1

2
Scheme of Presentation
Introduction

NRM Meaning & Classification

Resource Management/Development

Extension Approaches for NRM

Drives and Stages of CBNRM

Major constraints in CBNRM

Research studies

Success Stories

Conclusion
3
 “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs,
but not every man's greed.”
― Mahatma Gandhi

INTRODUCTION
4
 Natural Resource
Meaning
Natural resources are naturally
occurring substances that are
considered valuable in their
relatively unmodified (natural)
form.
Any part of our natural
materials that man can be
utilized to promote the welfare,
may be regarded as natural
resources

www.wikipedia.com 5
Classification of natural resources

6
 Natural Resource Management

The management of natural resources such

as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how
management affects the quality of life for both present and future
generations

Natural resource management approaches can be categorised

according to the kind and right of stakeholders

1. Private property regime :- Individual owned

2. Common property regime :- Government owned
3. Non-property regime :- Lake fishery
4. State property regime :- National forest, National park

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural resource management

7
Relationship of Culture, Nature and Resource

HUMAN NATURE

NEEDS
WANTS
CULTURE RESOURCE
ABILITIES

NEUTRAL
STUFF

Zimmerman, 1951 8
Casual factors of threat on NRM
Development pressure on nature resource base

Encroachment on natural resources

Exploitation of natural resources

Human induced disasters causing stress on natural

resources

Threats to NRM- wrong and faulty approaches

Management of human resources

Political and policy issues

9
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (1983) suggested the following categories
 Cultivated varieties in current use
 Primitive cultivars or land races
 Wild species of potential value to man
In-situ conservation-conservation under natural condition
 It includes conservation of plants and animals in their native
ecosystems or even man made eco-systems
 It appeals only to wild fauna and flora
 It aims at preservation of land races with wild relatives
Ex-situ conservation-conservation under controlled condition
 It is done through establishment of gene banks
 It is chief mode for preservation of genetic resources
 Seeds, plant cells, tissues, organs are preserved under appropriate
conditions
Adhikary and Acharya 10
Resource management/development

Das Gupta 11
Das Gupta 12
 Human dimensions in natural resource
management
What are “ Human Dimensions”…..???

 Human dimensions are the peoples‟

values, beliefs, attitudes, social norms and motivations

 They use social science concepts to formulate studies that

capture and explain human values, beliefs, etc. as they apply to
natural resources

 Knowledge gained from these studies gives the public a voice

in natural resource management decisions

Basu et al. 13
 Human Dimensions Importance......why?

 Awareness and understanding our public values regarding natural

resources

 Improved communication with publics and education of the public

regarding natural resource issues

 Understanding and prediction of the social impacts of natural

resource decisions

 Strengthening of the natural resources profession through

improved application of human dimensions information in natural
resource decision making
14
Stakeholder participation in the assessment process

Finding feasible spatial and temporal boundaries

Linking research products to development impact

Selecting the criteria of success

Basu and Biswas 15

Share of NRM Research and approximate research expenditure on
Rainfed Farming in total research expenditure in ICAR

Share of NRM Approximate Share of RF

Research Research Research
NRM Research Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure in
Year Expenditure in total ICAR on Rainfed total ICAR
(Rs. Crore) Research Farming Research
Expenditure (Rs. Crore) Expenditure (%)
(%)

2000-01 9.00 0.68% 185.22 13.99%

2009-10 279.41 8.57% 419.07 12.85%

ICAR Annual Report, 2011

16
 Agricultural Extension Approaches

 General agriculture extension approach

 Commodity specialized approach

 Training and visiting approach

 Participatory approach

 Project approach

 Farming system development approach

 Cost sharing approach

 Education institute approach

Axinn, 1988 17
Creation of natural resources like forests, water bodies

Preservation through social fencing

Pollution control through policy formulation

ITK appropriate use and application

Watershed management to generate livelihood and conserve natural resources

Monitoring: Benefit monitoring evaluation

Elimination of negative factors operating in the eco-system

Rejuvenation of degraded or age old resources base

Peoples participation

Adhikary and Acharya 18

Community Based Organizations

19
 Some of the methods followed for capacity building in
Community Participation
• Individual house visits
• Informal group meeting
• Village meetings
• Grama sabhas
• Jathas
• Poster distribution
• Wall painting
• Conducting PRA exercises
• Baseline data survey
• Health camps
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 Community Based Natural Resources
Management (CBNRM)
Basic concept

 To address the goals of environmental, economic and

social justice

 Integrates wildlife conservation and rural development

objective in a single program package

 Emphasizes benefits to natural resource dependent

communities and pursuers of subsistence livelihoods

21
 Cont…

Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a

systemic approach to conservation, that allows those closest to the

resource, and who bear the costs of conservation, to manage the

resource and benefit from its management and use.

22
CBNRM….
The key assumptions being that:

 Locals are better placed to conserve natural

resources

 People will conserve a resource only if

benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and

 People will conserve a resource that is linked

directly to their quality of life

23
(Thakadu, O. T. 2005)
 Objective of CBNRM:

 To manage natural resources in a sustainable way to achieve conservation and

community development objectives

Tools of CBNRM

 The PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with its

tool for planning, awareness raising, and capacity
building

 The simplified land use plan as a natural resource

management tool integrated with development

 The gender approach insuring the participation of

disadvantaged groups

24
 Community Participation in Development
 Facilitates the use of local knowledge and opinions in
designing plans, programmes and projects

 Enhances local ownership and empowers

marginalized people by providing opportunities to
acquire skills, knowledge and experience

 Helps to facilitate the integration of marginalized

people into wider society, and encourages good
governance and economic growth

 Facilitates co-operation and programme efficiency

 Helps to ensure sustainability, make development

activities more effective, and builds local capacity

Bond et al. 2006 25

 Expected results

 Sustainable Natural Resource

Management

 Ownership

 Equity

 Improved biodiversity

 Living together with harmony

26
“Homogeneous” communities – common objectives, recognised
common interests, social cohesion
 Benefits exceed costs
 Clearly defined boundaries to resources to be managed
 Limited uses and users
 Decentralised decision-making
 “Simple” administrative structures
 Long-term engagement
 Leadership -“champions” to lead the process
27
IFAD Workshop, Rome, 2004
 Benefits from CBNRM
Direct benefits Bond et al., 2006

Investment in Direct cash Employment Employment

rural opportunities
dividends opportunities
infrastructure with community
earned from with private
through CBO based
partnerships sector organizations
projects

Indirect benefits

Maintenance or Opportunities to
growth of Capacity – building diversify local
stocks of economy, and
natural integration into the
resources market place
28
 DRIVES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Individual drives Project (Govt) mode NGO - Govt Drives

1. Sujala Watershed 1. Agriculture Science
1. Rajendra Singh-
Foundation, Hulakoti
Project -NABARD Watershed
Rajasthan
Project
2. Integrated
2. Anna Hazare-
Wasteland 2. Grameen Gyan
Ralegan Siddhi Abhiyan (GGA)-
Development MSSRF
3. Pani Panchayat- Project
3. MYRADA
Maharashtra 3. NWDPRA

4. NABARD 4. Agha Khan Rural

4. Salu marada Support Programme
Watershed projects (AKRSP)
Timmakka
29
 Rajendra Singh – “Waterman of Rajasthan”

• Rajendra Singh, popularly known as „Jal Purush‟ or Waterman of Rajasthan is

an inspirational figure who has transformed the life of people in >1,000 villages
in Aravalli Hills.
Achievements
In 1985, Rajendra Singh heads an NGO
„Tarun Bharat Sangh‟ (TBS)
In 1986, he initiated a Ped Bachao-Ped Lagao padyatra,
for Forest Protection Committees
In 2002 National Water March (Rashtriya Jal Yatra)
Jungle-Jeevan Bachao Yatra , it covers 21 forest sanctuaries
He also organised an ultimately successful Aravali Bachao Yatra ,the
Rajasthan Govt. closed nearly 1000 mines in the whole of Rajasthan, 470 of
which were in and around Sariska National Park 30
 Awards

 Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar (1994) by the Govt. of India

 International River Prize (1995)

 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (2001)

 Jamnalal Bajaj Award (2008) for water harvesting by building check dams across

Rajasthan.
31
SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT (2001)

• Sujala a community driven watershed

development project with a total budget of

Rs.557 crores, is being implemented in seven districts

• World Bank Assisted Project of Government of Karnataka

• Covering areas- Kolar, Chikkabalapur, Tumkur, Madhugiri,

Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad of Karnataka covering 4.29
lakhs ha.

• Spread over in 77 sub-watersheds and 1270 villages benefiting

nearly 4.0 lakhs households including landless 32
 Objectives
 Strengthen community and
institutional arrangements
for natural resource management
 Strengthen the capacity of
communities in the project districts
for participatory involvement in
planning, implementation, social
and environmental management and
maintenance
sujala water.FLV 33
 Integrated Wasteland Development Project (2001)

 Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development for re-generation of

degraded non-forest land through people‟s participation
 Objective of the scheme is aimed at an integrated wasteland based on
Village/Micro Watershed Plans
 Major activities can be taken up under this scheme:-
i. Soil & moisture conservation measures
ii. Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees
iii. Encouraging natural regeneration
iv. Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture
v. Encouraging people‟s participation

34
 National Watershed Development Projects for Rainfed Areas
(NWDPRA)

• Introduced during 1990-91 in Andhra

Pradesh and continued up to 1996-97
during VIII plan period
• Implemented in 94 watersheds covering 19
districts of Andhra Pradesh

Impact of the implication of the scheme

 Watershed workers were planned for
treatment and development of drainage
lines both in arable and non-arable lands in
watershed areas with active participation
and users group
 SHGs formed from watershed village
community to achieve their income
generating activity and self sustainability
35
 Objectives
i. Conservation, development and sustainable management of
natural resources including their use
ii. Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in
sustainable manner
iii. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile
eco-system by trees and grasses
iv. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rainfed
areas
v. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural
community including the landless
36
 NABARD PROJECTS
Watershed Development Projects implemented by NABARD has
resulted in creation replicable models of participatory watershed
development has helped in augmentation of natural resources and
improvement in livelihood of watershed communities
Importance of Participatory Approach
Focused on the regeneration and equitable use of the resources in the
particular environment on which the village depends for its needs
The people voluntarily must come together and accept full
responsibility for regenerating their environment from concept to
planning, implementation, supervision, maintenance of project
measures and associated practices
To make the project sustainable, it is necessary for all the key actors,
like the Watershed Community, NGOs, Banks, Government
Institutions and Technical Service Organizations, to participate
actively and in close coordination with each other
37
 MSSRF (Grameen Gyan Abhiyan)
(M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation -1988)
• Six major thematic areas:

1) Coastal Systems Research- To achieve sustainable management of coastal

resources, such as cyclone, storm surges and tsunami in coastal zones

2) Biodiversity- To optimize conservation and livelihood benefits of the poor who

live in the „biodiversity hotspots‟

3) Biotechnology- Genome Clubs in schools and conduct genetic literacy

programmes in rural areas for young men and women with a functional

knowledge of genetics
38
http://www.mssrf.org
 Contd…

4) Ecotechnology- To extend the techniques of sustainable management of

natural resources, managed by the local community of farm women and men

5) Food Security- The Community Food grain Banks, Kitchen gardens, capacity

building of women farmers, to awareness creation on households'

entitlements relating to government schemes on food and nutrition

6) Information, Education and Communication- Village Resource Centres

(VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs), mainly provide need-based

locale-specific, demand driven information content

39
 MYRADA
• Established in 1968, MYRADA is a non-governmental
organization working for micro-credit initiatives and
sustainable development in Southern India
• Areas of Work
1. Rural credit systems
2. Organizations of women
3. Management of micro watersheds
4. Forestry
5. Resettlement
40
 Hanumantrao Committee Recommendations

Based on report of DPAP and DDP project, following

recommendations are made:

1. People's participation is must.

2. There must be coordination between line Departments.

3. Local people must involve in planning and

implementation.

Report of the Technical Committee on Drought prone Areas

Programme and Desert Development Programme, April 1994.
41
Districts with Environmental Degradation in an extreme form

Sl.
No Districts Agricultural Practices

1 Shimoga, Mandya, Belgaum Excessive use of chemicals

and Raichur

2 Gulbarga, Raichur and Bijapur Excessive use of pesticides

3 All districts in the north Soil Erosion

eastern plain region

4 Districts in Central and Water Erosion

Western Ghat Region

Department of Water Resources, GoK.

42
 Community level conflicts

 Evaluation of action impacts

 Difficulties to access the sites

 Lacking GIS expertise

 Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations

for fear of losing promised benefits

 Partners are expecting too much from the activities taken up

43
Research studies

44
 I. Land and Water

Research Study 1.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT OF SUJALA WATERSHED
PROJECT IN KARNATAKA
Govinda Gowda, V. and Sathish, A. (2011)

Study area Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & Dharwad

Sample size 10% of the beneficiaries

Study objectives
 To study the unique approaches & interventions of SUJALA watershed
project.
 To study the resultant impact on the natural resource as well as on the
socio-economic life of the beneficiary farmers.

45
 Mid-term Impact of 1st phase watershed interventions on Natural
resource base and livelihoods

Impact indicators Baseline Mid-term impacts

1. Household income Avg household income- Rs Avg household income- Rs
10,036 16,790

2. Crop yields ------ Yield increased upto 6-15%

3. Ground water Bore well – 400ft (drill depth) Bore well increase in level by 4-5 ft
recharge Dug well - 45 ft Dug well increase in level by 1.2- 2
ft
Period of availability increased by
2- 3 months
4. Milk, Fodder Fodder 50-80% dependent on Milk yield increased by 15-20%
production others Fodder dependence decreased by
5-10%

5. Productivity of Percentage of land in low Productivity in non-arable lands

non-arable land productivity (10-20%) increased by 5-10%
47
 Impact on water Resources due to Project
Interventions in Phase-1

% Bore % Open
% Nalas
District wells wells
rejuvenated
rejuvenated rejuvenated

Dharwad 44 52 25

Kolar 38 93 5

Chitradurga 81 75 79

Tumkur 51 76 39

Haveri 25 70 39

Average 48 73 37

48
 Research Study 2.
IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED TANK MANAGEMENT PROJECT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS OF BENEFICIERY FARMERS IN BIDAR DISTRICT

Savita (2008)

Study area Bidar district, Karnataka.

Sample size N=150

Objectives of the study:

 To study the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of
beneficiary farmers.
 Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of
beneficiary farmers.

49
 Impact of community based tank management project on socio-
economic status of beneficiary farmers
Sl. No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference (%)
1 Occupation
1. Primary a. Agriculture 90.66 97.34 06.66
b. Agril. labour 09.34 02.66 -06.66
2. Secondary a. Business 14.00 26.00 12.00
b. Service 04.00 04.00 0
2 No of house a. One house 100.00 100.00 ---
owned b. Two house 0 10.60 10.66
3 Land holding a. Marginal farmers 10.66 08.00 -02.66
b. Small farmers 36.66 30.67 -06.00
c. Medium farmers 33.34 40.67 07.34
d. Large farmers 19.34 20.66 01.34
4 Source of irrigation a. Well 23.34 42.00 18.66
b. Bore well 12.00 19.34 07.34
c. Tank --- 04.00 04.00
5 Organizational Low 64.00 22.00 -42.00
participation Medium 16.00 47.34 31.34
High 20.00 30.66 10.66
50
Contd…
Sl . No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference(%)

6. Farm power

1. Bullocks a. One pair 25.33 4134 16.00

b. Two pair --- 05.34 05.34

2. Power tiller --- 01.34 01.34

3. Tractor 01.34 01.34 ---
4. Sprayer 30.00 41.34 11.34
5. Duster 06.00 11.34 05.34

7. Material
possession
a. One cart 16.00 28.00 12.00
1. Bullock cart b. Two cart --- --- ---
22.66 61.33 38.66
2. Radio 12.66 25.34 12.66
3. Television a. 1-2 23.34 36.00 12.66
4. Improved agril. b. 3-4 08.66 13.34 04.67
implements c. 5-6 02.00 03.34 01.34
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 Impact of community based tank management project on land
productivity of beneficiary farmers
Crops Before After Difference
(avg yield/acre) (avg yield/acre) (avg yield/acre)
Sugarcane 35 t/acre 40 t/acre 5 t/acre

Redgram 3.5 qt/acre 6 qt/acre 2.5qt/acre

Jowar 8 t/acre 13 qt/acre 5 qt/acre

Impact of community based tank management project on annual

income of beneficiary farmers
Farmer category Avg annual income Avg annual income Difference (Rs)
before (Rs) after (Rs)
Marginal farmers 8,000 17,000 9,000

Small farmers 13,000 26,000 13,000

Medium farmers 19,000 37,000 18,000

Large farmers 29,000 54,000 25,000 52

 SUCCESS STORIES
1. Model village- Ralegan Siddhi

The five principles of Anna Hazare are

1. Nasbandi (restriction of family size)

2. Nashabandi (ban on alcohol)

3. Charaibandi (ban on free grazing)

4. Kurhabandi (ban on tree felling) and

5. Shramdan (donation of voluntary

labour for community welfare).
53
 Impact of water conservation activities in Ralegan Siddhi

Sl no Particulars Village scenario before Village scenario after

Only one crop Two crops

1 Sowing area
(300-350 acres) (1300 acres)

2 Migration All most half the villagers Completely stopped

Go to near by villages in
3 Employment Hiring near by village labours
search of employment

4 Milk production 300 lts/month 4,000 lts/month

5 Per capita income 250 Rs 2,500 Rs

VIDEO 54
 2. Pani Panchayat
 "Pani Panchayat" is associate organisation of Gram Gaurav
Prathisthan..
 Pani Panchayat are committed to Sustainable Development of the
Villages through equable distribution of water to all of its people in the
village

Objectives :
 To achieve sustainable rural development.
 To identity local needs, local resources, local talents, local strength and
to integrate them.
 To carry out experiments for optimum use of natural resources like
water, land and solar energy.
 To develop cropping patterns agriculture cultivation methods and living
habits to suit available resources.
Services
1. Community lift Irrigation schemes
2. Assessment of water resources
3. Organic Farming
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 Community lift Irrigation schemes

Sr. No. Particular 2003-04 2004-05

1 No. of Schemes 4 23

2 No. of Villages 4 19

3 No. of Beneficiaries 20 148

4 Irrigated Area ( in Acre) 77.5 475

5 Total installed HP 21 166

6 Total Cost 286720 1033560

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CONCLUSION 57
58