Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION TO COST ACCOUNTING: COMPARISON BETWEEN MANAGEMENT ACCCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Objectives:
A. Define Management Accounting FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
B. Compare Management Accounting to Financial Accounting 1. As to Objective To provide information: To provide information as need
C. Discuss Cost Accounting a. Operating results over a by management
1. Define Cost period of time
2. Define Cost Accounting b. Financial condition at a
given time
3. Discuss the Relationship of Cost accounting to Management Accounting and
Financial Accounting 2. As to Intended Stakeholders Management
4. Discuss the Classifications of Costs Users ‐ anyone who can be affected ‐ group of individuals in charge
5. Introduce the Inventory Accounts for a Manufacturing Business the entity or business of the administration of the
‐external users and internal business
6. Introduce System Choices for Accumulating Costs
users ‐internal users
a. Actual Costing
b. Normal Costing 3. As to option of Required by the regulatory Optional since it depends upon
existence bodies (e.g. BIR/SEC/DTI) management and its needs
c. Standard Costing
7. Introduce System Choices for Accounting for Costs 4. As to Structure Reports are built around one Structure and principles applied
and Principles fundamental equation. to reports vary depending on
a. Job Order Costing
*Assets = Liabilities + Capital how the information will be
b. Process Costing used.
*Full Cost Accounting
*Differential Accounting
MANAGEMENT ACCCOUNTING *Responsibility Accounting
5. As to compliance Always prepared in accordance Not necessarily conforms to
*Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing, in a significant matter and in to GAAP with GAAP GAAP
terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least of a financial character, and
interpreting the results thereof. 6. As to basis of Data are historical in nature Data may be either historical
*Accounting is not an end, but a means to an end. It processes financial data into reports and are based on objective costs or an estimate of future
accounting information that should be useful in decision making. facts costs‐ more emphasis is given
to future costs.
*Information should be relevant, complete, timely, accurate, accessible, and
understandable. 7. As to timeliness Reports are not easily prepared Reports are promptly prepared
*Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of of reports since ACCURACY is important. and submitted to preserve its
resources to accomplish performance goals. Submission requires time. USEFULNESS or RELEVANCE.
*Management Accounting
– the process of recording, classifying and summarizing, in a significant matter and
in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least of a financial character,
and interpreting the results with the purpose of aiding in the process of planning, organizing,
leading and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals.
– the process of developing and interpreting accounting information intended
specifically to assist the internal users or management in operating the business.
1
COST ACCOUNTING 2. Operating – costs incurred in being in business.
*Cost is a foregoing, measured in monetary terms, incurred or potentially to be incurred, to a. Selling Expenses – expenses of making sales and delivering products.
achieve a specific objective. They may be further classified as order‐getting (salaries and commissions of sales personnel)
*Related Financial Accounting Terminologies: and order‐filling costs (warehousing, shipping, and customer service).
b. Administrative or General Expenses – expenses required to administer
Occurrence of Transaction Occurrence of Benefit
a business, and which are not related to the construction or sale of goods or services.
COST Past or Future Transaction Benefit was received or will 3. Financing – cost, interest, and other charges involved in the borrowing of money
potentially be received. to build or purchase assets
ASSET Past Transaction Benefit will potentially be received.
B. Costs in relation to timing of charges against revenue
EXPENSE Past Transaction Benefit was received.
1. Product or Inventoriable – costs that are attached to the product and matched
LOSS Past Transaction Probable or potential benefit was with revenue in the period in which the product is sold.
not received. 2. Period – costs that are attached to the period it was incurred in and are
immediately expensed.
*Cost Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and 3. Capitalizable – costs that are attached to assets or resources with benefits which
interpreting the costs (foregoings or sacrifices made) in relation to materials, labor and are expected to be enjoyed over more than one accounting period.
overhead necessary to produce and sell a product.
*Oftentimes, Cost Accounting is applied to manufacturing businesses, but it may still C. Costs in relation to manufacturing departments
be used in merchandising and service businesses. 1. Costs of the Producing Department – costs incurred by the part of an organization
*Cost accounting allows for the creation of a BUDGET in the planning function of contributing to the creation of a product
management. A budget is the overall financial plan to future activities. 2. Costs of the Service Department – costs incurred by a part of an organization that
*Cost accounting also allows for the compilation of ACTUAL COST DATA in the does not provide a direct contribution to the creation of a product. However, it does provide
occurrence of the planned activities. a benefit for the other departments.
*Once activities are completed, Cost Accounting allows management to compare
BUDGETED COSTS to ACTUAL COSTS in management’s control function. D. Costs in relation to timing of cost computation or preparation
1. Historical – costs incurred from past events. They can also be referred as actual
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COSTS costs.
A. Costs according to their function 2. Predetermined – costs that are set up from what is expected to happen.
1. Manufacturing – sum of the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and factory *Budgeted – costs that are set up from what is expected to happen in an
overhead. Account titles involved with manufacturing costs include Raw Materials, Work‐in‐ undertaking or activity.
Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold. *Standard – usually used for the costing of manufacturing goods, it is the
a. Direct Materials – cost of materials used in the creation of a product and predetermined or budgeted cost on a per unit basis.
can easily be traced to the product.
b. Direct Labor – wages that are incurred to produce specific goods or E. Costs in relation to persons regulating them
provide specific services to customers 1. Controllable – costs which can be regulated by the management responsible for
c. Factory Overhead/ Manufacturing Overhead/ Overhead – all production them.
costs that cannot be directly traced to a product (either the input is not easily visible in the 2. Non‐controllable – costs which cannot be regulated or influenced by the manager
finished output, the quantity used is minimal or price is immaterial). These production costs responsible for a specific department. These are often imposed by the top management or
include indirect materials, indirect labor, factory building and machinery related costs, utilities allocated from other departments.
expenses incurred in the factory, among others.
**PRIME COST = DIRECT MATERIALS + DIRECT LABOR
**CONVERSION COST = DIRECT LABOR + FACTORY OVERHEAD
2
*Quality ‐ costs incurred associated with conforming or not conforming to
F. Costs in relation to volume of activity standards. They can be further divided into (1) Cost of Compliance (Prevention Cost
and, Appraisal Cost or Inspection Cost), and (2) Cost of Non‐Compliance (Internal
1. Variable – costs which change proportionately with the level of production. *They
Failure Cost and External Failure Cost).
are fixed on a per unit basis (e.g. P5 for every unit).
2. Fixed – costs which remain stable regardless of the level of production assuming
production is within a relevant range. Fixed cost per unit is inversely proportionate to the total Cost of Compliance
number of units since a higher production allows more spread for the fixed cost.
*Relevant Range – activity level that is bounded by a minimum and Prevention Cost Appraisal Cost
maximum amount wherein an assumption can be applied.
*Oftentimes, costs include both variable and fixed elements. In cost Focus Supplier of the inputs Inputs and processing
accounting, we use several methods to separate these elements for ease in use of cost data.
Examples Costs incurred during supplier Labor costs in the inspection of
G. Costs in relation to analysis for decision making background checks, and during raw materials and equipment
the pre‐hiring process of
1. Irrelevant – costs which do not change as the result of the decision‐making
employees
process. These are costs which do not differ between alternatives.
*Sunk – costs that have already been incurred and that cannot be changed. Cost of Non‐Compliance
*Committed – costs that have not yet been incurred but cannot be
changed do to a long‐term decision or contract. Prevention Cost Appraisal Cost
2. Relevant – future costs which are different between decision making.
*Differential – difference in amount of costs between options. If choosing Focus Correction of the product Compensation to dissatisfied
one option will increase total cost compared to another option, there is an which did not comply with customers and opportunity
incremental cost. If the opposite occurs, it is called decremental cost. standards. costs arising from lost sales,
*Opportunity – income or benefit foregone when an alternative is reputation and goodwill
selected over the other.
*Imputed – assumed or hypothetical costs representing the value of the Examples Re‐work of products Costs relating to warranty
use of a resource. claims
*Out‐of‐pocket – future outlay of financial resources as a consequence of
a decision.
INVENTORY ACCOUNTS FOR A MANUFACTURING BUSINESS
*Postponable – costs that are necessary but may be deferred or shifted to
1. Raw Materials – reflects the cost of raw materials that will be used in the manufacturing
a future date or period of time without adversely affecting current operations.
process.
*Avoidable – costs that are not necessary or that can be eliminated by
2. Work‐in‐Process – reflects the costs of raw materials, direct labor, and manufacturing
choosing an alternative.
overhead incurred on goods which manufacturing has begun but has not been completed at
the end of the period of reporting.
3. Finished Goods – reflects the costs of goods that have been completed and are ready for
sale.
3
COST ACCUMULATION SYSTEMS
1. Actual Cost System (Historical) – Under this cost accumulation system, direct material,
direct labor and factory overhead costs are determined as they occur. The actual/ incurred SAMPLE EXERCISE:
costs are what are charged to the inventory accounts.
1. As of Jan. 1, 2018, Company XY has balances of Raw Materials, Work‐in‐Process and
2. Normal Cost System – Under this system, direct material and direct labor are determined Finished Goods amounting to P10,000, P15,000 and P5,000 respectively. XY subsequently
as they occur. However, for costs which are immaterial or cannot be directly traced to purchases P50,000 worth of materials during the day to be used for the month’s production.
products (Factory Overhead Costs), they are recorded into the Work‐in‐Process and Finished
*XY uses perpetual inventory system.
Goods accounts at a predetermined rate with the assumption that these factory overhead
costs are incurred “normally” or close to the predetermined rate. 2. During the month, Company XY used the following raw materials:
3. Standard Cost System – Under this system, direct material, direct labor, and factory Direct Materials – P40,000
overhead costs are recorded into the books at “standard cost” or at a predetermined cost Indirect Materials – P5,000
per unit. 3. Salaries and wages for the month totaling P35,000 were earned by factory employees of
which P30,000 is direct labor and P5,000 is indirect labor.
COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS 4. Depreciation of the factory building and equipment totaled P15,000 for the month.
1. Job Order Cost System – Under this system, costs are distributed to each job order (an order 5. Other factory overhead incurred amounted to P4,565.50.
to produce a number of goods or to provide a particular service for a customer). Oftentimes, 6. Overhead is estimated to be 50% of prime costs.
job orders are widely different in terms of the required materials, labor, equipment and time, 7. Several job orders were completed during the month. The related manufacturing costs
thus would vary in costs. totaled P60,000.
*Job Cost Sheet – the document that would show the details of a job order including 8. By the end of the month, products costing P45,000 were sold.
costs incurred.
2. Process Cost System ‐Under this system, costs are accumulated by the process or
Required:
department for a period of time. The process is usually repetitive and produces very similar
outputs, and thus would entail similar costs. Total costs would therefore be easily be allocated 1. Journal entries under actual costing
to each unit produced. (To be discussed further in later chapters.) 2. Journal entries under normal costing
3. Entries in the T‐accounts under normal costing
Job Order Costing under the Normal Cost System
The typical cycle of the operations of a manufacturing firm involves the following:
1. Procurement of materials and obtainment of labor providers
2. Production through the processing of the materials purchased
3. Warehousing of the completed units
4. Selling of the products
The cost accountant’s job is to design a system in which all cost elements are recorded as
incurred and then charged to production as the work flows through the operating cycle. This
is where accounts such as Raw Materials, Work‐in‐process, Finished Goods and Cost of
Goods Sold come into play.
4
Exercise 1‐1: Costs by Function _____30. Royalties expense on the use of images by an advertising company
Classify the costs below whether they are Production Costs (PC), Selling _____31. Impairment on factory building
Expenses (SE), General and Administrative Expenses (GAE), Finance Costs _____32. Impairment on office building
(FC), other expenses or losses (OEL), or other classifications (OC). _____33. Borrowing cost of funds used to produce wine
_____1. Indirect materials used _____34. Repairs and maintenance of computers used by executives
_____2. Delivery truck _____35. Cost of printing official receipts
_____3. Uncollectible amounts
_____4. Uniform subsidy of the office staff Exercise 1‐2: Manufacturing Costs
_____5. Advertising expense Classify the manufacturing costs below whether they are Direct Materials
_____6. Wages of factory workers (DM), Direct Labor (DL) or Factory Overhead (FOH).
_____7. Office salaries expense _____1. Plant Supervisor’s salary
_____8. Salesmen’s commission _____2. Sand used in hollow block production
_____9. Transportation‐in of equipment _____3. Cutting Tools
_____10. Heat, light, and power in the production plant _____4. Depreciation of equipment
_____11. Amortization of copyright by a printing press _____5. Depreciation of building
_____12. Factory insurance _____6. Earnings of the machinist
_____13. HR manager’s salary _____7. Electricity for the operation of machines
_____14. Real property tax on agricultural land used by farmers _____8. Factory supplies used
_____15. Office rent _____9. Glue used in textbook production
_____16. Depreciation incurred by an accounting firm on the part of the _____10. Paper used in textbook production
building where the operations of audit service line is located _____11. Lubricants used for production machines
_____17. Bond interest expense _____12. Maintenance cost of the factory equipment
_____18. Controller’s salary _____13. Thread used in making clothes
_____19. Depreciation of the computer at the retail outlet _____14. Thread used in embroidered portraits
_____20. Depreciation of office equipment _____15. Janitorial salaries
_____21. Direct Labor _____16. Production superintendent’s salary
_____22. Fuel used for the factory equipment _____17. Flour used in baking pastries
_____23. Insurance for salesmen _____18. Paint thinner used in construction of tables
_____24. Insurance on the factory building _____19. Plastic used in packaging potato chips
_____25. Office Supplies _____20. Cost of water used in juice making
_____26. Freight‐in of raw materials
_____27. Packaging supplies used in the assembly line
_____28. Packaging supplies used by cashiers ang baggers
_____29. Utilities incurred by the store
1
Exercise 1‐3: Controllable and Non‐controllable Costs Exercise 1‐5: Quality Costs
Classify the costs below whether they are controllable (C) or non‐ Classify the costs below whether they are prevention (P), appraisal (A),
controllable (NC). internal failure (IF), or external failure (EF) costs.
_____1. Depreciation of fixed assets used in the department _____1. Supplier accreditation
_____2. Commissions of salesmen set by higher management _____2. Rework
_____3. Cost of supplies expenses incurred by the department _____3. Inspecting materials delivered from suppliers
_____4. Share in administrative expenses _____4. Scrap
_____5. Cost of light and water. The meter is only connected to the _____5. Repairs and maintenance of equipment
department. _____6. Trainings of production workers
_____6. Cost of light and water. The meter is shared by the different _____7. Re‐processing
departments and the cost is allocated based on the estimate by _____8. Salaries of personnel in charge of addressing customer complaints
management.
_____9. Inspecting finished goods
_____7. Salary of the audit staff
_____10. Warranty expenses
_____8. Insurance expense
_____11. Lost goodwill due to defective product
_____9. Compensation for the overtime of the factory workers
_____12. Inspection of output by factory workers
_____10. Materials used in the department
_____13. Conducting field audit and testing
_____14. Wages of factory workers during downtime
Exercise 1‐4: Product and Period Cost
_____15. Process inspection
Classify the costs below whether they are product (PR) or period (PE) costs.
_____1. Depreciation of factory machines
_____2. Oil used to lubricate the molding machines
_____3. Promotional expense
_____4. Interest expense
_____5. Wood used in production
_____6. Real estate tax on the factory building
_____7. Real estate tax on the office building
_____8. Repair costs of the canning machine
_____9. Research and development costs
_____10. Salary of the production manager
_____11. Wages of the personnel in the finishing department
_____12. Insurance on factory equipment
_____13. Warranty expenses
_____14. Commission to sales agents
_____15. Freight‐in
2
Exercise 1‐6: Cost per Unit Exercise 1‐7: Accounting for Inventory in a Manufacturing Business
FAR Company determined that the costs to manufacture Product A Compute for the requirements in each of the independent cases:
requires the following: CASE 1:
3 pieces of Material A at P6 each Raw Materials, Beg. P 10,000
2 pieces of Material B at P4 each Raw Materials, End. 12,000
30 minutes of labor at P40 per hour Work‐in‐process, Beg. 30,000
Other variable costs at P9 per unit Work‐in‐process, End. 25,000
The manufacturing plant incurs other fixed monthly expenses Finished Goods, Beg. 60,000
amounting to P30,000. Finished Goods, End. 70,000
Net Purchases 60,000
Assuming the Company produces 10,000 units every month, Direct Labor 62,000
compute for the following: 30,000
Factory Overhead
Per Unit Total
Required:
1. Direct material costs
1. Raw Materials Used
2. Direct labor costs
2. Total Manufacturing Costs
3. Variable factory overhead costs
3. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
4. Variable costs
4. Cost of Goods Sold
5. Fixed factory overhead
6. Product cost
CASE 2:
Raw Materials, Beg. P 30,000
Assuming the Company produces 15,000 units every month,
Raw Materials, End. 36,000
compute for the following:
Work‐in‐process, Beg. 78,000
Per Unit Total
Work‐in‐process, End. 93,000
1. Direct material costs
Finished Goods, Beg. 100,000
2. Direct labor costs
Finished Goods, End. 115,000
3. Variable factory overhead costs
Net Purchases 180,000
4. Variable costs
Direct Labor 30,000
5. Fixed factory overhead
Factory Overhead 36,000
6. Product cost
Required:
1. Raw Materials Used
2. Total Manufacturing Costs
3. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
4. Cost of Goods Sold
3
CASE 3: CASE 5:
Increase/(Decrease) in RM P 2,000 Raw Materials, End. P 40,000
Increase/(Decrease) in WIP 8,500 Work‐in‐process, Beg. 104,500
Increase/(Decrease) in FG (5,000) Work‐in‐process, End. 105,000
Net Purchases 45,000 Finished Goods, Beg. 103,000
Direct Labor 127,000 Finished Goods, End. 107,500
Factory Overhead 75,000 Net Purchases 210,000
Required: Direct Labor 30,000
1. Raw Materials Used Factory Overhead 36,000
2. Total Manufacturing Costs Cost of Goods Sold 795,000
3. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured Required:
4. Cost of Goods Sold 1. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
5. Total Conversion Costs 2. Total Manufacturing Costs
6. Total Prime Costs 3. Raw Materials Used
4. Raw Materials, Beg.
5. Total Conversion Costs
6. Total Prime Costs
CASE 4:
CASE 6:
Increase/(Decrease) in RM P 2,000
Raw Materials, End. P 18,000
Increase/(Decrease) in WIP 8,500
Work‐in‐process, Beg. 83,000
Increase/(Decrease) in FG (5,000)
Work‐in‐process, End. 83,000
Net Purchases 160,000
Finished Goods, Beg. 127,000
Direct Labor 400,000
Finished Goods, End. 124,000
Factory Overhead 125,000
Net Purchases 300,000
Required:
Direct Labor 178,000
1. Raw Materials Used
Factory Overhead 125,000
2. Total Manufacturing Costs
Cost of Goods Sold 603,000
3. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
Required:
4. Cost of Goods Sold
1. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
5. Total Conversion Costs
2. Total Manufacturing Costs
6. Total Prime Costs 3. Raw Materials Used
4. Raw Materials, Beg.
5. Total Conversion Costs
6. Total Prime Costs
4
CASE 7: CASE 9:
Raw Materials, End. P 30,000 Work‐in‐process, Beg. P 13,000
Work‐in‐process, End. 90,000 Work‐in‐process, End. 15,500
Finished Goods, End. 108,000 Finished Goods, Beg. 17,000
Net Purchases 280,000 Finished Goods, End. 18,000
Direct Labor 300,000 Cost of Goods Sold 226,500
Factory Overhead 250,000 Raw Materials, Beg. 25,000
Raw Materials Used 370,000 Net Purchases 85,000
Total Manufacturing Costs 725,000 Raw Materials, End. 20,000
Total Cost of Goods Conversion Cost 140,000
Manufactured 722,500 Required:
Cost of Goods Sold 717,500 1. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
Required: 2. Total Manufacturing Costs
1. Raw Materials, Beg. 3. Raw Materials Used
2. Work‐in‐process, Beg.
3. Finished Goods, Beg.
CASE 10:
CASE 8:
Work‐in‐process, Beg. P 3,050
Raw Materials, End. P 55,000 Work‐in‐process, End. 2,450
Work‐in‐process, End. 36,500 Finished Goods, Beg. 4,300
Finished Goods, End. 87,000 Finished Goods, End. 3,100
Net Purchases 350,000 Cost of Goods Sold 15,800
Direct Labor 235,000 Raw Materials, Beg. 1,800
Factory Overhead 120,000 Net Purchases 3,600
Raw Materials Used 370,000 Raw Materials, End. 1,200
Total Manufacturing Costs 725,000 Conversion Cost 9,800
Total Cost of Goods
Manufactured 722,500 Required:
Cost of Goods Sold 717,500 1. Total Cost of Goods Manufactured
2. Total Manufacturing Costs
Required:
3. Raw Materials Used
1. Raw Materials, Beg.
2. Work‐in‐process, Beg.
3. Finished Goods, Beg.
5