Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vocabulary by Topics For IELTS and TOEFL PDF
Vocabulary by Topics For IELTS and TOEFL PDF
Tài liệu này được tổng hợp nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang ôn thi các kì thi
tiếng Anh tiêu chuẩn như IELTS, TOEFL có thêm từ vựng cũng như idea cho kĩ
năng Writing và Speaking.
Tài liệu là tổng hợp các bài đã đăng lên trên web cá nhân của thầy Domini Cole
tại website dcielts.com. Việc tổng hợp lại các bài viết này thành một ấn phẩm
miễn phí nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang học tiếng Anh có thể tra cứu dễ dàng
hơn. Sách cũng được xuất ra 3 định dạng là PDF, EPUB và PRC nhằm hỗ trợ tối
đa các bạn có thể học và đọc mọi lúc mọi nơi. Tài liệu này tôi không để water
mark, không để footer và header, để tránh việc các bạn in ra khó đọc. (các bạn
thông cảm về kĩ năng diễn đạt bằng tiếng Việt của tôi)
Tài liệu này tổng hợp các từ vựng theo một số topic, hiện vẫn còn giới hạn ở một
số topic, tuy nhiên tôi sẽ cập nhật tiếp trong thời gian tới. Các bài cập nhật này
(do tôi tự viết) sẽ đăng lên một số trang cá nhân của tôi (có thể xem ở dưới), các
bạn có thể truy cập vào đây để theo dõi và lấy về để làm tài liệu học tập.
Các từ vựng trong tài liệu này có đi kèm ví dụ và giải thích, chú thích khi cần
thiết nên rất dễ hiểu nếu các bạn chưa biết từ vựng này. Đồng thời, bản thân từ
vựng và ví dụ cũng là lời gợi ý về mặt idea cho các bạn trong phần thi Writing
hay Speaking.
Cách sử dụng cụ thể, tôi sẽ phân tích cụ thể trên website ducthangbui.com trong
thời gian tới, các bạn có thể ghé qua để tìm hiểu. Đồng thời trên trang web cá
nhân này, tôi cũng đã xuất bản miễn phí ấn bản tập hợp các Collocation for
IELTS, gồm các cụm từ vựng rất hay và hữu ích, sẽ giúp ích các bạn rất nhiều
trong quá trình học IELTS và TOEFL. Các bạn có thể vào ducthangbui.com, mục
tài liệu để tài, tài liệu hoàn toàn miễn phí.
Các bạn có thể tìm thêm một số tài liệu, chia sẻ kinh nghiệm, bài học bổ trợ cho
IELTS, tiếng Anh hoặc TOEFL tại một số kênh sau:
Hi vọng cuốn tài liệu này và các chia sẻ của tôi sẽ giúp ích các bạn trong quá
trình chinh phục IELTS. Chúc các bạn thành công.
Hà Nội 2016
Duc Thang Bui
Contents
GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................................ 6
1. Forms of government ..................................................................................................... 6
2. What central governments do ......................................................................................... 6
3. People within a government ........................................................................................... 7
4. What local governments do ............................................................................................ 7
5. Thinking long-term and short short-term ....................................................................... 7
6. How people can influence governments ......................................................................... 8
IMMIGRATION ............................................................................................................................ 9
1. Some common word combinations ................................................................................ 9
2. Arguments in favour of immigration .............................................................................. 9
3. Arguments against immigration ................................................................................... 10
4. Measures and solutions................................................................................................. 10
CLIMATE CHANGE................................................................................................................... 12
1. Talking about the size of the problem .......................................................................... 12
2. Negative Effects ........................................................................................................... 12
3. Causes........................................................................................................................... 13
4. Possible solutions ......................................................................................................... 13
5. Ways of taking action ................................................................................................... 14
6. How individuals can help ............................................................................................. 14
EMPLOYMENT .......................................................................................................................... 16
1. Employ - word formation ............................................................................................. 16
2. Work ............................................................................................................................. 16
3. Job ................................................................................................................................ 16
4. Career ........................................................................................................................... 17
5. Adjectives to describe jobs ........................................................................................... 17
ADVERTISING ........................................................................................................................... 19
1. Advert, advertisement or ad? ........................................................................................ 19
2. Different forms of advertising ...................................................................................... 19
3. Adjectives to describe advertising ................................................................................ 19
4. Other related words ...................................................................................................... 20
TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 21
1. Progress words ............................................................................................................. 21
2. Impact of technology .................................................................................................... 21
3. Technology and computer words ................................................................................. 21
5. Technological Device ................................................................................................... 23
FAMILY ....................................................................................................................................... 24
1. Types of family ............................................................................................................ 24
2. Family resemblances .................................................................................................... 24
3. Family relationships ..................................................................................................... 25
GLOBALIZATION ...................................................................................................................... 26
1. The world – the countries ............................................................................................. 26
2. How to say “global” ..................................................................................................... 26
3. Co-operation and integration ........................................................................................ 27
1. A warning – local variations......................................................................................... 28
3. Level of degrees ........................................................................................................... 28
4. Types of education ....................................................................................................... 28
5. Types of course............................................................................................................. 29
6. Forms of learning ......................................................................................................... 29
7. Financial aid for students.............................................................................................. 29
CRIME ......................................................................................................................................... 31
1. Types of crime .............................................................................................................. 31
3. Punishments.................................................................................................................. 31
4. The justice process ....................................................................................................... 32
5. Other useful phrases ..................................................................................................... 32
ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................................... 33
1. Environmental problems .............................................................................................. 33
2. The Environment .......................................................................................................... 33
3. Pollution ....................................................................................................................... 33
4. Our effect on the natural world .................................................................................... 34
5. Global warming ............................................................................................................ 34
ENERGY ...................................................................................................................................... 35
1. Type of Energy ............................................................................................................. 35
2. Useful verbs go with Energy ........................................................................................ 35
3. Another idea about Energy ........................................................................................... 35
GOVERNMENT
1. Forms of government
central government: this is the national government of a country
local government: this is the regional form of government that typically takes
care of more local issues
the authorities: this is a general term for all forms of government – note that we
use it in the plural.
regulatory bodies: these are bodies which are sometimes set up by the
government and sometimes self-regulatory and typically they control one
specific area such as advertising. Legislation is not always the answer.
enforcement agencies: these are bodies that have direct control of how laws are
being obeyed. This is something central government does not always do itself. An
example of an enforcement agency is the body that monitors pollution in rivers.
bring in/enact laws: One possible solution is for the government to bring in
laws that prohibit the sale of tobacco to anyone under 21.
adopt policies: One possibility is for the government to adopt policies that
encourage mothers to return to work.
raise (and lower) taxes: One way to limit air pollution from aircraft would be for
the government to raise airport tax.
political parties; This is one issue where all political parties should work
together to provide a solution.
politicians: If enough people protested then politicians would have to listen and
take action.
fund: Councils could fund local community projects where residents work as
volunteers in schools and hospitals.
hire: It would certainly help if local councils hired more staff.
a stopgap measure While this may only be a stopgap measure, it would help
if governments sent financial aid to disaster areas.
6. How people can influence governments
lobby politicians: Individuals could help here by lobbying their elected
representatives and MPs to try and force them to introduce legislation.
Note that immigrants (people who enter a country) are also emigrants (people
who leave a country) and also migrants.
childcare: Another benefit that immigrants bring is that they often work in
childcare or as home helps and this enables more mothers to return to work.
boost the economy: Most research shows that encouraging immigration
actually provides a boost to the economy as immigrants are net contributors to
the GDP. There is also evidence that they actually claim fewer benefits and pay
more tax than the native population.
short-term only: It should also be considered that many younger migrants return
home once they have earned enough money and will never claim pensions in their
host country.
local services and jobs: One common difficulty is that they increase the pressure
on local services and create competition for local jobs and this creates ill-will.
claim benefits/social housing: One reason why people want less immigration is
that immigrants do not pay tax and still claim benefits and require social
housing that is paid for by taxpayers.
schools: Another serious issue is that in some areas schools do not have
sufficient places for the children and so class sizes become unmanageable.
language: Related to this is the problem that many immigrants only have a basic
command of the language and this can lead to difficulties in the classroom and
elsewhere.
loss of trained workers: The impact on poorer countries who lose much of their
trained workforce through emigration should also not be forgotten.
quota: The United States for example has a quota system whereby a fixed number
of green cards are issued every year.
CLIMATE CHANGE
global: Although some areas are relatively unaffected now, climate change is a
global problem.
irreversible: The major concern is that the effects of our actions on the climate
will be irreversible.
long-term: The effects of our use of fossil fuels today may last for generations
and it is almost certain to have long-term consequences for humanity.
2. Negative Effects
ill-health: It sometimes goes unnoticed that there is a clear connection
between climate change and ill-health.
the Polar ice cap: One major concern is that rising temperatures in the
Arctic are causing the Polar ice cap to melt, which in turn is leading to rising sea
levels.
heatwaves and droughts: Most experts agree that there is an increased risk
of heatwaves and other extreme weather conditions.
the natural world: Climate change will not only have a severe impact on people,
but also devastate the natural world and lead to the extinction of important
species.
food shortages: We are already seeing in many parts of the world that climate
change is leading to food shortages as a direct consequence of extreme weather
conditions.
housing/homelessness: One side-effect of rising sea levels is that more and more
people who live by the coast will become homeless.
3. Causes
human activity: It is no longer possible to say that human activity does not
affect weather conditions.
power stations: One of the leading causes of climate change is the number
of dirty power stations using fossil fuels.
carbon emissions: Carbon emissions are still rising year by year and are at
record levels.
burning fossil fuels: Individuals can make a small contribution by not burning
wood and other fossil fuels.
CO2: The root cause of much global warming is the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere.
4. Possible solutions
wind and solar power: An obvious solution is to deploy much more wind and
solar power.
renewable energy: Wind farms and other sources of renewable energy will help
to reduce Co2 emissions to an acceptable level.
prevent: The only way to prevent the disaster is to reduce these emissions to
zero.
sustainable and affordable: The key is to ensure that all countries around the
world have the chance to adopt energy
diet and our carbon footprint: Reducing food wastage is perhaps the way
individuals can minimise their carbon footprint and so help global warming.
energy-efficient lightbulbs: Another small way in which we can use less energy
is to switch to energy efficient lightbulbs.
solar panels: There are an increasing number of solar panels on the market and
these can not only reduce energy bills but also mean that less carbon fuel is
consumed.
heat insulation: Likewise, it is important that people insulate their houses
well so that less gas and electricity is consumed.
EMPLOYMENT
2. Work
Workplace: Sadly, there is still amount of discrimination against women in the
workplace.
Hours of work: In some professions, such as law, the hours of work are much
longer than in others.
The working week: There is much to be said for the proposal that the working
week should be reduced to 35 hours.
Work-life balance: A sensible work- life balance can help employees work more
efficiently.
In/out of work: Unemployment has been on the increase in many countries and
sometimes up to 10% of the workforce are out of work
3. Job
Job security: For some people job security is more important than financial
reward.
Job placement: Some companies have job placement schemes for university
students.
Job satisfaction: It is hard to underestimate the value of job satisfaction.
Job description: Some employees have very broad job descriptions
Jobseeker: Employers can attract jobseekers with attractive employment
packages.
4. Career
Interview: These companies perhaps need to change the interview process so
that they hire the right candidates.
Qualifications: It is not always the case that a university degree is the best
qualification in the world of finance.
Experience: Some graduates have difficulty finding a job because they do not
have the relevant work experience.
Training: Employers need to provide training to ensure that their staff are able
to adapt to these new technologies.
Retire/retirement: In many countries the age of retirement is now 68 or even
70.
Resign/resignation: There is a danger that employees will hand in their
resignation and look for another job.
Promotion: There is an argument for promoting employees who show the most
potential.
Redundant: One side-effect of adopting these new technologies is that it has led
to mass redundancies in manufacturing industries.
advert
advertise
advertisement
This means that you make an “iss” sound when say advertisement. This is a very
common mistake and one way to avoid it is to say and write advert.
1. Progress words
When you write and speak about computers and technology, very often you will
be asked to say how technology has changed or progressed.
Innovation /innovative: The cloud is one of the latest innovations in computer
technology.
Advance: One major advance is in the use of computers in transport regulation.
Develop /development: It is not easy to predict how this technology is going to
develop.
Progress: The 21st century has already seen considerable progress in computer
technology.
Revolution /revolutionary/ revolutionise: It is undeniable that computers have
revolutionised our lives.
Breakthrough: One of the greatest technological breakthroughs ever made was
the microchip.
2. Impact of technology
Another common topic is to talk about what effect computer technology has had
on our lives
Change: It goes without saying that the computer revolution has changed all our
lives.
Impact: It remains to be seen what the long-term impact of this technology will
be.
Technological: Simple as it is, I believe that cell phone is the most significant
technological innovation.
Technophile: Other, of course, and technophiles and will buy the latest gadget
whether they need it or not.
Digital native: Young people have an advantage by being digital natives and
having grown up with laptops and mobile phones.
The computer age: In fact, we could now be said to live in the computer age.
Gadget: We should not forget that many technological gadgets not only make
out lives easier but are also fun to use.
Appliance: Almost all modern kitchens have several electrical appliances that
save our time
(A “device” is often something fairly small that allows you to complete a task.
There is a strong collocation (very common phrase): “labour-saving device”.
“Gadget” is a word often used to describe objects that are either small or have a
less serious purpose.
“Appliance” is typically used in the phrase “electrical appliances” (eg irons and
kettles) that are less advanced technology.)
FAMILY
1. Types of family
Close-knit family: We’re a pretty close-knit family, we tend to talk to each other
every day.
Only/middle child: I’m an only child and I think because of that I have a closer
relationship with my mother than some other children do.
2. Family resemblances
These words are useful for describing things that you may have in common with
other members of your family.
(Resemble is mostly used to describe physical similarities (look like), while take
after can also be used to describe other personal characteristics (you both like
reading). If you quarrel or squabble with someone, it is normally a fairly minor
disagreement. Sibling rivalry is when brothers and sisters compete with each
other.)
Family trait: One of our family traits is that we all talk all the time. Our family
gatherings tend to be noisy affairs!
Have things in common: I think one reason why we have grown apart is that we
just don’t have that much in common.
Quarrel/squabble with: I used to quarrel with my sister all the time when we
were kids, but we get on just fine now. It was just the normal sibling rivalry.
Get together: Although we live in different towns now, we still try to get
together whenever we can.
3. Family relationships
Be close to: Actually, I’m closer to my father than my mother- there’s a special
bond between us.
Get on/along with: Although I get along well enough with my sister, I wouldn’t
describe our relationship as being particularly close.
Admire/ look up: I really admire my mum- she really has two jobs but you’d
never know it. The one in the office and another one at home.
Rely on/depend on: I suppose her best quality is that I can always depend on her
to be there for me. She’s never let me down yet.
Look after/ take care of: My older sister was a big influence too, she really
looked after me when I was younger.
Bring up / raise: My mum and dad really shared the responsibility of bringing
us up- they shared it between themselves.
Age difference: I get on best with my oldest brother despite the age difference
between us.
GLOBALIZATION
Less developed countries: Many less developed countries suffer from a poor
transport infrastructure.
Richer nations: Richer nations exploited the natural resources found in Africa
and Asia in colonial times.
Superpower: While the USA was the great ecomomic superpower of the
twentieth century, it seems likely that the world economy will be dominated by
China and India in the twenty first century.
You should note some very useful world phrases: all around the world, all over
the world, in all four corners of the world, worldwide, the other side of the world.
The global village: It is often said that we live a global village, not least because
it is so easy to communicate with people all over the world.
The global economy: One feature of the global economy is that countries are
affected by economic problems in other parts of the world.
Global trade: The WTO has helped reduce tariffs on global trade and this has
changed the marketplace.
The world: Modern telecommunication system and the internet have made the
world a much smaller place.
Integrate: One key feature of globalization is that economies around the world
have become much more closely intergrated.
2. Graduate
Graduate (verb): Graduate from university.
A graduate (noun): A graduate of Oxford university/ a graduate in economics.
note the different prepositions “of a university” and “from university” and “in a
subject”
graduate is quite formal so in speaking you could use “I left university” instead
3. Level of degrees
A first degree: The degree undergraduate do
4. Types of education
5. Types of course
A full- time degree course: Most students follow a full-time degree course.
A part –time degree course: If you are in full-time employment, a part-time may
be more suitable.
A distance course: In the age of the internet, more and more people are studying
by distance.
A sandwich course: If you want practical experience, a sandwich course is the
best option.
6. Forms of learning
Lecture: The students make notes and listen to lecturer. There may be a question
and answer session at the end.
Seminar: Often led by a student on a particular topic. Normally, the idea is
everyone gets the chance to talk. Often follows a lecture.
Tutorial: Sometimes teaching one-to-one with a tutor and sometimes the same as
a seminar.
notes and common mistakes
a lecturer gives or delivers a lecture and is sometimes used as a rank of
university teacher
a tutor is in charge of a seminar or tutorial
Grant: Because she came from a poor background, she was given a grant by
local government. (typically a grant is awarded either for a particular project or to
allow a student to follow a course)
Loan: Almost all British undergradutes now have student loans that they need to
replay when they start earning.
CRIME
1. Types of crime
Petty crime: Less serious crimes such as shoplifting and pickpocketing
Serious crime: When the sum involved is large or the consequences more serious
Violent crime: Includes assault, mugging and armed robbery
White-collar crime: Crimes committed by “office works”, for example fraud.
Organised crime: Large scale crime by crime organisations such as the Mafia,
for example smuggling
Crime against property
3. Punishments
Prison : Note the vers “to imprison” and the phrase “to send to prison”
Serve a prison sentence/ custodial sentence: “Serious offender should be forced
to serve at least a 3-year prison sentence”
Community service (order): The offender has to do work that helps the
community rather than go to prison
A fine: People who commit some petty crimes or road traffic offences should pay
a fine
(receive) a caution: If the offence is less serious then the offender may be let off
with a caution
(be puts) on probation: Sometimes first-time offenders are not imprisoned but
are placed under supervision for a set period of time to ensure their good behavior
A ban: Some driving offences such as “drink driving” are punished with a ban
There is a common saying that “the punishment should fit the crime“. If you
wish to practise this vocabulary, a standard exercise is to look at the crimes and
decide what punishment you think they should receive.
In some countries, there is still capital punishment/the death penalty, while this
is banned in other countries. An occasional IELTS essay topic is to discuss the
merits of capital punishment. What are the arguments for and against it?
Another topic you need to consider is crime prevention. Is it more effective to
send someone to prison or to prevent the crime in the first place? Linked into this
idea is whether prison sentences act as a deterrent to criminals.
1. Environmental problems
Green (issues): A very common synonym for “environmental”
Global warming : An example of man’s effect on the environment
The greenhouse effect: Connected to global warming
The natural world
Deforestation: Cutting down forests
Rainforests : A useful example when discussing environmental problems
2. The Environment
An ecosystem: The system where plants and animals support one another
(Endangered) species: Examples include the Giant Panda
Biodiversity: Variety of plant and animal file in a region
A habitat: The natural habitat of an animal is where it lives
The planet: A synonym for the Earth
The Earth: Note the capital letter and “the”
The natural world: Includes both animal and plant life
3. Pollution
Dump waste : If factories dump waste, they illegally deposit (normally
dangerous) waste
Acid rain: rain that is “poisonous” because of the poor air quality
Factories and power stations: Two examples of sources of pollution
Carbon Monoxide and carbon dioxide: Names of two gases useful of
discussing acid rain and the green house effect
Fumes/Emissions: These are the gases that are produced by cars and factories
that cause pollution
Chemicals and fertilisers: Useful examples of products that cause water
pollution
(Industrial) waste: We also talk about waste products
Air/Water quality: This can be affected by pollution
Smog : An extreme form of air pollution almost like fog
Pollution: Remember “air and water pollution”: other forms of the word include
“pollute” and “pollutants”.
I would have said that one of the most serious environmental problems today is
of course pollution. It’s a very pressing green issue and if you travel to any of the
large cities in China, for example, you’ll find that there is very bad air
pollution and there is a layer of smog hanging over the cities. It’s just air
pollution, there is also water pollution. in many parts of the world, the quality of
the water is not good because rivers have been contaminated by all sorts of
industrial waste, by chemicals and fertilisers. And what we need to do is
to recycle our waste and take care of the planet and try use renewable
resources where we possibly can.
5. Global warming
What’s the greatest threat to the Earth today? I’d have to say it’s probably a
combination of global warming and the greenhouse effect. I don’t understand
all the science behind it, but I understand it’s to do with the build up of gases
such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that the planet is
slowly but steadily getting warmer. and one of the results of this is that the polar
icecap is melting and the levels of the oceans are rising. And it’s caused I
understand by deforestation, particularly of rainforests and particularly in the
Amazonian Basin. And what this means is that we may be doing irreparable
harm to the planet and the future of the planet for our children and our children’s
children looks really rather bleak.
ENERGY
1. Type of Energy
Clean energy: Energy that does not create pollution
Wind turbines: Modern windmills used to create power from the wind
Solar panels: The implement used to create solar energy
Solar energy: Energy from the sun
Fossil fuels: A collective term for coal petrol and gas
Natural resources: For example water, coal and gas
Renewable sources: Sources of energy such as wind power and solar energy
Sources of energy: A good collocation