Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Classifications by Cancer Site
Classifications by Cancer Site
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
1
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
2
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
3
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Painting Diazinon
Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution Fibrous silicon carbide
Plutonium Frying, emissions from high-
Radon-222 and its decay products temperature
Rubber production industry Hydrazine
Silica dust, crystalline Insecticides, non-arsenical,
occupational exposures in
Soot
spraying and application
Sulfur mustard
Printing processes
Tobacco smoke, secondhand
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
Tobacco smoking para-dioxin
Welding fumes
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Bone, skin, and mesothelium, endothelium, and soft tissue
Bone Plutonium Radioiodines, including Iodine-
Radium-224 and its decay products 131
Radium-226 and its decay products
Radium-228 and its decay products
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Skin (melanoma) Solar radiation
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Skin (other malignant Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Creosotes
neoplasms) Azathioprine Human immunodeficiency virus
Coal-tar distillation type 1
Coal-tar pitch Human papillomavirus types 5
and 8 (in patients with
Cyclosporine
epidermodysplasia
Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A verruciformis)
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated Hydrochlorothiazide
Shale oils Merkel cell polyomavirus
Solar radiation (MCV)
Soot Nitrogen mustard
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Petroleum refining,
occupational exposures
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning
devices
4
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
5
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal
therapy
Tamoxifen
Ovary Asbestos (all forms) Talc-based body powder
Estrogen menopausal therapy (perineal use)
Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Male genital organs
Penis Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus
type 1
Human papillomavirus type 18
Prostate Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
compounds
Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Malathion
Night shift work
Red meat (consumption of)
Rubber production industry
Thorium-232 and its decay
products
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Testis DDT
Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in
utero)
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Perfluorooctanoic acid
6
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Urinary tract
Kidney Tobacco smoking Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
Trichloroethylene compounds
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Printing processes
Welding fumes
Renal pelvis and Aristolochic acid, plants containing Aristolochic acid
ureter Phenacetin
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
Tobacco smoking
Urinary bladder Aluminum production 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine
4-Aminobiphenyl Coal-tar pitch
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Dry cleaning
Auramine production Engine exhaust, diesel
Benzidine Hairdressers and barbers,
Chlornaphazine occupational exposure
Cyclophosphamide 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Magenta production Pioglitazone
2-Naphthylamine Printing processes
Painting Soot
Rubber production industry Tetrachloroethylene
Schistosoma haematobium Textile manufacturing
Tobacco smoking
ortho-Toluidine
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Eye, brain, and central nervous system
Eye Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Solar radiation
Ultraviolet emissions from welding
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Brain and central X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radiofrequency
nervous system electromagnetic fields
(including from wireless
phones)
7
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Endocrine glands
Thyroid Radioiodines, including Iodine-131
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Lymphoid, hematopoietic, and related tissue
b
Leukaemia and/or Azathioprine Benzene
lymphoma Benzene
b
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea
Busulfan (BCNU)
1,3-Butadiene Chloramphenicol
Chlorambucil DDT
Cyclophosphamide Diazinon
Cyclosporine Dichloromethane (Methylene
chloride)
Epstein-Barr virus
Ethylene oxide
Etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin
Etoposide
Fission products, including Strontium-90
Glyphosate
Formaldehyde
Hepatitis B virus
Helicobacter pylori
Magnetic fields, extremely low
Hepatitis C virus
frequency (childhood
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 leukaemia)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Malaria (caused by infection
Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus with Plasmodium
Lindane falciparum in holoendemic
areas)
Melphalan
Malathion
MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen
mustard-procarbazine mixture) Mitoxantrone
Pentachlorophenol Nitrogen mustard
Phosphorus-32 Painting (childhood leukaemia
from maternal exposure)
Rubber production industry
Petroleum refining,
Semustine (methyl-CCNU)
occupational exposures
Thiotepa Polychlorinated biphenyls
Thorium-232 and its decay products Polychlorophenols or their
Tobacco smoking sodium salts (combined
Treosulfan exposures)
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radioiodines, including Iodine-
131
Radon-222 and its decay
8
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 124 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
products
Styrene
Teniposide
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
para-dioxin
Tobacco smoking (childhood
leukaemia in smokers’
children)
Trichloroethylene
Multiple or unspecified sites
Multiple sites Cyclosporine Chlorophenoxy herbicides
(unspecified) Fission products, including strontium-90 Plutonium
X-radiation, gamma-radiation (exposure in
utero)
All cancer sites 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
(combined)
a
This table does not include factors not covered in the IARC Monographs, notably genetic traits,
reproductive status, and some nutritional factors.
b
For benzene, the evidence in humans is sufficient for acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, including
acute myeloid leukaemia; and the evidence in humans is limited for non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
chronic lymphoid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and acute myeloid
leukaemia in children
Adapted from Table 4 in Cogliano et al. (2011) available at:
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/11/jnci.djr483.short?rss=1
Last update: 8 July 2019