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‫ﻣﻌﺮﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﺳﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣـﺘﻐﲑ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬

‫)‪(١‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪,......) = 0 :(١‬‬
‫)‪( n‬‬ ‫)‪( m‬‬ ‫) ‪(i + j‬‬
‫‪G(u, ux , uxx ,.......,ux‬‬ ‫‪, u y , u yy ,......,u y‬‬ ‫‪, uxy‬‬
‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬
‫‪u‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= u‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂x∂y‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪xy‬‬

‫‪⎧u xxx ( x, y ) + u yyy ( x, y ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫⎪‬
‫⎨‬ ‫‪∂ 3u ∂ 3u‬‬
‫⎪‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫⎩‬ ‫‪∂x 3 ∂y 3‬‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ PDE‬ﻳﻚ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺍﺯﺑﲔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﲞﺶ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ‪ PDE‬ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﺎﰐ )ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪((٢‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ A , B , ….., G‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪PDE‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪Au xx ( x, y ) + Bu xy + Cu yy ( x, y ) + Du x ( x, y ) + Eu y ( x, y ) + Fu ( x, y ) + G = 0:(٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪ ٢‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ‪ A , B , ….., G‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ x , y‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪ ٢‬ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﱄ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫‪ A , B , ….., G‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ U‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻱ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪u xx + (sin u ) uy = 0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭ‬

‫‪zu xx ( x, y ) + xy 2 u yy ( x, y ) + e x u ( x, y ) = 10‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪ ٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻱ ) ‪u ( x, y, z‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ ‪،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﳝﺘﻐﲑ ‪U‬ﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻧﻴﺰﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ U‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻣﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪Boundary value‬‬

‫‪) Problems‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ( ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ‪ Initional Value Problems‬ﻣﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﱯ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ‪،‬ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻗـﱵ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ‪ PDE‬ﳘﮕﻦ ﻳﺎ ‪ Homogenus‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻗﱵ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪،‬ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﱘ ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﳍﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ PDE‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﳕﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪ L‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ Fix‬ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﮕﺎﱄ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻃﻮﱄ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫) (‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ‪ y‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ v x+∆x.t‬ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﳒﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ‪ x‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﱘ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪H (v, t ) = H ( x + ∆x, t ) → H ( x, t ) = cte‬‬ ‫‪∀t‬‬ ‫‪0< x<l‬‬
‫) ‪v ( x + ∆x , t‬‬ ‫) ‪− v ( x, t‬‬
‫= ‪tan α‬‬ ‫= ‪tan β‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪−H‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫) ‪tan α = y x ( x + ∆x, t‬‬ ‫) ‪tan β = y x ( x,−t‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﲑﻭ ‪ ∆F = ma‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ‪y‬ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬
‫) ‪⇒ v( x + ∆x, t ) − v( x, t ) = δ .∆s. ytt ( x, t‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﰐ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪∆s‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻥ‬
‫) ‪v( x + ∆x, t ) − v( x, t‬‬
‫⇒ ‪∆x = ∆s‬‬ ‫) ‪= δ ytt ( x, t‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫⎞ ) ‪⎛ y ( x + ∆x, t ) − y x ( x, t‬‬
‫‪H⎜ x‬‬ ‫) ‪⎟ = δ y tt ( x, t‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪Hy XX ( x, t ) = δ y tt (x, t ) ⇒ H‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪:(٤‬‬

‫) ‪δ y xx ( x, t ) = y tt (x, t‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﱵ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪: δ‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ‪H‬ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪δ ,H‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﱘ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ytt ( x, t ) = H‬‬
‫) ‪δ y xx ( x, t‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ )‪ y(x,t‬ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ‪ y‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ x‬ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ t‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﳒﻪ ﻧﲑﻭﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﳕﺎﺋﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﲑﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٥‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪δ ∆xy tt ( x, t ) = H ( y x ( x + ∆x ), t ) − y x ( x, t ) + F∆x‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪:(٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(٣‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⎛ y ( x + ∆x, t ) − y x ( x, t ) ⎞ f‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪ytt ( x, t ) = H ⎜ x‬‬ ‫‪⎟+ δ‬‬
‫⎝‪δ‬‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪y tt (x, y ) = H‬‬ ‫‪y XX ( x, t ) + f‬‬
‫‪δ‬‬ ‫‪δ‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﱳ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪δ ∆xy tt ( x, t ) = H ( y x ( x + ∆x, t ) − y x ( x, t )) − g ∆x‬‬

‫‪y tt ( x, y ) = H‬‬
‫‪δ y xx ( x, t ) − g‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ; ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻧﲑﻭﻱ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ)‪(٦‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫) ‪f == −by t ( x, t‬‬ ‫‪: b‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ)‪:(٦‬‬
‫) ‪y tt ( x, t ) = H y xx ( x, t ) − by t ( x, t‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪δ‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻗـﱵ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪y (0, t ) = 0‬‬
‫‪y (l , t ) = 0‬‬
‫‪y ( x ,0 ) = f ( x ) 0 < x < l‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ )‪ f(x‬ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ‪:‬ﻭﻗﱵ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﲢﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪y (0, t ) = 0‬‬
‫‪y (l , t ) = 0‬‬
‫‪y ( x,0 ) = 0‬‬
‫) ‪y t ( x,0 ) = g ( x‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻥ )‪ g(x‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ x‬ﺩﺭ ﳊﻈﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳒﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺭﲡﺎﻉ ﻛﻪ ﲢﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﲑﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﲑﻳﺪ‪y(x,t).‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﺑﮕﲑﻳﺪﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﲜﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ X‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ t‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﲜﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ X + ∆X‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻧﲑﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪X + ∆X‬‬
‫)‪ F(X,t‬ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﱘ ﻛﻪ ﻧﲑﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(v‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫) ‪F = y ( x + ∆x ) − y ( x, t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪: A‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫= ) ‪F ( x, t‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫)) ‪( y(x + ∆x, t ) − y(x, t‬‬ ‫‪:B‬ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ)ﻳﺎﻧﮓ(ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(v‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫) ‪F ( x, t ) = AEy x ( x, t‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﲑﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﰐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪F ( x, t ) = − Ey x ( x, t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪x‬ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬
‫) ‪F ( x + ∆x, t ) = AEy x ( x + ∆x.t‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﲑﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﱄ ﺍﺯﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٨‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪F ( x + ∆x, t ) − F ( x, t ) = δA∆xy tt ( x, t‬‬
‫‪:A‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(٨‬‬
‫⎞ ) ‪AE ⎛ y ( x + ∆x, t ) − y ( x, t‬‬ ‫∆ ‪:‬ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫= ) ‪⇒ y tt ( x, t‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝ ‪δA‬‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪δ‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫= ) ‪y tt ( x, t‬‬ ‫) ‪y xx ( x, t‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪:(٩‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫‪δ‬‬

‫‪Z tt ( x, y , t ) = H‬‬ ‫(‬

‫) ‪δ Z xx ( x, y, t ) + Z yy ( x, y, t‬‬
‫)‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ Ztt‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪x‬ﻭ‪y‬ﺩﺭ ﳊﻈﻪ ‪ t‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ u(x,y,z,t) R‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ x,y‬ﺩﺭ ﳊﻈﻪ ‪ t‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﺑﮕﲑﻳﺪ‪.‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺗﺮﻣﻮ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﱘ‪.‬‬
‫ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫‪φ = −K‬‬
‫‪du‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻛﻪ ‪n‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪dn‬‬
‫‪:n‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫‪:k‬ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪: φ‬ﺷﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﱄ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪x‬ﻭ‪y‬ﻭ‪z‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ )‪ (١٠‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪φ1 = − K‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﱄ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ :y‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ )‪(١٠‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪φ 2 = −K‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪φ3 = −K‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ‪ y‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﰲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫∧‬ ‫∧‬ ‫∧‬
‫‪J = φ1 I + φ 2 J + φ 3 K‬‬
‫⎞ ∧ ‪⎛ ∂u ∧ ∂u ∧ ∂u‬‬
‫‪J = − k ⎜⎜ I +‬‬ ‫‪J+‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪K‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫∂‬‫‪x‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪y‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪z‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫) ‪J = −k (∆u‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ φ‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ φ = J.n‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪: yz‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪φ=j‬‬ ‫‪j=−k‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ‪ I 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﲑﱘ‪ I 1 ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪I 1 = ∫ ∫ ∫ R δudv‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ )ﻭ ﰊ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ(‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺷﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪I1 = ∫ ∫ R J .dA‬‬

‫= ‪I 2 = ∫ ∫ ∫ R (divj )dv‬‬ ‫‪∫∫∫ ∇ ( J ) dV‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪):‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ(‪:‬‬
‫‪I 2 = ∫ ∫ ∫ R − k∇.Jdv = ∫∫∫ − k∇ 2 udV‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﳒﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫‪I1 = I 2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ )ﻭﻗﱵ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﱘ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪I 1 − I 2 = 0 ⇒ ∫ ∫ ∫ R (δ (u t ) − ku (vu ))dv = 0‬‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻱ ‪ R‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ U‬ﻛﻤﻴﱵ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪δ u t = ku (v u ) = 0 ⇒ ∆ U‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪= k∇ 2u‬‬

‫∧ ‪∂u ∧ ∂u ∧ ∂u‬‬
‫= ‪∇ u ( x , y , t , z )ν u‬‬ ‫‪i +‬‬ ‫‪j +‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫∧‬ ‫∧‬ ‫∧‬
‫‪u1 = M 1 i + M 2 j + M 3 k‬‬
‫‪∂M 1 ∂M 2 ∂M 3‬‬
‫⎛⎞∧ ∂ ∧ ∂ ∧ ∂ ⎛‬ ‫∧‬ ‫∧‬ ‫∧‬
‫⎞‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪UM‬‬ ‫‪= ⎜⎜ i +‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪j + k ⎟⎟.⎜ M 1 i + M 2 j + M 3 k‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪x‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂x ∂y‬‬ ‫⎝ ⎠ ‪∂z‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪µ = Uu‬ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬

‫‪⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪K ⎜⎜ 2 +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪⎟⎟ = δ u t ( x , y , z , t‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂z 2‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂ 2 u (x, y , z , t ) ∂ 2 (x, y , z , t ) ∂ 2 u (x, t , z , t ) ∂ ∂ u‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪(x , y , z , t‬‬
‫‪∂x 2‬‬ ‫‪∂y 2‬‬ ‫‪∂z 2‬‬ ‫‪k ∂t‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬

‫‪δ‬‬
‫= ‪u xx + u yy + u zz‬‬ ‫‪ut‬‬
‫‪k‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ PDE‬ﳕﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻭ ﺣﻞ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ‪PDE‬‬
‫دارد ‪E‬‬
‫‪P D E‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺴﺎﹰﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﺪﱘ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪? ∇ 2u‬‬ ‫‪ut‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ∇‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪∂x 2‬‬ ‫‪∂y 2‬‬ ‫‪∂x 2‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪= φ0‬‬
‫‪dn‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪= 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺰ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬
‫) ‪= h (T 0 − u‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪dn‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
 ‫‪-‬ﻳﻚ ﻭﺭﻕ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﱘ ‪.‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﰐ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪δ ∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2 u δ ∂u‬‬
‫= ‪∇ u‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪k ∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂x 2‬‬ ‫‪∂y 2‬‬ ‫‪k ∂t‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪).‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﺭﻕ(‬
‫‪u x (x , o , t ) = 0‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪ k‬ﻣﺮﺯ‪١) ١‬‬ ‫‪=o‬‬ ‫‪0 < x <l‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪o< x<l,‬‬ ‫‪y=0‬‬

‫‪Ku x (o , y , t ) = φ 0‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫)‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺯ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪= φ0‬‬ ‫‪y>0‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪x = 0,‬‬ ‫‪y>0‬‬

‫) ‪= h (o, u‬‬ ‫) ‪KUx (0, y , t ) = − h (u‬‬ ‫)‪y > o‬‬

‫‪du‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺯ ‪٣) ٣‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪x = e,‬‬ ‫‪y>0‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ )‪ u(x,y,0)=f(x‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﱘ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎىﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ‪∇ 2 u = ∂ 2 u ∂t 2‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻡ ) ‪ ∇ 2 u = δ (u, x, y, z, t‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﻭ ‪u‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﲢﺖ ﻻﭘﻼﺳـﲔ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ‪،‬ﻣﻮﺝ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﲞﻮﻡ ‪،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ‪..‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ u 2 , u1‬ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ‪c 2 , c1‬ﺩﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺭ ‪ R‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪c1u1 − c 2 u 2‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ‬
‫‪ u1‬و ‪ u2‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫} ‪e{c1u1 + c2 u 2 } = c1e{u1 } + c2 e{u 2‬‬ ‫‪ e-‬ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﻗﱵ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﮔﲑ ﻳﻚ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪e{u} = ∫ udt → e{c1u1 + c 2 u 2 } = ∫ (c1u1 + c 2 u 2 )du‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫‪∫ c1u1 du + ∫ c 2 u 2 du = c1 ∫ u1 du + c 2 ∫ u 2 du‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪e{0} = 0‬‬

‫‪⎧ n‬‬ ‫⎫‬

‫‪c k e {u‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪e⎨ ∑ cku‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫⎬‬ ‫=‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪⎩ k =1‬‬ ‫⎭‬ ‫‪k =1‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ M‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬

‫}‪e{M {u}} = M {e{u}} = eM {u‬‬
‫}‪(e + M ){u} = e{u}+ M {u‬‬
‫ﻼ ﲝﺚ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪A 2 +B‬‬ ‫‪+c 2 +D +E‬‬ ‫) ‪+ Fu ( x, y ) = G ( x, y‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂xy‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪ G=0‬ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﲔ ‪،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﳘﮕﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂2‬‬ ‫‪∂2‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪e= A 2 +B‬‬ ‫‪+C 2 + D + E + F‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂xy‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ‪ e‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫‪e{u} = 0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ u).‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﮊ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ‪،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ‪،‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‪،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ (‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ e{u} = G‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫‪e{u1 } = 0‬‬ ‫‪e{u 2 } = 0‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ‪u1 , u 2‬ﺟﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬ﻳﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪c1e{u1} + c2 e{u2 } = e{c1u1 + c2u2 } = 0‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪:‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ u1 , u 2‬ﺟﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻛﺎ‬
‫‪-‬ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﰊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ u1‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ‪ u 2‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﺎﳘﮕﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪e{u1 } = 0‬‬ ‫‪e{u 2 } = G‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ u‬ﻛﻪ ‪ u = cu1 + u 2‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪e{cu1 + u 2 } = ce{u1 } + e{u 2 } = G‬‬
‫) ‪u t ( x , t ) = Ku xx ( x , t‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﻣﺴﺎﹰﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺶ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﲑﻳﺪ‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫‪u x (o, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪u x (c, t ) = 0‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ n 2π 2 k‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪u 0 ( x, t ) = 1‬‬ ‫‪U n ( x, t ) = exp⎜⎜ −‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟‬ ‫‪cos‬‬ ‫‪n = 1,2,......‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ − n 2π 2 k‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ − n 2π 2 k‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬

‫⎜⎜ = ) ‪u t (x, t‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪exp‬‬‫⎜‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪cos‬‬
‫‪⎝ c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠‬
‫‪⎜ c2‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎠‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪⎛ − n 2π 2‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ − n 2π 2‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬

‫‪u xx‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎜⎜ ‪⎟⎟ exp‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪kt ⎟⎟ cos‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ k‬ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪⎝ c‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪⎝ c‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ) ‪ku xx = u ( x, t‬‬

‫‪u = c o u o + c1u1 + ..... + c n u n‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Au xx + Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + Fu = G‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪ ٢‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﱵ ‪ A‬ﺗﺎ ‪ F‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ x , y , t‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ‪ F-A‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﱵ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪٢‬ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪B 2 − 4 Ac > 0‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﱄ ﻳﺎ ‪ H yperbolic‬ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ B 2 − 4 Ac = 0‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻀﻮﻱ ﻳﺎ ‪ Ecllipite‬ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﮔﺮ ‪B 2 − 4 Ac > 0‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﻬﻤﻲ ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ‪.(Parabolic).‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﺸﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻣﻔﺪﺍﺭ ‪ u‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﲞﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﻦ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ‪u‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﹰﻟﻪ ﻱ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻮﻡ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ Ku + du‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ )ﻛﻮﺷﻲ( ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ‪ u tt , u t‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫‪dn‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ u‬ﻳﺎ ‪ u t‬ﺩﺭ ﳊﻈﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﺼﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫‪⎧ x = p cos φ‬‬ ‫‪⎧ p = x2 + y2‬‬
‫⎪‬ ‫⎪‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪⎨ y = p sin φ‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛y‬‬
‫⎟ ‪⎨φ = Arc tan ⎜ x‬‬
‫‪⎪ z=z‬‬ ‫⎪‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫⎩‬ ‫⎩⎪‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬Í ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

r= p2 + z
θ = Arc tan⎛⎜ p z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠

φ =φ

⎧ x = rSin θ Cos φ
⎪
⎨ y = rSin θ Sin φ ‫ ﺩﻛﺎﺭﰐ‬Í ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬
⎪ z = rCos θ
⎩

⎧ p = rSin θ
⎪
⎨ φ =φ ‫ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ‬Í ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬
⎪ z = rCos θ
⎩

r = x2 + y2 + z2

φ = ArcTan y x ‫ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬Í‫ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺰﻳﻦ‬
⎛ x2 + y2 ⎞
z = ArcTan⎜ ⎟
⎜ z ⎟
⎝ ⎠

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u : ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

∇ u=0
2
+ + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
.‫ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‬u ( p, φ , z ) ‫ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬u ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
:‫ﺣﻞ‬
∂u ∂u ∂p ∂u ∂φ ∂u ∂z
= . + . + .
∂x ∂p ∂x ∂φ ∂x ∂z ∂x

∂u x ∂u ⎛ − y ⎞ ∂u x Sinφ ∂u ∂u Sinφ ∂u
= + .⎜⎜ 2 ⎟= . −
2 ⎟
= Cosφ − ∗
∂p x2 + y2 ∂φ ⎝ x + y ⎠ ∂p p p ∂φ ∂p p ∂φ

:‫ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ * ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬u ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ‬

∂ 2 u ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
∂x 2 ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠

١١
 ∂ 2u ⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎞ Sin φ ⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎞
= Cos φ ⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ − ⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟
∂x ⎝ ∂p ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎠ p ⎜⎝ ∂φ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎟⎠

∂ 2 `u ⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂u Sinφ ∂u ⎞ ⎞ Sinφ ⎛ ∂ ∂u Sinφ ∂u ⎞

= Cos⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ Cocφ − ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ Cosφ − ⎟⎟
∂x 2
⎝ ∂p ⎝ ∂p p ∂φ ⎠ ⎠ p ⎝ ∂φ ∂φ p ∂φ ⎠

∂ 2u ⎛ ∂ 2 u Sin φ ∂u Sin ℑ ∂ 2 u ⎞
⇒ 2 = Cos φ ⎜ Cos φ
⎜ + − ⎟⎟ −
∂x ⎝ ∂ p 2
p 2
∂ φ p ∂ φ ∂ p ⎠
Sinφ ⎛ ∂u ∂ 2 u Cosφ ∂u Sinφ ∂ 2 u ⎞
⎜⎜ − Sinφ + Cosφ − − ⎟
2 ⎟
p ⎝ ∂p ∂u ∂ φ p ∂φ p ∂φ ⎠

∂ 2 u CosφSinφ ∂u CosφSinφ ∂ u u Sin 2φ ∂u

= Cos φ 2
+ − + −
∂p p2 ∂φ p ∂φ∂p p ∂p

Sin φCos φ ∂ 2 u Sin φCos φ ∂u Sin 2 φ ∂ 2 u

+ + ⇒
p ∂φ ∂p p2 ∂φ p ∂φ 2

∂ 2 p 2SinφCosφ ∂u 2CosφSinφ ∂ 2u Sin2φ ∂u Sin2φ ∂ 2 u

Cos φ 2 +
2
− + + 2
∂p p2 ∂φ p ∂φ∂p p ∂p p ∂φ 2

∂ 2u
:‫ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻱ‬
∂y 2
∂u ∂u Cosφ ∂u ∂ 2u ⎛ ∂u ⎞ Cosφ ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
= Sinφ + ⇒ 2 = Sinφ ∂ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
∂y ∂p p ∂φ ∂y ∂p ⎝ ∂y ⎠ p ∂φ ⎜⎝ ∂y ⎟⎠

∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
2 SinφCosφ ∂ 2 u Cos 2φ ∂ 2 u Cos 2φ ∂u
= Sin φ 2 + + + :‫ﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
∂y 2 ∂p p ∂p∂φ p 2 ∂φ 2 p ∂p
2 sin φCosφ ∂u
−
p2 ∂φ

∂ 2 u ∂ 2 ( x, y , z )
= ∇ 2u = 0
∂z 2 ∂z 2

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
∇ 2u = 0 → + + =0⇒
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

∂ 2 u 1 ∂u 1 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ + + =0
∂p 2 p ∂p p 2 ∂φ 2 ∂z 2

١٢
 ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂u ∂ 2 p 2 ∂ 2 u‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+p‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∂p 2‬‬ ‫‪∂p ∂φ 2‬‬ ‫‪∂z 2‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ‪ Z‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂ u‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂u ∂ p 2 ∂ u‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂ 2u‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+p‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∂p‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂p ∂φ 2‬‬ ‫‪∂z 2‬‬ ‫‪∂z 2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭﳐﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂u ∂ u‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫∞<‪o<x‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪+x‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪2+‬‬
‫‪∂x ∂y 2‬‬ ‫‪0 < y < 2π‬‬

‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﳕﺎﺋﻴﺪ‪).‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ(‬

‫‪∂ 2 u 2 ∂u‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪1 ∂ 2 u Cosθ ∂u‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫⇒ ‪∇ 2u = 0‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 Sin 2θ ∂φ 2 r 2 ∂φ 2‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪∂θ‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﳕﺎﻳﺶ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪∇ u=1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(ru )rr‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬ ‫‪u φφ + 2‬‬ ‫‪(uθSin θ )θ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r Sin θ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r Sin θ‬‬

‫‪(u + ru r ) → (u r‬‬ ‫) ‪+ u r + ru rr‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﳕﺎﻳﺶ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪∇ 2u‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪r ur‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪uφφ + 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(uθ Sinθ )θ‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪r Sin θ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r Sinθ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪φ‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪r‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪r ur‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(uθ Sinθ )θ = ∇ 2 u‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪r Sinθ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‪:‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪∇ 2 u = G‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ‪،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪(Sepration .‬‬
‫)‪of Vauiable‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Ku xx ( x, t ) = u t ( x, t‬‬ ‫‪0< x<c t >0‬‬

‫) ‪⎧ Ku xx ( x, t ) = u t ( x, t‬‬
‫⎪‬ ‫‪u x (0, t ) = 0‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫)‪u ( x,0) = f ( x‬‬ ‫⎨‬
‫‪u x ( c, t ) = 0‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‬
‫⎪‬
‫)‪⎪⎩ u ( x,0) = f ( x‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻌﲏ )‪ f(x‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪u = ∑ c k u k‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻮﺍﰊ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪u n ......... u 1‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ‪:(١‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ‪:(٢‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ u‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﳘﮕﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ∞ = ‪ n‬ﳘﮕﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ‪:(٣‬ﺟﻮﺍﰊ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ u ( x, t‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪u ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻫﺎ‬

‫) ‪KX ′′( x ) T ′(t‬‬

‫→ ) ‪KX ′′( x )T (t ) = X ( x )T ′(t‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻥ =ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫) ‪X (x‬‬ ‫) ‪T (t‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﰐ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪X ′′( x ) 1 T ′(t‬‬
‫=‬ ‫→‪=λ‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫) ‪X ( x ) K T (t‬‬

‫) ‪X ′( x‬‬ ‫) ‪T ′(t‬‬
‫‪=λ‬‬ ‫‪=λ‬‬
‫) ‪X (x‬‬ ‫) ‪KT (t‬‬

‫‪X ′′( x ) − λX ( x ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪Í 1‬‬

‫‪T ′(t ) − λKT (t ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪Í‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪١‬ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ ١،٢‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻭﻡ ﻟﻴﻮﻭﻳﻞ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﳓﻮﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬
 1 X ′(o )T (t ) = X ′(c )T (t ) = 0

⇒ T (t ) ≠ 0, X ′(o ) = o1 X ′(c ) = 0

T ′(t )
⎧ X ′( x ) − λx( x ) = 0 T ′(t ) − kλt (t ) = 0 ⇒ = kλ ⇒ CosT (t ) = kλt + CosA
⎪ T (t )
⎨ X (o ) = 0
⎪ X ′(c ) = 0 T (t ) T (t )
⎩ ⇒ Cos = kλt ⇒ = e kλt ⇒ T (t ) = Ae kλt
A A

:‫ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﱘ‬: ‫ﳓﻮﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬

1)λ > 0 X ′′( x ) − λX ( x) = 0 ⇒ X ( x ) = a1e λx

+ a2 e − λx
λ>0

‫ﻓﺮض‬ λ = a 2 ⇒ X ′′( x ) = a 2 × ( x ) ⇒ X ( x ) = Ae ax + Be − ax

X ( x ) = Aae ax − Bae − ax

⎧ X ′(o ) = 0 ⇒ A − B = 0
⎨ ⇒ A = 0, B = 0
⎩ X ′(c ) = 0 ⇒ Ae − Be = 0
ac − ac

.‫ ﺟﻮﺍﰊ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﳕﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬λ > 0 ‫ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ‬u (x,t) ‫ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬X(x) ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬
2) λ = 0 X ′′( x ) = 0 ⇒ X ( x ) = Ax + B

X ′(o ) = 0 ⇒ A = 0

X ′(c ) = 0 ⇒ A = 0

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬

X (x ) = B T (t ) = A u ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t ) − A.B

u ( x, o ) = f ( x ) ⇒ AB = f ( x )

.‫ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬u (x, t ) = f ‫ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬f (x ) ‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﮔﺮ‬

3)λ < 0 X ′′( x ) = −a 2 X ( x ) ⇒ X ( x ) = ACosax + BSinax
λ = −a 2

X ′(o ) = 0 ⇒ − AaSinac + aBCosax = 0 B=0

x=0

١٥
 nπ
X ′(o ) = 0 ⇒ − AaSinac = 0 ⇒ Sinac = 0 → ac = nπ ⇒ a =
c
⎛ nπ ⎞
X (x ) = Cos⎜ x⎟ n = 0,1,......
⎝ c ⎠
⎛ n 2π 2 ⎞
T (t ) = e kλt = e − ka t = e − k ⎜⎜ 2
2
⎟⎟t n = 0,1,...
⎝ c ⎠

‫ﭘﺲ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺍﺵ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ku xx = u t ‫ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻱ‬u n ‫ﲤﺎﻣﻲ‬
∞ :‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻱ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
u = ∑ a n u n ( x, t )
n =1
n 2π 2 nπx
u ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t ) = e − k 2
+ Cos
c c

− kn 2π 2 ⎛ nπx ⎞
u n ( x, t ) = e 2
Cos⎜ ⎟ n = 0,1,.....
c ⎝ c ⎠
− n 2π 2
∞
nπ x
u ( x, t ) = ∑ a n e
kt
c2
Cos
n =1 c
:‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‬a n ‫ﭘﺲ ﻧﻘﻂ ﻛﺎﰲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬
u ( x,0 ) = f ( x ) ‫ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‬
∞
nπx
u ( x,0 ) = ∑ a n Cos = f (x )
n =1 c

nηx
.‫ ﳘﮕﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬f (x) ‫ ∑ﺑﺎﻳﺴﱵ ﺑﻪ‬a n Cos c ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬
:‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ‬a n ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
c
nπx c nπ x ⎧o n = 1.2,........
∫ Cos
0
c
dx =
nπ
Sin
c
=0 ⎨
⎩ c n=0

nπx mπx ⎛ πx nπ ⎞
c c

∫ Cos Cos dx = 1 ∫ ⎜ Cos (n + m ) + Cos (n − m ) ⎟dx

c c 2 ⎝ c c ⎠
0 0

⇒ ‫ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻧﺪ‬n,mn,m ‫ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬n = 1,2,...... ⎧⎪0 ∀m, n m ≠ n

⎨ c
m = 1,2,..... ⎪⎩ n=0
2
∞
nπx nπx 2πx nπx
∑ a Cos n = f ( x ) = a 0 + a1Cos + a 2 Cos + ......... + a n Cos = f (x )
n =0 c c c c

١٦
 :‫ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬. ‫ ﺑﮕﲑﱘ‬c ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0 ‫ﻛﺎﰲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
c c c
dx + ....... + ....... = ∫ f ( x )dx
nx
a 0 ∫ dx + a1 ∫ Cos
0 0
c 0

c c
a0 c = ∫ f ( x )dx ⇒ a 0 = 1 f ( x )dx
c∫
0 0

.‫)ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ(ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﱘ‬ Cos

nx
‫ در‬a1 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
c
c c
nx nx nx
a 0 ∫ Cos dx + a1 ∫ Cos Cos dx + ...........
0
c 0
c c

ηx
f ( x )dx = ai c = ∫ f ( x )cCos dx
nx
= ∫ Cos
c 2 c

:‫ﺑﻪ ﳘﲔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
2ηx
c
f ( x )Cos
c∫
a1 = 2 dx
0
c

nη x
c
f ( x )Cos
c∫
an = 2 dx ∀n = 1,2,........
0
c

Ku xx = u t ‫ﻣﺴﺂَﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬ u x (0, t ) = 0 u x (c, t ) = 0

:‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

u ( x ,0 ) = ?

f ( x ) = 10 x c = 10 x .‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬f ( x ) ‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬:‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

.‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‬
n 2π 2
−
nηx
∞ kt
c2
u ( x, t ) = ∑ a n e Cos
n =0 c
‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬
k=
‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮم‬

nπx
C c
a 0 = 1 ∫ 10 x dx f ( x )Cos
10 ∫
an = 2 dx
10 c
0 0

nπx
10

10 ∫
a 0 = 50‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ an = 2 10 xCos dx
0
c

c
nπ ⎛ u10 nπx 10
10
nπx ⎞⎟
an = 2 ∫ xCos x dx = 2 ⎜ Sin 10
− ∫ Sin dx
10 10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ nπ nπ
0
0
10 c 0
c ⎠
⎧ ‫زوج‬ an = 0
⎪
⎨‫ﻓﺮد‬ a = −
400 ‫ﻳﺎ‬ an =
200
nπ
2 2
(
(− 1)n − 1 )
⎪⎩ n
n 2π 2
١٧
 ‫‪⎛ ⎛ 10 ⎞ 2‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪an = 2‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫)‪⎟ ⇒ a n = 200 (Cosnπ − 1‬‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪10 ⎜ ⎜⎝ nπ‬‬
‫‪Cos‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫⎟‬ ‫‪n 2π 2‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫(‬
‫‪− n 2π 2 k‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪nπ x‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪u ( x, t ) = 50 + ∑ 2 2 (− 1) − 1 e‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪t Cos‬‬
‫‪n =1 n π‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫)‪f (x‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﱄ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ Sepration od Voualley‬ﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﰊ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻻ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﳕﻮﺩﱘ ‪.‬ﺳﻮﺍﱄ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﲑ ؟‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ١٥‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﭼﺮﭼﻴﻞ ‪،‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪:P D E‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ‪ PDE‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺣﻞ ﳕﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣـﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪u xx ( x, y ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪u (0, y ) = y 2‬‬ ‫‪u (1, y ) = 1‬‬
‫∞ < ‪0 < x <1 − ∞ < y‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪u xx ( x, y ) = 0 ⇒ u x ( x, y ) = φ ( y‬‬ ‫‪ ⇒ u( x, y ) = φ ( y )x + h y‬ﻭﱄ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫‪u (0, y ) = y 2 ⇒ h( y ) = y 2‬‬ ‫)‪(φ ( y ) × 0‬‬

‫‪u (1, y ) = φ ( y ) + h( y ) = 1 ⇒ φ ( y ) = 1 − y 2‬‬

‫‪u ( x, y ) = (1 − y 2 )x + y 2‬‬

‫) ‪a 2 y xx ( x, t ) = y tt ( x, t‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪y ( x ,0 ) = h ( x‬‬ ‫∞<‪−∞<x‬‬
‫‪y t ( x, o ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪t >0‬‬

‫‪⎧u = x + at‬‬
‫⎨‬ ‫‪Í‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‪:‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎩ v = x − at‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫( ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ x,t) ‫ﻳﺎ‬ (v,u) ‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬

∂y ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂u
= . + . y ( x, t ) → y (u , v )
∂t ∂u ∂t ∂v ∂t
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂y
.a + .(− a ) = a −a
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v

∂2 y ∂ ⎛ ∂y ⎞ ∂ 2 y ∂ ⎛ ∂y ∂y ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂y ∂y ⎞
. = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 2 = a ⎜a − a ⎟ − a ⎜a −a ⎟
∂t 2
∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t ∂u ⎝ ∂u ∂v ⎠ ∂v ⎝ ∂u ∂v ⎠

∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
2 ∂ y
2
2 ∂ y
2
2 ∂ y
2
⇒ = a − a − a + a
∂t 2 ∂u 2 ∂u∂v ∂u∂v ∂u 2

∂2 y 2 ∂
2
2 ∂ y
2
⇒ a2 − 2 a + a
∂u 2 ∂u∂v ∂v 2

∂ 2 y ∂ ⎛ ∂y ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
∂x 2 ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠

∂y ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂y
= . + . = +
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v

∂ 2 y ∂ ⎛ ∂y ∂y ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂y ∂y ⎞ ∂ 2 y ∂2 y ∂2 y
= ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ = + 2 +
∂x 2 ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂v ⎠ ∂u ⎝ ∂u ∂v ⎠ ∂u 2 ∂u∂v ∂u 2

PDE ‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬

⎛ ∂2 y ∂2 y ∂2 y ⎞ 2⎛∂ y
2
∂2 y ∂2 y ⎞
a ⎜⎜ 2 +
2
+ ⎟ = a ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 + ⎟
⎝ ∂u ∂u∂v ∂u 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ ∂u ∂u∂v ∂u 2 ⎟⎠

∂2 y ∂2 y ⎧ y (u , v ) = h(u )
4 =0⇒ =0⇒⎨ n
∂u∂v ∂u∂v ⎩ y v (u , v ) = q (v )

:‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

g (u , v ) = f (u ) + g (v ) f ′(u ) → 0

‫ﭘﺲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

y (u , v ) = f (u ) + g (v )

١٩
 ‫‪x + at = u‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪x − at = v‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪y ( x, t ) = f ( x, at ) + g ( x − at‬‬

‫) ‪af ′( x ) − ag ( x ) = 0 ⇒ f ′( x ) = g ′( x‬‬

‫ﻳﺎ ‪f ( x ) = g ( x ) + k‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫‪2 f ( x ) = h( x ) + c ⇒ f ( x ) = 1‬‬ ‫) ‪(h( x ) + c‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2 g ( x ) = h( x ) − c ⇒ g ( x ) = 1‬‬ ‫) ‪(h(x ) − c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺪﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(٣‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﱄ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪(١‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ‬
‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫)) ‪y ( x, t ) = f ( x, at ) + g ( x − at ) = 1 (h(a + at ) + h( x − at‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(٤‬ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﺭﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪(٢‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟‬
‫) ‪y tt ( x, t ) = a y xx ( x, t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪y (o, t ) = y (c, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫) ‪y ( x,0) = f ( x‬‬ ‫‪y t ( x,0) = 0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ a‬ﺿﺮﻳﱯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪, c‬‬ ‫ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻣﺴﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻞ‪:‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫) ‪y ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t‬‬
‫‪⎧ λ2‬‬
‫⎪ ) ‪X ′′( x ) 1 T ′′(t‬‬
‫⇒ ) ‪X ( x )T ′′(t ) = a 2 X ′′( x )T (t‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=⎨ 0‬‬
‫‪X ( x ) a 2 T (t ) ⎪ 2‬‬
‫‪⎩− λ‬‬

‫) ‪X ′′( x‬‬
‫) ‪= λ 2 ⇒ x ′′( X ) = λ 2 X ( X‬‬
‫)‪X (x‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫) ‪T ′′(t‬‬
‫) ‪= λ 2 → T ′′(t ) = a 2 λ 2 T (t‬‬
‫) ‪T (t‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ⎧ X (t ) = Ae λx + Be − λx
⎨
⎩T (t ) = Ce + De
aλt − aλt

1 ⇒ X (0 ) = 0 ⇒ A + B = 0 ⇒ A = 0, B = 0

X (c ) = 0 ⇒ Ae λc + Be − λt = 0 ‫ ق‬.‫ ق‬.‫غ‬
X ′′( x ) = 0 ⎧ X ( x ) = Ax + B
‫)ب‬λ = 0 ⇒ ⎨
T ′′(t ) = 0 ⎩ T (t ) = Ct + D

⎧ X (0) = 0 ⇒ B = 0
‫ﻣﺮزي‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ⎨
⎩ X (c ) = 0 ⇒ A = 0
⎧ X ′′( x ) = −λ 2 X ( x ) ⇒ X ( x ) = B Sinλx + A Cosλx
‫) ج‬λ < 0 ⎨
⎩T ′′(t ) = −a λ T (t ) ⇒ T (t ) = C Sinaλ + + D Cosλt
2 2

1 → X (0 ) = 0 ⇒ A = 0 nλ
X n ( x ) = Sin x
c
nπ
X (c ) = 0 ⇒ BSinλc = 0 ⇒ λc = nπ ⇒ λ = ∀ n = 0,1,.....
c
:‫ﺎﻳﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﰊ‬

anπ anπ
Tn (t ) = CSin + + DCos +∗
3: X ( x )T ′(0 ) = 0
c c

∗ = 0 ⇒ Tn′ (0) = 0 ⇒ C
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
anπC
Tn(t ) = Cos
T
nπx aπx
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬ : X n ( x ) = Sin , Tn (t ) = Cos t
c c
nπx aπx
‫ﭘﺲ‬ Yn ( x, t ) = Sin Cos t
c c
‫ﭘﺲ‬
∞
. ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
y ( x, t ) = ∑ bn Sin
nπx
Cos
aπx
t
∞
nπx c c
‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﱘ‬bn ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
∑
n =1
b n Cos
n =1 c
‫ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺮﻁ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‬.‫ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿـﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﳏﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬y(x,t) ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬
(‫ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﱘ‬t ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ‬.‫ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬f(x) ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺍﺳﻨﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬g(x,0)=f(x)
∞
nπx
y ( x,0) = ∑ bn Sin = f (x )
n =1 c

nπx nπx
( ) ( )
c c

∫0 Sin c dx = − nπ Cos c ∫0 = − nπ (Cosnπ − 1) = nπ (−1) + 1 = nπ 1 − (−1)

c c c n+1 c n

٢١
 c
nπx mπx ⎧⎪0 n≠m
∫ Sin
0
c
Sin
c
dx = ⎨ c
⎪⎩ 2 n = m

:‫ﻭ ﮔﺮﻓﱳ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬ Sin

nπx ‫ ∑ ﺩﺭ‬bn Sin nπx = f (x ) ‫ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
c c
∞
nπx m πx mπx
c c

∑∫ b n Sin Sin dx = ∫ f ( x )Sin dx

n =1 o c c 0
c

c b = f ( x )Sin mπx ⇒ b = 2 mπx

c c
f (x )Sin
2 m ∫ ∫ dx
c
m c c
0 0

⎧ f ( x ) = 0.2 x 0 < x < 10 :‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬f(x) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

⎨
⎩ f ( x ) = −0.2 x + 4 10 < x < 20
⎛ ⎛ nπx ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟
⎜ 2 ⎜ − x 20 Cos nπx
10
20
nπ ∫0
=2 10
+ Cos dx
20 ⎜ 10 ⎜ nπ 20
0
20 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠

nπ x ⎡10 nπx
(
nπx
)
20 20
f ( x )Sin dx + ∫ − 2 + 4 Sin
20 ∫ ⎢ ∫ 10 x Sin
bn = 2 dx = 2 2 dx
20 20 20 20 20
0 ⎣o 10

⎛⎛ nπx ⎞ ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟
( ⎛ − 20 cπx
)
20
20 ⎛ − 2
+ ⎜⎜ − 2 x + 4 ⎜
nπ 10∫ ⎝ 10
Cos 20
+ ⎜ Cos dx ⎟
⎜⎜ 20 ⎜ ⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ nπ
0
20 c
⎝⎝
nπ x nπx
20 20
−2
........ + ∫10 20 xSin 20 dx + 10∫ 4Sin 20 dx

nπx nπx ⎞ 20
20
4 × 20 ⎛
20 ∫
=2 xSin dx + ⎜ − Cos ⎟ 10 = .........
10
20 nπ ⎝ 20 ⎠

:‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬

:‫ﻣﻌﺮﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
، ‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻱ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﴰﺎﺭﺵ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ [a,b]‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ ﺩﺭ‬f(x) ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬

٢٢
 ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ‪ x1 , x 2 ,.........x n‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪a < x1 < x 2 ................... < x n < b‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

‫) ( ) ( ) () (‬
‫‪f x1− f x1+ , f x 2− , f x 2+ ,........, f x n− , f x n+‬‬ ‫) ( ) (‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎧− 1 − 1Mx < −0.5‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪f ( x ) = ⎨ a − 0 .5 < x < 0 .5‬‬
‫‪⎪ 1 0 .5 ≤ x < 1‬‬
‫⎩‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫) ‪( c, d ) ⊂ ( a , b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪ (c,d‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪xM‬‬ ‫‪x M +1‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬

‫‪∫ f (x )dx = ∫ f (x )dx + ∫ f (x )dx + ......... + ∫ f (x )dx‬‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪xM‬‬ ‫‪x r −1‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﳋﻮﺍﻩ ﻛﻪ ﲞﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪)،‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ]‪، [a,b‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪+ ∑ a n Cos‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ‪ C‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪f(x‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪0 < x <η‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f(x‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫≈ ) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ a n Cos‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪a n‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬

‫∞‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫∞‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬
‫⇒ ) ‪+ ∑ a n Cosnx = f ( x‬‬ ‫‪∫ dx + ∑ a n ∫ Cos nx dx = ∫ f (x )dx‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬ ‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
 η η
× π + o = ∫ f ( x )dx ⇒ ao = 2
π ∫ f ( x )dx
ao
=
2
η o η o η
∞

∫ Cos mx dx + ∑ a ∫ Cos nx Cos mx dx = ∫ f (x )Cos mx dx

ao
2 n =1
n
o o o

∞ ⎡η η

∑ an 1
2 ⎢⎢ ∫
(Cos(n − m )x − Cos(nn + m )x )dx = ∫ f ( x )Cos mx dx
n =1 ⎣o o

∞ ⎡η η

∑ an 1
2 ⎢⎢ ∫
(Cos(n − m )x − Cos(nn + m )x )dx = ∫ f ( x )Cos mx dx
n =1 ⎣o o ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ‬
η
an = 2
π ∫ f ( x )Cos nx dx
o

:‫ﺑﺴﻂ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ‬

‫ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬f(x) ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬. ‫ [ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0,c] ‫ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬f(x) ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬
∞
nπx .‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺯﺩ‬
f (x ) ≅ ∑ bn Sin
n =1 c

.‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﳋﻮﺍﻩ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬، ‫ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﺑﻪ ﰊ‬n ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬
∞
nπx
f (x ) ≅ ∑ bn Sin
n =1 c
:‫ ﻫﺎ‬bn ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
nπx mπx mπx
c c

∫ Sin Sin dx = ∫ f (x )Sin dx : ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬f(x) ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬

o
c c o
c
mπx
‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺟﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻃﺮﻓﲔ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺱ‬
c
mπx mπx
c c
= ∫ f (nxπ)xSin bπxdx ⇒ bm = mfπ(x )Sin
c∫
∞c c c 2
Sin c dx = ∫ f ( x )Sin
bm dx
∑
n =1
b2n ∫ Sin
o
c c o
c
dx c
o o

:‫( ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺛﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‬o, π ) ‫ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬f(x)=x ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬:‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

∞
nπx ∞
f ( x ) ≅ ∑ bn Sin ⇒ f ( x ) = ∑ bn Sin πx
n =1 c n =1

π π π
−x
bn = 2
π ∫ xSin nx dx =
o
n
Cos nx ∫ + 1 ∫ Cos nx dx
o
n
o

⎛ π
⎞ ⎛ (− 1)n +1 × π ⎞ 2(− 1)
n +1
= 2 ⎜⎜ π (− 1) − o + 1 2 Sinx ∫ ⎟=⎜ ⎟× 2 =
n +1
π n n ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ π
⎝ o ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠ n

f (x) = ∑
∞
(− 1)n +1 × 2 Sin nx = 2SinX − Sin2 x + 2 Sin3x............
n =1 n 3
٢٤
 ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫∞‬

‫∑ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪b Sin nx‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ Sin nx‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ f ( x‬ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪f (x) = x‬‬ ‫‪[0,ππ]2‬‬ ‫‪∑ b Sin nx‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﳘﲔ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﱘ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‬
‫= ) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ an Cosnx‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)ﻙ‪،‬ﻡ‪،‬ﻡ(‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺭ ‪π2‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‪-١:‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫‪-٢‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﲨﻼﺕ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪:‬ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ) ‪ f ( x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻱ )‪(-c،c‬ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x‬‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫‪g (− x ) = − g ( x ) ,‬‬ ‫) ‪h(− x ) = h( x‬‬

‫) ‪f ( x ) + f (− x‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( x ) − f (− x‬‬
‫= ) ‪h( x‬‬ ‫= )‪g (x‬‬
‫ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﻂ‬ ‫) ‪ h( x‬ﺭﺍ ‪2‬ﺩﺭﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪(٠،c‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ h( x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ ‪،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ h( x‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ)‪ (-c،c‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬

‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪h( x )Cos‬‬
‫∫‪c‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪an = 2‬‬
‫‪h( x ) = o + ∑ a n Cos‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪2 n =1‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫) ‪f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x‬‬ ‫) ‪(− c, c‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫∞‬
‫∞ ‪nπx‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= ) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ a n Cos‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ bn Sin‬‬ ‫) ‪x ∈ (− c, c‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫آﻪ‬
‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ) ‪ f ( x‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪ (-c،c‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﳕﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪f ( x ) + f (− x‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫‪⎡c‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪nπx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪f (x )Cos‬‬ ‫‪dxt f (− x )Cos‬‬
‫∫‪c‬‬ ‫∫⎢ ‪c‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪an‬‬ ‫‪=2‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪dx = 1‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪⎣o‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫⎦‬
‫‪⎡c‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪nπx ⎤ 1‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪f (x )Cos‬‬ ‫‪dx + ∫ f ( x )Cos‬‬ ‫‪f ( x )Cos‬‬
‫∫⎢ ‪c‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫= ⎥ ‪dx‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪⎣o‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪−c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫⎦‬ ‫‪−c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬
 .‫( ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬− c, c ) ‫ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬f (x) ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
∞
⎛ nπx nπx ⎞
f (x ) = a 0
2
+ ∑ ⎜ a n Cos + b n Sin ⎟
n =1 ⎝ c c ⎠
nπx nπx
c c
an = 1 ∫ f ( x )Cos dx bn = 1 ∫ f ( x )Sin dx
c c c c
−c −c

x ←(−π,π) :‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬:‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

⎧ 0 − π < x < − π
⎪⎪ 2
f ( x )⎨ 1 − π < x < π
2 2
⎪ π
0 < x < π
⎩⎪ 2

N
f (x ) = ∑ (a )
a0
+ Cos nx + b n Sin nx
2 n =1
n

π π
nπx
an = 1
π ∫π f (x )Cos nx dx
−
bn = 1
π ∫π f (x )Sin
−
π
dx

π
π 2
1 ⎛ nπ nπ ⎞
1
∫ 1× Cos nx dx = 1 Sin nx ∫ = ⎜ Sin + Sin ⎟ = 1 × 2Sin nπ
π π
nπ π nπ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ nπ 2
− −
2 2

π
2
‫ﺣﺎل‬ bn : 1
π ∫ Sin nx dx = 0
−π
2

π
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
∞
f ( x ) = 1 + ∑ ⎛⎜ 2 Sin nη ⎞⎟Cos nx
2

nπ 2⎠ ∫π 1dx = 1 ‫ ﺭﺍ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬a o

n =1 ⎝
−
2 = ‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ ﺑﺴﻂ‬f (x) ‫( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬− π , π ) ‫ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻱ‬f (x) ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬:‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬f (x) ‫ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬
∞
a0
f (x) = + ∑ (a n Cos nx dx + bn Sin nx )
2 n =1
π π
1 1
an = ∫ f ( x )Cosnx dx , bn = ∫ f (x )Sin nx dx
π −π
π −π

٢٦
 ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ f (x‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ f (x‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫∑ = )‪f (x‬‬
‫∞‬
‫)‪2(− 1‬‬
‫‪n +1‬‬
‫‪Sin nx‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ) ‪ f (x‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﱂ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫(ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) ‪π , π‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ f (x‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = x‬‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪1+‬‬ ‫‪an Cosnx+‬‬ ‫‪bn Sinnx‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪an = 1‬‬ ‫‪∫π‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ) Cos nx dx‬‬ ‫‪bn = 1‬‬ ‫‪∫π f (x )Cos‬‬ ‫‪nx dx‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪an = 0‬‬ ‫) ‪ f (x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ‪:‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪⎛− x‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪bn = 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪x Sin x dx = 2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪Sin nx dx = 2‬‬ ‫⎜‬
‫‪π ⎜ π Cosx‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫∫‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪+‬‬
‫⎠‬

‫) ‪− π (− 1‬‬ ‫‪⎡π ⎤ 2 (− 1 )n +1‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪+ 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫ Cos nx dx = 2‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪+o+ 1‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫= ⎥ ⎢ ‪Sin nx‬‬
‫⎦ ‪⎣o‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫) ‪2 (− 1‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪n +1‬‬
‫≅ ) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪Sin nx‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫) ‪2 (− 1‬‬
‫‪n +1‬‬
‫= ) ‪f (x‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫∞‬

‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪Sin nx‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪= 2 Sinx − 1 Sin 2 x + 1 Sin 3 x − 1 Sin 4 x + .........‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫)‬
‫)‪ f (x) = f (x‬ﻭﻗﱵ ‪ x‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ‪ f‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ f‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪F (− π ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪F (π ) = 0‬‬
‫‪−π,π : f‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ S N (x) = o 2 + ∑ an Cosnx‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪π‬‬

‫‪∫ S (x )Cos‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪nx = a n‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫= ) ‪S N (x‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ a n Cosnx‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)) ‪∫ (S ( x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬

‫‪+ ∑an Codnx)S N (x)dx = 2‬‬ ‫‪S N (x)dx + 2‬‬ ‫‪∑an ∫ S N (x)Cosnx dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫( o‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫∫‪π‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫‪a o2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪⎛ a2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫⎞‬
‫‪a n2 × π‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪π 4‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪dx + 2‬‬
‫∑‪π‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= ⎜⎜ o +‬‬
‫‪⎝ 2‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪a n2‬‬
‫⎠‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫∞‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫∑ = ) ‪(x‬‬ ‫‪b n Sin‬‬ ‫‪nx‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬‫‪0‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪( X ) Sinmxdx‬‬ ‫‪= bm‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫= ‪∫ [ S N ( X )] dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪( X ) b n Sinnxdx‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫=‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪bn × 2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫= ‪S N ( X ) Sinnxdx‬‬ ‫‪∑ (b‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = 2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫(∫‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪f (x) − S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪( X )) 2 dx ≥ 0‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(x )dx‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫‪f ( x )S N ( x ) + 2‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫‪(S N (x ))2 dx‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﳒﺎ ﻛﻪ ‪ f‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪ (0,π‬ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ ‪: η‬‬
‫‪∫ f (x )dx‬‬ ‫ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫)ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ(‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪f ( x )S N (x )dx‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪⎛a‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪f (x)⎜ o +‬‬ ‫‪f (x)dx+‬‬ ‫‪∑a‬‬ ‫‪f (x)Cosnxd‬‬
‫∫‪π‬‬ ‫∫ ‪anCosnx⎟dx= 2 × 0‬‬
‫∫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⎝2‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪π 2‬‬ ‫‪1 n=1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪a 02‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪a n2‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫‪⎛π‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫∫ ⎜)‪f (x‬‬ ‫= ‪bn Sinnx⎟dx‬‬ ‫‪∑ bn× 2‬‬ ‫=‪f (x)Sinnxdx‬‬ ‫‪∑b‬‬
‫∫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪⎝0‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪n=1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪n=1‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪ao2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‪π‬‬ ‫= ‪f 2 (x)dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪∑ (a‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﺍﻝ ‪+ bn2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪⎛a‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪f 2 ( x )dx ≥ ⎜ o +‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫⎟ ‪a n2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬

‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪b n2 ≤ 2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪( x ) dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮ ‪ N‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ)ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﱐ ﻛﻪ ‪ N‬ﺑﻪ ﰊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﭘﺲ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫∑‬‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪≥ 2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪f 2 ( x ) dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪a o2‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﲨﻼﺕ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪ 2 + ao2‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪Lim a n = 0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪f ( x ) ≥ 2 × ( ∑ b n2 +‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪a n2 ) ≥ 0‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪Lim b n = 0‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪b ≤ 2‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪f 2 ( x ) dx‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﳘﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ an , bn‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﲰﺖ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ) ‪ (− n, n‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫∞‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪∑ (a‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪Cosx + b n Sinn‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪( x )Cosdx‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪( x )Sinnxdx‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪−n‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪− n‬‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫ﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﱵ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪f (x‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ )‪ f (x‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ )‪ f (x‬ﳘﮕﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ) ‪f (x‬ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬ﭘﺲ ﳘﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﳘﮕﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪lim ax = 0‬‬ ‫‪, lim bx = 0‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ﻛﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪a0 2‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪≤ 1‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪an‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ) Cos‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫≥ ‪dx‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪−R‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪≤ 1‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪( x ) dx‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪− R‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪ax‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ bx‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﳘﮕﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‪:‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ‬

‫‪n =1‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ b , a‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻱ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪an‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫ β (x )Cosnx‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪bn‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫ β (x ) sin‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪nxdx‬‬

‫‪β‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪αn‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪α n = 1π‬‬ ‫‪∫ f ′ (x )cos‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪nxdx‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪β n = 1π‬‬ ‫‪∫ f ′ (x )Sinnxdx‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬

‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪= an × n‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪β n = nb n‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﮔﲑﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬

‫∞‬

‫‪S‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫∑ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪a m 2 + bn 2‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﳘﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫⎞‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫⎜ =‬
‫⎝‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪2 + b‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪2‬‬
‫⎠‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ N‬ﳘﮕﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪SN‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎛‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫⎞‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫‪⎛ α‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪∑ (a‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪+ b‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜ =‬ ‫∑‬ ‫⎜‬
‫‪⎜ n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎟‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫=‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⎛ N‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪⎛ N‬‬ ‫‪⎞⎛ N‬‬
‫‪= ⎜⎜ ∑ ( 1 2 (a n2 + b n2‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪< ⎜ ∑ 1 2 ⎟ ⎜ ∑ (α‬‬ ‫⎟⎞)‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ )‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪+ β‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪⎝ n =1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪⎝ n =1 n ⎠ ⎝ n =1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫‪∑ n n‬‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻫﻢ ﻃﺒﻖ ‪١‬ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﳘﮕﺮﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ‪‬ﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﳘﮕﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪∑ (α‬ﳘﮕﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪.‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺰ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﺮﻱ )‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪+ β‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﺍﻝ‪:‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ )‪ f (x‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) ‪ (− π , π‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺴﻂ‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺭ⎞ﻳﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫π‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(x )dx‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫π‬‬ ‫‪f ( x )⎜ o +‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪⎜ 2‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪am‬‬ ‫‪Cosbx + bn‬‬ ‫‪sin nx ⎟dx‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪η‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫‪η‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪f ( x )dx + ∑ an( 1‬‬ ‫‪f (x )Cos nx dx) + ∑ bn‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪× 1‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Sin‬‬ ‫‪cx‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪−η‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪−η‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬

‫‪f (x)dx +‬‬
‫‪η f (x)Cosnxdxt+ n=1‬‬ ‫‪η f (x)Sinnxdx‬‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪= 1‬‬ ‫‪an 1‬‬ ‫‪bn 1‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫∞‬ ‫∞‬

‫‪ao‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+ ∑ an 2 + ∑ bn 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ﭘﺲ‬ ‫) ‪(an 2 + bn 2‬‬ ‫)ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ(‬
‫∞‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪−η‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ)‪ f(x‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) ‪ (− η, η‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪+ ∑ a n Cos nx + ∑ bn Sin nx‬‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪an = 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪∫ f (x )Cos nx dx‬‬ ‫‪, bn = 1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪∫ f (x )Sin nx dx‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫)) )‪∫ f (x )du = 0 2 (x + π ) + ∑ 1π (a n Sin nx − bn (Cos nxt (− 1‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪n +1‬‬

‫‪−π‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﳘﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ )‪ f (x‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ] ‪ [− π , π‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪f ′( x ) = f ( x‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ) ‪ f ′( x‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ) ‪ f ′′( x‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻖ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪f ′( x ) = ∑ (− n a n Sin nx + nbn Cos nx‬‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
 ‫) ‪y t = a 2 y xx ( x, t‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‬
‫‪y (a, t ) = 0 → y (c, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫) ‪y ( x, o ) = f ( x‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﱵ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪yt ( x, t ) = a 2uxx ( x, t‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﱘ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪f (x‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬

‫) ‪u t ( x, t ) = a 2 u xx ( x, t‬‬

‫) ‪U ( x, t ) = u ( z , t ) + φ ( x‬‬

‫) ‪U t ( x, t ) = a 2 u xx ( x, t ) + h( x‬‬

‫) ‪u t ( x, t )a 2 (u xx ( x, t ) + φ ′′( x )) + h( x‬‬

‫‪a 2φ ′′( x ) + h( x ) = 0 → φ ′′ = − 1‬‬ ‫) ‪h( x‬‬

‫‪a2‬‬

‫‪−1‬‬
‫= ) ‪φ (x‬‬ ‫‪h(t )dtdv‬‬ ‫) ‪u t ( x, t ) = a 2 u xx ( x, t‬‬
‫∫∫ ‪a 2‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ )ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ(‬

‫]) ‪U tt (xyt) = a 2 [(Z xx )(xy +) + Z yy (xy+‬‬

‫‪0< x < a‬‬ ‫‪0, < y <b‬‬ ‫‪+ >0‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z (0, y, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪Z (a, y, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪Z ( x,0, t ) = 0‬‬
‫‪Z ( x, b, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫) ‪Z ( x, y,0) = f ( x, y‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ‪:‬ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Z ( x , y , t ) = X ( x ).Y ( y ).T ( t‬‬
‫‪T ′′‬‬ ‫‪x ′′‬‬ ‫‪y ′′‬‬
‫‪XY T ′′ = a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪( x ′′yt‬‬ ‫‪+ X Y ′′T‬‬ ‫⇒)‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪a T‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬
‫‪T ′′‬‬
‫‪a 2T‬‬
‫‪= −λ2‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ λ < 0‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬

‫‪T ′′ = −a2λ2T‬‬
‫‪⎧+ η‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪X ′′ ( x‬‬ ‫‪y ′′‬‬ ‫‪X ′′‬‬ ‫‪− y ′′‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫→ ‪= −λ2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪− λ2 = ⎨ 0‬‬
‫) ‪x (x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪⎪− η‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎩‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ⎧ x (0 ) = 0 x (a ) = 0 :‫ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬
⎨
⎩ y (0 ) = 0 y (b ) = 0 ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‬
:‫ﺣﻞ‬
X ′′
= −η 2 ⇒ X ′′( x ) = −η 2 X ⇒ X = BSinηx + ACosηx
X
X (a ) = 0 → A = 0

nη
X (a ) = 0 → o = BSin η a ⇒ η a = x η ⇒ η =
a

(x ) n η
⇒ X n = Sin = ( ) x
a

y ′′ y ′′
y
− λ 2 = −η 2 ⇒
y
= λ 2 − η 2 ⇒ y ′′ = λ 2 − η 2 y ( )

.‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬λ2 − η 2 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬، ‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
y(0) = 0
y(b) = 0
(
y ′′ = − n 2 λ 2 y )
y = c n 2 − λ2 y + DSin η 2 − λ2 y
2 2 2
⎛ mη ⎞ ⎛ nη ⎞ ⎛ mη ⎞
η 2 − λ2 = mη b ⇒ η 2 − λ2 = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒λ =⎜
2
⎟ −⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠

n2 m2
⇒ λ =η −
a2 b2

⎛ mη ⎞ .‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ η, λ ‫ﭘﺲ‬

γm = Sin ⎜ ⎟y
⎝ b ⎠

:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‬Z3 = 3 − 2λ Z2 = 1 − λ z1 = 2λ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬-١

3i (‫ﺝ‬ 1 + 3i (‫ﺏ‬ −1 + i (‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬
:‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﻗﻄﱯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﳐﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬-٢

٣٣
 ‫‪3i‬‬ ‫ﺝ(‬ ‫‪1 + 3i‬‬ ‫ﺏ(‬ ‫‪−1+ i‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ(‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Z 3 = se‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬

‫‪, Z 2 = 2e 3‬‬ ‫‪, Z1 = 2eiπ‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺝ( ‪Z 4 − 2 z 2 + 4 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪Z1‬‬
‫‪Z1 Z 2‬‬
‫‪Z3‬‬
‫‪-٤‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ Cos3θ , Sin3θ‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬
‫‪-٥‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Im(iz ) = Re z‬‬ ‫ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪Re(iz ) = − Im z‬‬
‫‪Z + 3i = z − 3i‬‬ ‫ﺩ(‬ ‫ﺝ( ‪iz = −i z‬‬
‫‪-٦‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪) Re(z − i ) = z‬ﺍﻟﻒ‬
‫‪) z − i = z + i‬ﺏ‬
‫‪-٧‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ Z 1 Z 2 = 0‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٨‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ( ‪ Z 3 + 3i = 0‬ﺝ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪Z 2 + 4 = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪-٩‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻱ ‪ x 2 − y 2 = 1‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺕ ‪ z 2 + z −2 = 2‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪-١٠‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﲨﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫‪(1+ z)n =1+ n z + n(n −1) z2 + .....n(n −1)(n − 2) + .....(n − k +1) zx + .....+ zn‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪2i‬‬ ‫‪ki‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ n‬ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪z1 − z 2 , z 1 + z 2‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪) z 1 = = (− 3 ,1 ) z 2 = (1, 4‬ﺍﻟﻒ‬
‫‪) z1 = x1 + iy1 z2 = = x1−iy1‬ﺏ‬
‫‪-١٢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫()‪(2 z + 5‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2 − i = 3 2z + 5‬‬

‫‪Re z + Im z < 2 z‬‬ ‫‪-١٣‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪-١٤‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪ argz‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ‪:‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫=‪Z‬‬ ‫=‪Z‬‬
‫‪1 + 3i‬‬ ‫‪− 2 − 2i‬‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ(‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ g , f :‬ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫→‬ ‫→‬
‫) ‪f = (a1 , a 2 , a 3‬‬ ‫) ‪g : (b1 , b2 , b3‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬
‫→ →‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪f . g = a1b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪= f . f = a12 + a 22 + a 32‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫→ →‬ ‫→ →‬ ‫→‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f . g = f . g .Cosθ‬‬ ‫) ‪f − g = (a1 − b1 ) + (a 2 − b2 ) + (a 3 − b3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫→ →‬
‫‪f + g ⇒ f .g = 0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮدارﻧﺮﻣﺎل = ‪f = 1 ⇒ f‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪φ n ,........, φ 2 , φ1‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﲏ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪< φ i , φ J >= 0‬‬ ‫‪, < φ i φ i >= φ i‬‬
‫‪φn‬‬ ‫‪φ φ‬‬
‫‪,.........., 2 , 1‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ φ n‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫‪φ 2 φ1‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﹰﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ φn ,........,φ1‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪.‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﳔﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫‪f = c1φ1 + c 2φ 2 ,........., c nφ n‬‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﳓﻮﻱ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪C K < φ k φ k >=< f .φ k >⇒ C k‬‬ ‫> ‪< f ,φk‬‬
‫‪φk‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ f , g‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪ (a,b‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ –ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪، (pwc‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪∆x‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪f = ( f 1 , f 2 ,........, f n‬‬
‫) ‪g = ( g 1 , g 2 ,........, g n‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ‪:f , g‬‬
‫‪( f , g ) = ∑ f K g K ∆x K‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪Lim( f , g ) = ∫ − f ( x )g ( x )dx‬‬
‫‪∆x → 0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ a ,b‬ﺭﺍ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ Fundamental interval‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( f , g ) = (g , f‬‬
‫) ‪( f , g + h) = ( f , g ) + ( f , g‬‬
‫) ‪(cf , g ) = c( f , g‬‬
‫‪⎛b‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪( f , f ) = f ≥ 0 → f = ⎜⎜ ∫ f‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪( x )dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪⎝a‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪( f , g) = 0 ⇒ f + g‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪f − g = ∫ ( f − g ) dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪a‬‬

‫⇒‪( f , g) =1‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪< Ψi (x,Ψ j ( x )) >= 2 < Ψi Ψ j >= δ (i, j‬‬ ‫‪0< x<c‬‬ ‫‪Ψn ( x ) = Sin‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‪:‬‬ ‫= ‪φi‬‬ ‫‪Sin‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪φ 0 (x ) = 1‬‬ ‫= ) ‪, φ n (x‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪Cos‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪0 < x < c .‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫‪φ 0 (x ) = 1‬‬ ‫‪Sin‬‬ ‫‪, φ 2n −1 = 1‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪, φ0 = 1‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2c‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ)‪ (-C,C‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪f = c 0φ 0 + c1φ1 + ........ + c k φ k + ........ + c nφ n‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫آﻪ‬ ‫> ‪C k =< f .φ k‬‬ ‫‪k = 0,1,.....,‬‬ ‫‪C k = ∫ f ( x )φ k ( x )dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪f (x ) = C0‬‬ ‫‪+ C1‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪+ C2‬‬ ‫‪Sin‬‬ ‫‪+ ..........‬‬
‫‪2c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫‪nπ x‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬

‫‪c‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪C k =< f ( x ).‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫=>‬ ‫‪∫ f (x )Cos‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪−c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫‪∫ f (x )Cos‬‬
‫‪ck‬‬
‫= ‪ak‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﳘﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪−c‬‬

‫) ‪ φ n ( x ),....., φ 2 ( x ), φ1 ( x‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬ﻳﻌﲏ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫‪⎧0‬‬ ‫‪k≠m‬‬
‫‪< φ m ( x ).φ k ( x ) >= ⎨ 2‬‬ ‫‪k , m = 1,2,.....‬‬
‫‪⎩c k = 1‬‬ ‫‪k =m‬‬

‫) ‪φ n ( x ),.......φ1 ( x‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ) ‪ φ (x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻝ‬

‫) ‪φ ( x ) = δ 1φ1 ( x ) + ....... + δ nφ n ( x‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﮔﺮ )‪ f (x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﳘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﲣﻤﲔ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‪ φ k‬ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ‪ k=1,2,……..n‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﳘﺎﻧﻨﺪ ) ‪ φ ( x‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﳘﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪δ n ,.......δ 2 , δ 1‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﳋﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ) ‪φ (x‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﲣﻤﲔ )‪ f f (x‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫) ‪f (x ) − φ (x‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻧﺎﻡ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ) ‪ f ( x ) − φ ( x‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‪ 1‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫‪⎞ 2‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫⎟ ‪E = f ( x ) − φ ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) − φ ( x ) dx‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎝a‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫) ‪E 2 = f (x ) − φ (x‬‬ ‫‪= ∫ ( f ( x )) − φ ( x ) dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪( x )dx − 2∫ f ( x )dx + ∫ φ 2 ( x )dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⎛ n‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫) ‪= f (x‬‬ ‫‪− 2∫ f ( x )∑ δ k φ k ( x )dx + ∫ ⎜ ∑ δ k φ k ( x )⎟ dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪k =1‬‬ ‫‪a ⎝ k =1‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪= f ( x ) − 2 ∑ δ k ∫ f ( x )φ k ( x )dx + ∫ ∑ ∑ δ k φ k ( x )δ lφ l ( x )dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪k =1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a k =1 k =1‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ Min‬ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪ E 2‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﲰﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ Min‬ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ δ k‬ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬ﻳﻌـﲏ‬
‫) ‪ φ (x‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ‪ δ x‬ﻭﻗﱵ ‪‬ﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﲣﻤﲔ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ‪ δ k‬ﳘﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪nn‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫∑ ‪f E+2‬‬ ‫∑‪δ k (cδk k=− cf k ) +−‬‬
‫∑‪= δf k2 −+2‬‬ ‫‪∑δCk2k2− 2ckδ k + ck − ∑ ck2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⇒‬
‫‪k =1‬‬ ‫‪k =k1=1‬‬ ‫‪k =1‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪δ k = ck‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫)‪= f (x ) − 2∑ δ K ck + ∑ δ k2 (1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪k =1‬‬ ‫‪k =1‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫> ) ‪ck =< f ( x )φk ( x‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫‪− ∑ Ck2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪δ k = ck ⇒ E 2 = f‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬

‫)ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ(ﭘﺲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪E2 > 0‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) ≥ ∑ Ck2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∀n ∈ N‬‬ ‫)ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﱵ ﻛﻪ ∞ =‪(n‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺴﻞ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫‪∑ ck 2‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ∞ → ﺑﻪ‪ n‬ﲰﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﱵ ∞ → ‪n‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ‪ lim Cn=0‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﰐ ﺳﺮﻱ‬
‫) ‪ f ( x‬ﳘﮕﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﲏ‪:‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪f (x ) = ∑ C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ }) ‪ {φ k ( x‬ﺭﻭﻱ )‪ (a,b‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ f‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ )‪ (a,b‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪∑C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪= f‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫=‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﲣﻤﲔ ﺑﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺍﳒﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪φ0‬‬ ‫= ) ‪, φ 2 n −1 ( x‬‬ ‫= ) ‪Cos nx , φ 2 n ( x‬‬ ‫‪Sin nx‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺭﻭﻱ ) ‪ (− π , π‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ C‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ‪:‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ‪bn‬‬

‫‪ C‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ‪:‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ‪a n‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻟﻴﺴﱵ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ φ k ( x‬ﺩﺭ )‪ (a , b‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ )‪ p(x‬ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪⎧0‬‬ ‫‪m≠k‬‬
‫‪∫a‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪φ‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬‫‪φ‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬‫‪dx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫⎨‬
‫‪m=k‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪⎩cte‬‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﻼ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻳﺴﱵ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻟﻴﺴﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ) ‪ p( x )φ k ( x‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻣﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫) ‪φ mn ( x, y‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪⎧ 0‬‬ ‫‪m ≠ e, n ≠ k‬‬

‫∫∫‬ ‫) ‪φ mn ( x, y‬‬ ‫⎨ = ‪φ ek ( x, y )dxdy‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⎩c mn‬‬ ‫‪m = e, n = k‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ) ‪ φ mn ( x, y‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﲣﻤﲔ ﻭﻗﱵ ‪‬ﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﳘﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ω = u + iv‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﮔﻮﻧﺎﻟﻴﺴﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳕﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪∫ ω (t )dt =∫ u(t )dt + i ∫ v(t )dx‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫) ‪ω (t ) = u (t ) − iv(t‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪⎧ 0‬‬ ‫‪m≠k‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫) ‪< ω m (t )., ω k (t ) >= ∫ ω m (t )ω k (t‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪dt = ⎨ 2‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪u (t ) + v m2 (t ) dt‬‬
‫‪⎪∫ m‬‬
‫⎩‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﺮﻣﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪:‬ﺗﺎﲝﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪(-2,2‬ﺻﺤﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﱘ‪.‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﱘ ﻛﻪ ﲣﻤﲔ ‪‬ﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﭼﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪nηx‬‬ ‫‪nηx‬‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ a n Cos‬‬
‫‪a0‬‬
‫‪+ bn Sin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪nηx‬‬
‫‪f ( x )dx‬‬ ‫‪f ( x )Cos‬‬
‫∫‪c‬‬ ‫∫‪c‬‬
‫‪a0 = 1‬‬ ‫‪an = 1‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪−c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫‪nη x‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪bn = 1‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪∫ f (x )Sin‬‬
‫‪−c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬

‫∞‬
‫⎡‪1‬‬ ‫‪nπs‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬ ‫‪nπs‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪nπx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2c −∫c‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ds‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫⎢‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪n =1 c ⎣ − c‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪cos‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪cos‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪∫−c‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪sin‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪sin‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫⎥ ‪ds‬‬
‫⎦‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫∞‬
‫‪nη‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪f (s )ds + 1‬‬ ‫‪f (s )Cos‬‬ ‫‪(s − x )dx‬‬
‫∫ ‪2c‬‬ ‫∑‪c‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪−c‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪−c‬‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﳕﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ )‪ f(x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺯ ) ∞ ‪ (− ∞,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﲏ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫ f (s ) ds‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪،‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆α = η‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪،‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫∞‪n +‬‬ ‫∞‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪f (s )Cos(n∆α ( x − s ))ds = 1‬‬ ‫‪∆α ∫ f (s )Cos(n∆α (x − s ))ds‬‬
‫∑‪c‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫∑‪η‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬

‫∞‬

‫‪η ∑ f (n∆α )∆x‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬

‫∞‬ ‫∞ ∞‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪∫ F (α , x )dα = 1‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬
‫∞‪0 −‬‬
‫‪∫ f (s )Cos(α (x − s ))dsdα‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫∞‬

‫∑‬ ‫) ‪f (n∆α )∆x = ∫ f ( x )dx = f ( x ) = ∫ ( A(α )Cos αx + B(α )Sin αx‬‬

‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫∞→‪c‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﻛﻪ‬
‫∞ ∞‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪f (x) = 1‬‬ ‫‪∫ f (s )Cos α (s − x )dsdx‬‬
‫∫‪η‬‬ ‫∞<‪−∞< x‬‬
‫∞‪0 −‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫= ) ‪A(α‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪f (u ) cosαudu‬‬ ‫= ) ‪B (α‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪sin αudu‬‬
‫) ‪B (α ), A(α‬‬ ‫‪ f ( x ) = e −2 x‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪A(α ) = 1‬‬ ‫‪∫ f (s )Cos αsds‬‬ ‫‪B(α ) = 1‬‬ ‫‪∫ f (s )Sin αsds‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬

‫‪nηx‬‬ ‫‪nηx‬‬
‫‪bn n 4 < M → 4bn Sin‬‬ ‫‪→ bn Sin‬‬ ‫‪≤ bn‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫≤ ‪≤ ∑ bn‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n =1 n‬‬

‫‪٤٠‬‬
 :‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‬e − x ‫ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‬:f ( x ) = ∫ ( A(α )Cosx + B(α )Sin αx )dx
∞ ∞
A(α ) = 1 ∫ f (x )Cos αx dx , B(α ) = 1 ∫ f (x )Sin αxdx
η η
−∞ −∞

∞
f (x) = e B(α ) = 1
η ∫ e Sin αx dx
−x −x
−∞<x<∞
−∞
∞ ∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∫ ( A(α )Cos αx + B(α )Sin αx )dx Re ∫ e − x e iαx B (α ) = 0, A(α ) = 2
η ∫ e Cos αxdx
−x

0 o 0

A(α ) = 1
η∫e
−x
Cos αx dx

= 2 × 1
η
1 [
η α − α A(α ) × 2
1 η
]

⇒ A(α ) = 2
η( α
1 2 (1 − A(α )))⇒
ηα 2 ( A(α ))
= 1 − A(α )η
2 2

2
⇒ A(α ) =
η (α 2 + 1)
∞
2
=∫
−x
Cosαx dx ⇒
η (α 2 + 1)
e
0

Cos 5 x R
2
∫
− 5
dx = e
R 1 + x 2 2

Cos5α π
∫ 1+α 2
dα =
2
e−5 → α = x

∞
.‫ ∫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‬Sin 2π x dx ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ‬: ‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‬
1+ x 0
2

:‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

⎧− e − x x>0 π
f (x ) = ⎨ −x
‫ﺟﻮاب‬ = e − 2π
⎩− e x<0 2

Cos 5 x R −5
2
R ∫ 1+ x 2
dx =
2
e → α = x

∞ :‫ﻣﺴﺎﹶﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬

f ( x0 ) = ∫ A(α )Cosαx0 + B(α )Sinαx0 dα
0

٤١
 ‫) ‪u t ( x, t ) = ku xx ( x, t‬‬
‫‪u(0, t ) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪u(x, o) = F (x‬‬ ‫‪x>0‬‬ ‫‪t >0‬‬
‫ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ‪ x‬ﺗﺎ ﰊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﳘﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⎧ x2‬‬
‫= ) ‪) T (t‬‬ ‫) ‪X ′′ ( x‬‬
‫‪′‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫→ ‪u ( x , t )X ( x )T (t‬‬ ‫غ‪ .‬ق‪ .‬ق ⇒ ‪= ⎨ 0‬‬
‫) ‪kt (t‬‬ ‫) ‪X (x‬‬ ‫‪⎪− λ 2‬‬
‫⎩‬
‫‪U ( x1 ) = 0 → X (0 ) = 0‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫= ) ‪(x‬‬ ‫(‪A cos‬‬ ‫(‪λ x ) + B sin‬‬ ‫)‪λx‬‬

‫‪X ( x ) = sin λx‬‬

‫‪T (t ) = e − λ zkt‬‬

‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪U‬‬ ‫∫ = ) ‪(x , t‬‬ ‫‪(Bλe‬‬ ‫‪− kλ ,‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪Sin λ x ) dx‬‬ ‫‪∫ B (λ )sin‬‬ ‫) ‪λ xd λ = f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪B (λ ) = 2‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪( x ) sin‬‬ ‫‪λ xdx‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫∞ ‪−‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻬﻧﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ‪:‬‬
‫‪+ (λp 2 − v 2 )y = 0‬‬
‫‪du 2‬‬ ‫‪du‬‬
‫‪∆u= p‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+p‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪dp‬‬ ‫‪dp‬‬
‫= ‪ x‬ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‪:‬‬ ‫‪λp‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ‬
‫‪x × ∂ u . ∂x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪λ ∂p 2 ∂p 2‬‬

‫‪∂ 2 u ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂u ∂x ⎞ ex‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ 2‬‬ ‫=⎟ ⎜‬ ‫‪⎜ . ⎟.‬‬
‫‪∂p‬‬ ‫‪∂p ⎜⎝ ∂p ⎟⎠ ∂p ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂p ⎟⎠ ep‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫⎛ ∂‬ ‫⎞ ‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪⎜ λ‬‬ ‫‪⎟ λ =λ 2‬‬
‫⎝ ‪∂x‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬

‫‪+ (x 2 − v 2 )y = 0‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪d2y x‬‬ ‫‪dy‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪.λ‬‬ ‫‪+ . λ‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪y2 ( x ) = xdyr ∑ a k x k‬‬
‫‪⇒x‬‬ ‫‪2 d y‬‬

‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ x k+‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪=0 x − v‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪y=0‬‬ ‫)‬

‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻱ ‪ x = 0‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﲔ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪x2 − v2‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪x y ′′ + xy ′ + x − v y − 0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪y ′′ +‬‬ ‫‪y′ +‬‬ ‫‪y=0‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ x=0‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﲔ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∑ (r + k )(r + k − 1)a‬‬
‫‪k =0‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪r +k −2‬‬
‫)‪+ x∑ (r + k )a k x (r + k −1‬‬
‫‪k =0‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪)∑ (r + k )(r + k − 1)a‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪t x2 + v2‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪x r +k = 0‬‬
‫‪k =0‬‬

‫‪n = 1,2,.......,‬‬ ‫‪v=n‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪∑ ((r + k )(r + k − 1)av x‬‬ ‫‪r +k‬‬

‫)‬
‫‪+ (r + k )akx r + k − n 2 akx r + k + ∑ akx r + k + 2 = 0‬‬

‫‪∑ x ((r + k )(r + k − 1) + (r + k ) − n ak + akx ) = 0‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪r +k‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪k =0‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫‪: (r − n)(r + n)a0 + (r − n +1)(r + n +1)a1x + ∑((r − n + k )(r + n + k )ak + ak − 2)xk = 0‬‬

‫‪⇒ a0‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪(r + n)(r + n) = 0‬‬

‫‪(r − n + 1)(r − n + 1) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪a1 = 0‬‬

‫‪− 1‬‬
‫‪∗ ⇒ a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪− 2‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪(r − n + k )(r + n + k‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪k‬‬

‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪ ∗ ⇒ a‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪a −2‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﱵ‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪(r − n + k )(r + n + k ) k‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬ﭼﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫= ‪r = n ⇒ ak‬‬ ‫‪a −2‬‬
‫‪(r − n + k )(r + n + k ) k‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ k‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪a1 , a3, a2m + 1 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ‪ a 0 ≠ 0‬ﻭ‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪a2‬‬ ‫= ‪a0 , a4‬‬
‫) ‪2 (2 n + 2‬‬ ‫) ‪4 (2 n + 2 )(2 )(2 n + 2‬‬
‫‪a 2k‬‬ ‫=‬
‫(‬‫)‪− 1‬‬
‫‪k‬‬

‫‪ki (n + 1 )(n + 2 )(n + k )2 2 k‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪a0‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫‪a0‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪(− 1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪k‬‬

‫‪k ! (n + k )! 2‬‬
‫‪2 k‬‬ ‫‪n + 2 k‬‬
‫‪n!2n‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪(− 1 )k‬‬ ‫) ‪(x 2‬‬ ‫‪n + 2 k‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫∑‬
‫!) ‪k = 0 k ! (n + k‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ )‪ yn (x‬ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫= ) ‪(x‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪(− 1 )k‬‬ ‫‪(x‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪n + 2 k‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪k = 0‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫(‬‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫)‬‫!‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪ yn (x‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ‪ n‬ﺍﻡ ﺑﺴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ‪ n‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫(‬
‫) ‪x 2 y ′′ + x y ′ + x 2 − n 2 y = 0 → y = y n ( x‬‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ‪:‬‬

‫= ) ‪x 2 y ′′ + x y ′ + x 2 y = 0 → y = y 0 ( x‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪(− 1)k‬‬ ‫) ‪(x 2‬‬ ‫‪2k‬‬
‫∑‬
‫)! ‪k = 0 (k‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪y (x‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﱳ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﳕﺎﺩ ‪ y0‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫= ) ‪(x‬‬ ‫‪1 −‬‬ ‫) ‪(x 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ! ‪(2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪(x 2‬‬‫‪4‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪( 1 3 ! ) (x 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪..........‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﳘﮕﻦ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
 :‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ‬
(1 )y
∞
1 ) Cos ( xSin θ )= y o (x ) + ∑ + (− 1 )n n ( x )Cos φ
n =1

(1 )y
∞
2 ) Sin ( xSin θ )= ∑ − (− 1 )n n ( x )Sin φ
n =1

‫ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬ n (x ) = ∫ ( xSin φ )Sin (2 x − 1 )φ d φ

y2 1 Sin
R
0

٣)‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ‬ y n (x ) = 1

R ∫ Cos (n φ − xSin φ )d φ
0

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬

− 1k
( )
∞ n+2k
y n (x ) = ∑ x
k=0 K ! ( x + k )! 2

− 1k
( )
∞
(x ) =
2 k
x − n
y n
1
2 n ∑k = 0 k ! (n + k )!
x
2

x yn ( x) = −nx yn ( x) + x
∞
(− 1)k (n + 2x) .(x )n−2k −1
4) d
dx
−n − n −1 −n
∑
k =0 k!(n + k )! 2 2

− x − n yn+1 ( x ) ‫ﭘﺲ‬ y′(0) = − y1 ( x )

.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬y0(x) ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬

2 x x4 x4 1 x6 1 1
Y0 ( x) = [(log − ν ) J 0 ( x)] + 2 − 2 2 (1 + ) + 2 2 2 (1 + + ) + ....
π 3 x x 4 2 x 46 2 3

R (v + 1 )
R (V )=
v
V → −1t V → −1t
V 3 ( 2 )= n
2
= min

:‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ‬

(1 )y
∞
1 ) Cos ( xSin θ )= y o (x ) + ∑ + (− 1 )n n ( x )Cos φ
n =1

(1 )y
∞
2 ) Sin ( xSin θ )= ∑ − (− 1 )n n ( x )Sin φ
n =1

٤٥
 R

‫ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ‬ n (x ) = ∫ ( xSin φ )Sin (2 x − 1 )φ d φ

y2 1 Sin
R
0

٣)‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ‬ y n (x ) = 1

R ∫ Cos (n φ − xSin φ )d φ
0

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬

− 1k
( )
∞ n+2k
y n (x ) = ∑ x
k=0 K ! ( x + k )! 2

− 1k
( )
∞
(x ) = 1
2 k
x − n
y n
2 n ∑
k = 0 k ! (n + k )!
x
2

x yn ( x) = −nx yn ( x) + x
∞
(− 1)k (n + 2x) .(x )n−2k −1
4) d
dx
−n − n −1 −n
∑
k =0 k!(n + k )! 2 2

− x − n yn+1 ( x ) ‫ﭘﺲ‬ y′(0) = − y1 ( x )

:‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

1 ) xy n ( x ) = ny ( x ) − xy n + 1 ( x )
n

2 ) xy n ( x ) = − ny n ( x ) + xy n −1 ( x )
xy n + 1 ( x ) = 2 ny n ( x ) − xy n + 1

: ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺻﻔﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻞ‬

.‫ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ(ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬yn(x) ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
y n ( x ) = 0 → ‫{ = ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ‬α n 0 ,α n1 ,....,α A}}

φ a ‫ → ﻩ‬y n (α ni ) = 0
.‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﱳ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‬ yo ‫ﺩﻳﺪﱘ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬

f ( x) − f (− x)
c
Nηx ⎡c Nηx c
Nηx ⎤
bn = 2
c∫
Sin dx = 1
c ∫
⎢ f ( x )Sin dx − ∫o f ( x)Sin dx⎥
o
2 c ⎣o c c ⎦

x = −x dx = − dx

N ηx
c

∫ f ( x )Sin (− dx )
o
c

٤٦
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ‪ ∑ bn Sin nx‬ﺍﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩ ‪ 2π‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫) ‪ f ( x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻱ )‪(-٢،٢‬ﳘﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x‬‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫‪g (− x ) = − g ( x ) ,‬‬ ‫) ‪h(− x ) = h( x‬‬

‫) ‪f ( x ) + f (− x‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( x ) − f (− x‬‬
‫= ) ‪h( x‬‬ ‫= )‪g (x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ h( x‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ) ‪ h( x‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪ (٢،٠‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ ‪،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ h( x‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ)‪ (-٢،٢‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ h(x ) ).‬ﻭ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﺱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪nηx‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪nη x‬‬
‫= ) ‪h( x‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ a n Cos‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪h( x )Cos‬‬
‫∫‪c‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪an = 2‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫) ‪f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x‬‬ ‫) ‪(− c, c‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫∞ ‪nηx‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪nηx‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = o + ∑ anCos‬‬ ‫‪+ ∑ bn Sin‬‬ ‫) ‪x ∈ (− c, c‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪2 n =1‬‬
‫آﻪ‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪n =1‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫ﳕﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪η‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ) ‪ f ( x‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )‪ (-٢،٢‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪η 2 `SN‬‬ ‫‪f ( x )(+x f)(Sinmxdx‬‬
‫)‪− x‬‬ ‫‪nηx = bm‬‬ ‫‪⎡c‬‬ ‫‪nηx‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪nηx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫∫ ‪an = 0‬‬ ‫‪f ( x )Cos‬‬ ‫‪dx + ∫ f (− x )Cos‬‬
‫∫⎢ ‪c‬‬
‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫= ‪dx‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎥ ‪dx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪⎣o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫⎦‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ C‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ) ‪ β (Z‬ﺑﻐﲑﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫‪β (Z )dZ = 0‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ) ‪β (Z‬‬
‫∫‬‫‪B‬‬

‫‪dZ‬‬
‫∫‬‫‪C‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪Z Z2 +q‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪=φ‬‬
‫)‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ D‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ‪∫ β (Z )dZ‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫‪b‬‬

‫)) ‪∫ β (Z )dZ = ∫ β (Z )dZ = F (Z (b )) − F (Z (a‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ ) ‪ β (Z‬ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﲑ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪β (Z )cZ 2 → F (Z )c‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1+ i‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪∫Z Z‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(1 + i )3 +‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2i‬‬ ‫‪2i‬‬

‫‪∫− 2i Z = log z −∫2i= log 2i − log(− 2i ) = tui‬‬

‫‪dZ‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ) ‪ β (Z‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ C‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ C‬ﲡﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪β (Z )dz = 2πi‬‬
‫‪∫c Z − Z 0‬‬ ‫) ‪β (Z 0‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪β (Z )dz‬‬
‫‪∫ Z −Z‬‬ ‫‪= 2πi‬‬ ‫) ‪β (Z 0‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪Z dz‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪− 2π‬‬

‫= ‪∫ (q − Z )(Z − i ) = 2πi q + 1‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪∫ z β (Z )dZ = Z ∫ β (Z )dZ‬‬

‫‪c‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫‪∫ (β (Z + g t ))dZ = ∫ β (Z )aZ + ∫ g (Z )dZ‬‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫∫ ≤ ‪∫ β (Z )dx‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪β (Z (t )Z ′) dt‬‬

‫‪Ic ∫ Z 2 dZ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪C1‬‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫؟ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪2 11‬‬
‫= ‪I1‬‬ ‫‪+ i‬‬
‫‪3 3‬‬
‫‪2 11‬‬
‫= ‪I2‬‬ ‫‪+ i‬‬
‫‪3 3‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
 Ic ∫ Z 2 dZ
C
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ‬

⎛ ∂Q ∂R ⎞
∫ Pdx + Qdy = ∫ ∫ ⎜⎜⎝ ∂X
C R
− ⎟dxdy
∂y ⎟⎠

∫ β (Z )dδ = ∫ Ndx − Vdy + i ∫ Xdx + udy

C C

⎛ − ∂u ∂n ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂x ⎞
= ∫ ∫ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟dxdy + i ∫ ∫ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟dxdy
R ⎝
∂y ∂x ⎠ R⎝
∂y ∂y ⎠

‫ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬β (Z ) ‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬C ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
ux = vy
Xy = −V X

‫ﺣـﺪ ﺭﻭ ﻭ‬β (Z ) ‫ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﺪ‬C ‫ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬β (Z ) ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
C ‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
ω (t ) = X (t ) + iy (t ) :‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ‬

b b b

∫ ω (t )d + ∫ X (t )dt + o∫ y(t )dt

a a a

:‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
∫θ
i 2t
dt = 3 + i
2 4

:‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬
b b

Re ∫ ∫ ω (t )dt = ∫ Re Z (t ) dt
a a

∫ Zω (t )dt = Z ∫ ω (t ) a

r0 eθ 0 = ∫ ω (t )dt ⇒ ∫ e −uθ 0 ω (t ) dt ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ( ) ( )

ro c ∫ Re e −1θ 0 ω (t ) dt ‫!؟‬

b b

∫ X (t )dt
a
≤ ∫ ω (t ) dt
a

٤٩
 ‫‪Line Integral‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ‪(١‬‬
‫‪z2‬‬

‫‪∫ β (t )dt‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪∫ β (t )dt‬‬
‫‪Z1‬‬

‫‪ Z‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﳕﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬

‫) ‪Z = Z (t‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z1‬‬

‫‪∫ β (Z )dt = ∫ (u / x(t ) + iv(x(t ), y(t )))(dX ′ + 1dy ′)dt‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪Z1‬‬

‫‪Z / t1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪∫ (Ux ′ − Vy ′) + i(uy ′ + Vx ′)dt‬‬

‫‪Z / t0‬‬
‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬

‫‪= ∫ (Ux ′ + Vy ′)dt + ∫ (Uy ′ + Vx ′)dt‬‬

‫‪t0‬‬ ‫‪t0‬‬

‫‪∫ β (Z )dZ − ∫ β (Z )dZ‬‬

‫‪−C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻟﮋﺍﻧﺪﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ (1 − x )y ′′ − 2 x y ′ + y = 0‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ‪.‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫∞‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫= ‪y1‬‬ ‫‪a +‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪a h × 2h‬‬
‫‪h −1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪= a1x +‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪h −1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2 h +1‬‬ ‫‪× 2h + 1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ )‪λ = n(n + 1‬‬ ‫‪Pn‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ‪ n‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) ‪( x‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Pn ( x ) − n‬‬
‫‪(− 1 )x (2 n − 2 h )! X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪∑ h! (n − 2 h )h (n + x‬‬ ‫‪n−2h‬‬
‫‪n = 0 ,1,....‬‬
‫•‬

‫‪P0 ( x) = 1‬‬
‫‪P1 ( x) = X‬‬

‫= ) ‪P 2 (x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪3x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫)‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
 1
P3 ( x ) = (3 S − 3 )
2

P4 (x ) = 1
2
(3 s × 4 − 30 x 2
+ 3 )
Pn (− x ) = (− 1)Pn ( x ) ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﱘ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫(ﺟﻮﺍ‬i − x g )y n − 3 × y ′ + n (n = 1 ) y = 0 ‫!؟ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﮋﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
1

∫ P m ( x ) + P n ( x )d × = ∫ mn m ≠ n
−1

P n (x )
φ (x ) = → {φ ( x )}
P n ( x )1
n n

P n (x ) =
1 1 d n
(x 2
− 1 ) n

2n n1 d × n

P n + 1 ( x ) − xp n =
n
D n −1
u n
, u = x ( 2
−1 )
2 n!
n

P n′+ 1 ( x ) − P ′n − 1( x ) = (2 n + 1 )Pn ( x )

2 2n + 1
1 Pn ( x )1 = → φ n (x ) = Pn ( x )
2n + 1 2

∞ 1
2n + 1
β (x ) = ∫ A n Pn ( x ) ⇒ A n = β ( x )Pn ( x )dx
n=0
2 −∫1

.‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﺩﺭﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
∂2
r (ru) + 1 ∂ ⎛⎜ Sinθ ∂v ⎞⎟ = 0 0 < r < c , 0 < ∂ <π
∂r 2
Sinθ ∂θ ⎝ ∂θ ⎠

V (c , ∂ ) = F (θ )

‫ﺑﺎﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬ ∞
⎛ r ⎞
n

V (r , θ ) = ∑ A n ⎜ ⎟ Pn (Cos θ )
.‫ﺛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﻢ‬ n = 0 ⎝ c ⎠

⎡c nηx o
nηx ⎤ 1 c nηx
= f ( x )Cos dx + ∫ f ( x )Cos f ( x )Cos
c ⎢∫ ∫
= 1 dx ⎥ = dx
c
⎣o c −c
c ⎦ −c
c

٥١