Motionina Straight Line Tf an object changes its position with respect to its surroundings with time, then it is called in motion. Rest If an object does not change its position with respect to its surroundings with time, then it is called at rest. [Rest and motion are relative states. It means an object which js at rest in one frame of reference can be in motion*in another’ frame of reference at the same time. a Point Mass Object An object can.be considered as a point mass object, if the distance travelledby it in motion is very large in comparison to"its dimensions. Types of Motion 1. One Dimensional Motion If only one out of three coordinates specifying the position of the object. changes with respect to time, then the motion is called one dimensional motion. For instance, motion of a block in a straight line motion of a train along a straight track a man walking on a level and narrow road and object falling under gravity etc. 2. Two Dimensional Motion If only two out of three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to time, then the motion is called two ensional motion. Acircular motion is an instance of two dimensional motion.3, Three Dimensional Motion If all the three coordinates specifying the pole with reapect to time, ten tie motion ia © motion, ae es ‘ A few instances of thres dimension are fying bed a flying kite, 2 flying neroplane, the random motion of gan molec ade an of the object changes Ned three dimensions Distance fe The length of the actual path traversed by an object is called the distance. e ; It is a scalar quantity and it can never be ero or negative during the motion 6f an object, Its unit ia metre, Displacement ms ‘The shortest. distance between the initial and final positions of any object during motion is called displacement. The displacement of an object in a given time can be positive, zero or negative, It in a vector quantity, Its unit is metre, Speed The time rate of change“Of position of the object in any direction is called speed. of the Object. Speed (v) = Distance travelled (#) Time taken (t) Its unit is m/s, It is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formula is (M°LT™, Uniform Speed If an object covers equal distances : in equal i i i speed is called uniform speed, qual intervals of time, then its Non-uniform or Variable Speed If an object covers unequal distances j i Ih a 66 in equal speed is called non-unifo mee orm or variable speed, Average Speed The ratio of the total distance travelled by the obj taken is called average specd of the object. he oct to, the total ame time, then itsAverage speed = Total distance travelled Total time taken Ifa particle travels distances s,, 82, s,,... with speeds v,, Ug, Ug, «.-, then Average speed = Sit $24 83 ++. Ay By, j Vice. vs If particle travels equal distances (s, = ¢, = s) with velocities v, and vy, then Average speed = 2Ova" (vy + v9) If a particle travels with speeds v,, v2, v3,... during time intervals hy, ty, tg,... then Average speed = 214+ Vale + Uyly +... htitht.. If particle travels with speeds v, and vu, for equal time intervals, i.e., 4,=t,=1, then Average speed = as When a body travels equal distance with speeds V, and V,, the average speed (v) is the harmonic mean of tworspeeds. 2qf 1 enh, 2 UYU, “Uy Instantaneous Speed When an object is travelling with variable speed, then its speed at a given instant of time is called its instantaneous speed. As _ ds d= lim —=— Instantaneous spee i aged Velocity The rate of change of displacement of an object in a particular direction is called its velocity. Displacement. Velocity Time taken Its unit is m/s. Its dimensional formula is (M°LT}). It is a vector quantity, as it has both, the magnitude and direction. ‘The velocity of an object can be positive, zero and negative.Uniform Velocity If an object undergoes equal displacements in ox intervals of tin, then it is said to be moving with a uniform velocity. Non-uniform or Variable Velocity If an object undergoes unequal displacements in equal interval; , : alle. time, then it is said to be moving with a non-uniform or variahj, velocity. Relative Velocity Relative velocity of one object with respect to another object is the ting rate of change of relative position of one object with respect to anothe object. Relative velocity of object A with respect to object B Uap=Va-VB TWhen two objects are moving in the same direction, then Vap = Va — Vp vA Be Ov vn ve A B When two objects are moving in opposite’ direction, then Vas =Va + Vp Ma VB or Vag = Va +6 A B When-two objects, are*moving at an angle, then Van = +B vv, con ATVB — £VAVg COSO tanp=—Ye sind Ya-Vg Cos sf and Average Velocity average velocity. Average velocity = Total displacement Total time taken alAcceleration ‘Tho time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. y (Av) Acceleration (a) = © Its unit ie m/s, Its dimensional formula is [M°L/ It is a vector quantity, Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity i sing with time, zero acceleration means velocity is uniform while negative acceleration (retardation) means velocity is decreasing with time, If a particle is accelerated for a time 4, with acceleration a, and for a time f, with acceleration a,, then average acceleration = ht gly hth iy Different Graphs of Motion Displacement-Time Graph Condition , i . For a stationary body Displacement 9 Time Body moving with a constant velocity Displacement Time Body moving with a constant Displacement acceleration iS Time 7(d) (e) Graph Displacement Body moving with a constant retardation YO ° Time Body moving with infinite velocity. But ee such motion of a body is never possible. oO A Time Note Slope of displacemeni t-time graph gives average velocity. Velocity-Time Graph S.No. Condition Graph (a) |Moving with a constant velocity: Velocity ° Time (b) |Moving with a constant Velocity acceleration | | a i eC Time Body moving with a constant Velocity retardation and its initial velocity is not zero. A o B Time$.No. (d) Moving with a constant relardation, (ce) |Moving with i i mee Th e) ) with Increasing Ime acceleration Velocty ° ‘i F Time (1) |Moving with decreasing Velocity acceleration c Time Note Slope of velocity-time graph gives average accéleration, Acceleration-Time Graph No] oy gtnaton? Graph (a) |Whert object ts moving with Acceleration constant acceleration Q Time (b)_|When object is moving with ee ‘constant increasing acceleration ° Time tion (©) |When object is moving with — Constant decreasing acceleration 0 Time —Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion Tfa body starts with velocity (u) and after time tits velocity changes v, if the uniform acceleration is a and the distance travelled in time ti s, then the following relations are obtained, which are called equations of uniformly accelerated motion. @.veura Gi) s=ut+ 5 at? Gii) v? =u? + 2as (iv) Distance travelled in nth second. 8, =u+5(@n-1) Tf a body moves with uniform acceleration and velocity changes from y to v in a time interval, then the velocity at the mid point of its path _ yur tu? Motion Under Gravity If an object is falling freely (u = 0) under gravity, then equations of motion @ veusg Ca =uee et (iit) v? =u? + 2gh Note _If-ariobject\is thrown upward then g is replaced by — g in above three equations, It thus follows that @) Time taken to reach maximum height (iii) A ball is dropped from a building of height h and it reaches after t seconds on earth. From the same building if two ball are thrown (one upwards and other downwards) ) with the same velocity u am! they reach the earth surface after ¢, and t seconds respectively: then (iv) When a body is dropped freely from the top of the tower and another body is projected horizontally from the same point, bot! will reach the ground at the same time. |