SAFETY

ENGINEERING

Submitted By: GROUP C

(BS NAME 5)

FELIPE A. ARNEJO II

SHEILA MARIE C. CAGADAS

JAMELEE S. MARZONIA

JOHN HENRY V. MORATALLA

Submitted To:

VICTORIO CARMELO N. BONGABONG

Professor
Safety Engineering
It is the study of the causes and the prevention of accidental deaths and
injuries. The field of safety engineering has not developed as a unified, specific
discipline, and its practitioners have operated under a wide variety of position titles,
job descriptions, responsibilities, and reporting levels in industry and in the loss-
prevention activities of insurance companies. The general areas that have been
identified as the major functions carried out by the professional safety engineer or
safety professional are: the identification and appraisal of accident-producing
conditions and practices and the evaluation of the severity of the accident problem;
the development of accident and loss-control methods, procedures, and programs;
the communication of accident and loss-control information to those directly involved;
and the measurement and evaluation of the accident and loss-control systems and
the modifications that are required to obtain optimum results.
The most recent trends in safety engineering include increased emphasis on
prevention by the anticipation of hazard potentials; changing legal concepts with
regard to product liability and negligent design or manufacture, as well as the
developing emphasis on consumer protection; and the development of national and
international legislation and controls, not only in the areas of transportation safety,
product safety, and consumer protection but also in occupational health and
environmental control.
Safety engineering is an engineering discipline which assures that engineered
systems provide acceptable levels of safety. It is strongly related to industrial
engineering/systems engineering, and the subset system safety engineering. Safety
engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed, even when
components fail.
Is a field of engineering that deals with accident prevention, risk of human
error reduction and safety provided by the engineered systems and designs. It is
associated with industrial engineering and system engineering and applied to
manufacturing, public works and product designs to make safety an integral part of
operations.

Analysis Techniques
Analysis techniques can be split into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative methods. Both approaches share the goal of finding causal
dependencies between a hazard on system level and failures of individual
components. Qualitative approaches focus on the question "What must go wrong,
such that a system hazard may occur?", while quantitative methods aim at providing
estimations about probabilities, rates and/or severity of consequences.

 Traditional methods for safety analysis

The two most common fault modeling techniques are called failure
mode and effects analysis and fault tree analysis. These techniques are just
ways of finding problems and of making plans to cope with failures, as
in probabilistic risk assessment. One of the earliest complete studies using
 this technique on a commercial nuclear plant was the WASH-1400 study, also
known as the Reactor Safety Study or the Rasmussen Report.
 Failure modes and effects analysis
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a bottom-
up, inductive analytical method which may be performed at either the
functional or piece-part level. For functional FMEA, failure modes are
identified for each function in a system or equipment item, usually with the
help of a functional block diagram. For piece-part FMEA, failure modes are
identified for each piece-part component (such as a valve, connector, resistor,
or diode). The effects of the failure mode are described, and assigned a
probability based on the failure rate and failure mode ratio of the function or
component. This quantization is difficult for software ---a bug exists or not,
and the failure models used for hardware components do not apply.
Temperature and age and manufacturing variability affect a resistor; they do
not affect software.
Failure modes with identical effects can be combined and summarized
in a Failure Mode Effects Summary. When combined with criticality analysis,
FMEA is known as Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis or FMECA,
pronounced "fuh-MEE-kuh"

 Fault tree analysis

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top-down, deductive analytical method. In FTA,
initiating primary events such as component failures, human errors, and
external events are traced through Boolean logic gates to an undesired top
event such as an aircraft crash or nuclear reactor core melt. The intent is to
identify ways to make top events less probable, and verify that safety goals
have been achieved.
FTA may be qualitative or quantitative. When failure and event
probabilities are unknown, qualitative fault trees may be analyzed for minimal
cut sets. For example, if any minimal cut set contains a single base event,
then the top event may be caused by a single failure. Quantitative FTA is
used to compute top event probability, and usually requires computer
software such as CAFTA from the Electric Power Research
Institute or SAPHIRE from the Idaho National Laboratory.
Safety Certification
Typically, safety guidelines prescribe a set of steps, deliverable documents,
and exit criterion focused around planning, analysis and design, implementation,
verification and validation, configuration management, and quality assurance
activities for the development of a safety-critical system. In addition, they typically
formulate expectations regarding the creation and use of traceability in the project.
For example, depending upon the criticality level of a requirement, the US Federal
Aviation Authority guideline DO-
178B/C requires traceability from requirements to design, and
from requirements to source code and executable object code for software
components of a system. Thereby, higher quality traceability information can simplify
the certification process and help to establish trust in the maturity of the applied
development process.
Most biological organisms have a certain amount of redundancy: multiple
organs, multiple limbs, etc.
For any given failure, a fail-over or redundancy can almost always be
designed and incorporated into a system.
There are two categories of techniques to reduce the probability of
failure:
 Fault avoidance techniques increase the reliability of individual items
(increased design margin, de-rating, etc.).

 Fault tolerance techniques increase the reliability of the system as a whole

(redundancies, barriers, etc.
Safety and Reliability
Safety engineering and reliability engineering have much in common, but
safety is not reliability. If a medical device fails, it should fail safely; other alternatives
will be available to the surgeon. If the engine on a single-engine aircraft fails, there is
no backup. Electrical power grids are designed for both safety and reliability;
telephone systems are designed for reliability, which becomes a safety issue when
emergency (e.g. US "911") calls are placed.
Probabilistic risk assessment has created a close relationship between safety
and reliability. Component reliability, generally defined in terms of component failure
rate and external event probability are both used in quantitative safety assessment
methods such as FTA. Related probabilistic methods are used to determine system
Mean Time between Failure (MTBF), system availability, or probability of mission
success or failure. Reliability analysis has a broader scope than safety analysis, in
that non-critical failures are considered. On the other hand, higher failure rates are
considered acceptable for non-critical systems.

Scope of a Safety Engineer

The scope of a safety engineer is to perform their professional functions.
Safety engineering professionals must have education, training and experience in a
common body of knowledge.
They need to have a fundamental knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology,
physiology, statistics, mathematics, computer science, engineering mechanics,
industrial processes, business, communication and psychology. Professional safety
studies include industrial hygiene and toxicology, design of engineering hazard
controls, fire protection, ergonomics, system and process safety, system safety,
safety and health program management, accident investigation and analysis, product
safety, construction safety, education and training methods, measurement of safety
performance, human behavior, environmental safety and health, and safety, health
and environmental laws, regulations and standards.
Many safety engineers have backgrounds or advanced study in other
disciplines, such as management and business administration, engineering, system
engineering /industrial engineering, requirements engineering, reliability engineering,
maintenance, human factors, operations, education, physical and social sciences
and other fields. Others have advanced study in safety. This extends their expertise
beyond the basics of the safety engineering profession

Functions of a Safety Engineer

The major areas relating to the protection of people, property and the
environment are:

 Anticipate, identify and evaluate hazardous conditions and practices.

 Develop hazard control designs, methods, procedures and programs.
 Implement, administer and advise others on hazard control programs.
 Measure, audit and evaluate the effectiveness of hazard control programs.
 Draft a future safety plan and statement based on real time experiences and
facts.
Questions in mind about Safety Engineer
What Do They Do?

Safety Engineers make sure workplaces are safe. They monitor the
general work environment, inspect buildings and machines for hazards and
safety violations, and recommend safety features in new processes and
products. Safety Engineers evaluate plans for new equipment to assure that it
is safe to operate and investigate accidents to determine the cause and how
to keep them from happening again. Safety Engineers also design special
safety clothing and safety devices to protect workers from injury when
operating machines. They may educate workers through safety campaigns or
classes.
Some Safety Engineers specialize in fire prevention They analyse the
design of buildings and the items in them to determine the best place to put
fire extinguishers, sprinklers and emergency exits. Others specialize in
product safety. They conduct research to make sure products are safe and
recommend how a company can change its product design to make it safe.
What Do I Have To Do To Be One?

To work as a Safety Engineer, you must have a Bachelor's Degree in

Industrial Engineering; Industrial Management or a related field. People who
work in this occupation are curious and detail-oriented; have strong analytical
skills; and are creative.
Some courses to take to prepare you for this occupation include:
Chemistry, Computers, Communications, English, Math, and Science. You
should also be able to present your ideas effectively both orally and in writing.
You should be able to work within precise limits or standards of accuracy and
rate information using standards that can be measured or checked.
Factoid
Safety engineers look for ways to prevent accidents in the workplace.
They inspect buildings and machines for hazards and safety violations,
investigate accidents and determine what caused them and educate workers
on how to use safety equipment. Some safety engineers specialize in certain
areas such as fire prevention or product safety.
Nationally, college graduates with a Bachelor’s Degree in Industrial
Engineering, which includes Safety Engineering, were offered average annual
starting salaries of $48,234 in 2001. Entry-level Safety Engineers earned
average annual salaries of $45,500, while salaries for top safety managers
may exceed $120,000 per year.
Some courses to take to prepare you for this occupation include:
Chemistry, Computers, Communications, English, Math, and Science.
Questions in mind about Safety Engineering
What is Safety?

It is the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

When must safety signs be used?

Safety signs must be used whenever a hazard or danger cannot be avoided
adequately or reduced in another way. Before installing safety signs an employer
should examine whether the hazard can be avoided or reduced by collective
precautions (precautions that protect everybody) or safer ways of doing the work.
What is a signboard?
A signboard is a sign that provides information or instruction using a
combination of shape, color and symbols but excludes information in writing.
Why must safety signboards not contain text?
Safety signboards should not contain text. This is because the symbols or
pictograms on a signboard are intended to be understood, independently of the
language ability of the worker viewing it.
Can any text be included on a safety sign?
Safety signboards put in place after 1 November 2007 should not contain text.
Text may be included on a supplementary signboard provided that it does not
adversely affect the effectiveness of the safety signboard.
What is a Supplementary Signboard?
A supplementary signboard (often with text) is used to give clarity to a
signboard. A signboard and supplementary signboard can be located on one
"carrier". A carrier could be a single sheet of metal, plywood, laminated plastic or
other material as might be appropriate to a location.
What colours and shapes should be used on safety signboards?

 Red for prohibition

 Yellow for caution
 Green for positive action
 Blue for mandatory actions
 O Discs for prohibitions and instructions
 Δ Triangles for warnings
 □ Squares and rectangles for emergency and information signs
Examples of Prohibition Signs

Examples of Mandatory Signs

Examples of Warning Signs

Gloves Required
This symbol means that you have to wear gloves in
protection from harmful chemicals or other materials. It
is recommended to always wear gloves when dealing
with caustic substances and other dangerous
chemicals. Most hospitals and laboratories have plastic
glove dispensers, so wear gloves before you enter a
hospital laboratory and other chemical analysis
laboratories.
To stay safe, you can wear gloves at all times in a
laboratory if you wish to protect you from chemicals.

Biohazard
Biohazards are microorganisms which can
potentially harm or even kill living organisms.
These microorganisms can include viruses,
contagious and dangerous bacteria, toxins and
harmful microorganisms.
You will very commonly find a sign like this in
biochemistry laboratories in hospitals as scientists
and laboratory technicians working there would have to analyze samples from
patients in the hospitals. These samples may contain highly contagious bacteria
which may potentially threaten the health of the scientist.
If you ever see this sign, always ask a scientist working in the laboratory about such
biohazards. It is recommended that you always wear a face mask and anti-bacterial
gloves when dealing with such substances.
You may also see this sign on the packaging of hypodermic needles, samples and
living tissues to be analyzed. It is common etiquette for scientists to dispose of
hypodermic needles in a sharps container.

High Voltage
This sign, 'high voltage' means voltage at such a
high level that if any living organism comes in
contact with the electricity, the electricity will cause
harm or even death. This sign is found in industrial
sites and perhaps laboratories.
Always stay clear of areas marked with this sign as
coming in contact with the electricity will mean
serious injury or death.
Many people ask how many volts 'high voltage' is considered to be. The answer to
this question remains debated but in electric power transmission, it is said to be
35,000 volts. The IET say that high voltage is over 1000 volts. In industrial sites,
workers protect themselves by wearing plastic gloves and other clothing.

Defibrillator
This sign means that you have access to a
defibrillator nearby. This can be seen in
hospitals, some laboratories and industrial
areas.

Hot Surface
This sign warns you that the equipment and
apparatus beside you may be extremely hot and can
severely burn you. This sign can be found in
laboratories with hot plates to industrial areas with
hot machines and steam pipes.
If you see this sign on a piece of apparatus, do not touch, you will get severely
burned!

Low Temperature
This sign indicates very low temperatures, much
lower than freezing point. You may find this sign in
chemical storage areas, for storing liquid nitrogen
and other chemicals.
Do not enter these areas without the supervision of
a scientist and without appropriate protection.

Eye Wash Station

This sign indicates the location of an eye
wash station. If you accidentally place foreign
chemicals or substances into your eyes,
always try to locate an eye wash station
immediately! Although some eye wash station
signs may look different, always try to locate
the station if there is no sign.
A typical eye wash station looks like the
picture on the right, and contains two bottles
of eye wash. Eye wash is a fluid which
contains saline. Saline aids the rinsing of the eye and provides relief.
However, if you do get foreign chemicals in your eyes, always go to your hospital
immediately! The chemicals that entered your eye could be corrosive and could
cause permanent blindness!

Laser Beam Hazard

The term 'laser' stands for 'Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is usually a
direct beam of light in one color. The color of the
laser is determined by its wavelength, the unit being
a 'nanometer'.
The light can be forced into one narrow beam which
has a high radiant power per unit area. Because of
this, the laser is very powerful enabling it to cut
metal, seal objects and is used in surgical
procedures. That is why you will find laser beams in factories, hospitals and surgical
theatres.
As harmless as a laser may seem, that is not quite the case. Letting your skin to
come in direct contact with a laser beam can be very dangerous and can have some
disastrous consequences.
The eye is the most susceptible and can be damaged the easiest. If you wear no eye
protection, looking at a laser beam can cause retinal damage, leading to damage to
the eye, which can cause blindness or partial blindness. Always wear appropriate
eye wear; always check with the owner of the equipment which eye wear is best.
Damage to the skin can also be caused if not protected. Wear protective non-
flammable clothing. Laser beams can also cause fire so do not direct at any
flammable substances!

Flammable
This is a substance which can be ignited easily when
they come near a source of fuel and burn very
vigorously. Always be careful when handling substances
like these!

Irritant
This symbol is denoted by a large black X on an
orange background which has an 'I' on the bottom
right corner. The word irritant means that it will cause
your skin to turn red and may blister. Whilst irritant
substances may not cause too much damage, it is still
advisable to wear gloves.
There is another symbol which has a black X on an
orange background and has no 'I' in the bottom right
corner. This symbol means that the substance is
'harmful'.