Chapter three

Two-dimensional Cascades

Laith Batarseh
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbo cascades

The linear cascade of blades comprises a number of identical blades, equally

spaced and parallel to one another

cascade tunnel

low-speed, high-speed, for the

operating in the compressible flow
range 20 60 m/s range of testing
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Blade nomenclature

Camber line Thickness, t Maximum

camber, b
Camber line
function, y

Trailing edge
Leading edge

Chord line
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Cascade nomenclature

Space
Stagger angle

Blade entry angle

Camber angle

Blade exit angle

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Useful parameter

Camber line shape: mainly, circular or parabolic arc

Type of thickness distribution: (t(x))
also, the following ratios t max b a

Space – chord ratio (s/l)

l l l

α‘1 and α‘2

Camber angle (θ =α‘1 - α‘2)
Stagger angle [ξ=½(α‘1 + α‘2)]
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Cascade forces
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Cascade forces

Applying the principle of continuity to a unit depth of span and noting the
assumption of incompressibility, yields

The momentum equation applied in the x and y directions with constant axial
velocity gives,
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Energy losses

loss in total
pressure
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Energy losses

A non-dimensional form

pressure rise coefficient Cp and a

tangential force coefficient Cf
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Lift and drag

Lift

Drag
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Lift and drag

Lift and drag coefficients

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Lift and drag

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Efficiency of a compressor cascade

Assuming a constant lift drag ratio and differentiated with respect αm to m to give
the optimum mean flow angle for maximum efficiency
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Efficiency of a compressor cascade

Howell (1945)
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Howell (1942)

Normal design
Condition

Twice the min

total loss
(stall)
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Stall separation

fluid deflection incidence

 stall point is arbitrarily specified as the incidence at which the total pressure loss
is twice the minimum loss in total pressure
 stall is characterized (at positive incidence) by the flow separating from the suction
side of the blade surfaces

Losses
1 2
profile losses (friction losses): Yp  CDP  c1 
2 
1 2
Secondary losses (force): Ys  CDs  c1 
2 
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Losses
1 2
Y
profile losses (friction losses): p  C DP  c1 
2 
1 2
Y
Secondary losses (force): s  C Ds  c1 
2 
1 2
Annulus losses : Ya  CDa  c1 
2 
where s, H are the blade pitch and blade
length respectively
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

1 
Ya  CDa  c12 
Losses 2 

1 
Ys  CDs  c12 
2 

1 
Yp  CDP  c12 
2 

gain input  losses Y Tangential

   1 velocity
input input K .E
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Compressor cascade correlations

Many experimental investigations have confirmed that the efficient

performance of compressor cascade blades is limited by the growth and
separation of the blade surface boundary layers.
 factors which can influence the growth of the blade surface boundary layers:
surface velocity distribution
Reynolds number
inlet Mach number
free-stream turbulence
Unsteadiness
surface roughness.
Howell use the deflection (δ = α2 – α’2) to correlate the designed performance.
We give these parameter the superscript (*)

The designed (nominal) parameters are found using Howell figures mentioned
before
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Compressor cascade correlations

The correlation of Howell

where n=0.5 for compressor cascades and n =1

for compressor inlet guide vanes
δ* is relaxation factor added to the first
assumption of α2.
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Assume α*2= 20o m = 0.27

= 8.1o

Assume better value of α*2= 28.1o

m = 0.2862 δ* = 8.6 α*2= 28.6o
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

From Figure 3.16, with s/l =1 and α*2= 28.6o → ε = α*1- α*2 = 21o
→ α*1= 49o
→ i = α*1- α’1= - 0.4o
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

Off – design conditions

To find the off – design

conditions, Howell generate the
following curve.
To find the off – design
conditions, you have to know the
design conditions (*)
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Compressor cascade performance

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley (1948)

Reaction turbine:-
the fluid accelerates through the
blade row and thus experiences a
pressure drop during its passage
impulse turbine:-
no pressure change across an its
blade row
Notes form graph:-
the reaction blades have a much
wider range of low loss
performance than the impulse
blades
the fluid outlet angle 2 remains
relatively constant over the whole
range of incidence for both types
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley (1948)
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley (1948)
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley and Mathieson (1951)

Total pressure loss correlations

profile loss coefficient; Yp

Ainley and Mathieson (1951) represent their results as graph of

verses where is the incidence at stalling point which is the
point at which
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley and Mathieson (1951)

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley and Mathieson (1951)

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Ainley and
Mathieson (1951)
 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

For other types of blading intermediate between nozzle blades and impulse blades

Secondary loss coefficient; Ys

λ is a factor
Z loading coefficient

for blades of low aspect ratio, Dunham and Came (1970):-

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Tip clearance coefficient; Yk

k : the size and nature of the clearance gap

Flow outlet angle from a turbine cascade

 Two-dimensional Cascades

Turbine cascade performance

Zweifel (1945)

Zweifel found from a number of experiments on turbine cascades that for

minimum losses the value of ΨT was approximately 0.8. Thus, for specified
inlet and outlet angles the optimum space chord ratio can be estimated