…þw ythtuøÞ

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 …þw ythtuøÞ
rð»tÞ
* …þw ythtuøÞ ÷ûte
* …þwytu{tk ¾hðtËt - {tuhðtËt htu„
* Œrûtý „wsht‚{tk ÷uÃxtuytEhtuËeË htu„
* ft¤eÞtu ‚tð
* W¼h‚tu htu„ òuz ftW zeËeÍ
* ƒzo VÕÞw
* …þwytu{tk „¼o…t‚ yuf Aq…tu þºtw ƒúwËu÷tuËeË
* …þwytu{tk …htu…SðeytuÚte Út‚t htu„tu
* …þwMðtMÚÞ™u ntòf‚to …htu…Sðe f]r»t y™u ‚u™w r™Þkºtý
* ytW™tu htu„ {ËtExeË
* ŒqÄ sLÞ htu„tu …h ykfwþ
* …þwytu{tk ô[t Wí…tŒ™ ËtÚtu Ëkf¤tÞu÷ htu„tu
* ÷tune{tk {uø™urþÞ{™e ºt]rxÚte Út‚e Äúwòhe y™u ¾U[
* VtuMVhË™e ºt]rx Úte Út‚tu rðÞtý …Ae™tu ÷t÷ …uþtƒ™tu htu„
* …þw ythtuøÞ {txu hËefhý fu÷uLzh
* …þwytu{tk yfM{t‚sLÞ …rhÂMÚtr‚™t htu„tu
* ½tË[tht™t Ëwû{ ¾™es ‚íðtu™e …rhÂMÚtr‚ ‚Útt ‚u™e Wý…Úte Út‚e yËhtu.
* htsÞ{tk ½tË[tht™e Íuhe yËh y™u sk‚w™tþf Œðtytu™e Ë{MÞtytu
* «týehûtt «týe fÕÞtý ftÞŒtytu-r™Þ{tu
* htu„[tht r™Þkºtý{tk ythtuøÞ÷ûte …„÷t™wk {níð

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 …þw ythtuøÞ÷ûte
r™htu„e …þw™e ytu¤¾
…þwytu ‚kŒwhM‚ hnu y™u ‚u{™e Wí…tŒf‚t s¤ðtE hnu ‚tu s ytðt …þwytu ytŠÚtf he‚u …þw…t÷ftu™u
…tuËtÞ. ‚kŒwhM‚e ò¤ððt y™u Wí…tŒf‚t xftðe ht¾ðt {txu …þw…t÷™{tk ythtuøÞ™e ƒtƒ‚u æÞt™ yt…ðwk ¾qƒ
s sYhe Au. ‚kŒwhM‚e yu s Ët[wk Ä™ „ýe þftÞ. …þwytu{tk htu„[t¤tu Vu÷tÞ íÞthu ‚u™e ‚kŒwhM‚e, Wí…tŒf‚t
y™u «s™™ ût{‚t …h {tXe yËh ÚttÞ Au. ŒwÄt¤t ‚Útt ft{ yt…‚t ‚kŒwhM‚ …þwytu „útBÞSð™™t ytÄthtM‚k¼
ntuE ‚uytu™e r™htu„e‚t rðþu ˼t™‚t ht¾ðe …þw…t÷ftu {txu ½ýe y„íÞ™e ðt‚ Au. r™htu„e yðMÚtt{tk
…þw™tu rðftË, «s™™, Wí…tŒ™ y™u ftÞoût{‚t ½ýe s Ëthe ntuÞ Au.
…þw™wk þheh …ý yt…ýt þheh {wsƒ rðrðÄ ‚kºttu™wk ƒ™u÷wk Au. ƒÄt s ‚kºttu Ëthe he‚u ft{ fhu ‚u ½ýwk
y„íÞ™wk Au. yt ‚kºttu™u ‚u{™t ft{ {txu þÂõ‚™e sYh …zu Au. su ¾tuhtf{tkÚte {¤e hnu Au. ÷e÷tu ½tË[thtu, Ëwfw
½tË, Œtý, [tuϾwk …týe r™Þ‚ «{tý{tk {¤u ‚u sYhe ntuðt W…htk‚ Xkzfðt¤wk hnuXtý, MðåA hnuðt™e søÞt
W…htk‚ Ë{ÞËh™wk hËefhý y™u Ë{Þ yk‚hu ‚kŒwhM‚e™e [ftËýe …þw™e r™htu„e yðMÚtt ò¤ððt{tk ¾qƒ s
y„íÞ™tu ¼t„ ¼sðu Au.
…þw™e ‚kŒwhM‚e™tu ytÄth ƒtÌt ‚u{s ytk‚rhf …rhƒ¤tu …h ¾qƒ s ntuÞ Au. W…htuõ‚ Œþtoðu÷ …ife yuf
yÚtðt ðÄthu ƒtÌt …heƒ¤tu ßÞthu y™wfq¤ ™ ntuÞ íÞthu þheh™t rðrðÄ ‚kºttu ‚u{™e ftÞoût{‚t{tk sYrhÞt‚
{wsƒ™tu VuhVth fhe þheh™wk ytk‚rhf ðt‚tðhý ¾qƒ s [tufËtE …qðof ò¤ðu Au. ßÞthu yt ytk‚rhf ðt‚tðhý
[tufËtE…qðof ™ s¤ðtÞ ‚tu …þw™u htu„ ÷t„w …tzðt™e «r¢Þt þY ÚtE òÞ Au. r™htu„e …þw{tk htu„™e „uhntshe
W…htk‚ ‚u™e {t™rËf y™u Ët{trsf …rhÂMÚtr‚ Ët{tLÞ ntuÞ Au y™u Ët{tLÞ «{tý{tk y™u Ët{tLÞ Íz…Úte
ft{ fhðt{tk Úttf y™w¼ð‚wk ™Úte. …þw ßÞthu rƒ{th …zu Au íÞthu ‚u™t þheh W…h y™u ykŒh swŒt swŒt ÷ûtýtu
òuðt {¤u Au. …þw™t htu„™wk r™Œt™ Ët{tLÞ he‚u …þwr[rfíËftu ‚u{™t y™w¼ð™t ytÄthu htu„tu{tk òuðt {¤‚t
Ët{tLÞ he‚u ƒtÌt r[Lntu W…hÚte fhu Au. …hk‚w ƒtÌt ÷ûtýtu [tu¬Ë {wsƒ™t ™ ntuÞ íÞthu r™Œt™ r[Lntu …hÚte
fhðwk þõÞ ƒ™‚wk ™Úte yÚtðt {w~fu÷ ƒ™e òÞ Au. ytðt Ëkòu„tu{tk þheh{tkÚte yufrºt‚ fhu÷tk ÷tune, …uþtƒ
y™u {¤ (Atý)™t ™{q™tytu™wk …]ÚÚtfhý «Þtu„þt¤t{tk fhðt{tk ytðu Au y™u ‚u™t ytÄthu htu„™wk r™Œt™ ðÄw
[tu¬ËtE…qðof fhe þftÞ Au yÚtðt ‚tu …þw r™htu„e Au ‚u{ [tu¬Ë…qðof fne þftÞ Au. {týË {txu «Þtu„þt¤t{tk
htu„™wk r™Œt™ Ët{tLÞ ƒ™e „Þwk Au. ‚uðe he‚u …þw {txu htu„ r™Œt™ fhðt{tk «Þtu„þt¤t™tu W…Þtu„ Äe{u Äe{u
ðÄe hÌttu Au.
r™htu„e …þw{tk Ët{tLÞ he‚u ™e[u {wsƒ™tk ÷ûtýtu òuðt {¤u Au.
(1) [t{ze :
r™htu„e …þw™e [t{ze Œu¾tðu ÷eËe, [{fŒth, „h{, ÂMÚtr‚MÚtt…f «fth™e òuðt {¤u Au. yt [t{ze
htu„ yðMÚtt{tk Ëwfe, ¾hƒ[ze, òze ‚Útt ¼ª„ztðt¤e ƒ™e òÞ Au. yt{, [t{ze W…h yuf ™sh ™t¾‚tk
…þw™e r™htu„e yðMÚtt™e ¾ƒh …zu Au.
(2) {tU y™u ™tf :
‚kŒwhM‚ r™htu„e …þw™t {tU W…h nk{þt ¼usðt¤t ™t™t ™t™t …týe™t xe…tk Œu¾tÞ Au y™u ™tf{tkÚte
ftuE…ý ò‚™tu Ëútð Œu¾t‚tu ™Úte. S¼ ðzu [txe™u ™tf MðåA ht¾u Au. ‚tð ytðu íÞthu ‚Útt yLÞ htu„„úM‚
ÂMÚtr‚{tk ™tf™e …tËu ytðu÷ {Í÷™tu ¼t„ Ëqftu hnu Au y™u ™tf{tkÚte yËt{tLÞ «fth™tu Mºttð òuðt {¤u Au.
{tU{tkÚte ÷t¤ …ý ƒnth …z‚e Œu¾tÞ Au.
(3) ytk¾ y™u ™tf :
r™htu„e …þw™e ytk¾tu ‚uS÷e ÷t„u Au y™u ft™ Ër¢Þ ntuÞ Au. htu„ yðMÚtt{tk ft™ ™e[u ™{e „Þu÷t
Œu¾tÞ Au. ytk¾tu Ÿze W‚he òÞ Au. ytk¾{tkÚte …týe ™ef¤u Au. ytk¾tu hk„u rV¬e (…tkzw htu„), ÷t÷ (Ëtuòu),
yÚtðt …e¤e (f{¤tu) Œu¾tÞ Au.
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(4) ð‚oýwf, ÂMÚtr‚ y™u [t÷ :
Œhuf r™htu„e …þw™u ‚u™e yt„ðe ð‚oýqkf, ƒuËðt WXðt™e ÂMÚtr‚ y™u [t÷ ntuÞ Au. yt ÷ûtýtu htu„
yðMÚtt{tk VuhVth ƒ‚tðu Au. htu„ ÷t„w …zu÷t …þwytu xtu¤t{tkÚte swŒt …ze òÞ Au, yuftk‚ …ËkŒ fhu Au y™u {tÚtwk
™e[wk ht¾e™u Q¼t hnu Au. ßÞthu ÷tune{tk fuÂÕþÞ{™wk «{tý ½xu Au íÞthu ƒuXu÷e „tÞ/¼UË ‚u™wk {tÚtwk At‚e …h
{qfu÷wk òuðt {¤u Au. ËtkÄt{tk Ëtuòu ytðu, ntzfwk ‚qxe òÞ, ¾Ëe òÞ íÞthu …þw …tu‚u [t÷ðt{tk …huþt™e y™w¼ðu
Au.
(5) ¾tuhtf ÷uðt™e y™u ðt„tu¤ðt™e r¢Þt :
r™htu„e …þw Íz…Úte ‚u™tu ¾tuhtf ÷u Au y™u ðt„tu¤ðt™e r¢Þt yt¾tu rŒðË [tÕÞt fhu Au. …hk‚w htu„
÷t„w …zu íÞthu ¾tuhtf ytuAtu ÷u Au yÚtðt ¾tuhtf ÷uðt™wk ƒkÄ fhu Au. ‚ŒTW…htk‚ ¾tuhtf ðt„tu¤ðt™e r¢Þt
yr™Þr{‚ ƒ™e ðå[u ðå[u ƒkÄ hnu Au. ßÞthu ûtthtu fu rðxt{e™ («Sðftu)™e Wý… ntuÞ íÞthu Äq¤ yÚtðt ftŒð
¾tÞ Au. „{tý™u ‚Útt rŒðt÷tu su ðthkðth [txu Au y™u ½ýeðth ntzftk …ý {tu{tk ÷E ¾tðt «Þí™ fhu Au.
(6) þheh™wk ‚t…{t™, ïË™r¢Þt ðu„ y™u ÓŒÞ Äƒftht :
…t÷‚w …þwytu {wÏÞíðu Ë{‚t…e ntuðtÚte ‚u{™wk þtherhf W»ý‚t{t™ Œhuf É‚wytu{tk r™Þr{‚ he‚u
r™Âù‚ fûttytu s¤ðtE hnu Au. þtherhf ‚t…{t™ ðÄu ‚tu htu„ yðMÚtt Œþtoðu Au. ‚t…{t™{tk VuhVth ÚtðtÚte
ïË™r¢Þt y™u ӌޙt ăftht{tk …ý ðĽx ÚttÞ Au. þheh™wk ‚t…{t™ Ët{tLÞ he‚u 37.4Úte 39.2 Ëu.
ËwÄe swŒt swŒt …þwytu{tk òuðt {¤u Au. ïË™«r¢Þt «r‚ r{r™xu 8 Úte 30 sux÷e ntuÞ Au y™u ӌޙt ăftht
32 Úte 80 ËwÄe™t «r‚ r{r™xu ntuÞ Au. ßÞthu {h½t{tk þheh™wk W»ý‚t{t™ 41.7 Ëu., ÓŒÞ y™u ï™r¢Þt
«r‚ r{r™xu y™w¢{u 200 Úte 400 y™u 15 Úte 35 ntuÞ Au.
(7) {¤ y™u {qºt :
y…tåÞ ¾tuhtf þheh{tkÚte ½™ f[ht MðY…u {¤ {thV‚u ƒnth …zu Au ßÞthu rƒ™W…Þtu„e, rƒ™sYhe
ÿtÔÞ …ŒtÚtoY…e f[htu {qºt {thV‚u ƒnth ftZðt{tk ytðu Au. „tÞ-¼UË™wk Atý yÄo-fXý «fth™wk ntuÞ Au y™u
‚u™tu hk„ ¾tÄu÷t ¾tuhtf™t «fth {wsƒ ÷e÷tÚte ft¤t hk„™wk ntuÞ Au. ‚u{tk ftuE…ý ò‚™wk …Yk, ÷tune, f]r{ ntu‚t
™Úte …hk‚w òu ‚u òuðt {¤u ‚tu htu„™e …rhÂMÚtr‚ Œþtoðu Au. {¤ fƒrsÞt‚ ƒtƒ‚u fXý ƒ™u Au y™u …týe™wk
«{tý ½xu Au ßÞthu Ítzt ÚtE òÞ Au íÞthu …týe™wk «{tý yufŒ{ ðÄe sðtÚte òztu …t‚¤tu …týe suðtu ƒ™e òÞ
Au y™u ðthu½zeyu …þw™u {¤íÞt„ fhðtu …zu Au.
…uþtƒ™tu hk„ ytAtu …e¤tu ËwftÞu÷t ½tË™t hk„ suðtu ntuÞ Au. yu{tur™Þt™e ðtË Ähtðu Au y™u ‚u{tk
…týe™wk «{tý r™Þr{‚ he‚u s¤ðtE hnu Au y™u ‚u{tk …týe™wk «{tý r™Þ{e‚ he‚u s¤ðtE hnu Au. …uþtƒ™t
hk„{tk VuhVth ÚttÞ (÷t÷, ½txwk …e¤wk, ftuVe hk„) íÞthu htu„ …rhÂMÚtr‚ Œþtoðu Au. Œðt yt…ðt{tk ytðu íÞthu …ý
…uþtƒ™t hk„{tk VuhVth ÚttÞ Au ‚u ¾tË æÞt™{tk ht¾ðt suðwk Au. fextuËeË Œhr{Þt™ …uþtƒ{tkÚte {eXe ðtË ytðu
Au. …uþtƒ™t {t„o{tk …Úthe ntuÞ ‚tu …uþtƒ™tu sÚÚttu rŒðË ŒhBÞt™ ftZðt{tk ytðu ‚u ½xe òÞ Au. r™htu„e „tÞ-
ƒ¤Œ 17 Úte 45 r÷xh/rf.„út./rŒðË sux÷tu …uþtƒ 24 f÷tf{tk ftZu Au. yt {wsƒ™e {tºtt ƒfhe{tk 10 Úte
40, yï{tk 3 Úte 18, ½uxt{tk 10 Úte 40 y™u zw¬h{tk 5 Úte 30 Au.
…uþtƒ™wk «Þtu„þt¤t{tk …]Út¬hý fhðt{tk ytðu ‚tu htu„ …rhÂMÚtr‚{tk ‚u{tk þfoht, «tuxe™, ÷tune,
hõ‚fýtu, ïu‚fýtu rð„uhu òuðt {¤u Au. su r™htu„e …þw™t …uþtƒ{tk ntu‚t ™Úte.
(8) ŒqÄ :

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 r™htu„e …þw™wk ŒqÄ ËVuŒ hk„™wk ntuÞ Au y™u «ðtne MðY…{tk ntuÞ Au. ßÞthu ‚u™wk Wí…tŒ™ ½xe òÞ yÚtðt
„êt òuðt {¤u yÚtðt ÷t÷ hk„ ÷tune™u ÷eÄu ntuÞ ‚tu htu„ …rhÂMÚtr‚ Œþtoðu Au.
(9) «s™™ yk„tu :
r™htu„e …wÏ‚ðÞ™wk …þw r™Þr{‚ É‚w[¢ Œþtoðu Au. yt É‚w[¢ „tÞ{tk 21 rŒðË, ½uxt-ƒfht{tk 18
Úte 20 rŒðË, ¼qkz 21 rŒðË, yï 21 Úte 28 rŒðË™e yðrÄ™wk ntuÞ Au. yt É‚w[¢ Œhr{Þt™ ßÞthu …þw
„h{e{tk ytðu Au íÞthu ðthkðth ¼tk¼hu Au, …uþtƒ fhu Au y™u Þtu™e{tkÚte [efýtu ËVuŒ Œtuhzt Y…u Ëútð Œu¾tÞ Au.
r™htu„e …þw™u yt É‚w[¢ Œhr{Þt™ Vu¤ððt{tk ytðu ‚tu „t¼ý ƒ™u Au. su …þw Ë{Þtk‚hu r™Þr{‚ he‚u „t¼ý
™ ƒ™u ‚tu ‚u htu„ …rhÂMÚtr‚ yÚtðt {tuxe ô{h™wk fthý ntuE þfu.
(10) ÷tune :
r™htu„e …þw™wk ÷tune ÷t÷ hk„™wk ntuÞ Au. ‚u™wk ƒkÄthý …ý r™Þr{‚ «{týu r™Âù‚ ntuÞAu. ‚u™tu sÚÚttu
þheh™t ðs™™t 9 xft sux÷tu Au. r™htu„e y™u htu„e yðMÚtt™u swŒe …tzðt {txu ½ýeðth …þw{tkÚte ÷tune ÷uðwk
ytð~Þf ƒ™u Au y™u Úttuzwk ÷tune ÷uðtÚte …þw{tk ftuE…ý ò‚™e ™ƒ¤tE ytð‚e ™Úte. {™w»Þ{tkÚte …ý htu„
r™Œt™ {txu ÷tune ÷uðwk sYhe Au. ‚uðe he‚u …þwytu{tk …ý ‚u ½ýwk W…Þtu„e ƒ™u Au. ÷tune™t …rh{tý{tk
rn{tuø÷tuƒe™, …týe™wk «{tý, swŒt swŒt ftu»ttu™e xftðthe, ËkÏÞt rð„uhu™tu Ÿztý…qðof™tu yÇÞtË fhðt{tk
ytðu Au. r™htu„e …þw{tk rn{tuø÷tuƒe™™wk «{tý „tÞ-ƒ¤Œ{tk 11 Úte 12.3 „út{ «r‚ 100 {e÷e÷exh ntuÞ
Au. ½ux{tk ‚u™wk «{tý 12 Úte 12.4, yï{tk 10 Úte 13.2, ƒfhe{tk 11, ït™{tk 13 Úte 15, rƒ÷tze{tk
12, zw¬h{tk 12 Úte 13, {h½t{tk 13.5 „út{ Œh «r‚ 100 {e÷er÷xh{tk ntuðwk sYhe Au. yt™tÚte ytuAwk
«{tý htu„ yðMÚtt{tk „ýðt{tk ytðu Au.
r™htu„e …þw™e ytk¾tu h‚tþ ¼hu÷e Œu¾tÞ Au. ßÞthu htu„e …þw{tk ytk¾tu rV¬e ÷t„u Au. ÷tune ßÞthu
þheh{tk ytuAwk ntuÞ y™u rn{tuø÷tuƒe™™wk «{tý ÷tune{tk yLÞ fthýtuËh ½xe òÞ íÞthu ytðwk ƒ™u Au. yt{,
r™htu„e …þw™e òýfthe {txu {wÏÞíðu ÞtŒ ht¾ðwk sYhe ƒ™u Au fu :
(1) Ë{ÞËh, Ë«{tý{tk ¾tuhtf ÷u Au y™u ðt„tu¤™tht «týeytu rŒðË yt¾t Œhr{Þt™ ðt„tu¤ðt™e
r¢Þt fhu Au.
(2) þheh™wk W»ý‚t{t™, ït™™e r¢Þt y™u ӌޙt ăftht Ët{tLÞ hnu Au.
(3) ‚u™tu rðftË Ëthe he‚u ÚttÞ Au.
(4) ð‚oýqkf y™u n÷™[÷™ Ët{tLÞ ntuÞ Au.
(5) …uþtƒ, Atý™tu hk„ Ët{tLÞ ntuÞ Au.
(6) ‚u{™t &÷u»{ fð[tu ‚kŒwhM‚ ntuÞ Au.
(7) ÷tune™wk ƒkÄthý Ët{tLÞ ntuÞ Au.
(8) [t{ze [{f‚e, ytk¾tu Ë‚us, ËtV ™tf y™u {Í÷ðt¤t ¼t„ …h …týe™t ™t™t ™t™t xe…tk ƒtsu÷t
hnu Au.
(9) ŒqÄ Wí…tŒ™ Ët{tLÞ hnu Au.
(10) «s™™ yk„u™e {trn‚e …ý Ët{tLÞ ntuÞ Au.
...
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 …þwytu{tk ¾hðtËt-{tuðtËt htu„
yt…ýu ð»ttuoÚte ¾hðtËt-{tuðtËt fu Vwx yuLz {tWÚt htu„™u ‘¾hðt’™t xqkft ™t{u ytu¤ÏÞtu Au. yt…ýt
Œuþ{tk yt htu„ yux÷tu Ët{tLÞ «[r÷‚ Au fu, …þw…t÷ftuÚte {tkze ƒÄt s ‚u™u „útBÞ M‚hu …ý òýu Au. …hk‚w
‚tsu‚h™t ð»ttuo{tk yt htu„u rðï™t y™uf Œuþtu{tk Œu¾t Œu‚t ‚u{s «Ëth {tæÞ{tu{tk yðth™ðth [{f‚t ‚uýu
÷tuftu™wk rðþu»t æÞt™ ¾UåÞwk. yt…ýt Œuþ {txu ðtM‚rðf‚t Mðefthe yu ‚tu, yt…ýt Œuþ{tk …þw…t÷ftu yt htu„™u
rðþu»t {n¥ð yt…‚t ™Úte y™u htu„ ytðu ‚tu Ëtnrsf „ýu Au ‚u{ fnuðt{tk yr‚þÞtuÂõ‚ ™Úte. rðþu»t …hŒuþ™t
…þwytu™e Ëh¾t{ýeyu yt…ýt …þwytu™e htu„ Ët{u «r‚fthf þÂõ‚ ¾qƒ ðÄw Au. ‚uÚte {hý«{tý ÷„¼„
™rnð‚T Au. y÷ƒ¥t, Wí…tŒ™ ûtuºtu Ëthwk yuðwk ™wfËt™ …ntU[tzu Au.
htu„™tu …rh[Þ :
yt htu„ r…ftu™to òr‚™t ðtÞhË fu rð»ttýwÚte ÚttÞ Au. yt htu„ „tÞ, ƒ¤Œ, ¼UË, ½Uxtk, ƒfhtk, zw¬h
y™u fux÷tÞ sk„÷e …þwytu™u ÷t„w …ze þfu Au. yt rð»ttýwytu yu…eÚtu÷eÞtuxÙtu…ef ntuðtÚte ‚{t{ yu…eÚtu÷eÞ÷
ftu»ttu (S¼, [t{ze, yL™™¤e, ytk‚hztk rð„uhu){tk hnu Au y™u ð]ÂØ …t{u Au. htur„»x …þw™e ÷t¤ y™u y™u
yLÞ Mºttðtu{tk rð»ttýwytu ntuÞ Au. rð»ttýwytu™e y™uf ˃xtE… fu MxÙuE™ Au. ytr£ft{tk yuË.yu.xe.-1,
yuË.yu.xe.-2 y™u yuË.yu.xe.-3 {wÏÞ Au. ßÞthu yurþÞt™t ¼th‚ Ërn‚™t Œuþtu{tk ytu, yu, Ëe, yurþÞt-
1 {wÏÞ Au. …hk‚w nt÷™t ð»ttuo{tk ytu-rðþu»t òuðt {¤u÷ Au. …þw™u htu„ þY ÚtÞt …nu÷tk [th rŒðËu ŒqÄ, ðeÞo
rð„uhu ‚{t{ Mºttð{tk rð»ttýwytu ntuÞ Au. Ëqft Atý{tk W™t¤t{tk rð»ttýwytu 14 rŒðË ËwÄe Srð‚ hne þfu Au.
rþÞt¤t{tk Atý™e M÷he{tk A {tË y™u …uþtƒ{tk 39 rŒðË Srð‚ hne þfu Au. ‚u s he‚u s{e™{tk A {tË
ËwÄe Srð‚ hne þfu Au.
…þw™e fí÷ ÚtÞt ƒtŒ ntzftk y™u {tkË{tk ‚u 24 Úte 72 f÷tf{tk Ëw»tw ƒ™u Au y™u £eͪ„Úte ÷tkƒt
Ë{Þ ËwÄe Srð‚ hne þfu Au. fux÷ef ðth rð»ttýwytu ŒqÄ …h …u~åÞwhtEÍuþ™ fhðt A‚tk Srð‚ hne òÞ Au.
‚u s he‚u ŒqÄ{tkÚte fuËe™ ƒ™tð‚tk ‚u{tk …ý òuðt {¤u Au. [eÍ ƒ™tð‚e ð¾‚u rð»ttýwytu Srð‚ hne òÞ Au.
…hk‚w [eÍ™t yuSk„ y™u htE…™ª„ ŒhBÞt™ rð»ttýwytu ™tþ …t{‚t ntuðtÚte htu„„úM‚ rðM‚th™t …þwytu™t
ŒqÄ{tkÚte [eÍ ƒ™tððt™tu rðfÕ… fux÷efðth …ËkŒ fhtÞ Au. rðŒuþ{tk htu„eü …þw™wk ŒqÄ fu ŒqÄ™e ƒ™tðxtu
W…Þtu„{tk ÷uðt‚e ™Úte, …hk‚w fí÷ {tuxu …tÞu fhðt™tu rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fhtÞ Au. rð»ttýwytu õ÷tuhtuVtu{o y™u EÚth{tk
hne þfu Au, …hk‚w yurËz y™u ytÕf÷e™t ÿtðý{tk ™tþ …t{u Au. ‚uÚte s ËturzÞ{ ntEzÙtuõËtEz, ËtuzeÞ{
ftƒtuo™ux, yuËexef yurËz rð„uhu zeËELVuõxLx ‚hefu W…Þtu„e Au su™tu ntESr™f …„÷t{tk Ë{tðuþ fhðtu
sYhe Au.
r[Lntu xqkf{tk :
yt htu„™t r[LntuÚte …þw…t÷ftu ðtfuV Au. htu„™e þYyt‚{tk …þw™u 103 Úte 105 ze„úe Vuh™nex ‚tð
ytðu Au. {tuZt{tkÚte ¾qƒ ÷t¤ …zu Au y™u ƒu Úte ºtý rŒðË{tk {tUZt{tk S¼ …h, ‚t¤ðt …h, ntuX™t ykŒh™t
¼t„u VtuÕ÷t …zu Au. su Vqx‚tk [tkŒt …zu Au. fux÷efðth …„™e ¾heytu ðå[u …zu÷t VtuÕ÷t Vqx‚t [tkŒt …ze ½t Ÿztu
ƒ™u Au y™u Sðzt ({u„xTË) …ý …zu Au. ŒwÄt¤w …þw™wk ŒqÄ 25 xft ËwÄe ½xe òÞ Au y™u ƒ¤Œ ¾u‚e ft{™t
W…Þtu„{tk ÷E þft‚t ™Úte. 7 Úte 8 rŒðËu htu„™e yËh ytuAe Út‚tk …þw Äehu Äehu ¾tðt™wk þY fhu Au.
„wsht‚™wk r[ºt :
¼th‚™t yLÞ htßÞ™e su{ yt…ýt htßÞ{tk ÷„¼„ ‚{t{ rsÕ÷tytu{tk yt htu„[t¤tu yuLzu{ef
(½h) Au y™u Œh ð»tuo ‚u™t htu„[t¤t ™tUÄtÞ Au.
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 AuÕ÷t ºtý ð»to{tk ytu-ò‚™t rð»ttýwÚte ðÄthu W…ÿð ÚtÞt Au. ßÞthu Ëe-«fth™t rð»ttýw ‚v™ òuðt
{¤u÷ ™Úte. yu-‚Útt yurþÞt-1 «fth™t rð»ttýwytu fux÷tf W…ÿð{tk òuðt {¤u Au. rð»ttýw™e ò‚tu™wk …]Út¬hý
hËe Wí…tŒ™ ûtuºtu W…Þtu„e r™ðzu Au. nt÷ W…Þtu„e ‚{t{ rð»ttýw™e ò‚tu Ët{u «r‚fthf þÂõ‚ y…uo ‚uðe hËe
W…÷çÄ Au.
¼th‚ fûttyu :
yurþÞt™t Œuþtu{tk yt htu„ yuLzu{ef Au. ¼th‚™t ÷„¼„ ‚{t{ htßÞtu{tk Œh ð»tuo yt htu„ Œu¾t Œu Au.
(ytkŒt{t™-r™ftuƒth rËðtÞ) yuf ykŒts {wsƒ ¼th‚{tk Œh ð»tuo yt htu„Úte Yt. 500 Úte 600 fhtuz™wk
Wí…tŒ™ „w{tðtÞ Au.
rðïM‚hu :
yt htu„ {tuxt ¼t„™t yurþÞt, ytr£ft, {æÞ-…qðo y™u Þwhtu…™t y™uf Œuþtu{tk Vu÷tÞu÷ Au. Þw™tExuz
™uþLË (Þw.yu™.)™t sýtÔÞt {wsƒ ¾hðt rðï™e yuf Ë{MÞt ƒ™u÷ Au. rðï M‚hu yt htu„ Vu÷tððt{tk 2/3
sux÷t htu„[t¤t, Œwr»t‚ Œtý, {tkË y™u ‚u™e …uŒtþ îtht Vu÷tÞt Au. (nt÷™t Þwhtu…™t htu„[t¤t™wk {wÏÞ fthý)
10 xft htu„[t¤t htur„ü …þwytu™e ytÞt‚ yuf Œuþ{tkÚte ƒeò Œuþ{tk ÚtðtÚte ™tUÄtÞu÷ Au. £tLË, ytÞ÷uoLz,
™uÄh÷uLz ð„uhu Œuþtu{tk yt htu„ ytðt fthýÚte Vu÷tÞtu ntuðt™wk sýtÞ Au. nt÷ rðïM‚h™t htu„[t¤t{tk «Út{ðth
1996{tk ŒÂûtý yurþÞt {thV‚ «ðuþ …t{e ntuðt™wk yÇÞtË{tk sýtÞu÷ Au. #ø÷uLz{tk yt htu„ yxftððt
ºtý ÷t¾ …þwytu™tu ‚tsu‚h{tk ™tþ fhtÞu÷ Au. ‚us he‚u Mftux÷uLz, ƒuEÕË, ytÞh÷uLz{tk …ý htu„ «Ëhu÷ Au
y™u 40,000 sux÷t ½uxtk™tu ™tþ fhtÞu÷ Au. yLÞ Œuþtu Eht™, Rhtf, rËheÞt, EÍhtÞu÷, ÷uƒu™tu™{tk …ý
ythtu„ «Ëhu÷ Au. W…htk‚ {tÞk{th, rðÞux™t{, fBƒtuzeÞt, ÚttE÷uLz y™u {÷urþÞt …ý htu„Úte {wõ‚ hne
þõÞt ™Úte. #ø÷uLz yt htu„Úte AuÕ÷t 20 ð»toÚte {wõ‚ n‚wk. ‚u s he‚u ŒÂûtý fturhÞt{tk 1934 Úte htu„ ÚtÞu÷
™ n‚tu y™u ò…t™u yt htu„ AuÕ÷u 1908{tk òuÞu÷tu. yt ‚Útt Þwhtu…™t y™uf Œuþtu su AuÕ÷t 20 Úte 50 ð»to ËwÄe
yt htu„Úte {wõ‚ n‚t íÞtk AuÕ÷t ƒu ð»to{tk yt htu„ Útðt™wk fthý Œwr»t‚ {tkË y™u ‚u™e ƒ™tðxtu ¾tðtÚte fu ‚u™e
nuhVuhÚte „ýtðtÞ Au. ¼th‚ suðt Œuþ{tk …þwytu™t ytk‚hhtßÞ ‚Útt ytk‚hrsÕ÷t MÚt¤tk‚h y™u nðt {thV‚
yt htu„ Vu÷tÞt™e ƒtƒ‚ æÞt™ ¾U[u ‚uðe Au.
{tuxt¼t„™t Þwhtu…™t Œuþtu yt htu„Úte ð»ttuoÚte {wõ‚ n‚k y™u htu„ r™Þkºtý yxftð™t Ë[tux …„÷t
A‚tk (su ½ýt yurþÞt fu ytr£ft™t Œuþtu{tk þõÞ ™Úte) htu„ «ËÞtuo ‚u rð»ttýw™e ‚eðú‚t y™u Vu÷tðt™e þÂõ‚
Œþtoðu Au.
htu„™wk r™Œt™ :
htu„™wk r™Œt™ r[Lntu …hÚte ÚtE þfu Au. rð»ttýwytu™e MxÙuE™ (ò‚tu) òýðt htßÞ fûtt™wk xtE…ª„
¼th‚ Ëhfth îtht MÚttr…‚ Út‚tk xtE…ª„ y{ŒtðtŒ ¾t‚u þõÞ ƒ™u÷ Au. ytðe «Þtu„Ët¤t{tk ‚…tËu÷ ™{q™t
…rhýt{tu rsÕ÷t fûttyu ‚wh‚ W…÷çÄ fhðt{tk ytðu Au.
Ëthðth :
htu„ ÚtÞt …Ae ntESr™f …„÷tk, {tuZt ‚Útt …„™e MðåA‚t, …tuxu~Þ{ …h{U„u™ux suðt (0.1 xft)
ÿtðý™tu ðthkðth W…Þtu„ rð„uhu „ýtðe þftÞ.
yxftð :
yt…ýu yt„¤ rðM‚]‚ [[to fÞto …hÚte sýtþu fu, htu„™tu yxftð fux÷tu Œw»fh Au. htu„ «r‚fthf
hËeytu W…÷çÄ Au. su ð»to{tk ƒu ðth fu 9 {tË ƒtŒ (hËe™e ò‚ …h ytÄth Au.) yuf 𾂠{wftððtÚte htn‚
{¤u Au.
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htu„ r™Þkºtý™e {ÞtoŒtytu :
1. yt…ýu òuÞwk ‚u{ ¼th‚ suðt Œuþ{tk ytk‚hhtßÞ ‚Útt ytk‚hrsÕ÷t …þwytu™wk MÚt¤tk‚h Ë‚‚ Út‚wk hnu Au.
su yxftððwk ÷„¼„ yþõÞ Au.
2. …þwytu ht¾ðt™e …Ør‚, nuhVuh, {t÷-Ët{t™, {™w»Þtu™e ytð™-òð™ rð„uhu htu„ «Ëth™t …rhƒ¤tu
Ë‚‚ ftÞoh‚ ntuÞ Au.
3. rð»ttýwytu™e rðrðÄ òr‚™t …þwytu{tk (½uxtk-ƒfhtk, „tÞð„o, ¼UËð„o, zw¬h rð„uhu) ntshe y™u
«Ëth htu„ r™Þkºtý{tk ƒtÄtY… ƒ™u Au.
4. …þw…t÷ftu yt htu„™u Ëns „ýu Au.
5. ‚{t{ «fth™t …þwytu{tk hËefhý™tu sk„e ¾[o Útðt òÞ Au.
þwk fhe þftÞ ?
¾hðt htu„™tu Ëk…qýo yxftð fu r™Þkºtý, rð»ttýwytu™e ¾trËÞ‚ òu‚tk þõÞ ™ ƒ™u. …hk‚w ™e[u™tk
…„÷tk htu„™t «Ëth y™u ytkrþf r™Þkºtý{tk {ŒŒY… ™eðze þfu.
1. ytk‚h ŒuþeÞ MÚt¤tk‚h r™Þkrºt‚ fhðt.
2. ytk‚h htßÞ MÚt¤tk‚h …h Œu¾hu¾ ‚Útt htur„ü ò™ðh™tu «ðuþ yxftððtu.
3. [wM‚ ntES™ef …„÷tk ÷uðt.
4. …þw…t÷ftu …ý ò„]‚ ƒ™e ‚uytus …þwytu™t hËefhý {txu yt„¤ ytðu y™u yt {txu ‚uytu Úttuztu ¾[o
fhu ‚tu Wí…tŒ™{tk ytzf‚htu {tuxtu VtÞŒtu ÚtE þfu.
5. ht»xÙeÞ fûtt™e r™Þkºtý Þtus™t y{÷{tk {qfe þftÞ su{tk ¾uzq‚tu Ën¼t„e ƒ™u y™u ytkrþf ¾[o
Ëhfth fhu ‚tu r™Þkºtý™tu ÔÞt… ðÄthe þftÞ.
6. nt÷{tk yuV.yu{.ze.Ëe.…e. ‚u{s yuMftzo Þtus™t nuX¤ htßÞ™t ‚{t{ rsÕ÷tytu{tk …þwytu™u yt
htu„ rðhtuÄe hËe {V‚ {qfðt{tk ytðu Au.
...

138
 nzfðt yuf Sð÷uý htu„
rð»ttýwÚte Út‚tu nzfðt™tu htu„ „h{ ÷tuneðt¤tk «týeytu ‚Útt {™w»Þ{tk yhË…hË (Íw™tuxef) Út‚tu
ntuðtÚte ‚Útt yt htu„ ÚtÞt ƒtŒ ‚u™e ftuE Ëthðth ™nª ntuðtÚte ht»xÙeÞ ‚Útt ytk‚hht»xÙeÞ fûttyu yt htu„™wk
{n¥ð ½ýwk s hnu÷ Au. ¼th‚ Ërn‚ yurþÞt™t Œuþtu{tk {™w»Þ y™u …t÷‚wk ‚u{s ðLÞ …þwytu{tk nzfðt™tu htu„
ÔÞt…f «{tý{tk òuðt {¤u Au. yt htu„™t {wÏÞ ðtnftu fq‚ht y™u rþÞt¤ suðt «týeytu Au. yLÞ «týeytu
suðtk fu ðY, hun™, ™turhÞtu, ðuB…tÞh, [t{t[erzÞtk rð„uhu …ý yt htu„™t ðtnftu Au. yt…ýtk Œuþ{tk «r‚ ð»tuo
{týËtu{tk nzfðtÚte Út‚t {]íÞw™t 96 xft sux÷tk {]íÞw fq‚ht™t fhzðtÚte ÚttÞ Au. Œwr™Þt¼h{tk nzfðtÚte Út‚t
{]íÞw™t 80 xft sux÷tk {hýtu Võ‚ ¼th‚{tk s ÚttÞ Au.
nzftÞt «týe™e ÷t¤{tk nzfðt™t rð»ttýwytu ntuÞ Au ‚u fhzðtÚte ÷t¤ îtht [u‚tytu {thV‚u {„s ËwÄe
…ntU[tze nzfðt™t r[Lntu y™u htu„ …uŒt fhu Au. nzfðt™t r[Lntu Œu¾tðt™tu Ë{Þ„t¤tu nzftÞwk «týe ‚kŒwhM‚
…þw™t fu {™w»Þ™t õÞt ¼t„ …h fhzâwk Au, ½t fux÷tu Ÿztu Au ‚Útt ÷t¤{tk rð»ttýwytu™e ËkÏÞt …h ytÄtrh‚ Au.
{„sÚte ™Sf™t ¼t„{tk fq‚hwk fhzâwk ntuÞ, ½t Ÿztu ntuÞ ‚Útt ÷t¤{tk rð»ttýwytu™e ËkÏÞt ðÄw ntuÞ ‚tu nzfðt™tu
htu„ íðhe‚ ÷t„w …zu Au. ‚uðe s he‚u …qkAze …h {tºt WÍhztu fhu÷ ntuÞ ‚u{s ÷t¤{tk rð»ttýwytu™e ËkÏÞt ytuAe
ntuÞ ‚tu yt htu„ A {tËÚte yuf ð»to ƒtŒ …ý òuðt {¤u Au.
r[Lntu :
yt htu„™t r[Lntu «týeytu{tk ƒu «fthu òuðt {¤u Au.
(1) {wf yÚtðt ÷õðt «fth (zBƒ Vtu{o)
(2) W¥tusf yÚtðt ½t‚f «fth ({u™eÞtf Vtu{o)
(1) {qf yÚtðt ÷fðt «fth™tu nzfðt VeõMz rð»ttýwytuÚte ÚttÞ Au su{tk {wÏÞ r[Lntu ™e[u {wsƒ™t
òuðt {¤u Au.
(y) {tuZt{tkÚte …w»f¤ ÷t¤ x…fu Au.
(ƒ) …þw yðts fhðt «Þí™ fhu …ý fhe ™ þfu.
(f) …þw™u ‚tð ytðu.
(z) ÷fðt™e yËh òuðt {¤u.
(E) …þw …qkAze ‚Útt …tA¤™t …„ Mnus ð¤u÷tu ht¾u.
(W) „¤t™t M™tÞwytu ÷fðt „úM‚ ÚtðtÚte …þw …týe-¾tuhtf ÷E ™ þfu.
(2) ½t‚f fu W¥tusf «fth™tu nzfðt ‘MxÙex’ rð»ttýwytuÚte ÚttÞ Au su{tk {wÏÞ r[Lntu ™e[u {wsƒ™t
òuðt {¤u Au.
(y) …þw™u ‚tð ytðu.
(ƒ) …þw ½wh½htxe fhu, fhzðt «Þí™ fhu ‚Útt …tu‚t™t {tr÷f™u …ý ytu¤¾e ™ þfu.
(f) yðts, «ftþ fu yðhsðhÚte …þw W¥tuS‚ ÚttÞ.
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{™w»Þ{tk nzfðt™t r[Lntu ™e[u «{týu™t ‚ƒ¬tytu{tk òuðt {¤u Au.
(1) «tÚtr{f ‚ƒ¬tu («tuztuh{÷ VuEÍ) : {wÏÞ r[Lntu{tk
(y) fhz™e søÞt …h Œw:¾tðtu ÚttÞ ‚Útt þheh{tk Œw:¾tðtu sýtÞ.
(ƒ) ‚tý ytðu
(f) {tÚtwk Œw:¾u
(z) „¤wk Atu÷tÞ
(2) W¥tuS‚ ‚ƒ¬tu (yuõËtExuþ™ VuEÍ) : {wÏÞ r[Lntu{tk
(y) ƒu[u™e ÷t„u ‚Útt ¾U[ ytðu.
(ƒ) „¤t™t M™tÞwytu{tk þeÚte÷‚t fu ÷õðt ÚttÞ.
(f) …týe …e ™ þfu, …týeÚte zhu (ntRzÙtuVtuƒeÞt).
(z) yðts ‚u{s «ftþÚte W¥tuS‚ ÚtE òÞ.
(E) ïtËtuïtË{tk ‚f÷eV sýtÞ.
(3) …ût½t‚e ‚ƒ¬tu (…uhu÷tExef VuEÍ) : {wÏÞ r[Lntu{tk
(y) M™tÞwytu{tk þeÚte÷‚t y™u yk„tu{tk …ût½t‚™e yËh sýtÞ Au.
(ƒ) ƒuntuþ ÚtE òÞ Au.
…þw…t÷f r{ºttu, …þwytu{tk fu {™w»Þ{tk nzfðt™t r[Lntu [t÷w ÚtÞt ƒtŒ ‚u™tu ftuE E÷ts ™Úte y™u
W…htuõ‚ {wsƒ™t r[Lntu ƒtŒ fYý {]íÞw ÚttÞ Au ‚uÚte s yt htu„™u Sð÷uý htu„ fnuðt{tk ytðu Au.
r™Œt™ : nzfðt™t htu„™wk r™Œt™ r[Lntu W…hÚte ÚtE þfu Au …hk‚w Ë[tux r™Œt™ …þwhtu„ ËkþtuÄ™
«Þtu„þt¤t ¾t‚u s ÚtE þfu Au.
W…[th ‚Útt hËefhý :
nzftÞwk «týe fhzu íÞthu ‚tíftr÷f ™e[u {wsƒ™tk …„÷tk ÷uðtk sYhe hnu Au.
1. ½t™u …w»f¤ …t¤e ‚Útt ËtƒwÚte ËtV fhðtu.
2. ½t W…h yuLxeËuÃxef Œðt suðe fu xª[h ytÞturz™, zuxtu÷, Ëuð÷tu™ ÷„tzðe.
3. ½t W…h …txtu ƒtkÄðtu ™ne ‚Útt xtkft ÷uðt ™nª.
4. rðï ythtuøÞ ËkMÚtt™e Ë÷tn {wsƒ 20 ytE.Þw. «r‚ rf.„út. þheh™ ðs™ «{týu yuLxe huƒef
Ëeh{{tkÚte yzÄwk ½t™e ytË…tË ELsuõþ™ {thV‚u yt…ðwk ‚Útt yzÄwk Útt…t™t ¼t„u M™tÞw{tk
ELsuõþ™Úte yt…ðwk. yt ELsuõþ™ …ife ½t™e ytË…tË 24 f÷tf™e ykŒh ‚Útt Útt…™t ¼t„{tk 7
rŒ™™e ykŒh yt…ðwk rn‚tðn Au. W…[th yk„u™e rðï ythtuøÞ ËkMÚtt™e ¼÷t{ý ™e[u {wsƒ Au.
140
hËefhý :
nzfðt htu„ rðhtuÄe hËefhý Ë{ÞËh y™u …qht ftu»to ËtÚtu fhtððwk ‚u ËtiÚte y„íÞ™e ƒtƒ‚ Au. …þwytu{tk
ƒu «fthÚte hËefhý ÚttÞ Au.
(y) r«-ƒtEx hËefhý (ƒ) …tuMxƒtEx hËefhý
(1) r«ƒtEx hËefhý - nzftÞwk «týe fhzâtk …nu÷tk y…t‚e hËe™u ‘r«-ƒtEx hËe’ fnuðtÞ Au. r«-ƒtEx
hËe ¾tË fhe™u fq‚htk-rƒ÷tztk suðtk «týeytu™u …þw ztìõxh™e Ë÷tn {wsƒ y…tððe òuEyu.
(2) …tuMx ƒtEx hËefhý : nzftÞwk «týe fhzât ƒtŒ …þw™u nzfðt™t htu„™e yËh ™ ÚttÞ ‚u {txu su hËe
yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au ‚uu™u ‘…tuMx ƒtEx’ hËe fnuðtÞ Au. fux÷ef W…÷çÄ …tuMxƒtEx hËeytu™e {trn‚e
™e[u {wsƒ Au.
(1) ƒe.…e.yu÷. E™ yuõxeðuxuz yuLxehuƒef hËe (ytE.ðe.ƒe.…e.)
(2) yu[.E.ðe. £eÍ zÙtEz V÷whe MxÙuE™ (ƒtÞtu{uz fk…™e)
(3) huƒeÍt™ (hntu™ {uheÞË fk…™e)
(4) hûtthuƒ (EÂLzÞ™ EBÞw™tu÷tuSf÷ fk…™e)
(5) fuLzwh yth. (nufMx - hËu÷ fk…™e)
(6) ðehtuhuƒ (…tM[h {uYyuõË)
(7) huƒeÃÞwh (nuõMx)
nzfðt™t htu„™t yxftð {txu™t Ëq[™tu :
(1) fq‚ht-rƒ÷tzt suðt …t÷‚w «týeytu™u r«-ƒtEx nzfðtk rðhtuÄe hËe {wftððe sYhe Au.
(2) h¾z‚t fw‚ht™e ðM‚e ½xtzðt {txu™t …„÷tk ðÄw ˽™ fhðtk òuEyu.
(3) …t÷‚w «týeytu {txu ÷tÞËLË …Ør‚ y…™tððe òuEyu.
(4) …t÷‚w fw‚ht™u h¾z‚t fw‚htÚte Œqh ht¾ðt sYhe Au.
(5) h¾z‚t fw‚htytu yk„u sYhe ÔÞðMÚtt ™„h…tr÷ft BÞwr™. ftu…tuohuþ™ ‚hVÚte ÚttÞ ‚u yk„u ò„]f‚t
ht¾ðe sYhe hnu Au.
(6) MðiÂåAf ËkMÚttytu {thV‚u h¾z‚t fq‚htytu™u Mxhe÷tEÍuþ™ ‚Útt hËefhý yk„u™e ft{„eheytu ntÚt
Ähðt{tk ytðu ‚tu nzfðt™t htu„™tu yxftð ðÄw yËhfthf he‚u ÚtE þfu.
(7) nzftÞt «týeytu™tu Ëíðhu ™tþ fhðtu-fhtððtu sYhe ƒ™e hnu Au fthýfu yuf s nzftÞwk «týe 30 Úte
50 …þwytu™u fhzât™t ƒ™tðtu yt…ýtk htßÞ{tk …ý ƒ™u Au. ‚uÚte nzftÞt «týeytu™tu Ëíðhu ™tþ
fhðtu sYhe ƒ™e hnu Au y™u su …þwytu™u nzftÞwk fq‚hwk - rþÞt¤ fhzâwk ntuÞ ‚u™u ‚Útt þkftM…Œ …þwytu™u
…ý …tuMx ƒtEx fwÕ÷u 6 𾂠(0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 90 rŒðËu) E™suõþ™tu yt…ðt™tk ÚttÞ Au.

141
 yÄwht ftu»toÚte nzfðt™tu htu„ W…zðt™e þõÞ‚t hnu Au ‚u …þw…t÷fu òýðwk sYhe Au.
(8) fux÷ef 𾂠nzfðt™t htu„™e þYyt‚{tk …þw…t÷ftu fu …þw…t÷™ ¾t‚t™tk ûtuºteÞ ztìõxhtu/f{o[theytu
þh‚ [qf fhe …þw™t {tuZt{tk ntÚt {qfe ‚…tËýe fhu Au. yt Ëkòu„tu{tk ÔÞÂõ‚™t ntÚt W…h Eò fu
WÍhztu ntuÞ ‚tu ‚u™u …ý nzfðt™tu htu„ ÚtE þfu Au. ‚uÚte yt ƒtƒ‚u {týË™t ztìõxh™e Ë÷tn ÷E
sYhe sýtÞ ‚tu nzfðt rðhtuÄe hËe {wftððe òuEyu.
(9) nzftÞt «týe-…þw™t ŒqÄ y™u {tkË{tk …ý yt htu„™t rð»ttýwytu ntuE þfu Au. ‚uÚte ytðtk …þw™t ŒqÄ fu
{tkË™tu W…Þtu„ fhðtu rn‚tðn ™Úte. ‚u{ A‚tk ŒqÄ™u Wft¤e™u ‚Útt {tkË™u …fððtÚte rð»tt{wytu™tu ™tþ
ÚttÞ Au.
(10) nzfðt™t htu„ rðhtuÄe hËe {wftÞt™t …wht ftu»to ƒtŒ™t A {rn™t{tk fu A {tË ƒtŒ Vhe «týe fhzu ‚tu
ztìõxhe Ë÷tn-{t„oŒþo™ {wsƒ hËefhý fhtððwk.
‚thý :
(1) nzfðt Ëtu xft Sð÷uý htu„ Au. nzfðt™tu htu„ ÷t„w …zât …Ae ftuE Ëthðth ™Úte.
(2) yt…ýtk Œuþ{tk ‚Útt htßÞ{tk nzfðt™tk htu„ …þwytu{tk ‚Útt {™w»Þ{tk fhðt {txu {wÏÞíðu h¾z‚t fq‚ht
sðtƒŒth Au.
(3) h¾z‚t fw‚ht™e ðM‚e ½xtzðt™t «Þí™tu Ët{qrnf he‚u fhðt òuEyu.
(4) nzftÞwk fq‚hwk fu rþÞt¤ fhzu íÞthu ‚tíftr÷f «tÚtr{f W…[th fhtððt y™u hËefhý™tu …qhtu ftu»to Ëíðhu
[t÷w fhtððtu.
(5) nzfðt rðhtuÄe hËe™e W…÷çÄ‚t {txu ‚Útt rðþu»t {t„oŒþo™ {txu …þw…t÷ftuyu ™Sf™t …þwŒðt¾t™t/
«tÚtr{f …þwËthðth fuLÿ™tu Ëk…fo fhðtu. …þw…t÷™ ¾t‚t ‚hVÚte …tuMx ƒtEx hËe, 50 xft ËntÞÚte
yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au.

...

142
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145
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H[ NZ JZ;[ V;ZU|:T lJ:TFZD\F HFGJZG[ ;DI;Z VF5JFYL ZMU OZLJFZ YTM V8SFJL XSFI K[P
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VYJF TM HFGJZG[ AF/L GFBJ]\ HM.V[P
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146
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ZMUST"F ;}1D HLJ o
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K[P T[ gI]lS,.S V[l;0 WZFJTF CMTF GYL VG[ T[GF SFZ6[ T[GF 5Z p\RF TF5DFGGL V;Z YTL GYLP T[DH
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l5|IMG 5|M8LGDI S6 ZMU SZJFGL 1FDTF WZFJ[ K[ 5Z\T] T[GL J'lwW W6L H WLDL TYF ,\FAF UF/FGL CMJFYL
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ZMUGM O[,FJM
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3[8FGF VBFwI EFUM H[JF S[ AMG DL,4 DL8 DL, JF5ZJFYL H YI[, K[P V[J]\ SC[JFI K[ S[ :S|[5L V;ZU|:T
3[8FGF EFUM AMGvDL, T[DH DL8 vDL,GM p5IMU HFGJZMGF VFCFZD\F 5|M8LGGF V[S EFU TZLS[ 36F
147
;DIYL SZJFD\F VFJTM CTMP 5Z\T] .P;P !)(_ GL VF;5F; VF AMG DL, T[DH DL8 DL, T{IFZ SZJFGL
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VF l5|IMG 5|M8LGDI S6GM GFX G Y. XSJFG[ SFZ6[ UFI ;\JU"GF HFGJZMD\F VFCFZ wJFZF NFB, YI[,
K[P tIFZ AFN UFI ;\JU"GF HFGJZMD\F 56 V;ZU|:T HFGJZGF AMG DL, T[DH DL8DL,GF VFCFZD\F
J5ZFXG[ SFZ6[ O[,FJM YI[, CMJFG]\ 5]ZJFZ YI[, K[P
ZMUGL 5|lS|IF ( Pathogenesis)
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D\F ~5\FTlZT YFI K[ VG[ VF V;FDFgI l5|IMG 5|M8LG DUHGF SMQFMGL VF;5F; B}A H 5|DF6D\F J'lwW
5FDL V[Sl+T YFI K[ VG[ R[TFSMQFM DF8[ h[ZL 5]ZJFZ YFI K[P :S|[5L ZMUYL V;ZU|:T 3[8FGF VBFwI
5NFYM"G]\ UFI ;\JU"GF 5|F6LVMD\F BMZFS wJFZF JCG YJFYL ;FDFgI SMQFLI 5|M8LGG]\ V;FDFgI 5|SFZGF
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ZMUGF ,1F6M
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jIF5S ZLT[ HMJF D/[ K[P 5Z\T] V[SJFZ ZMUGL X~VFT YTF 5KL T[ B}A H tJlZT UlTV[ lJS;TM CMI K[
VG[ VD]S V9JFl0IF S[ JW]D\F JW] & DF;D\F R[TFT\+GF SFIM"G]\ h05YL 5TG Y. HFGJZMG]\ lGlxRT D'tI]
YFI K[P ZMUGF ,1F6MD\F HFGJZGF JT"GD\F :5Q8 O[ZOFZ YFI K[P T[GF C,GR,GD\F A[;JFD\F4 p9JFD\F SFA]
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ZMUHgI O[ZOFZM (Pathological Changes)
ZMUHgI O[ZOFZ D]bItJ[ HFGJZGF S[lgN=I R[TFT\+D\F HMJF D/[ K[ P DUHGF E}BZF N=jI ( Gray
Matter) D\F lKN=M 50L HJFGF SFZ6[ DUH JFN/L H[J]\ s:5MgHf Y. HFI K[P ;]1DNX"S I\+D\F HMT\F DUHGF
R[TFSMQFMGF SMQFZ; T[DH T[GL VFH]AFH]GF R[TFI]ST T\FT6F H[G[ gI]ZM5L, SC[ K[ T[D\F ,\AUM/ S[ UM/
VFSFZGF lKN=M HMJF D/[ K[P DUHGF R[TFSMQFMD\F VF 5|SFZGF lKN=MGL CFHZL (Vacuolations) V[ ZMUGF
lGNFG DF8[GF ;}RS O[ZOFZ K[P VF p5Z\FT .,[S8=MG DF.S|M:SM5D\F DUHGL 5[XLVMGM VeIF; SZTF\ T[D\F
:S|[5LHgI V[DF.,M0GF T\FT6F VYJF :TZGL HDFJ8 YI[,L HM. XSFI K[P VF l;JFI VgI SM. O[ZOFZ
VgI V\UMD\F HM. XSFTF GYLPJ/L4 R[TFSMQFMD\F SM.56 5|SFZGF VF ZMU ;FD[ ,0T VF5TF SMQFM (In
flammatory cells) 56 HMJF D/TF GYLP VF SMQFMGL U[ZCFHZL V[ VF ZMUGL JW] EIFGSTF 5]ZJFZ
SZ[ K[P VF SMQFM ;FDFgI ZLT[ R[5U|:T ;]1D HLJGF GFX DF8[ XZLZ wJFZF pt5gG YTL lS|IF wJFZF HDF YTF
CMI K[P H[GM VF ZMUD\F ;\5}6" VEFJ CMI K[P
148
ZMUG]\ lGNFGo
HLlJT 5|F6LVMD\F VF ZMUG]\ lGNFG RMSS; ZLT[ SZJFGL CF, SM. 5wWlT p5,aW GYLP
s!f ZMUGF ,1F6M VFWFlZT VF ZMU CMJFGL XSITF lJRFZL XSFIP
sZf DZ6MtTZ lGNFG V[ H VF ZMUG]\ RMSS; lGNFG SZJFGL 5wWlT K[P DUHGF SMQFMD\F lJS'lTHgI
O[ZOFZ ( Histopathological diagnosis)V[ H VF ZMUD\F RMSS; lGNFG DF8[GF ;}RS K[P
s#f I]PV[;PV[P T[DH HD"GLD\F V;ZU|:T HLlJT HFGJZ VYJF DG]QIGF DUHGF 5|JFCL R{TFN=jI
(Cerebrospinal fluid)GM p5IMU SZL .dI]GM 5ZL1F6 wJFZF ALPV[;P.P T[DH DG]QID\F YT\F
;LPH[P0L DF8[ HJFANFZ l5|IMG 5|M8LGGL ;ZBFD6L SZL XS[ T[JL lGNFG 5wWlT lJS;FJJFD\F
VFJL ZCL K[P H[G[ SFZ6[ lAGV;ZU|:T 5|F6LVMGL ST, Y. XSTL V8SX[P T[D DGFI K[P HM S[
lGNFGGL VF 5wWlT CHL HFGJZMD\F VD,D\F D}ST\F ;DI ,FU[ T[D K[P 5Z\T] DG]QID\F H[GM p5IMU
VFXF:5N 5lZ6FDM VF5[ T[JL ;\EFJGF K[P
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DG]QI HFlTGF HFC[Z VFZMuIGL NlQ8V[ 56 VF ZMU B}A RR"FGM lJQFI K[P DG]QI HFlTD\F BF;
SZLG[ lA|8GD\F ;FR[ H 0Z 5[;L UIM K[ S[ HM0 D[0SFp ZMUU|:T HFGJZMG]\ D\F; BFJFYL DG]QID\F 56 VF
ZMU O[,F. XS[ K[P DG]QID\F l5|IMG 5|M8LGG[ ,LW[ S|]hO[<8 H[SMA 0L;Lh ( CJD) S]Z] ( Kuru )4 U:8"DG
:8=M;,Zv ;L.GSZ ;Lg0=MD ( G.S.S.) VG[ O[8, O[DL,LV, .g;MDLVF H[JF ZMUM YFI K[P V[J]\ DFGJFD\F
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56 lJ:TZL XS[ K[ VG[ VF ZMUSTF" ;]1D HLJG]\ DG]QID\F HMBDL 5]ZJFZ YFI T[JF 5|SFZD\F ~5\FTlZT Y.
DG]QI HFlTGF HFC[Z :JF:yI DF8[ BTZM pEM YFI T[JL 5]Z[5]ZL XSITF K[P
VtIFW]lGS ;\XMWGM NX"FJ[ K[ S[ D[0 SFp ZMUGF VFJJFYL DG]QID\F l5|IMG 5|M8LG wJFZF YTF DHA}T
;LPH[P0LP ZMUGF ,1F6MD\F O[ZOFZ GMWFI[, K[ VG[ VF O[ZOFZI]ST ,1F6M WZFJTF ZMUG[ c gI] J[ZLVg8 VMO
;LPH[P0L VYJF JL, VFIG";F.0 ;Lg0=MI TZLS[ VM/BJFD\F VFJ[ K[P ;LPH[P0LPG]\ VF GJF J[ZLVg8 5|SFZG]\
:J~5 ALPV[;P.P ZMUST"F l5|IMG 5|M8LG wJFZF YI]\ CMJFGF ;RM8 lGNXM" ;\F50[, K[P ALPV[;P.P T[DH
;LPH[P0LP ZMUST"F l5|IMHG 5|M8LGGL HGLG ;\ZRGF VD]S HuIFV[ ;FdITF WZFJ[ K[P VG[ VF ;FdITF
JF/M EFU UFI ;\JU"D\FYL DG]QID\F ZMU SZJF DF8[ ;1FD CMJFG]\ DFGJFD\F VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ 3[8FD\F :S|[5L ZMU
ST"F l5|IMG VG[ DG]QID\F ;LPH[P0L ST"F l5|IMGD\F HGLG ;\ZRGFD\F ;FdITF G CMJFYL :S|[5L ZMU DG]QID\F
ZMU SZL XSJFGL 1FDTF WZFJTMGYLP VFYL :S|5 [ L ZMU lA|8GD\F Z__ JQF"YL CIFT KT\F 3[8F ;\JU"GF 5|F6LVMD\F
:S|[5L wJFZF ZMU DG]QID\F ;LPH[P0LP YIFGM V[S 56 lS:;M GMWFI[, GYLP VF H ZLT[ :S|[5L ZMUST"F l5|IM V[
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ZMUGM O[,FJM Y. XS[P
lA|8GD\F VF J[ZLIg8 5|SFZGF ;LPH[P0LP GF #_ S[;M GMWFI[, K[PHIFZ[S8[ ,FI B[0T} M D}/E}T ;LPH[P0LP
YL D'tI] 5FD[,F CMJG]\ GM\WFI[, K[ VG[ VF AWF 5F;[ D[0 SFp V;ZU|:T HFGJZM CMJFG]\ ;FlAT YI]\ K[P V[J]\
SC[JFI K[ S[ .P;LP !)(_ D\F S[8,FS DF6;M D[0 SFp V;ZU|:T HFGJZMG]\ D\F; BFJFYL VFZMUGL V;ZD\F
VFjIF CX[ VG[ VtIFZ[ ZMUGF VFJT"SF/ (Incubation Period)D\F CX[ T[GM V\NFH SF-JM B}A D]xS[, K[P
lA|8GD\F !)(( D\F VF ZMUGF V8SFJ DF8[ R]:T 5|lTA\W p5FIM ,FNJFD\F VFjIF K[P VF p5FIM C[9/ D[0
SFp V;ZU|:T HFGJZGF D\F; VYJF VgI EFUMGM p5IMU DG]QIGF VFCFZD\F G YJM HM.V[ T[D 9ZFJ[,
K[ 5Z\T] DGFI K[ S[ .P;LP !)(# YL !))) GF ;DIUF/F NZdIFG V[S,F lA|8GD\F !( ,FB UFIM H[P
149
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DF6;MV[ VF V;Z C[9/GF HFGJZMG]\ D\F; BFW]\ CX[ T[VM VtIFZ[ VFJT"SF/D\F SM. ElJQID\F J[ZLVg8
5|SFZGM ;LPH[P0LPDM8F 5|DF6D\F O[,FJFGL XSITF GSFZL S-FTL GYLP
VF56F N[XD\F ALPV[;P.P S[ PALPV[;P.P wJFZF pNElJT gI] J[ZLVg8 VMO ;LPH[P0LP CMJFGL
XSITF ,UEU GCLJT K[ SFZ6 S[ 5|M8LGGF ;:TF :TM+ TZLS[ VF56[ tI\F 3[8FGF AMG DL, S[ DL8 DL,GM
HFGJZGF BMZFS DF8[ p5IMU YTM GYLP KT\F 56 * V[l5|, !))& GF lCgN]:TFG 8F.d; 5|;FlZT ,[B
VG];FZ EFZ6D\F 56 ALPV[;P.P T[DH gI] J[ZLVg8 VMO ;LPH[P0LP CMJFGF X\SF:5N S[;M lN<CL4 T[DH
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154
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V\FBMD\FYL 5F6L VFJ[ K[P WLZ[ WLZ[ ZMUGF SFZ6[ XZLZ 1FL6 YT]\ HFI K[P V\FTZLIM TFJ VJF[ K[4 5U[ ;MHM
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NZlDIFG XZLZGL 1FL6TF VG[ N]BFJF ZCLT ;MHMs.0LDFf VF ZMUGF D]bI ,1F6M K[P VF ZMUYL HM D'tI]
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5|SFZGFZMUD\F UFI E[;GLH[D TFJ lA,S], HMJF D/TM GYLP
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TFJGLGM\W6L H EZM;F5+ VG[ DNN~5 YFI K[PJW]DF\ SM.S JBT[ AF, BZLHFI K[4 ,MCLGL SDL N[BFIK[
161
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GFD[ VM/BJFD\F VFJ[ K[P VF ;DI NZlIDFG ZMULQ8 p8 HF6[ NLW"SFLG S'5MQF6YL VYJF JWFZ[5|DF6\DF
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K[PS}TZFD\F VF ZMU4 VFH ZMUYL TZTG]\ D'tI]5FD[, 5X]G]\ D\F; BFJFYL 56 YJFGL XSITF K[PZMUGL V;Z
5FD[, S}TZFD\F TFJ4 BFJFG]\ A\W SZJ]\4 DFYF VG[ 3MWZF p5Z N]BFJF ZCLT ;MHM4 V\FBGF 0M/F p5Z
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162
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;\bIFD\F JWFZM SZL ;Z/TFYL lGNFG SZL XSFIK[PJW]D\F 5|IMUXF/FD\F DF.S|MC[D[8MS|L8 8[SGLS wJFZF 56
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sZf YF.,[ZLVM;L;
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UFI VG[ E[;M ZMUGM O[,FJM SZJF DF8 HJFANFZ CM. XS[ V[J]\ DFGJ]\ K[P VFJL N[XL UFIM VG[ E[;M
5|HLJMGM ;\U|C SZGFZ cZLhZJFZ CM:8c TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
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VFD .I/ HM R[5 ,[ TM GLdO VG[ GLdO HM R[5 ,[ TM 5]bT .TZ0L ZMUGM O[,FJM SZ[ K[P VCL .TZ0LGF.I/
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163
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164
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VG[ JFUM/JFG]\ KM0L N[ K[P VF\B GFXD\FYL 5F6L VJF[ K[P TLJ|5|SFZGFZMUMD\F HM ;DI;Z ;FZJFZ VF5JFD\F
GF VJF[TM4 5X]D'tI] 5D[ K[P V[S JBT 5[XFAD\F ,MCL X~ YIF 5KL TFJ pTZL HFI K[ VG[ ZSTS6MD\F
5|HLJM ZC[TF GYLP
DwITLJ| VG[ NLW"SF,LG 5|SFZGF ZMUD\F 5[XFAD\F ,MCL VFJT]\ GYLP VF 5|SFZD\F VF\TZLIM TFJ4
E}B VMKL YJL4 JFUM/JFG]\ AW Y. HJ]\4 XZLZD\F ;]:TL VFJL HJL4 5L/FX 50TM hF0M VG[ RIF5RIGL
VlGILDTTF HMJF D/[ K[P RIF5RITFGL VlGILDTTFGF ,LW[SM.S JBT[ hF0F VG[ SM.S JBT[ SAlHIFT
HMJF D/[ K[P 5FK/GF 5U[ VXlST VFJL HFI K[ VG[ 5X] VFY0[ K[P
WM0M
ZMUGFHJFANFZ 5|HLJMo A[A[;LVF .SJF. VG[ A[A[;LVF SFAF,L GFDGF 5|HLJM WM0FD\F
A[A[;LVM;LGF ZMU SZJF DF8[ HJFANFZ K[P

165
 A[A[;LVF .SJF.YL YTM A[A[;LVM;L; VF56F N[XD\F;FDFgITo HMJF D/[ K[ A[A[;LVF SFAF,L
5|DF6D\F A[A[;LVF .SJF. SZT\F DM8F CMI K[ VG[ N[BFJ[ A[A[;LVF AF.H[DLGF H[JF N[BFI K[P
ZMUGM O[,FJMo ;\SZ UFIMGL H[D H 3M0FVMD\F VFZMU O[,FI K[PZMUGF O[,FJF DF8[ CFI,MDF VG[
ZLOL;LO[,; GFDGL .TZ0LVM EFU EHJ[ K[PJW]D\F YF.,[ZLVM;L;GL H[D :8[H 8] :8[H 5wWlTYL 56 VF
ZMU 3M0FVMD\F O[,FI K[P
ZMUGL 5|lS|IF VG[ ,1F6M
3M0FD\F ZMUGF :JEFJ 5|DF6[ T[G[ c.SJF.G AL,LVZ OLJZc TZLS[ VM/BJFD\F VFJ[ K[PA[A[;LVF
SFAF,LYL R[5 ,FuIF 5K &YL !_lNJ;D\F VG[ A[A[;LVF .SJF.GM R[5 ,FuIF 5KL !_vZ! lNJ;[ VFZMU
YFI K[P SM.S JBT A\gG[ R[5G]\ lDz6 56 HMJF D/[ K[P
,1F6MGF VFWFZ[ A[A[;LVF SFAF,LYL YTM ZMU TLJ|4 DwID TLJ| VG[ NL"WF,LG VJ:YFGD\F HMJF
D/[ K[P TFJ4 ,MCLGL SDL4 5L/LIM4 3F8F Z\UGM 5[XFA T[GF D]bI ,1F6M K[P 5[XFA SM.S JBT[ H ,F,
Z\UGM HMJF D/[ K[P VD]S lS:;FVMD\F 5FK/GF 5UMD\F ,SJF s5[ZF,L;L;f 56 Y. HFI K[P
A[A[;LVF .SJF. V[ A[ SFAF,L SZT\F JWFZ[ G]SXFG SZ[ K[P VFZMUD\F µRF VG[ VF\TZLIF TFJGL
;FY[ ;FY[ ,MCLGL SDL VG[ 5L/LIM 56 YFI K[P
5[XFAD\F ,MCL sC[DMu,MALgI]ZLVFf HM S[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ HMJF D/[ K[ 5Z\T] H~ZL GYL S[ ZMU tIFZ[
C\D[XF C[DMu,MALgI]ZLVF 56 CMIP 5FK/GF 5UMD\F ,SJM VF 5|SFZGF ZMUD\F YTM GYLP ALDFZ 5X] 5[8GF
N]BFJFGF lRgCM NX"FJ[ K[P HM R[TFT\+G[ V;Z YFI TM 3M0M VFY0[ K[ VG[ UM/ UM/ OZ[ K[P XZLZGF VD]S
EFUM p5Z N]BFJF ZlCT ;MHM VJF[ K[4 SAlHIFT YFI K[ VG[ T[GL ;BT ,FN p5Z 5L/F Z\UGL HL<,L
,5[8FI[,L HMJF D/[ K[P U\ELZ S[;MD\F gI]DMGLIF 56 YFI K[ VG[ 3M0LD\F UE"5FT YFI K[P
S}TZM o
ZMUGF HJFANFZ 5|HLJM ov A[A[;LVF S[GL;4 A[A[;LVF ULA;MGL VG[ A[A[;LVF JMU[,L V[D +6
HFlT S}TZFD\F A[A[;LVM;L;GM ZU SZ[ K[P VF +6[D\F A[A[;LVFJMU[,L ;{FYL DM8F A[P ULA;MGL ;{FYL GFGF
VG[ A[ S[GL; AG[GL JrR[GF SNGF CMI K[P
ZMUGM O[,FJMv VUFp H6FjIF 5|DF6[ S}TZFD\F 56 .TZ0LVMGL .I/4 GLdO VG[5]bT VJ:YF
wJFZF 8=Fg; VMJZLVG 8=Fg;DLXG DFZOT ZMUGM O[,FJM YFI K[P S}TZFD\F VFZMUGF O[,FJF D8F[ ZLOL;LO[,;
VG[ C[DMOFI;F,L; GFDGL .TZ0LVM HJFANFZ K[P
ZMUGL 5|lS|IF VG[ ,1F6M ov VF ZMUGM R[5 ,FuIF 5KL !_ YL Z! lNJ;D\F ZMU YFI K[P 5]bTT
p\DZGF S}TZF\F VG[ ArRFVMD\F VF ZMU ;DFG ZLT[ HMJF D/[ K[P
A[A[;LIF S[GL;YL YTM ZMU VlT TLJ|YL NLW"SF,LG 5|SFZ[ HMJF D/[ K[P X~VFTD\F VF ZMUD\F TFJ
VJF[ K[4 S}TZ]\ BFJFG]\ VG[ 5F6L 5LJFG]\ KM0L N[ K[P S}TZ]\ DFl,SG]\ SCI]\ DFGT]\ GYL4 ;\FE/T]\ GYL4
UEZFI[,]\ ,FU[ K[P pWT]\ ZC[ K[ VG[ WLZ[ WLZ[ XZLZD\F ,MCLGL SDL YFI K[PX~VFTD\F SAlHIFT VG[ tIFZ
AFN 5|EFlJT YI[, S[;D\F ,MCLGL K\F8JF/F hF0F YFI K[P VlT TLJ| 5|SFZGF ZMUD\F 5[XFAD\F ,MCL VJF[ K[
VG[ hF0M 5L/F Z\UGM HMJF D/[ K[P S}TZFG]\ XZLZ 1FL6 Y. HFI T[ 5C[,F T[ D'tI] 5FD[ K[P

166
 A[A[;LIF ULA;MGLYL YTM ZMU NLW"SF,LG 5|SFZ[ CMI K[P VF 5|SFZGF ZMUD\F TFJGL R- pTZYFI
K[4 WLD[ WLD[ ,MCLGL SDL YFI K[4 5[XFAD\F SM.S JBT[ ,MCL HMJF D/[ K[[P S}TZ]\ CF0lH\HZ H[J]\ Y. HFI K[
VG[ K[J8[ ,\FAFUF/[ D'tI] YFI K[P
3[8FvASZ\Fov
ZMUGFHJFANFZ 5|HLJMo A[A[;LVF O,MV[8F VG[ A[A[;LVF 8FIAMZL V[D A[ HFlTVM 3[8F ASZ\FD\F
VF ZMU SZ[ K[P VF P5Z\FT A[P DM8F;L S[ A[P VMJL; HFlTGF A[A[;LVF 56 3[8F ASZFD\F VFZMU SZ[ K[4 5Z\T]
VF56F N[XD\F VF A\gG[ HFlTVM HMJF D/TL GYLP HM S[ V[J]\ 56 DFGJ]\ K[ S[ A[ OM,LV[8F VG[ A[P VMJL;D\F
SM. OZS GYLP
ZMUGM O[,FJMv VFZMU 3[8\F ASZFD\FGF ZLOL;LO[, VG[ C[DMOFI;F,L; GFDGL .TZ0LVM wJFZF
8=Fg;VMJ[ZLVG 8=Fg;DLXG wJFZF O[,FI K[P
ZMUGL 5|lS|IF VG[ ,1F6M o VF56LN[XL VM,FNMD\F VF ZMU BF; HMJF D/TM GYLP A[P OM,LV[8FYL
YTM ZMU ;FDFgI ZLT[ VMKM U\ELZ CMI K[P TLJ| 5|SFZGF ZMUD\F 5ZN[XL VM,FNGF 3[8F\D\F TFJ4 WLZ[ WLZ[
,MCLGL SDL VG[ 5[XFAD\F ,MCL HMJF D/[ K[P
5X]VMD\F A[A[;LVM;L; ZMUG]\ lGNFGo
A[A[;LVM;L;G]\ lGNFG 5X]VMD\F GLR[GL ZLT[ Y. XS[ K[P
s!f ZMUGF ,1F6M
sZf 5|IMUXF/FD\F ,MCGL T5F;
s#f 5|IMUXF/FD\F ;LZM,MHLS, 8[:8
p5ZMST 5wWlTVMD\F 5X] VG[ ZMUGL TLJ|TFGF VFWFZ[ ,1F6MD\F lJlJWTFHMJF D/[ K[P ,1F6MGF
VFWFZ[ 5|IMUXF/FD\F ,MCLGL T5F; SZJFYL ZSTS6MD\F A[A[;LVF 5|HLJMGL HFlT p5ZYL VFZMUG]\ lGNFG
BF+L5}J"S YFI K[P VF p5Z\FT 5|IMUXF/FD\F ;LZM,MHLS, 8[:8 wJFZF 56 NLW"SF,LG S[;MG]\ lGNFG SZL
XSFI K[4 5Z\T] VF 5wWlTD\F 5|IMUXF/F ;F3GMYL ;HH CMJL H~ZL K[P
PPP

167
 s$f V[GF%,FhDM;L;
V[GF%,FDM;L;
VF ZMUGF 5|HLJM ,MCLGF ZSTS6MD\F ZC[,F CMI K[P ZMUGF,LW[ 5X]D\F TFJ4 ,MCLGL SDL VG[
BFDLVM YFI K[P
ZMUGF HJFANFZ 5|HLJMv
V[GF%,FhDF DFZHLG, GFDGF 5|HLJM ,MCLGF ZSTS6MD\F ZSTS6GL V\NZGL lSGFZL p5Z UM9JFI[,F
CMI K[ H[ ;}1DNX"SI\+ wJFZF GFGL ALNLGF ~5D\F HM. XSFI K[P
V;Z 5FDTF 5X]VM v
VF ZMU UFI E[; VG[ 3[8F ASZF\D\F HMJF D/[ K[P HM S[ 3[8\F ASZF VFZMUGF 5|HLJMGF ;\U|FCS TZLS[
SFD SZ[ K[P
ZMUGM O[,FJMv
V[GF%,FhDM;L; ZMUGM O[,FJM 36L HFTL .TZ0LVM DFZOT DFBLVM VG[ V[S HFGJZD\FYL ALHF
HFGJZD\F R[5L ,MCL DFZOT[ YFI K[P
ZMUGL 5|lS|IF VG[ ,1F6Mv
V[GF%,FhDM;L; V[ OST 5]bT 5X]VMGM ZMU K[P !( DlCGFYL GFGF 5X]VMD\F VFZMU YFI K[ 5Z\T]
T[D\F ZMUGL VMKL V;Z YFI K[P !( DlCGFYL p5ZGF 5X]VMD\F VF 5|HLJMGM R[5 ZMUGF ~5D\F HMJF
D/[ K[P 5]bT 5X]VMD\F V[S JBT R[5 ,FuIF 5KL $ V9JFl0I[ ZMU YFI K[P
ZMUGL X~VFTD\F 5X]G[ p\RM TFJ VFJ[ K[ VG[ T[GF ,MCLGF ZSTS6MD\F V[GF%,FhDF J'lwW VG[
lJSF; 5FD[ K[P WLZ[ WLZ[ ZSTS6MGM GFX YFI K[ VG[ V[S V9JFl0IFD\F ,UEU ,MCLGF *_ 8SF ZSTS6M
GFX 5FD[ K[P ZSTS6MGM GFX YJFYL 5X]D\F ,MCLGL U\ELZ SDL 5[NF YFI K[ VG[ 5X]G]\ XZLZ GA/]\ 50L
HFI K[4 BFJFG]\ A\W SZ[ K[ VG[ ,MCLGL SDLGF ,LW[ xJF;D\F TS,LO 50[ K[PUFID\F VF ;DI[ N}WD\F GMW5F+
W8F0M YFI K[ VG[ UE"5FT YFI K[P SM.S JBT[ VlTTLJ| 5|SFZGF ZMUD\F V[S H lNJ;D\F 5X]G\] D'tI] Y.
HFI K[P A[A[;LVM;L;GL H[D VFZMUD\F 5[XFA ,F, Z\UG]\ VFJT]\ GYLP ZMUGF V\T[ ARL UI[, 5X]VMD\F
IYFJT ;FHF YT\F 36M ;DI ,FUL HFI K[P VFZMUD\F (_ 8SF 5X]VMG]\ ;DI;Z ;FZJFZGF VEFJ[ D'tI]
YFI K[P
ZMUG]\ lGNFG o
ZMUGF ,1F6M VG[ 5|IMUXF/FD\F ,MCLGL T5F; SZJFYL VF ZMUG]\ lGNFG SZL XSFI K[P
;FZJFZ
VMS;L8[8=F;FIS,LGq8[ZFDFI;LGs;FZFEF. ,LP4 VDNFJFNq OF.hZ ,LP D]\A.f .H[SXG &YL !_
DLPU|FDq SL,M JHGGF CL;FA[ ZMUGL X~VFTD\F VF5JFYL 5X]G[ ARFJL XSFI K[P
,MCLGF 5|HLJMGM O[,FJM SZGFZ AFCI 5ZM5HLJLVMG]\ lGI\+6
s!f 5X]VMG[ ;FO ;]YZFZFBJFYL AFCI 5ZM5HLJLVM 5X] TZO VMKF VFSlQF"T YFI K[P
sZf 5X]VMG[ A\FWJFGLHuIF RMbBL VG[ ;}SL ZFBJFYL T[DGF;\JW"G DF8[ VG]S}/ JFTFJZ6 G D/TF
T[DG]\ ;\JW"G V8SL HX[P
168
s#f 5X]VMGF D/ D}+GM lGSF, NZZMH lGIlDT ZLT[ SZJM VG[ VF DF8[ pSZ0M N}Z ZFBJMP
s$f 3M0F VG[ p\8F[G[ RMDF;GL kT] NZlDIFG JFZ\JFZ D]H0FYL 3;LG[ ;FO ZFBJFYL DFBL VG[ .TZ0LVM
N}Z ZFBL XSFI K[P
s5f 5X]VMG[ A\FWJFGL HuIFV[ pNZM VG[ VgI H\U,L 5X]VMGL C[ZO[ZGL V8SFJJL H[YL .TZ0LVMG]\
HLJGRS| VFU/ JWT]\ V8SFJL XSFI K[P
s&f 5X]VMGL A\FWJFGLHuIFV[ .TZ0LVMG]\ 5|DF6 H6FI TM T[DGL A\FWJFGLHuIF !5 DlCGF ;]WL
AN,L GFBJL H[YL 5C[,F\GL HuIFV[ AFCI 5ZM5HLJLVMGM p5N=J N}Z Y. HX[P VFD 5X]VMGL
A\FWJFGLHuIFD\F O[ZOFZ SZJFYL 56 D]xS[,L C/JL SZL XSFIK[P
s*f ACFZYL BZLN[, 5X]G[ 3ZGF 5X]VM ;FY E[/JT\F 5C[,\F T[G[ .TZ0L D]ST SZJ]\ H[YL .TZ0LG]\
HLJGRS| VFU/ RF,T]\ V8SL HFIP
s(f 5X]VMG[ A\FWJFGLHuIFGL VF;5F;G]\ 3F; ;DI[ ;DI[ SF5TF ZC[J]\ VG[ HDLGG[ B[0TF ZC[J]\ H[YL
.TZ0L VG[ DFBLVM TYF T[DGL VJ:YFVM 5|lTS}/ ;\HMUMD\F GFX 5FDX[ VG[T[DG]\ HLJGRS|
VFU/ JWT]\ V8SL HX[P
s)f pGF/FD\F VG[ RMDF;F NZlDIFGHM .TZ0LVM VG[ VgI AFCI 5ZM5HLJLVMGM p5N=J JWFZ[ CMI
TM SL8SGFXS NJFVM H[JL S[ aI]8[S; s0[<8FD[Y|LG4 C[S:8 .l0IF l,lD8[04 D]\A.f S[ V[S8MDLG
s;FI5ZD[Y|LG4 lCgN]:TFG ;LAF UFIUL l,lD8[04 D]\A. f ! DL,L,L8Zq ,L8Z 5F6LD\F VMUF/L
5X]VM p5Z VG[ T[DGL ZC[6\FSGLHuIFV[ 0"FS8ZGL ;,FC 5|DF6[ B}A ;FJR[TLYL K\8SFJ SZJM
SL8SGFXS NJFVM DF6; VG[ 5X] DF8[ B}A h[ZL CMJFYL ;}RGFVMGM R}:T56[ VD, SZJMP
PPP

169
5X]:JF:yIG[ CFGLSTF" 5ZM5HLJL S'lD VG[ T[G]\ lGI\+6
5ZM5HLJL S'lQF VG[ T[DGL HLJG HLJJFGL S/F VtI\T lGZF/L K[P ;DI\FTZ[ V[ 5MTGF VG[ 5MTFGF
J\XGF ZC[9F6GM AN,FJ SZTF ZC[ K[ 30LSD\F IHDFGGF XZLZD\F TM 30LS B]<,F JFTFJZ6D\F V;\bI
SQ8NFIS IFtFGFVMGM ;FDGM SZLG[ 56 V[ HLJG HLJL HFI K[P 5X]VMGF XZLZG[ 56 VFJF 5ZM5HLJL
S'lD ZC[9F6G]\ :Y/ AGFJL HLJGRI"F DF8[ H~ZL BMZFS TtJM4 5NFYM" lJU[Z[G[ 5X]VMGF XZLZD\FYL 36L H
;C[,FYL KLGJL ,[ K[P J/L W6L JBT IHDFG ;FY[ ;]D[/FEI"] JFTFJZ6 pt5gG SZL 36F ,\FAF ;DI ;]WL
VFZFDYL HLJG lJTFJJFG]\ 5;\N SZTF CMI K[P XZLZD\F 5ZM5HLJL S'lDGL CFHZLGL 5X] :JF:yI 5Z V;Z
50IF lJGF ZC[TL GYLP UM/S'lD VG[IS'TS'lD 56 VFJF H 5ZM5HLJLVM K[P UM/S'lD D]bItJ[ RT]Y" VFDFXI
sH9Zf TYF V\FTZ0FD\F G[ IS'TS'lD S,[HFsIS'Tf TYF 5LTG/LVMD\F 5MTFG]\ :YFG HDFJ[ K[P
DM8F UM/S'lD sDM8F SZlDIFf
8MS;MS[ZF JL8I],MZD GFD[ VM/BFTF DM8F SZlDIF K DlCGF ;]WLGL p5ZGF 5F0Fq JFKZ0FD\F JW]
HMJF D/[ K[P T[ V\FTZ0FD\F ZCL 5MTFG]\ HLJG U]HFZ[ K[PVF S'lDGL AFCI lNJF, GFH}S VG[ 5FT/L CM.
V\NZGF V\UM 56GZL V\FB[ HM. XSFI K[P GZ S'lDGL ,\AF. Z5_ DL,LDL8Z VG[ 5CM/F. 5 DL,LDL8Z
HIFZ[ DFNF S'lDGL,\AF. #__ DL,LDL8Z VG[ 5CM/F. & DL,LDL8Z H[8,L CMI K[P VF56F N[XD\F
lXIF/FGL X~VFTD\F VF ZMU JW] HMJF D/[ K[P
lRgCM VG[ CFlGSFZS V;Zo
GFGF HgD[,F 5F0FqJFZK0FGF V\FTZ0FD\F H[ DM8F 5|DF6D\F DM8F SZlDIF YFI TM T[ V\FTZ0FD\F
5M,F6G[ A\W H[J]\ SZL N[ K[P H[YL R\}S VFJ[ K[ VG[ XZLZGM lJSF; ~\WFI K[P 5FRG AZFAZ YT]\ G CM.
JFKZ0Fq5F0F GA/F 50[ K[P 5FT/F4 RLS6F4 N]U"W DFZTF SF/F; 50TF hF0F YFI K[ VG[ HFGJZG]\ DZ6
YFI K[P HM SF/HL ;FZL ZFBJFD\F G VFJ[ TM OFD" CFp;D\F GFGF ArRFVMGF DZ6 5|DF6D\F B}A JWFZM Y.
HFI K[P
lGNFG
lRgCM VG[ kT]GF ;DgJIG[ wIFGD\F ,. 5X]lRlSt;S VlWSFZL lGNFG SZ[ K[P 5|IMUXF/FD\F hF0F
T5F;JFD\F VFJ[ TM SZlDIFGF V;\bI .\0F HM. XSFI K[P J/L 36LJFZ HLJTF SZlDIF 56 U]NFD\FYL
ACFZ GLS/TF HM. XSFIK[P
;FZJFZ VG[ V8SFJ
s!f 5F0FqJFKZ0F N;YL;M/ lNJ;GF YFI tIFZ[ 5FIZ[g8F4 ,[JFDL;M,4 5F.5Z[hLG lJU[Z[NJFVM
5X]lRlSt;S VlWSFZL VF5TF CMI K[P
sZf UDF6GL ZMHAZMHGL ;FO;OF. 5ZJW] wIFG VF5JFYL ZMUGL TLJ|TF VMKL Y. XS[P VFY NZZMH
UDF6 AZFAZ ;FO SZJL B}A H H~ZLK[P
s#f ZMU YI[, JFKZ0F VG[ 5F0FG[ V,U ZFBJF VG[ T[DGL ;FZJFZ SZFJJLP
GFGF SZlDIF
H]NL H]NLHFTGF GFGF SZlDIF D]bItJ[ 5FRGT\+GF VJIMJD\F VG[ T[D\FYL BF; SZLG[ R]TY" VFDFXI
sH9Zf VG[ V\FTZ0FD\F ZCL HLJG lJTFJ[ K[P R]TY" VFDFXID\F ZC[TF GFGF SZlDI\F S[H[GL,\AF. OST
_PZ5 .\RYL !P*5 .\R H[8,L CMI K[ T[JW] CFlGSFZS K[P SFZ6 S[ T[BMZFS TZLS[ 5|F6LGF ,MCLGM p5IMU
170
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SZlDIFG 8=F.SM:8=MgUF,L; U|]5YL VM/BFI K[ VG[ T[ cc 5[ZF;F.8LS U[:8=MV[g8ZF.8L;cc GFDGM ZMU SZ[
K[P RMDF;FGL X~VFTGF DlCGFVMD\F VF ZMU JW] HMJF D/[ K[P
lRgCM VG[ CFlGSFZS V;Z
EFuI[ H 5|F6L V[S H HFlTGF GFGF SZlDIFYL 5L0FI K[PDM8FEFU[ S]NZTL ZLT[H H]NL H]NL HFlTGF
NZlDIFGL GFGL .I/ BMZFSq 5F6L wJFZF V[S ;FY[ XZLZD\F NFB, YTL CM. VF AWLH HFlTGF SZlDIFYL
HFGJZ V[S;FY[ 5L0FT]\ CMI K[P VFYL AWLHFlTGF S'lDGL E[UL V;Z HFGJZGF XZLZ 5ZJT"FI K[PH[D\F
D]bItJ[ -MZ GA/]\ 50[ K[P ,MCL R};TF SZlDIF XZLZG]\ ,MCL 5|DF6 W8F0[ K[P ZSTS6M 56 38[ K[P,MCL
5FT/]\ YFI K[4 XZLZ OLSS]\ 50[ K[ VG[ XZLZGM R/SF8 HTM ZC[ K[P H0AF GLR[ 5|JFCL EZFI K[PhF0F VG[
SAlHIFT JFZFOZTL YTF ZC[ K[P pt5FNGXlST 38L HFI K[P
lGNFG
lRgCM wJFZF kT] 5|DF6[ 5X]lRlSt;S VlWSFZL lGNFG SZTF CMI K[P J/L 5|IMUXF/FD\F hF0FGF
GD]GFG[ T5F;JFYL GFGF SZlDIFGF .\0F HM. XSFI K[P
;FZJFZ
YFIFA[g0FhM,4 VF,A[g0FhM, TYF T[GFH[JL ALHL NJFVMGM 5X]lRlSt;S VlWSFZL ;FZJFZ VY["
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HFGJZG[ ARFJL XSFI K[P
sZf lGIlDT UDF6GLAZFAZ ;FO ;OF. SZJLP
s#f KF6 G[ V[SHuIFV[ -U,M SZL E[U]\ SZJ]\P H[YL .0F TYF T[D\FYL ACFZ GLS/[, .I/GM GFX Y.
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195
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200
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