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“Panta rhei” – all things flow and pass, and all things constantly change.

Philosophical principle of Heraclitus


Fig. 07.01: Influence of urban densities (horizontal, inhabitants per ha) on the energy consumption for
mobility (vertical, MJ per capita) in 32 cities [Newman & Kenworthy, 1989; 2001]. The graph
indicates that the energy consumption for travel increases with low-density housing.
Moreover, this leads to excessive commuting times and extra costs per family.
The world knows many housing cultures and models. Each continent appears to have a
recognisable pattern in regards to fossil fuel and the commuter traffic. Energy reduction in
commuter traffic demands five measures: 1. densifying the built environment, 2. prioritising
cyclists and pedestrians, 3. reducing the maximum speed for cars, 4. making the city centres
compact, 5. improving the capacity and quality of public transport.

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Table 07.01: Uncontrolled growth – Past, present and predicted population figures (in millions) in the
world’s largest cities, listed in ranking order [United Nations, 2007].
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Fig. 07.02: Urban grid of the heart of Rome (left) and arial photograph of the ruins of the grid built
Roman city of Timgad in Algiers 34 (right).



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Fig. 07.03: Map of Deventer around the year 1650, by
Joan Blaeu, with earthen walls as defensive system.


Table 07.02: Number of Deventer inhabitants through the ages.
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Fig. 07.04: De Waag (weighing house) of Deventer.


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Fig. 07.05: Map of the historic centre of Amsterdam and an Image of a typical canal with merchant’s
houses.


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Fig. 07.06: Peat cutting in the late 1800’s.

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Fig. 07.07: Map of the peat areas in Drenthe and
Groningen, from the ‘Bos Schoolatlas’ of 1912.



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Fig. 07.08: Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain (left) and Byzanthean water cistern in Istanbul, Turkey (right).

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Fig. 07.09: Avant-garde imagination of Light Urbanism (1995): living in caravans, tents, train units or
houseboats, in the sound lee behind an occupied high sound barrier wall in Barendrecht, in
the background the Euromast of Rotterdam.

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Fig. 07.10: Principle of the Inframedion and all functions involved (left) and location of the Inframedion
in an urban extension neighbourhood (right).

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Fig. 07.11: Humorous impression of extreme light urbanism.

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Fig. 07.12: Drachten circa 1925 (left) and 1990 (right).

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Fig. 07.13: Proposed extension plan for Drachten, as proposed in the urban border vision of 1994.
‘NIET BOUWEN’ indicates the rural landscape to be left undeveloped.

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Fig. 07.14: Wrapping the industrial area, and buildings along the Drachtstervaart.

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Fig. 07.15: The
Drachtstervaart canal
stretched all the way
to the town centre,
living in a ‘sound
barrier’.

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Fig. 07.16: The functional urban border development needs to be situated very close to the road in
order to form an efficient sound barrier. In this way the necessary building height can be
limited to 15 to 25 meters. Through the use of closed verandas along the highway as a
sound buffer the dwellings receive preheated air that is generally 6°C warmer than the
external air. When the chimney effect is applied fresh air from the neighbourhood can be
induced from the rear. Behind a noise-reduced façade one can live healthily along the
highway!

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 Environmental metabolism is one of the few known distant future factors.
No wealthy country will escape the changes in quantity of consumption.
It sounds as a paradox, but taking into account the known an unknown future will
give great stability to urban developments. People understand why a certain autarky
and consideration in scale levels is unavoidable to maintain our living environment.



 =RQQHWHUSWKH*UHHQKRXVH9LOODJH

 7KH(QHUJ\3URGXFLQJ*UHHQKRXVH

With Noor van Andel and Gatze Lettinga


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Fig. 07.17: The Energy-Producing Greenhouse plan
as a concept for climate control and annual heat balance.


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Fig. 07.18: Concept of a sustainable greenhouse and dwellings with their closed cycles and CO2
balance, based on the Dutch ‘Zonneterp’ Greenhouse Village.

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Fig. 07.19: Heating system, CO2-neutral living.


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Fig. 07.20: The carbon cycle (left) and nitrogen balance (right).

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Fig. 07.21: Three water systems: condensed (drinking) water, grey waste water and rainwater used for
irrigation.

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Fig. 07.22: Complete greenhouse installation (terms in Dutch)

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Fig. 07.23: An impression of the Solar Village reallocation in the Dutch Westland.

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Fig. 08.24: Senior greenhouse apartments at Hengelo, the
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Fig. 07.25: Technical scheme of a medium-sized Greenhouse Village.

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