶2 f ¶2 f
= 34, = 82, = -32
¶l 2 ¶m 2 ¶l¶m
For a max imum or a min imum of ' f ' we should have
¶f ¶f
= 0, =0
¶l ¶m
i.e., 34l - 32m - 66 = 0
- 32l + 82m + 114 = 0
Solving thesetwo equations we get

l = 1, m = -1
¶2 f
At (1, -1) = 34 > 0
¶l¶m
104
2
¶2 f ¶2 f æ ¶2 f ö
. -ç ÷ >0
¶l 2 ¶m 2 è ¶l¶m ø
\ At (1, -1) the function f (l , m ) has min imum.

i.e., At (1, -1) , PQ 2 has min imum which gives the shortest length.
At (1, -1), PQ 2 = 17 + 41 + 32 - 66 - 114 + 99
=9
\Shortest length = PQ = 9 = 3
1 1 1
10. Find the min imum value of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the condition + + = 1
x y z
Solution
Let f = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
1 1 1
g= + + -1
x y z
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be
æ1 1 1 ö
F ( x, y , z ) = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + l ç + + - 1 ÷ ...(1)
èx y z ø
By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' f ' is min imum are obtained
by the following eqations
¶F l l
= 0 Þ 2 x - 2 = 0 Þ = x3 ...(2)
¶x x 2
¶F l l
= 0 Þ 2 y - 2 = 0 Þ = y3 ...(3)
¶y y 2
¶F l l
= 0 Þ 2z - 2 = 0 Þ = z3 ...(4)
¶z z 2
¶F 1 1 1
= 0 Þ + + -1 = 0 ...(5)
¶l x y z
From (2) , (3) and (4) we get
l
x3 = y 3 = z 3 =
2
1
æ l ö3
i.e., x= y = z =ç ÷ ...(6)
è2ø
Substituting (6) in (5) we get

3
= 1 or x = 3
x
105
3
= 1 or y = 3
y
3
= 1 or z = 3
z
\ (3,3,3) is the po int where min imum value occur. The min imum value of
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is 32 + 32 + 32 = 27
11. Athin closed rec tan gular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other , and a cons tan t
valume 72m3 . Find the least surface area of the box.
Solution
Let the sides of the rec tan gular box be 2 x, x, y.
Then volume is 2 x.x. y = 72
i.e., 2 x 2 y = 72
i.e., x 2 y = 36 ...(1)
The surface area is given by
S = 2(2 x.x) + 2(2 x. y ) + 2( x. y )
= 4 x 2 + 6 xy ...(2)
Now we have to find the min imum surface area
S = 4 x 2 + 6 xy under the condition
x 2 y = 36
Let f = 4 x 2 + 6 xy,
g = x 2 y - 36
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be F = f + l g
( ) (
F ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 6 xy + l x 2 y - 36 ) ...(3)
By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' F ' is min mum is obtained
from the following equations
¶F
= 0 Þ 8 x + 6 y + 2l xy = 0 ...(4)
¶x
¶F
=0Þ 6x + l x2 = 0 ...(5)
¶y
¶F
=0Þ 0=0
¶z
106
¶F
=0Þ x 2 y - 36 = 0 Þ x 2 y = 36 ...(6)
¶l
6
From (5) we get x = - ...(7)
l
6
Substituting x=- in (6) we get
l
36
y= 2
= l2 ...(8)
x
12. Find the max imum value of x m y n z p when x + y + z = a

Solution
Let f = x m y n z p and g = x + y + z - a
Let the auxillary function F = f + l g
i.e., F ( x, y, z ) = x m y n z p + l ( x + y + z - a ) ...(1)
¶F
= 0 Þ mx m -1 y n z p + l = 0 ...(2)
¶x
¶F
= 0 Þ ny n -1 x m z p + l = 0 ...(3)
¶y
¶F
= 0 Þ p x m y n z p -1 + l = 0 ...(4)
¶z
¶F
=0 Þ x+ y+ z-a =0 ...(5)
¶l
6
Substituting x=- , y = l 2 in(4) we get
l
48
- + 6l 2 - 12l 2 = 0 Þ l 3 = - 8
l
i.e., l = -2
Substituting l = -2 in(7) and (8) we get
x = 3, y = 4.
\ S has a min imum value at (3, 4)
The min imum value of S = 4(3) 2 + 6(3)(4)
= 108
From (2) , (3) and (4) , we get
- l = mx m -1 y n z p
- l = ny n -1 x m z p
- l = p x m y n z p -1
107
i.e., mx m -1 y n z p = ny n -1 x m z p = p x m y n z p -1
m n p
i.e., = =
x y z
m+n+ p m+n+ p
= =
x+ y+z a
\Hence max imum value of f occurs when

am
x=
m+n+ p
an
y=
m+n+ p
ap
z=
m+n+ p
The max imum value of
mn nn p p
f = a m+ n+ p m+n+ p
(m + n + p)
108
UNIT – V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
INTRODUCTION: When a function f(x) is integrated with respect to x between the limits a and b, we get the
௕
definite integral ‫׬‬௔ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ݔ‬
If the integrand is a function f(x,y) and if it is integrated with respect to x and y repeatedly between the
limits ‫ݔ‬଴ and ‫ݔ‬ଵ (for x) between the limits ‫ݕ‬଴ and ‫ݕ‬ଵ (for y)
௬ ௫
We get a double integral that is denoted by the symbol ‫׬‬௬ భ ‫׬‬௫ భ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
బ బ
Extending the concept of double integral one step further, we get the triple integral
భ ௭ భ௬ భ ௫
‫׬‬௭ ‫׬‬௬ ‫׬‬௫ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ݀‫ݖ݀ݕ݀ ݔ‬
బ బ బ
EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Before starting on double integrals let’s do a quick review of the definition of a definite integrals for
functions of single variables. First, when working with the
Integral,
We think of x’s as coming from the interval . For these integrals we can say that we are
integrating over the interval . Note that this does assume that , however, if we have then
we can just use the interval .

Now, when we derived the definition of the definite integral we first thought of this as an area problem.
We first asked what the area under the curve was and to do this we broke up the interval into n
subintervals of width and choose a point, , from each interval as shown below,
Each of the rectangles has height of and we could then use the area of each of these rectangles to
approximate the area as follows.
109
To get the exact area we then took the limit as n goes to infinity and this was also the definition of the
definite integral.
௬ ௫
To evaluate‫׬‬௬ భ ‫׬‬௫ భ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬, we first integrate f(x,y) with respect to x partially, treating y as
బ బ
a constant temporarily, between ‫ݔ‬଴ and ‫ݔ‬ଵ . The resulting function got after the inner integration and
substitution of limits will be a function of y. Then we integrate this function of y with respect to y
between the limits ‫ݕ‬଴ and ‫ݕ‬ଵ as usual.
PROBLEMS BASED ON DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES:

PART A
૛ ࢞૛ ࢟
1. Evaluate ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢋ࢞ ࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞
೤ ௫మ
ଶ ଶ
Solution: Let I = ‫׬‬଴ ቀ‫ ݁ݔ‬ೣ ቁ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬ሺ݁ ௫ െ ͳሻ݀‫ݔ‬
଴
ଶ
௫
‫ݔ‬ଶ௫
ൌ ቈሺ‫ݔ‬ሻሺ݁ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ െ ሺͳሻ ቆ݁ െ ቇ቉
ʹ ଴
ൌ ʹ݁ ଶ െ Ͷ െ ݁ ଶ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͳ
ൌ ሺʹሻሺ݁ ଶ െ ʹሻ െ ሾሺ݁ ଶ െ ʹሻ െ ሺͳሻሿ
ൌ ݁ଶ െ ͳ
ࢇ ඥࢇ૛ ି࢞૛
2. Evaluate: ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞
௔ ξ௔మ ି௫ మ ௔
Solution:Let I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬ ݕ‬଴ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ξܽଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
௔
ܽଶ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
ൌ ቈ ‫ି݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ቀ ቁ ൅ ඥܽଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ቉
ʹ ܽ ʹ ଴
ൌ ܽଶ
‫ି݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ሺͳሻ
ʹ
ߨܽଶ
ൌ
Ͷ
PART B
1. Evaluate: ‫࢟࢞ ׭‬ሺ࢞ ൅ ࢟ሻ ࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟ over the area between y = x2 and y = x.
Solution:The limits are: x varies from 0 to 1 and y varies from x2 to x.
110
ଵ ௫
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ ሻ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ଵ ௫ ௫
‫ݕ‬ଶ ଶ
‫ݕ‬ଷ
ൌ න ቆ‫ ݔ‬ቆ ቇ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ቆ ቇ ቇ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ௫మ ͵ ௫మ
଴
ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬ହ ‫଺ݔ‬
ൌ න ‫ ݔ‬ቊቆ ൅ ቇ െ ቆ ൅ ቇቋ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ͵ ʹ ͵
଴
ଵ
‫ݔ‬ହ ‫଼ݔ ଻ݔ‬
ൌቆ െ െ ቇ
͸ ͳͶ ʹͶ ଴
͵
ൌ
ͷ͸
2. Evaluate: ‫࢞ ׭‬૛ ࢟૛ ࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟ over the region in the first quadrant of the circle x2+y2=1.
Solution: In the given region, y varies from 0 to ξͳ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ and x varies from 0 to 1.
ଵ ξଵି௫మ
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ξଵି௫ మ
ଵ ଶ ௬య ଵ ଵ ଷൗ
ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ቀ ଷ ቁ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ଷ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሺͳ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ ଶ dx
଴
Put x = sinθ. Then dx = cosθdθ. q varies from 0 to π/2.

గൗ గൗ గൗ గൗ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫ܫ׵‬ൌ න ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ ݀ߠ ൌ න ሺͳ െ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ݀ߠ ൌ ൦න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ݀ߠ െ න ܿ‫ ߠ݀ߠ ଺ ݏ݋‬൪
͵ ͵ ͵
଴ ଴ ଴ ଴
ͳ ͵ͳߨ ͷ͵ͳߨ ߨ
ൌ ൤ െ ൨ൌ
͵ Ͷʹʹ ͸Ͷʹʹ ͻ͸
é x 2
1 ù
ò0 êê òx ( x y + xy )dydx úú
2
3. Evaluate: ë û
é x 2 1 ù 1é x 2 ù 1 x
æ x 2 y 2 xy 3 ö
Solution : Let I= ò ê ò ( x y + xy )dydx ú = ò ê ò ( x y + xy 2 )dydx ú = ò0 ççè 2 + 3 ÷÷ø dx
2
0ëêx ûú 0 êë x ûú x
1
1
éæ x 3 x.xy 3 / 2 ö æ x 4 x 4 öù é x4 x7 / 2 5 æ x5 ö ù
= ò êçç + ÷÷ - çç + ÷÷ú dx = ê + - ç ÷ú
0 ëè
2 3 ø è 2 3 øû ê 8 ( 7 )(3) 6 è 5 øú
ë 2 û0
æ1 2 1ö æ 21 + 16 - 28 ö 9 3
= ç + + ÷ - (0) = ç ÷= =
è 8 21 6 ø è 168 ø 168 56
111
DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES:
ఏ ௥
To evaluate ‫׬‬ఏ మ ‫׬‬௥ మ ݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߠሻ݀‫ߠ݀ݎ‬, we first integrate w.r.to r between the limits ‫ݎ‬ଵ and‫ݎ‬ଶ . Keeping ߠ is
భ భ
fixed and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.to ߠ from ߠଵ to ߠଶ .

In this integral ‫ݎ‬ଵ and‫ݎ‬ଶ ܽ‫ ߠ݂݋ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݎ‬and ߠଵ , ߠଶ ܽ‫ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿ݁ݎ‬Ǥ
PROBLEMS BASED ON POLAR FORMS USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION:

PART A
࣊ൗ ∞ ࢘ࢊ࢘ࢊࣂ
1. Evaluate: ‫׬‬૙ ૛ ‫׬‬૙ ૛ ૛ ૛
൫࢘ ାࢇ ൯
గൗ ௥ௗ௥
Solution: ‫ ܫݐ݁ܮ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ଶቂ ∞
‫׬‬଴ ሺ௥ మ ା௔మ ሻమ ቃ ݀ߠ
గൗ
ଶ
ͳ െͳ ∞
ൌ න ൬ ଶ ൰ ݀ߠ
ʹ ሺ‫ ݎ‬൅ ܽଶ ሻଶ ଴
଴
ͳ గൗ
ଶ
ൌ ሺߠሻ ଴
ʹܽଶ
ߨ
ൌ ଶ
Ͷܽ
࣊
૛ࢉ࢕࢙ࣂ ૛
2. Evaluate: ‫׬ ׬‬૙ ૛
ష࣊ ࢘ ࢊ࢘ࢊࣂ
૛
గൗ ଶ௖௢௦ఏ గൗ
௥య ଵ
Solution: Let I = ‫ି׬‬గൗଶ ቀ ଷ ቁ ݀ߠ ൌ ଷ ‫ି׬‬గൗଶ ሺͺܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ െ Ͳሻ ݀ߠ
ଶ ଴ ଶ
గൗ
ଶ
ͺ
ൌ ൈ ʹ න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ ݀ߠ
͵
଴
ͳ͸ ʹ ͵ʹ
ൌ ൌ
͵ ͵ ͻ
PART B
1. Evaluate: ‫࢘ ׭‬૛ ࢙࢏࢔ࣂࢊ࢘ࢊࣂ over the cardioids r = a (1+cosθ).
Solution: The limits of r: 0 to a (1+cosθ) and The limits of θ: 0 to π.
ୟሺଵାୡ୭ୱθሻ
గ ୟሺଵାୡ୭ୱθሻ ଶ గ ௥య
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬ = ߠ݀ݎ݀ ߠ݊݅ݏ ݎ‬଴ ቀ ቁ ‫ߠ݀ߠ݊݅ݏ‬
ଷ ଴
గ
ܽଷ
ൌ න ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳ ൅ ܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬ሻଷ ݀ߠ
͵
଴
Put 1+cosθ = t then –sinθ dθ = dt
112
When θ = 0, t = 2
When θ = π, t = 0.
ଶ ଶ
ܽଷ ܽଷ ܽସ Ͷܽଷ
‫ ܫ ׵‬ൌ න ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ݀‫ ݐ‬ൌ ቆ ቇ ൌ
͵ ͵ Ͷ ଴ ͵
଴
∞ ∞ ૛ ૛
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢋି൫࢞ ା࢟ ൯ ࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟ ࢛࢙࢏࢔ࢍ࢖࢕࢒ࢇ࢘ࢉ࢕࢘ࢊ࢏࢔ࢇ࢚ࢋ࢙
Solution: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ߠݏ݋ܿݎ‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ߠ݊݅ݏݎ‬ǡ ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ߠ݀ݎ݀ݎ‬are the polar coordinates for the above integral
π π π
∞ ∞
ଶ
ି୰మ
ଶ
ି୰మ
ͳ ଶͳ మ ∞
‫ ܫ‬ൌ න න ‫ ߠ݀ݎ݀ݎ‬ൌ න න ݀ሺ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ሻ݀ߠ ൌ න ൣെି୰ ൧଴ ݀ߠ
଴ ଴ ଴ ଴ ʹ ଴ ʹ
π π π
ͳ ଶ
ି௥ మ
∞ ͳ ͳ ଶ ଶ ͳ ଶπ ͳ ߨ ߨ
ൌ െ න ൣ݁ ൧଴ ݀ߠ ൌ െ න ሾͲ െ ͳሿ݀ߠ ൌ න ݀ߠ ൌ ሾθሿ଴ ൌ ቂ െ Ͳቃ ൌ
ʹ ଴ ʹ ଴ ʹ ଴ ʹ ʹ ʹ Ͷ
࢞૛ ࢟૛
3. By Transforming into polar coordinates , Evaluate ‫ ׭‬ቀ࢞૛ ା࢟૛ ቁ ࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟ over annular region between
the circles ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൌ ૚૙ࢇ࢔ࢊ࢞૛ ൅ ࢟૛ ൌ ૝

Solution: Putting ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ߠݏ݋ܿݎ‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݎ ฺ ߠ݊݅ݏݎ‬ଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ൌ ͳͲ ฺ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ൌ ͳͲ ฺ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ξͳͲ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ߠݏ݋ܿݎ‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݎ ฺ ߠ݊݅ݏݎ‬ଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ൌ Ͷ ฺ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷ ฺ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ʹ
ܽ݊݀ߠ‫ߨʹ݋ݐͲ݉݋ݎ݂ݏ݁݅ݎܽݒ‬
ଶగ ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሺ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻሺ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠሻ
ඵቆ ቇ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬ ൌ න න ‫ߠ݀ݎ݀ݎ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ଴
ଶ ଶ ଶ
ξଵ଴ ‫ ߠ ݏ݋ܿ ݎ‬൅ ‫ߠ ݊݅ݏ ݎ‬
ଶ
ଶగ ଶ
ൌන න ‫ ݎ‬ଷ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ݀‫ߠ݀ݎ‬
଴ ξଵ଴
ଶగ ଶ
ଶ
‫ݎ‬ସ ଶ
ൌන ܿ‫ ߠ ݊݅ݏߠ ݏ݋‬ቆ ቇ ݀ߠ
଴ Ͷ
ξଵ଴
ଶగ ସ
ଶ
ሺʹସ െ ൫ξͳͲ൯
ଶ
ൌන ܿ‫ ߠ ݊݅ݏߠ ݏ݋‬൭ ൱ ݀ߠ
଴ Ͷ
113
ͳ͸ െ ͳͲͲ ଶగ
ൌ න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ݀ߠ
Ͷ ଴
గ
ଶ
ൌ ሺെʹͳሻሺͶሻ න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ݀ߠ
଴
ͳ ͳ ߨ ͺͶߨ ʹͳߨ
ൌ ሺെͺͶሻǤ Ǥ Ǥ ൌ െ ൌെ ͳ
Ͷ ʹ ʹ ͳ͸ Ͷ
CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION:
ୢ ୥ ሺ୷ሻ ୠ ୦ ሺ୶ሻ
The double integral ‫׬‬ୡ ‫׬‬୥ మሺ୷ሻ ሺǡ ሻ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬will take the form ‫׬‬ୟ ‫׬‬୦ మሺ୶ሻ ሺǡ ሻ݀‫ ݔ݀ݕ‬when the order of
భ భ
integration is changed. This process of converting a given double integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is often called change of order of integration. To effect the change of order of
integration, the region of integration is identified first, a rough sketch of the region is drawn and then the new
limits are fixed.
PART A
1. Find the limits of integration in the double integral
‫ࢌ ࡾ׭‬ሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟ǡ ࢝ࢎࢋ࢘ࢋࡾ࢏࢙࢏࢔࢚ࢎࢋࢌ࢏࢙࢚࢛࢘ࢗࢇࢊ࢘ࢇ࢔࢚ࢇ࢔ࢊ࢈࢕࢛࢔ࢊࢋࢊ࢈࢟ǣ ࢞ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢟ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢞ ൅ ࢟ ൌ ૚Ǥ

Solution: The limits are: y varies from 0 to 1 and x varies from 0 to 1-y.
ࢇ ࢇ
2. Change the order of integration ‫׬‬૙ ‫ࢌ ࢟׬‬ሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟
Solution: The given region of integration is bounded by y=0, y=a, x=y & x=a.
௔ ௫
After changing the order, we have, I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
૚ ࢞
3. Change the order of integration for the double integral ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢌሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟
ଵ ଵ
Solution: ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
PART B
૚ ૛ି࢞
1. Change the order of integration in I = ‫׬‬૙ ‫࢞׬‬૛ ࢞࢟ ࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞ and hence evaluate it.
ଵ ଶି௫
Solution: Let I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మ ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕݔ‬
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2.
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying.
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order we’ve two regions R1 & R2
I = I1+I2
ଵ ௬ ଶ ଶି௫
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ξ ‫ ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕݔ‬൅ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕݔ‬
114
ଵ ଶ
ͳ ௬ ଶି௬
ൌ ቎නሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሻξ଴ ݀‫ ݕ‬නሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሻ଴ ݀‫ݕ‬቏
ʹ
଴ ଵ
ଵ ଵ ଶ
= ଶ ቂ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ሺʹ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ ݀‫ݕ‬ቃ
ଵ ଶ
ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ଶ
Ͷ ଷ ‫ݕ‬ସ ͳ ͷ ͵
ൌ ൥ቆ ቇ ൅ ቆʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ቇ ൩ ൌ ൅ ൌ
ʹ ͵ ଴ ͵ Ͷ ଵ ͸ ʹͶ ͺ
૚ ඥ૛ି࢞૛ ࢞
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬૙ ‫࢞׬‬ ࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞ by changing the order of integration.
ඥ࢞૛ ା࢟૛
Solution: The given region is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x and x2+y2=2.
ଵ ξଶି௫ మ ௫
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ඥ௫ మ ା௬ మ
After changing the order we’ve,

The region R is splinted into two regions R1& R2.
In R1: limits of x: 0 to y & limits of y: 0 to 1
In R2: limits of x: 0 to ඥʹ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ & limits of y: 1 to ξʹ
I = I1+I2
ଵ ௬ ௫
I1 = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
ඥ௫ మ ା௬మ
ଵ ଵ
௬ ͳ
ൌ න ቀඥ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ቁ ݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ ൫ξʹ െ ͳ൯ න ‫ ݕ݀ ݕ‬ൌ ൫ξʹ െ ͳ൯ ൬ ൰
଴ ʹ
଴ ଴
ξଶ ඥଶି௬ మ ௫
I2 = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
ඥ௫ మ ା௬ మ
ξଶ ξଶ
ඥଶି௬మ ʹ ଵ ξଶ
ʹ ξଶ
ൌන ቀඥ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶቁ ݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ න ൫ξʹ െ ‫ݕ‬൯݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ ൫ξʹ െ ͳ൯ ൬ ൰ ൅ ξʹሺ‫ݕ‬ሻଵ െ ൬ ൰
଴ ʹ ଴ ʹ ଵ
ଵ ଵ
ͳ
ൌ ൫ʹ െ ξʹ൯ െ
ʹ
ଵ ଵ
I = ൫ξʹ െ ͳ൯ ቀଶቁ ൅ ൫ʹ െ ξʹ൯ െ ଶ
ͳ
ൌͳെ
ξʹ
૝ ૛ξ࢞
3. Evaluate by changing the order of integration in ‫׬‬૙ ‫࢞׬‬૛ൗ ࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞
૝
ସ ଶξ௫
Solution: Let I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మൗ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ସ
ଶ
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=4, y =‫ ݔ‬ൗͶ, y2 = 4x
115
After changing the order we’ve
Limits of x: y2/4 to 2√y
Limits of y: 0 to 4
ସ ଶξ௬
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ మൗ ݀‫ =ݕ݀ݔ‬16/3.
ସ
1 2- x
4. Change the order of integration in I = ò ò f ( x, y)dydx

0 x2
1 2- x
Solution: Given I = ò ò f ( x, y)dydx

0 x2
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order we have two regions R1 & R2
I = I1 + I2
1 y 2 2- x
I =ò ò f ( x, y )dxdy + ò ò f ( x, y)dxdy
0 0 1 1
PROBLEMS BASED ON AREA AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL:

v Area of the region R in Cartesian form is given by òò dxdy or òò dydx
R R
v Area of the region R in polar form is given by òò rdrdq

R
PART A
1. Find the smaller area bounded by y = 2-x and x2+y2=4.
ଶ ξସି௫ మ ଶ
Solution: Required area = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଶି௫ ݀‫׬ ݔ݀ݕ‬଴ ൣξͶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ሺʹ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ൧ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
ൌ ቂ ඥͶଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ି݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ቃ െ ቈʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ቉ ൌ ߨ െ ʹ
ʹ ʹ଴ ʹ ଴
PART B
1. Find the area of the region outside the inner circle r=2cosࣂ and inside the outer circle r=4 cosࣂ by
double integration.
Solution: Required Area = ‫ߠ݀ݎ݀ݎ ׭‬
గൗ ସ௖௢௦ఏ
ଶ
=2‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଶ௖௢௦ఏ ‫ߠ݀ݎ݀ݎ‬
116
గൗ గൗ
ଶ ଶ ͳ ߨ
ൌන ሺ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ሻସ௖௢௦ఏ
ଶ௖௢௦ఏ ݀ߠ ൌ ͳʹ න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ൌ ͳʹ ൈ ൈ ൌ ͵ߨ‫ݍݏ‬Ǥ ‫ݏݐ݅݊ݑ‬
଴ ଴ ʹ ʹ
2. Find the area of the circle of radius ‘a’ by double integration.
Solution: Transforming Cartesian in Polar coordinates
(i.e.) x=rcosθ & y=rsinθ. Then dxdy = rdrdθ
గ
limits of θ: 0 toଶ and limits of r: o to ʹܽθ
Required Area = 2xupper area

ഏ
ଶ௔ୡ୭ୱθ
=2 ‫׬‬଴మ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ߠ݀ݎ݀ݎ‬
ഏ
=‫׬‬଴మ ሺ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ሻଶ௔ୡ୭ୱθ
଴ ݀ߠ
గ
ଶ ͳ ߨ
ൌ Ͷܽଶ න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ݀ߠ ൌ Ͷܽଶ Ǥ ൌ ߨܽଶ ‫ݍݏ‬Ǥ ‫ݏݐ݅݊ݑ‬
଴ ʹ ʹ
3. Find‫࢘ ׭‬૜ ࢊ࢘ࢊࣂ over the area bounded between the circles r = 2sinθ & r= 4sinθ.
Solution: In the region of integration, r varies from r=2sinθ& r= 4sinθ and θ varies from0to π.
గ ସୱ୧୬θ
I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଶୱ୧୬θ ‫ ݎ‬ଷ ݀‫ߠ݀ݎ‬
గ
ͳ గ ʹͶ గ ସ ଶ
ൌ න ሺ‫ ݎ‬ସ ሻସୱ୧୬θ
ଶୱ୧୬θ ݀ߠ ൌ න ‫ ߠ݀ ߠ ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ͸Ͳ ൈ ʹ න ‫݊݅ݏ‬ସ ߠ ݀ߠ
Ͷ ଴ Ͷ ଴ ଴
͵ ͳ ߨ Ͷͷߨ
ൌ ͳʹͲ ൈ ൈ ൈ ൌ ‫ݍݏ‬Ǥ ‫ݏݐ݅݊ݑ‬Ǥ
Ͷ ʹ ʹ ʹ
࢞૛ ࢟૛
4. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse ࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൌ ૚
್
௔ ξ௔మ ି௫ మ
Solution: Area of the ellipse = 4 x area of the first quadrant =4‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ೌ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
௔ ௔
௕ మ మ
ξ௔ ି௫ Ͷܾ
ൌ Ͷ නሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ௔଴ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ න ඥܽଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ܽ
଴ ଴
௔
Ͷܾ ‫ݔ‬ ܽଶ ‫ݔ‬ Ͷܾ ܽଶ ߨ
ൌ ቈ ඥܽଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ି݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ቉ ൌ ቆ ቇ ൌ ߨܾܽ‫ݍݏ‬Ǥ ‫ݏݐ݅݊ݑ‬
ܽ ʹ ʹ ܽ ଴ ܽ ʹ ʹ
5. Find the area inside the circle r=asinq but lying outside the cardiod r=a(1-cosq)
Solution: Given curves are r=asinq and r =a(1-cosq)
The curves intersect where a sin q = a (1-cosq)
Þ a sin q = a –a cosq Þ a sin q + a cosq = a Þ sin q + cosq =1
1 1 1 p p 1
Þ sin q + cos q = Þ sin q cos + cos q cos q =
2 2 2 4 4 2
117
p 1 p p p p
Þ sin(q + )= = sin Þq + = (or )p -
4 2 4 4 4 4
p p 2p p p
Þ q = 0(or )q + =p - Þ q =p - =p - =
4 4 4 2 2
p
Þ q = 0(or )q =
2
p /4 a sin q p /2 a sin q p /2
æ r2 ö
ò (sin q - (1 + cos 2 q - 2 cos q )dq
a2
\The required area = ò ò rdrdq ò çç ÷÷ dq = 2
=
0 a (1- cos ) q 0 è 2 ø a (1-cosq ) 2 0
p /2 p /2
a2 é ù
ò (sin q - cos 2 q - 1 + 2 cos q )dq =
a2
=
2
2
2 ë0
2
(
ê ò 1 - cos q - cos q - 1 + 2 cos q dq ú
2
)
0 û
p /2 p /2
ò (2 cos q - 2 cos q )dq ò (cos q - cos q )dq

a2 2 a2 2
= = .2
2 0
2 0
é p /2
ù é p / 2 æ 1 + cos 2q ö ù
= a ê(sin q )0 - ò cos 2 qdq ú
p /2
2
= a ê1 - ò ç
2
÷dq ú
0 è ø û
ë 0 û ë 2
p /2
é 1é sin 2q ù ù é 1æp ö ù
= a ê1 - êq +
2
ú = a 2 ê1 - ç + 0 ÷ - 0ú
ëê 2 ë 2 úû 0 ûú ë 2è 2 ø û
é p ù a (4 - p )
2
= a 2 ê1 - ú =
ë 4û 4
6.Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves ࢟૛ ൌ ૝ࢇ࢞ࢇ࢔ࢊ࢞૛ ൌ ૝ࢇ࢟
Ans: ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ ݔ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ ݕ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺʹሻ
ଶ
௬మ
Sub (1) in (2) we get ቂସ௔ቃ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ݕ‬
‫ݕ‬ସ
ൌ Ͷܽ‫ ݕ ֜ ݕ‬ସ ൌ ͸Ͷܽଷ ‫ݕ‬
ͳ͸ܽଶ
‫ ݕ‬ସ െ ͸Ͷܽଷ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ ฺ ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ ݕ‬ଷ െ ͸Ͷܽଷ ሻ ൌ Ͳ
య
‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ݕݎ݋‬ଷ െ ͸Ͷܽଷ ൌ Ͳ ฺ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ൌ ͸Ͷܽଷ ฺ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ඥ͸Ͷܽଷ ฺ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͷܽ
‫ ݕ݂ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ ฺ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͷܽ ฺ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͷܽ
Therefore the point of intersection of (1)&(2) is (0,0) and (4a,4a)
௫మ
x Varies from 0 to 4a and y varies from ସ௔ ‫ʹ݋ݐ‬ξܽ‫ݔ‬
ସ௔ ଶξ௔௫ ସ௔ ௬ୀଶξ௔௫ ସ௔ ௫మ
The required Area =‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ೣమ ݀‫ ݔ݀ݕ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ሾ‫ݕ‬ሿ ೣమ
݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ሾ ʹξܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ሿ݀‫ݔ‬
௬ୀ ସ௔
రೌ రೌ
118
ଷ ସ௔
ଷ
‫ݔ‬ଶ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ ͳ͸
ൌ ቎ʹξܽ െ ቏ ൌ
͵ Ͷܽ ͵ ͵
ʹ ଴
EVALUATION OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS

௭ ௬ ௫
To evaluate ‫׬‬௭ భ ‫׬‬௬ భ ‫׬‬௫ భ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ ݀‫ݖ݀ݕ݀ ݔ‬, we first integrate ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ with respect to x , treating y and
బ బ బ
s as constants temporarily. The limits ‫ݔ‬଴ and ‫ݔ‬ଵ may be constants or functions of y and z, so that the resulting
function got after the innermost integration may be a function of y and z. Then we perform the middle
integration with respect to y, treating z as a constant temporarily. The limits ‫ݕ‬଴ and ‫ݕ‬ଵ may be constants or
functions of z, so that the resulting function got after the middle integration may be a function of z only. Finally
we perform the outermost integration with respect to z between the constant limits ‫ݖ‬଴ and ‫ݖ‬ଵ .
The following sketch shows the relationship between the Cartesian and spherical coordinate systems.
Here are the conversion formulas for spherical coordinates.
We also have the following restrictions on the coordinates.
and Ͳ ൑ ߠ ൑ ʹߨ
In the next section we will show that
119
݀‫ ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ‬ൌ ȁ‫ܬ‬ȁ݀ߩ݀߮݀ߠ
డ௫ డ௫ డ௫
డఘ డఝ డఏ
డሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௭ሻ ተడ௬ డ௬ డ௬ተ
‫ ܬ‬ൌ డሺఘǡఝǡఏሻ ൌ
ተడఘ డఝ డఏተ
డ௭ డ௭ డ௭
డఘ డఝ డఏ
‫ߠݏ݋ܿ߮݊݅ݏ‬ ߩܿ‫ߠݏ݋ܿ߮ݏ݋‬ െߩ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ߮݊݅ݏ‬

=อ ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ߮݊݅ݏ‬ ߩܿ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ߮ݏ݋‬ ߩ‫ ߠݏ݋ܿ߮݊݅ݏ‬อ
ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ െߩ‫߮݊݅ݏ‬ Ͳ
=ߩଶ ‫߮݊݅ݏ‬
Hence ܸ݀ ൌ ݀‫ ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ‬ൌ ߩଶ ‫ߠ݀߮݀ߩ݀߮݊݅ݏ‬
Therefore the integral will become,
PROBLEMS BASED ON TRIPLE INTEGRATION

PART – A
ࢇ ࢈ ࢉ
1. Evaluate: ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ሺ࢞ ൅ ࢟ ൅ ࢠሻ ࢊࢠࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞
௖
௔ ௕ ௭మ
Solution: Let I = ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ‫ ݖݔ‬൅ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ଶ
ቁ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
଴
௔ ௕
ܿଶ
ൌ න න ቆܿ‫ ݖ‬൅ ܿ‫ ݕ‬൅ ቇ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ʹ
଴ ଴
௔ ௕
ܿ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ܿ ଶ ‫ݕ‬
ൌ න ቆܿ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ൅ ቇ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ʹ ଴
଴
௔
ܾܿ ଶ ܿ ଶ ܾ
ൌ න ቆܾܿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ൅ ቇ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ʹ
଴
௔
ܾܿ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ܾܿ ଶ ‫ ܿ ݔ‬ଶ ܾ‫ݔ‬
ൌቆ ൅ ൅ ቇ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ଴
ܾܿܽଶ ܾܿ ଶ ܽ ܿ ଶ ܾܽ
ൌ ൅ ൅
ʹ ʹ ʹ
ܾܽܿ
ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿሻ
ʹ
120
ࢇ ඥࢇ૛ ି࢟૛ ඥࢇ૛ ି࢞૛ ି࢟૛
2. Evaluate: ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢊࢠࢊ࢞ࢊ࢟
௔ ඥ௔మ ି௬మ
Solution: Let I= ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ඥሺܽଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
௔ ඥ௔మ ି௬ మ
‫ݔ‬ ሺܽଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ‫ݔ‬
ൌ න ቈ ඥሺܽଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ቆ ቇ ‫ି݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ቉ ݀‫ݕ‬
ʹ ʹ ඥܽଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ
଴ ଴
௔ ௔
ߨ ߨ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ߨ ܽଷ ߨܽଷ
ൌ නሺܽଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ ቈܽଶ ‫ ݕ‬െ ቉ ൌ ቈܽଷ െ ቉ ൌ
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ଴ Ͷ ͵ ͸
଴
૚ ඥ૚૛ ି࢞૛ ඥ૚૛ ି࢞૛ ି࢟૛

3. Evaluate: ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢞࢟ࢠࢊࢠࢊ࢟ࢊ࢞
ඥଵమ ି௫ మ ି௬ మ
ଵ ξଵమ ି௫ మ ௭మ
Solution: Let I=‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕݔ‬ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ݖ‬
ଶ ଴
ଵ ξଵమ ି௫ మ
ͳ
ൌ න‫ݔ‬൦ න ‫ݕ‬ሺͳ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ݀‫ݕ‬൪ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ
଴ ଴
ଵ ξଵమ ି௫మ
ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ସ
ൌ න ‫ ݔ‬ቈሺͳ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ െ ቉ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ʹ Ͷ ଴
଴
ଵ ଵ
ͳ ሺͳଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻଶ ሺͳଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻଶ ͳ
ൌ න‫ݔ‬ቈ െ ቉ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ න ‫ ݔ‬ሺͳଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ʹ Ͷ ͺ
଴ ଴
ଵ ଵ
െͳ െͳ ሺͳଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻଷ ͳ
ൌ නሺͳଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻଶ ሺെʹ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ቈ ቉ ൌ
ͳ͸ ͳ͸ ͵ ଴
Ͷͺ
଴
૛࣊ ࣊ ࢇ
4. Evaluate: ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ‫׬‬૙ ࢘૝ ࢙࢏࢔࣐ࢊ࢘ࢊ࣐ࢊࣂ
௔
ଶగ గ ௥ఱ
Solution: Let I =‫׬‬଴ ݀ߠ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ହ ቁ ‫߮݀߮݊݅ݏ‬
଴
ଶగ గ ଶగ ଶగ
ܽହ ܽହ ʹܽହ Ͷߨܽହ
ൌ න ݀ߠ න ‫ ߮݀߮݊݅ݏ‬ൌ න ሺെܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ሻగ଴ ݀ߠ ൌ න ݀ߠ ൌ
ͷ ͷ ͷ ͷ
଴ ଴ ଴ ଴
PART – B
log a x x + y
ò ò òe
x+ y+ z
1. Evaluate dzdydx
0 0 0
log a x x + y log a x log a x
òò ò e dzdydx = ò ò [e ]0 dydx = ò ò (e
x+ y+ z x+ y+ z x+ y 2( x+ y )
Solution : - e x + y )dydx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
121
x
log a
æ e 2( x + y ) ö
log a
éæ 1 4 x 2x ö æ e2x öù
= ò çç - e x + y ÷÷ dx = ò êç e - e ÷ - çç - e x ÷÷ú dx
0 è 2 ø0 0 ëè 2 ø è 2 øû
log a
æ e4x 3 2x xö
log a
é e4x 3 2x ù
= ò
0
çç - e + e ÷÷dx = ê
è 2 2 ø ë 2 2
- e + ex ú
û0
æ1 3 ö æ1 3 ö
= ç e 4 log a - e 2 log a + e log a ÷ - ç - + 1÷
è8 4 ø è8 4 ø
1 4 3 2 3
= a - a +a-
8 4 8
a b c
òòò (x )
+ y 2 + z 2 dxdydz
2
2. Evaluate
0 0 0
c
é x3
a b
ù a b
é c3 2ù
Solution : I = ò ò ê + y 2 x + z 2 x ú dydz òò ê + cy + cz údydz
2
=
0 0 ë
3 û0 0 0ë
3 û
b
a
é c 3 y cy 3 ù é c 3b cb 3
a
ù
= òê + + cyz 2 ú dz = òê + + cbz 2 ú dz
0 ë
3 3 û0 0ë
3 3 û
a
é c 3bz cb 3 z cbz 3 ù c 3ba cb 3 a cba 3 abc 2
= ê + + ú = + + = [c + b 2 + a 2 ]
ë 3 3 3 û0 3 3 3 3
3. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2+y2=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0.
Solution: The limits are:
Z varies from: 0 to 4-y
X varies from: -ඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ to ඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ
Y varies from: -2 to 2.
ଶ ඥସି௬ మ ସି௬ ଶ ඥସି௬ మ
Required volume = 2 ‫ି׬‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ =ݕ݀ݔ݀ݖ‬2 ‫ି׬‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ ሺͶ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
ଶ ඥସି௬మ ଶ
= 2 ‫ି׬‬ଶሺͶ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ଴ dy= 2 ‫ି׬‬ଶሺͶ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ ଶ
=2 ‫ି׬‬ଶ ͶඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ ‫ି׬‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ
= 8 ‫ି׬‬ଶ ඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሺͲሻ since yඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ is an odd function.
ଶ ௬ ସ ௫ ଶ
= 16‫׬‬଴ ඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫=ݕ‬16ቂ ඥͶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ି݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ቃ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଴
గ
= 16x2x ଶ = 16π
࢞ ࢟ ࢠ
4. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the planeࢇ ൅ ࢈ ൅ ࢉ ൌ ૚ and the coordinate plane.
Solution: The limits are:
122
X varies from 0 to a
௫
Y varies from 0 to bቀͳ െ ௔ቁ
௫ ௬
Z varies from o to cቀͳ െ ௔ െ ௕ ቁ
Required Volume = ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ݖ݀ ׮‬

ೣ ೣ ೤
௔ ୠቀଵି ቁ ୡቀଵି ି ቁ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ೌ
‫׬‬଴ ೌ ್ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ݖ‬
ೣ
௔ ୠቀଵି ቁ ௫ ௬
= c ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ೌ ቂቀͳ െ ௔ቁ െ ቃ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
௕
ೣ
ୠቀଵି ቁ
௔ ௫ ௬మ ೌ
=c ‫׬‬଴ ቂቀͳ െ ௔ቁ ‫ ݕ‬െ ଶ௕ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
଴
௔ ௫ ଶ ௕ ௫ ଶ
= c ‫׬‬଴ ൤ܾ ቀͳ െ ቁ െ ଶ ቀͳ െ ௔ቁ ൨
௔
ୠୡ ୟ ୶ ଶ ୟୠୡ ୟ ୶ ଶ ୢ୶
= ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ቀͳ െ ୟቁ = ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ቀͳ െ ୟቁ ቀ ୟ ቁ
౮ ୟ
ୟୠୡ ቀଵି౗ቁ ୟୠୡ
= ଶ
ቈ ିଷ ቉ = ଺
଴
4. Find the volume of the sphere x2+y2+z2=a2 using triple integral.

Solution: Required Volume = 8 x volume in the positive octant = 8‫ ׮‬
Limits of integration are:
Z varies from 0 to ඥଶ െ ଶ െ ଶ
Y varies from 0 to ξଶ െ ଶ
X varies from 0 to a
ୟ ξୟమ ି୶మ ඥୟమ ି୶మ ି୷మ ୟ ξୟమ ି୶మ ඥୟమ ି୶మ ି୷మ
Volume = 8 ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ = 8 ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ሺሻ଴
ୟ ξୟమ ି୶మ
= 8 ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ඥଶ െ ଶ െ ଶ
ξୟమ ି୶మ
ୟ ୷ ୟమ ି୶మ ିଵ ୷
=8 ‫׬‬଴ ቂଶ ඥଶ െ ଶ െ ଶ ൅ ଶ
ξୟమ ି୶మ ଴
ቃ
ୟ
ୟ ୟమ ି୶మ ୟ ୶య
= 8 ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ቁ ିଵ ሺͳሻ = 2π‫׬‬଴ ଶ െ ଶ = 2πቂଶ െ ଷ ቃ
ଶ ଴
ଶୟయ 4πa3
= 2πቂ ቃ = cu.units
ଷ 3
࢞૛ ‫ܡ‬૛ ‫ܢ‬૛
5. Find the Volume of the ellipsoid ‫܉‬૛ ൅ ‫܊‬૛ ൅ ࢉ
૚
Solution: Required Volume = 8 x Volume in the first octant

Limits of Integration are:
123
x2 y2
Z varies from 0 to cට1 െ െ
a2 b2
x2
Y varies from 0 to bට1 െ a2
X varies from 0 to a.
x2 y2
x2 cඨ1ି 2 ି 2
a bට1ିa2 a b
Volume = 8 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 dzdydx
x2 y2
x2 cඨ1ି 2 ି 2
a bට1ିa2 a b
=8 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ሺzሻ0
dydx
x2
a bට1ିa2 x2 y2
= 8c ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ට1 െ െ dydx
a2 b2
8c a α x2
= b ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ඥα2 െ y2 dydx where α ൌ bට1 െ 2
a
a
8c a y α2 y
= b ‫׬‬0 ቂ2 ඥα2 െ y2 ൅ 2
sinି1 αቃ dx
0
8c π a x2
= b 4 ‫׬‬0 b2 ቀ1 െ 2 ቁ dx
a
a x2
=2πbc‫׬‬0 ቀ1 െ a2 ቁ dx
a
x3
=2πbcቂx െ 2ቃ
3a 0
a
=2πbcቂa െ 3ቃ
4πabc
= cuǤ units
3
124

MA6151 Mathematics I Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MA6151 Mathematics I Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT I: MATRIX

Therefore Eigen values of െ͵‫ିܣ‬ଵ are -1 and 3.

9. If A is an orthogonal matrix. Show that ࡭ି૚ is also orthogonal matrix.

CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM:

2. Higher positive integral powers of A can be computed

Premultiplying by ‫ܣ‬ଵ on both sides of (1) we get

CANONICAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC FORM: Let ܳ ൌ ܺ ் ‫ ܺܣ‬be a quadratic form in n variables

(ii) if the lines are perpendicular θ=90⁰ ,cos 90=0

(iv) d.r of OA = (a1, b1, c1 ) d.r of OB = (a2 , b2 , c2 )

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

(v) If the lines are perpendicular, cos90 = 0

(vi) If the lines are parallel, cos0 = 1

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2

6. The equation of the coplanar plane is

7. The sphere having centre at the origin and radius r is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2

( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c)2 = r 2

Its point of intersection with the plane z=2 is

This point will lie on x2+ y2=4 Þ

Eliminating l,m,n from (1) & (3) gives

Any point on this line (1) is (x, y, z) = (lr, mr,nr)

‫׵‬Any point on this line is (x,y,z) = (lr+1,mr+2,nr+3) (2)

ͻሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ሻ െ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹͲ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹͷ ൌ Ͳ

P(x, y, z) any point on the cone . d. r. for OP= x-2,y-1,z+3 =a1,b1c1

3. Find the equation of the right circular cone which

Solution: d. r. for VM=2,-4, 3

Let Q(x, y, z) be any point on the cone

From (1) & (2) equating the R.H.S

‫ݒ݄݁ݐ݁ܿ݊݅ݏ‬ertex is at the origin, the equations of axis are

x2+y2+z2= (xേ‫ ݕ‬േ ‫ݖ‬ሻ2

d. c of axis are (1,0,0) the equation of the cone is

‫ܽ ׵‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶା ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ξܽଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ‫ݔ‬

a(nx - lz )2 + 2h(nx - lz )(ny - mz ) + b(ny - mz )2 + 2 gn(nx - lz) + 2 fn(ny - mz) + n2c = 0

whose guiding curve is the ellipse x2+2y2=1,z=3

The line (1) meets at Z=3 Þ from(1)

This point will lie on the ellipse: ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ, if:

The Locus of P(x1,y1,z1) is: =9

The point where the line (1) meets y=0 is

Point (2) lies on

Locus of the point (x1,y1,z1) is:

If the point (x1,y1,z1) lies on x+y+z=1

The locus is:

Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.

MQ=Projection of PQ on the axis

Solution: Given circle is: S, U

The radius of the circle = =

Axis of the cylinder =

P(x,y,z) be any point on the cylinder, then

Radius of the circle =

Radius of the cylinder =

Equation of the cylinder is:

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 the combined equation (S,U) is a circle.

The equation of the sphere through the circle a ( S ,U ) is S1 = S + KU

Ie, S1 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x(2u + ak ) + y(2v + bk ) + z(2w + ck ) + d + kd1 = 0

EQUATION OF THE TANGENT PLANE

Equation of the Tangent plane is xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u( x + x1 ) + v( y + y1 ) + w( z + z1 ) + d = 0

CONDITION FOR TANGENCY:

CONDITION FOR ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO SPHERES:

S2 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u2 x + 2v2 y + 2w2 z + d2 = 0 is 2(u1u2 + v1v2 + w1w2 ) = d1 + d2

Solution: The General equation

(2) Þ Locus of G(x,y,z) is:

3. Find the equation of the concentric sphere with

Put in (3): u=-2 v=-2 w=-2

Put in (1): ) (2x+3y+4z-5) =0

8. Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres