SOIL STABILIZATION SOIL EXPLORATION

CLASSIFICATION OF THE METHODS OF STABILIZATION PURPOSE OF SOIL INVESTIGATION

1. STABILIZATION OF SOIL WITHOUT ADDITIVES - Necessary to provide information for design and construction
A. MECHANICAL STABILIZATION
-means improving the soil properties by rearrangement of PHASES OF SOIL INVESTIGATION
particles
1. PHASES I – collection of available information such as site plan type
a. Rearrangement of particles – compaction
and size importance of the structure
b. Change of gradation – addition or removal of soil particles
2. PHASE II – preliminary reconnaissance or a site visit is to provide a
c. Mehra’s method of stabilization
general picture
B. STABLIZATION BY DRAINAGE
3. PHASE III – detailed soil exploration
-the strength of soil generally decreases with an increase in
4. PHASE IV – the report must contain a clear description of the soil at
pore water
the site
a. Application of external load to the soil mass
b. Drainage pore water by gravity and/or pumping. Using well-
SOIL EXPLORATION METHOD
points, sand-drains
1. TEST PITS – a pit is dug either by hand or backhoe
c. Application of an electrical gradient or electro-osmosis; and
d. Application of thermal gradient ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

2. STABILIZATION OF SOIL WITH ADDITIVES - Cost effective - Depth limited to about 6km
- Provide detailed - Peep pits uneconomical
1. TYPES OF ADDITIVES USED information of stratigraphy - Too many pits may scar site
a. CEMENTING MATERIALS -increases in strength of the soil - Large quantities of disturbed and require backfill soils
achieved by cementing action of additive soil are available for testing
b. WATER-PROOFERS – bituminous materials prevent absorption of 2. HAND ANGERS -the auger is rotated by turning and pushing down the
moisture. handlebar
c. WATER-RETAINERS – calcium chloride and sodium chloride
d. WATER REPELLENTS – certain organic compound such as ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
stearates
- Cost effective - Depth limited to about 6km
e. MODIFIERS AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS – certain
- Not dependent on terrain - Labor intensive
additives tend to decrease the plasticity index
- Low headroom required
2. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR)
- Portable
-the strength of the sub grade is an important factor in the
3. POWER ANGERS – truck mounted and equipped with continuous flight
determination of thickness required for flexible pavement.
augers hole 100 to 250 mm
E. REINFORCED EARTH AND GEOSYNTHETHICS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. GEOSYNTHETICS
- Quick
-“GEOTEXTILE” means a textile used in geotechnical - Used in uncased holes
practice and are relatively recent origin - Drilling mud not used - Depth limited to about 15km
4. WASH BORING – water is pumped to bottom of the borehole and soil
-prosed by J.E. Flent Jr. in 1983 Washington returned to surface

GEOSYNTHETHICS ARE CLASSIFIED IN THE FF. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. GEOTEXTILES – these are permeable textiles woven or non-woven - Can be used in difficult terrain -- Depth limited to about 30km
synthetic polymers. - Low equipment cost
2. GEOGRIDS – these are relatively stiff net like materials with large open - Used in uncased holes
spaces
3. GEOMEMBRANES – a continuous membrane type liner composed 5. ROTARY DRILLS – drill bit is pushed by the weight and rotated like a
asphaltic, polymeric materials motor
4. GEOCOMPOSITES – these are various combinations of geotextiles,
geogrids, geomembranes and other materials. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS - Quick - Expensive equipment

- Can drill through any type of
1. FLUID TRANSMISSION – provides fluid transmission when it collects a soil and rock
liquid or a gas and conveys it toward and outlet - Can drill to depths of 7500m
2. FILTRATION – acts a filter when it allows liquid to pass normal
3. SEPARATION – acts as a separator when placed between a fine soil E. SOILD IDENTIFICATION IN THE FIELD
and coarse material - The predominant soil types based on texture are identified by
4. PROTECTION – protects a material when its alleviates or distributes inspection
stresses and strains F. DEPTH OF BOREHOLES
5. REINFORCEMENT – provide tensile strength to a soil through interfere - in compressible soils such as clays and boring should penetrate
shear strength either
6. WRAPPING – specially fabricated geosynthetics filled with sand acts as G. SOIL SAMPLING
a construction’s elements - To obtain of satisfactory size with minimum disturbance
H. BORING LOG
APPLICATIONS OF GEOSYNTHETHICS - All pertinent details are recorded and presented in a boring log
a. HYDRAULIC WORKS – coastal works, band and shore protection
b. EARTH WORKS – dams on poor foundation, erosion control
c. TRAFFIC SURFACES – paved and unpaved roads on poor subgrades
d. POLLUTION CONTROL – pond linings and solid waste disposal
e. DRAINAGE – agriculture, soil stabilization and vertical drains