EE 341. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING. in gathering inf ‘ loyed Hydrographic surveying is the process Sajecent Jand areas. Such typi Concerning any body of water and its or * Surveys are usually made for the purpose ¢ hydrographic maps ang 1. Providing data for the preparation oF ment, yardage and dnnitth cal charts needed in navigation, Cad os projects. electric power devel “2. Flood control, water supply, hydro-slec tie nt Pipeline and underground cable crossings; 8" Gesign of bridges, da, 3. Obtsining information needed. for lighthouses, docks, and gy seawalls, culverts, sewage disposal plants, athe structures, i ., ‘ ter, direction and y, 4 Determining the volume of impounded warels OO rt ining eet of currents, drainage areas, and the capac’ y tof ti tum 5. Gathering data needed for the See Cee submerged obs! 6. Locating navigational hazards such vate on tructiong sunken vessels, sand bars, rocks, shoals, and core 34-2. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY TERMS- The following terms are commonly used in hydi i i f 1. Hydrography - the study, description, and mapping of oceans, seg, lakes, and rivers especially with, reference to their navigational and com, mercial or other uses. 2. Sounding - the process of measuring the depth of @ body of wate at a particular point. : : 3. Stream Gaging - the process of making measurements in stream, and rivers for the purpose of predicting the rate of discharge at vation water levels or stages. 4. Fathom - a unit used for the measurement of water deptn and iy equivalent to six (6) feet. ‘ ye 5. > Hy ic Chart - a map or chart used in navigation. It iy basically similar to a topographic map except that water depths, navige. tional markers, and the character of underwater surface are indicated, 6. Tidal Datums - are specific tida levels which are used as surfaces of reference for depth measurements in the sea and as a base for the determiration of elevation on land. : 7. Discharge - the volume of water flowing past, a section of a stream, canal, flume, and other waterways. It is usually expressed in cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second. 8. Stream - a current or steady flow of water running along the earth's surface 9. and other material underwater for the purpose of enlarging, deepening or clearing channels, harbors, rivers, and other bodies of water. f 10. Subaqueous Contour - an imaginary line on the surface of the earth found underwater, all points of which are of the same elevation. They are sometimes known as depth curves or bathymetric contours. 34-3. THE HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY. * A hydrogrephic survey is characterized by tye observations and measure ments which are undertake to determine end subsequently portray thé rographic surveying:topography above ang, lc tant marine features te the water surface, ss well us w locate in @ hydrographic Survey: ‘llowing are the basic operetions involved 1. i A peels we to be surveyed, The iminary step is the careful reconnaissance of memar of ex, ny «2 '8 done in order to select the most suitebl always seen to it that the ©’ 2% in planning al! phases .of work.. It is and specifications Provided pS is compieted in accordance with plans formed by ground, on Water, 5, Ucn work. Reconnaissance may be per- aphe OF previously prepared O” OY air. In many instances, serial photo- in a the survey, ™aps and charts are used for reference and 2. Establishment of lishment of the ftameworsn zontal l. The second step is the estab- their true relationship to ggcy Which land and water features ere held in by triangulation systems er other. Horizontel control is usually defined data from previously eet, ane effort should be made to obtain and utilize sights on all objects which lished controls. Also, it is desirable to take raphic survey of the eith will be useful as control points for the topog- phic signals should be y land area. Similarly, the position of hydrogre- hating sbundinpel-erri termined as these will be referred to later when shore ard which wad re Signals should be erected at locatiors along the Hes of the survey site, “* ‘© *trategically control the defined bounda- 3. Establishment of Vertical Contro! i LPI sounding operations, vertical contro! must finseibe the elevation or stage of the water surface can be to the execution of defined in order that e the plane of reference for the soundings. The established datum is then tied to Nearby bench marks by differential leveling. 4. S - In a hydrographic map or nautical chert, only @ relatively narrow fringe of the Nearby ground surface is shown since the expected users are not particularly interested in this area except for a few prominent landmarks, which could be used for referencing positions. A topographic survey is performed to include this limited topography. 5. Hydrography. The measurement of water depths and establishing their respective locations are the most important operations in a hydro- graphic survey. Different procedures and’ techniques have been devised to suit various field conditions, scope of work, purpose and the desired accu- racy of the hydrographic survey. Fr 6. Preparation of Hydrographic Map. The final product of a hydrogra- phic survey is the preparation of a hydrographic map.or nautical. chart. In the case of subsurface surveys for engineering requirements, the end result may be the calculation of water volume contained in a body of water, amount of dredged material, discharge of a stream, or the fluctuations of level in @ body of water. 34-4. EQUIPMENT FOR HYDROGRAPHY. The speed and precision of performing hydrographic surveys depend greatly, upon the type of the equipment used. Most modern survey ships are comn~ plete, rnobile, and self-susta’ning surveying and chart-producing plants and stems. They carry the personnel and equipmient needed for carrying out the entire hydrographic charting mission, including the execut.on of—,EE—E—_————e=_ and reproduction of . he printing a horizontal end tical control, and the F : d with digital comput id verti equippe itablee ‘ere ang finished chart. These survey ships are - ipment the most modern hydrographic survey CqVIPT Ly in the following igg The different kinds of equipment desc small-scale hydrogeg only those which would be used in conducti™e “eich projects sathie surveys required for most engineering Pe ot aunch or boat iy yy involve lakes, reservoirs, or a harbor, om rs off the shore, Yeeg ing kilornete’ i rating kilt instead of a large survey ship ope used for hydrographic 1. Sounding Craft. Various types SF UVP" a1 vessels. Most fi, | These includes rowboats, motor launches; OM iy have reliable mg Vessels are uitable because they af S60 tions associated ‘yi Performance, and can be adapted to the var’ s, powered with an oy th hydrographic surveying. Small boats or banca: iat s and where the water motor, ere commonly used only in tba survey! fie calm and current velocities are minimal. iece of lumber, ai 2, Sounding Pole. A graduated and ae ‘able for use ae meters long, used for taking soundings. ch end is @ metal water depth does not exceed 2% meters. At ea me ; . le sink through water which may be weighted to make the pole inimum resistance to quickly. A rounded pole is used since it gives Litas mde te the flowing water. A sounding taken with a pole may a i Nearest 25 centimeters. If there are waves, the average 0) eae me the wave crest and another at the trough, is recor Spot oie Of the Pole should be exactly 3 meters between the faces of “ne shoes, and the graduations should be so marked that either end of the poie cae ve as the base. Each meter mark and half-meter mark should be indicated oq the pole by a small notch cut in the wood. Daring soundings, when, samples of thé materi! st the bottom of the body of water are, desired, the metal shoe is hollowed out to provide a cup-sheped cavity. The cavity is filled with a mixture of soep, tallow, and cotton, to which the soil wil] acnere. 3. Leadline. A icadline or sounding line is usually a length of sash or hemp cord, braided flex, or nylon cord, with a sounding lead stteched to one end. They ere seldorn used for depths grester than 25 fathoms, The lead weight should ‘weigh sbout 1 to 2 kgs for depths up to 15 meters; 45 kgs to 5.5 kgs weighte ere satisfactory for greater depths. The weight should be somewhat streamlined and have an eye at the top for attaching the cord. The leedline may be gradusted by fathom or meter marks in various distinctive petterns so that no difficulty is experienced in reading the depth of water measured. Both units should, however, not be used on the same line. During soundings the lead is lowered until. it touches the bottom, and at the moment thet the line is vertical and taut, the depth is determined from the markings on the jeadline. 4. Sounding Machine. When the depth of water is too great to permit the use of a leadline, a sounding machine is used. It is a simple device in which piano or stranded wire is used and wound on a reel mounted on a, stand. The reel is turned by hand to raise the weight, and a brake is also provided to stop the rotation of the reel when the Isad weight reaches the bottom of the body of water. The depth of the water Is measured by the length of wire run out and is indicated by a recording. device on the registering stave. The weight of tie ivad uceG with & sounding machine. tiay be between 6 and 12 kgs for depths from 15 to 100° fathoms, and a 16-kg lead is used for depths up to 1,000 fathoms.5. Fathometer, records soup, .\ fatho, ally dings, Meter suitable for use jn coat on i: S Measuring device which automati- und wave tO ‘reach i.) OT dean y "Ving vessel, This device, which is fe velocity of the © bottom ®, Waters, rocerie the me required for @ itiplying that veiccitn?, Waves in7 {°F the echo wave te come back. If val in one direction,” PY the tino™Ms the depth may be found by pperated models to high-pee Tange y aeeed for the sound waves to may indicate the we: pre © from highly portable, battery- re ially Prepared chart eptually ‘anent installations. The fathometer °r record f of the lake or + Ev 4 it graphically on a roll o Mion though proceedi;eree™ bottom 1%, Jin af echo sounding provides 2. pro- eveneasured by 9 fait, at ful ‘Speed. “qr” the course of the survey vessel ome The range in water depths that can f depths ir T is prac ae Signals. Sign’ Pom a few cucelly unlimited. Soundings have bee fs are gy, meters to 6,000 fathoms. Id be seen and easily GisteetUcted in a hahene Bt ae ete of a sounding boat js Pgulehed fr Obtaine, om each other. When the position phic signals on shore, o°% & sextant-fix, ightss These signals my » anchored in. th aoily ange mirror of the ext ticlently cihepisihets is la egaied factory sights and may inch Such Y Structures on shore make satis- stecks, flagpoles, water edna t Such objects as lighthouses, chimney rominent objects. White was’ tTangul or ponlstion towers, and other similar ints of land and rocks Paint applied to rocks on ledges on ‘ above high water will make a signal fet it is sometimes nebeaaatyetee distance. Where a coastline is low and ty for some distance seaward, For re Very tall signals to provide visibili- nals may be several kilometers, and aerre, WOK the distance between sig- elevated points to be visible. te ae signals must be tall or located on spacing of these signals be varied to portant that the size, shape, and which are close together and ‘simian ©, Permit easy identification. Signals identified when viewed a certein eee and shape may be incorrectly 7, Tide Gage. Tide geges are irene away in a small. sextant mirror, the tides: Thay: imay. be cheer pnstruments for measuring the height of which require the présencd of an attendant ts chore wie da height ete tide at Periodic intervals; and eutomatic or self-registering gages, which provide a Continuous record of the variation of tide. level with the passage of time and which will operate unatttended for a fhumber of days. In rivers and bodies of water near the seacoast, the water level varies continually. In order that all soundings in a body of water may be referred to the same level of its surface, the variations in the water level must be known. For this purpdse, a suitable gage that will show the height of the water’ surface at any instant must be installed in a proper place. Such a gage is. called’ a tide gage, and the site at which it is placed is called @ tide station. Special care should be taken in the selection of a ti- de station. It should be at a depth of about 1.5 m below the predicted lowest tide, and located where it will not be damaged. & Sextant. The sextant is a portable and hand-held instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It functions by..the physical principle that @ light ray striking a plane mirror causes the angles of incidence end-refisction to bo aqual. Gy sighting: through the svall telescope, and adjusting the movable erm until the correct reflections of the objects being sighted appear in the mirrors, the angle between these objects is measured. buoys various types of hydro- OTS memeSEXTANT Ring (—Teleecops Index mirror Piver Sun glosses ———__ index arm Fromé sua ¥e glosses Tongent screw Graduated ore Clomp y for the observer to remain stationary during observation, the sextant is well suited to hydrographic work and has the added advantage of measuring angies in any plane. It is used principai- .ly by navigators and surveyors for rneasurifig angiss from a boat, but it is aiso employed on exploratory, reconnaissance, and preliminery surveys cf jand. With the use of a sextant the subsequent solution of the three-point problem is made passible for determining the position’ of the sounding vessel at various selected times. It should be noted, however, that the sextant is not an instrument of precision for measuring small-angles and where short distances are involved. The precision of horizontal measure- ment with the sextant depends upon the size of the angle and upon the the length of sight. The external parts uf the navigational sextant sre shown in Fig. 34-1. Because it is not necessar)